-

, 2001

...................... 1
9.1
9.2

9.3

9.4

1

2
9.2.1 .................................................................................. 2

4

5

5

5

5

6

6
9.2.2 .......................................................................... 7
9.2.3 () ...................................... 8
9.2.4
................................................................................................. 11

11
9.3.1 ...................................... 11
9.3.2 ................... 12

12

13

16

17
9.3.3 .............................. 19

19

21
....................................................................22
......................................................................22
...................................................22
..26
.26
............................................................26

27

30

ii

9.4.1
9.4.2
9.4.3
9.4.4
9.4.5

.................................................30
.....................................................................................30
....................................................................33
...........................................................................34
TI ................................39

10 .............................................................................................................................41

9.

9.1

(, , .)
.
.
( ) /
.
: )
, )

, )

(..
).



.

,
.
. ,
[ ]1
(Commission Internationale de
lclairage - CIE) [12]. CIE
.
, ,
prEN 13201
.
[12],
, ,
.
1

. , , CIE,
.

, ,
.
,
.
.
, [1,2,5,6,13].

9.2

,
: ) )
.
,
.

(, .),
. ,
, [12], . [12],

.

.
(
) ( ).
,
,
. ,

. ,

. [12]
, (Small Target Visibility STV).
,
.
9.2.1

, : ,
, . ,
CIE 15 ( 9.1). 9.1

9.

9.1 [12]



2

M1
M2
M3

M1
M2

M2
M3

M4
M5

[12]:

L , U0
U;

, (TI);

(SR);

.

.

.
. 9.2
, .
2

: , . : , .

,
,
.
9.2 [12]

M1
M2
M3
M4
M5

L (cd/m 2 )

Uo
U
SR
TI (%)

2,00
1,50
1,00
0,75
0,50

0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40

10
10
10
15
15

0,70
0,70
0,50

0,50
0,50
0,50

L
6.
, : ,
, ,
.

9.2,
.

. CIE [9] ( 9.4.4).
,
.
, L
3
4
5

.
P1P4 ( 9.2.2)
( )

.
,
(
).
9.3.3.

9.

. ,

.

U0
.
,
.

TI
.
,
(.
).

[10] ( 9.4.5).
(
), TI
, .
(Glare index)
. , [12],
,
.

TI 9.2.
( , ) .

U

. .
U
.
, U
, .


.

( ) .
,
( )
. ,
.
SR (Surround Ratio)
. SR
( )
.
5 m,
.
5 m ,
5 m. (
)
10 m.

, .


,
: , , , , .

,
: ) , , ., ) , ) .


.
.
.

.
,
, .

U0 [11].

9.

9.2.2

(), , .
( , .)
, ,
,
.
.
(.. ),
.
/
, .
,
,
.
,
.
,
().
(
),
. ,
.

, .. .
.

9.3. 1
.
7
. , , ,

, .
5, 6 7 . (
) , .

, .

(
)
.
9.3 [12]

,

,



,

1
2
3
4
5

6
7

, (P1P7),
9.4.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

9.2.3

9.4 [12]

(lx)


20,0
10,0
7,5
5,0
3,0
1,5

7,5
3,0
1,5
1,0
0,6
0,2

()

[12]
: ) (

9.

, .), ) (
) )
( ,
).
,
.

: ,
, , ,
. ,

( 9.2)
5 s
.
. , (
, .).
.
,

( 9.1). ,
, 3,
2.
1,
1.
,

.
9.5

.
( 9.5) . , C(n)=M(n1) 2 3.

.

9.6.

9.6

10

.
,
14, 50% .
9.5 [12]

, , ,

:

C(n)=M(n)
C(n)=M(n1)
C(n)=M(n)
C(n)=M(n1)
C1
C2
C3
C1
C3
C5

9.6 [12]

0
1
2
3
4
5

E (lx)

E Emin

50,0
30,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
7,5

0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40

TI.


80. , [12]

9.

11

80 30 cd/klm, 90
10 cd/klm.
.
,
. [1 2], 1 ( 2 cd/m2)
. ,
.

, ..

.
( )

.
9.2.4

.
, ( )
.
,
.
,
,
.
(sky
glow) .
, ,
.
.
.

9.3

9.3.1

:
(),
, ( )
.

12

9.3.2

[8], Ra
40 ( 4 DIN 5035).

,
. ,
. , , ()
() .
() , 0,
. ,
, 20 , . () . ,
,
, .
(). , (3560 lm/W). ,
(),
. ( ) ,

.

()
( 200 lm/W) .
, .
, .. . ,
7.
,
() ().
,
. ,
,
7

()
.

9.

13

.

.
(6585 lm/W) . , ( 60 000 )
.


, .
( , , ).
.
, .
: , , , , .
,
. 9.1

.

, .. .
. . ,
.
90270, ,
. ,
,
(.. ). 9.2

.

14

a)

9.1

9.2

/ ,
. :
, .

9.

15

,
.
,
,
.

:

80
.

( 9.7):
) (cutoff),
) (semi cutoff),
) (non cutoff).
9.3 9.4
, .
9.1. 9.2
.
9.1..
9.7 [1,2]





(cd/klm)
Imax ()
I80
I90

65
30
10

70
100
50

1000 cd

9.3

16

9.4

.

.

. : , , , ,
.

( ,
,
.).
.
,
IP558.
.

.
, ,
.
8

IP (Ingress Protection)
(IEC)
. ,
.
. , , [5].

9.

17

, ,
, IP65.
IP

(Luminaire maintenance factor).

, .
, (
IP65), (
) (
IP43).
,
.

(, ).
( )
,
,

.
1 ( )
2 ( ). 0 (
) .

,
. ,

, .

.

,
( ) .
(
/ ),
.

9 (0)
() (MF maintenance
factor). :
9

,
100 .

18

(LLMF Lamp Lumen Maintenance

Factor), 10 (LSF Lamp Survival Factor)
(LMF Luminaire Maintenance Factor).
, :
M
= LLMF LSF LMF < 1 .
(9.1)
0

. 9.5


[5].
,
9.5.
MF =

1.0

1.0

LLMF

LSF

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

LLMF

10
15
x1000 h
)

20

LSF

10
15
x1000 h

20

9.5 [5]

. 9.8
,
.
9.2, 9.4 9.6
,

10

,
.

9.

19

. TI
.
9.8 [2]

0,80
0,90

0,75
0,80

0,55
0,75

9.3.3

.

. , ,
/ ,
. ,
, . ,

(),
.


( )
. ,
.

,
9.6. 9.6
. ,
d,
. ,
, . ,
, 9.6,
.

20

h
k
p

.
s
9.6

h
.
( 9.6)

s,
, s/2.

.
/ ,
, , .
[6], d/h
9.7. d/h 3,04,5.
9.9 d/h
.


. , k
s/5.

.
, , .

,
. 0, 5, 10 ,
, 15.

9.

21

, .
Imax

Imax

d/2
d

9.7
9.9 d/h [2]

,
3,0
3,5
4,0


3,5
4,0
4,5

( ), . . (
),
( ).
.

,

.

.
. 9.8
.

22

(
).
,
.

9.8. 9.8..
.
.
(h s).

.

.
, .
() ,
.

.
: ( 9.8. 9.8.)
( 9.8. 9.8.).
.

,
.

9.8.. ()
( ).
. .

.
. ,

,
.

,
. :

9.

23

( )
.

. ,
.

,
.
60 m

60 m
D

D
)

S/4

S/2

S/2

S/4

60 m
D

S/4

S/2

S/2

60 m
D

D
)

S/4

S/2
S/2

,

9.8

24

60 m
D

S/4

S/6

S/3

S/6

S/3

S/4

S/3

S/6

60 m
D

60 m
D

S/4

S/6

S/6

S/3

S/3

S/3

60 m
D

S/4

S/6

S/6

S/3

S/3

S/3

9.8

9.

S/4

S/6

S/3

S/6

S/3

60 m

S/6

S/3

25

60 m
d

s/4

s/2

s/2

s/6

60 m

s/4

s/6
s/6

s/3

s/3

s/3

,

9.8

26

.
( 9.8.),
. .

.


.

( 9.8.).

.
( )

.
90270 0180,
0 180.
.
0 180
. 90
270 ( ) 0 180,
( )
.
, ,
, ,
.

(>300 m). ,
. , ,
1/2 3/4 .
,
. ,

9.

27

,
.
( , , , .) .

.
,
( ) .
, .

( ) 60 m
160 m. [1].
1,5 m ,
0,5 1,5 (
9.9.).
, .
,
.
[9].
60 m ( 9.9.).
1,5 m

1,5o

60 m

0,5o

d
)

160 m

60 m

d
)

9.9

, ,

9.4.
[9],
. d50 m,
10, d>50 m
5 m.

28

5,
.
, L U0 60 m s 4 , .

. 60 m
.

U.
9.8 .
,
. ,
L , U0 U
9.2 .

, .
SR, 9.10., e: s1 = min {s 2;5 m} , s2 = min {st ;5 m} ,
a st . 9.10. E', E", Ek1 Ek2

. ,
SR :
E E
SR = min
,
.
Ek1 Ek2
,
(
9.10.). 9.10. 9.10.
.
(
)
,
d/2.
[9]
,

9.

29

st

E
Ek1
E

d
) ( SR)

st

Ek2

s2 s1

s1 s 2

11.

d
)

9.10

. , , .

5h 12h ,
.
5h [9].


12h , 5h
9.9.

(
9.4.5).

11

. ,

, , 0,5 m. , ,
.

30

9.4

9.4.1

. ,
,
, .
,
.

.
, .
9.4.2

,
,

.
( )
( 9.11).
.
,
I. . [9] ( 9.11) 5 0355, 27090

270 90.
( 9.11) . 030 10,
30<45 5, 45<105 2,5 105<180 15.
I
1 000 lm. ,
, I

I.
,
,

9.

31

( 9.11)
( 9.11) . ,
I ( , ) .

C270

C180

(,)
C0

C90

9.11

I I
, ,
[7]. , f ( x ) x [ x1 , xn ] :
n

i =1

i =1

i =1
i j

f ( x ) = f ( xi ) Li ( x ) = f ( xi )

x xj
xi x j

(9.2)

(9.2) xi ( i = 1,", n )
x f ( xi ) . , -

32

f ( x ) (9.2) n 1 ,

Li ( x ) .
I ,
, , (9.2) n=2.

1, 2, 1 2 I(1, 1), I(1, 2), I(2, 1)
I(2, 2). I(, ),
[1, 2] [1, 2], . (9.2), .
, :

I ( 1 , ) =

2
1
I ( 1 , 1 ) +
I ( 1 , 2 )
1 2
2 1

(9.3)

2
1
I ( 2 , 1 ) +
I ( 2 , 2 ) .
1 2
2 1

(9.4)

I ( 2 , ) =

, I(1, )
I(2, ), :

2
1
I ( 1 , ) +
I ( 2 , ) .
(9.5)
1 2
2 1

, ..
, .
.
I ,
.. ,
(9.2) n=3.

1, 2, 3, 1, 2 3 I(1, 1),
I(1, 2), I(1, 3), I(2, 1), I(2, 2), I(2, 3), I(3, 1), I(3, 2) I(3, 3), e
: 1<2<3 1<2<3. I(, ),
[1, 3] [1, 3], .
.
, :
I ( , ) =

9.

( 2 ) ( 3 ) I , + ( 1 ) ( 3 ) I , +
( 1 1)
( 1 2)
( 1 2 ) ( 1 3 )
( 2 1 ) ( 2 3 )
( 1 ) ( 2 ) I ,
( 1 3)

( 3 1 ) ( 3 2 )
( 2 ) ( 3 ) I , + ( 1 ) ( 3 ) I , +
I ( 2 , ) =
( 2 1)
( 2 2)
( 1 2 ) ( 1 3 )
( 2 1 ) ( 2 3 )
( 1 ) ( 2 ) I ,
( 2 3)
( 3 1 ) ( 3 2 )
( 2 ) ( 3 ) I , + ( 1 ) ( 3 ) I , +
I ( 3 , ) =
( 3 1)
( 3 2)
( 1 2 ) ( 1 3 )
( 2 1 ) ( 2 3 )
( 1 ) ( 2 ) I , .
( 3 3)

( 3 1 ) ( 3 2 )

33

I ( 1 , ) =

(9.6)

(9.7)

(9.8)

( ) :

( 2 ) ( 3 ) I , + ( 1 ) ( 3 ) I , +
( 1 )
( 2 )
( 1 2 ) ( 1 3 )
( 2 1 ) ( 2 3 )
( 1 ) ( 2 ) I , .
( 3 )
( 3 1 ) ( 3 2 )

I ( , ) =

(9.9)

, ,
, ,
.
9.4.3

().
Tj ( 9.12) n
:
n

Ej =
i =1

I ij , ij cos ij
Si T j

I ij , ij cos3 ij

i =1

hi2

(9.10)

9.12
, i. i
, ij ij .

34

Si

(ij,ij)

i
.

ij

hi

G
n

ij
.

ij

C0
9.12

9.4.4

.
, ,

. ,
.
,
( ) , .

:
(9.11)
L = q E
q
L dA
( 9.13) Si
E.

9.

35

Si

(ij,ij)
G
n

ij

ij i
.

dA

1,5 m

ij

9.13

,
j:

q = f ij , ij , , .

(9.12)

, 1. ,

j 20,
. ,
ij ij. ij
ij ( 9.12) , ..
i 12. , ij ij .
(9.10) (9.11), Tj :
12

, ij ij 9.13,
9.12.

36

L j = q ij , ij
i =1

I ij , ij cos ij

hi2

cos ij

= r ij , ij
i =1

I ij , ij
hi2

(9.13)

r ij , ij = q ij , ij cos3 ij , n Tj.

q. q 9.14.
q

ij ij.
q ij.
q , ,
q ,
.

Si

(ij,ij)

ij

q(ij,ij)
.

1
ij

9.14 q

q ()
. ,

.

9.

37

CIE.
q
q. q0
( 9.15). , q
q0.
qp.
CIE, q
q0 S1 S2, :

q d
q0 =

, S1 =

(
)
D
q ( = 0 ; tan = 0)

q = 0D ; tan = 2

S2 =

q0

q = 0D ; tan = 0

q0
,
qp

(9.14)

.

. x
, ,
z . h
.
: P1 (12h, 3h, h) , P2 (12h,3h, h) ,
P3 ( 4h, 3h, h) , P4 ( 4h, 3h, h) .
h .
,
.
S1 S2 ,
q.

S14
q0. ,
, 1
.
qp
qmin

q0

9.15 q0

38

, CIE
, R1R4.
9.10
13. 9.10
R
S1 (.. q).
9.10 S1
.
9.10 R [1,2,9]

q0
( cd/m 2 lx )

R1

0,10

R2

0,07

R3

0,07

R4

0,08

R5

14

S1

S2

0,25
(<0,42)

0,53

0,58
1,80
(0,420,85)

1,11
2,38
(0,851,35)
1,55
3,03
(>1,35)

>1,80

>3,55

;
80%
()

;
60%
10 mm
10 mm;
,
;

,
.
() , CIE
, W1W4.
( R, N W )
r
(0180) (tan=012).
r
()
q0 9.10.
13

R, N1N4
.
14
R5 .

9.

9.4.5

39

TI

,
(veil) ,
.
(veiling luminance).

,
(
).
[9],
0,05 5 cd/m2, TI ( )
:
TI = 65

Lv
L

0,8

(9.15)

Lv L ( cd/m2)
( cd/m2), . TI

(.. ).

. CIE [9,10] , ,
. , Lv
:
m

EGi

i =1

i2

Lv = 3 103

(9.16)

:
EGi
( lx) i
;
( )
i;
m
.
(9.16)
1,5 m .
1 ( 9.16).
d1=2,75(h1,5) m15.

15

, d1
, .

40

( 9.8).
m (9.16)
( )
d1 500 m16.
P
h

1,5 m

20

1o

d1
89 m
9.16 TI

/
,
,
9.2
.

16

(9.16)
,
. [9]
Lv
. ,
[9]
.

10.

10

41

[1] P. Podlipnik, A. op: Svetlotehniki prirunik. Elektrokovina, Maribor, 1978.

[2] E. irola: Cestovna rasvjeta. ESING, Zagreb, 1997.
[3] . : . ,
, 1993.
[4] S. T. Henderson, A. M. Marsden, eds.: Lamps and Lighting, 2 ed. Edward Arnold,
London, 1979.
[5] J. R. Coaton, A. M. Marsden, eds.: Lamps and Lighting, 4 ed. Arnold, London,
1997.
[6] M. S. Rea, ed.: The IESNA Lighting Handbook, 9 ed. IESNA, New York, 2000.
[7] . , . : .
. , , 1987.
[8] CIE: Guide for Interior Lighting. Publication CIE 29-2, 1986.
[9] CIE: Calculation and Measurement of Luminance and Illuminance in Road
Lighthing. Publication CIE 30-2, 1982.
[10] CIE: Glare and Uniformity in Road Lighthing Installations. Publication CIE 31,
1976.
[11] CIE: Road Lighting for Wet Conditions. Publication CIE 47, 1979.
[12] CIE: Recommendations for the Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian
Traffic. Publication CIE 115, 1995.
[13] Philips Lighting: Lighting Manual, 5. ed. Philips, Eindhoven, 1993.
[14] Philips Lighting: Business Unit International Sales Catalogue 1999/2000. Philips,
Eindhoven, 1999.
[15] Osram: Indoor and Outdoor Lighting 96/97 (CD-ROM). Osram GmbH,
Mnchen, 1996.
[16] Osram: Lighting Programme 1999/2000 (CD-ROM). Osram GmbH, Mnchen,
1999.
[17] Osram: Lichtprogramm 1999/2000. Osram GmbH, Mnchen, 1999.
[18] http://www.lighting.philips.com.
[19] http://www.osram.com (http://www.osram.de).