30 PDF

R
Reevviissiioonn Q
Quueessttiioonnss ffoorr IInnssppeeccttiioonn EExxaam
mss
Although similar to those used in CSWIP exams, we
must emphasise that these will not necessarily be the
questions that will form part of your CSWIP exam
We have included the answers these questions,
although we recommend you make an attempt to
answer
Note, The printing option for these questions has been disabled, to safe guard
indiscriminate copying and distribution.
We would like to take this opportunity to thank Phill Plevey for

submitting the following inspection related questions
1 of 65
CONTENTS
PAPER B - SECTION 1 - MPI .................................................... 4
Question 1 .............................................................................. 4
Question 2 .............................................................................. 5
Question 3 .............................................................................. 7
PAPER B - SECTION 2 - UT ..................................................... 9
Question 1 .............................................................................. 9
Question 2 ............................................................................ 10
Question 3 ............................................................................ 12
PAPER B - SECTION 3 - CP .................................................... 13
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
1 ............................................................................
2 ............................................................................
3 ............................................................................
4 ............................................................................
5 ............................................................................
13
14
15
16
17
PAPER B - SECTION 4 Visual Inspection ................................ 18

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Question
Question
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Question
1 ............................................................................
2 ............................................................................
3 ............................................................................
4 ............................................................................
5 ............................................................................
5 ............................................................................
18
19
20
21
23
24
PAPER B - SECTION 5 General NDT..................................... 25

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Question
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1 ............................................................................
2 ............................................................................
3 ............................................................................
4 ............................................................................
5 ............................................................................
6 ............................................................................
25
26
27
28
30
33
PAPER C - SECTION 6 ROV Applied Systems ........................ 34

Question 1 ............................................................................ 34
Question 2 ............................................................................ 35
Question 3 ............................................................................ 36
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PAPER C - SECTION 7 Recording and Processing .................... 38

Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
Question
1 ............................................................................ 38
2 ............................................................................ 39
3 ............................................................................ 40
4 ............................................................................ 41
5 ............................................................................ 42
6 ............................................................................ 43
7 ............................................................................ 45
8 ............................................................................ 45
9 ............................................................................ 46
10 .......................................................................... 47
PAPER C - SECTION 8 - QA .................................................. 49

Question 1 ............................................................................ 49
Question 2 ............................................................................ 49
Question 3 ............................................................................ 50
PAPER C - SECTION 9 - Planning ............................................ 53
Question 1 ............................................................................ 53
Question 2 ............................................................................ 54
PAPER C - SECTION 10 Capabilities and Limitations of Divers... 56
Question 1 ............................................................................ 56
Question 2 ............................................................................ 57
PAPER C - SECTION 11 Capabilities and Limitations of ROVs... 59
Question 1 ............................................................................ 59
PAPER C - SECTION 12 Care of Equipment ........................... 62
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Question
Question
1 ............................................................................
2 ............................................................................
3 ............................................................................
4 ............................................................................
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62
62
63
64
PPAPER
APER B
B -- SSECTION
ECTION 11 -- M
PI
MPI
1.
A node weld is to be inspected using magnetic particle inspection

(MPI), however, it is not possible to use an encircling coil
technique. Outline an alternative procedure for the MPI of such a
weld.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 11
1- ELECTROMAGNETIC YOKE TECHNIQUE

Surface Checks
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Test all earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCBs) for correct operation.
Check all electrical cables for kinks and breaks in the insulation.
Check rigging and buoyancy arrangements.
Ensure the ultra violet light is functioning properly to BS 4489, ensure the
woods filter is in good condition and undamaged.
Ensure the detecting media is mixed to BS 4969 (carry out the settlement
test), and that the ink delivery system is functioning properly, depress the
trigger for 15 seconds to flush out all air from the system.
Work out the expected amperage needed for the inspection with the
electromagnet.
Select the AC pole connectors on the subsea unit, function test the magnetizing
apparatus ensuring correct current supply and adequate amperage.
Ensure that the electromagnet can lift 4.5kg with pole spacing of up to
300mm, as per BS 6072.
Check there is an undamaged flux indicator attached to the ultra violet lamp.
Subsea Operation / Inspection

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Clean the inspection site to SA 2 at least 75mm either side of the weld.
Establish a datum, usually 12 oclock, and mark up the weld in 100mm
increments, clockwise from datum, recording total weld length.
Carry out a CVI of the weld looking for defects and sharp changes of contour,
which could cause irrelevant indications during MPI.
Rig the transformer in a safe position close to the inspection site.
Switch on the ultra violet lamp and allow 15 minutes for warming up.
Check access for electromagnetic yoke around full weld circumference.
Ensure ambient light less than 10 Lux.
Check for residual magnetism, demagnetise if required.
Ensure the ink is being agitated constantly.
Place the flux indicator on the centre of the weld between the electromagnet
poles in the correct orientation for the defects sought.
Energise the electromagnet and report current used.
Apply the detecting media to the flux indicator.
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13.
20.
Inspect the flux indicator for proper indications to ensure 0.72 Tesla flux
density. This should be done at the cardinal points of the weld i.e. 12, 3, 6 &
9 oclock, possibly more often on a large weld.
Provided that the flux density is sufficient then the inspection of the weld can
commence.
Ensure an adequate recording method is in place ready for use.
Place the electromagnet across the weld at 45 and press the trigger to apply
the magnetising amperage.
Apply the ink to the weld surface and heat affected zone.
Switch off the electromagnet, reverse the electromagnetic and repeat steps 16
& 17.
If an indication is found, switch off the electromagnet and remove from weld.
Clean off the particles and repeat steps 16 & 17.
If an indication is still evident record and report the following:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Location (distance from datum in millimetres)

Length
Orientation and position relative to the weld (HAZ, weld cap, etc.)
Continuous or intermittent
Branching or not (note location and orientation of branches)
Weak or strong indication
21.
22.
23.
24.
Carry out remedial grinding as required by the client.

Carry out re-test after grinding to assess the condition of the indication.
Once the weld has been fully inspected, demagnetise if required.
Remove all equipment and return to surface.
25.
Wash all equipment with fresh water and flush the ink delivery system
with fresh water.
Report all findings correctly and concisely to the client.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
26.
2.
A 6 element brace node is to be tested using MPI, describe the

method you would use to carry out this inspection, the divers you
would use and all quality control procedures normally adopted
with this method.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 22
Method of Inspection
1.
2.
Inspection would be carried out using the encircling coil method with florescent
ink and ultra violet light, whereby each of the six members would be inspected
separately after having applied the magnetising coils to the brace side of the
weld under inspection and having checked the field strength on the chord side
of the weld in the HAZ position at a minimum of 4 locations i.e. 12, 3, 6 & 9
oclock.
Ambient light levels will be checked to ensure lux level is less than 10.
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3.
Defect indication remedial grinding will be carried out to the clients

requirements, generally grinding would take place in increments of 0.5mm to a
maximum depth of 2.0mm with re-inspection using MP after each 0.5mm
increment.
Diver Qualifications
As there are 6 welds to inspect on this brace it will be necessary to employ both CSWIP
3.1u and CSWIP 3.2u divers as follows:
CSWIP 3.1u Workscope.
1.
Initial General Visual Inspection (GVI) of the welds for gross damage, marine
growth cleaning assessment and debris at site.
2.
CP of welds prior to cleaning at cardinal clock positions.
3.
LP air grit entrained cleaning of welds and parent metal to 100mm either side
of the weld cap to SA 2.5.
4.
Weld marking and datum positioning, Close Visual Inspection (CVI) of all
welds.
Following on from CSWIP 3.2u workscope carry out the following:
5.
6.
Photographic and video survey of welds.

Post inspection CP inspection at cardinal clock positions.
CSWIP 3.2u Workscope.

1.
2.
MPI of all welds.

Remedial grinding of any indications if required.
Quality Control Procedures

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
3.
Work out the expected amperage needed for the inspection.
Select the AC pole connectors on the subsea unit, function test the magnetising
Describe how you would inspect a gusset weld with an articulated

magnet and give the reasons why this method may have been chosen.
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List any associated checks and QC measures you would employ. During
the inspection crack like indications were found, describe what typical
remedial measures would/could be employed.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 33
1.
18.
Clean the inspection site to SA 2 at least 75mm either side of the gusset
weld.
Establish a suitable datum point and mark up the weld in 100mm increments,
in a clockwise direction from datum if possible, recording total weld length.
Check access for the articulated magnet along the full length of the gusset weld.
Place the flux indicator on the centre of the weld between the articulated
magnets poles in the correct orientation for the defects sought.
density. This should be done at selected locations around the gusset and
especially at geometry changes.
Provided that the flux density is sufficient then the inspection of the gusset weld
can commence.
Place the articulated magnet across the weld at 90.
Apply the ink to the weld surface and heat affected zone.
Repeat steps 14 & 15 with the articulated magnet at 45 to the weld, and
continue around the full length of the gusset weld alternating between 45 and
90 allowing 40% overlap at each position.
If an indication is found, remove the articulated magnet from the weld area
weld. Clean off the particles and repeat steps 14 & 15.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Length
19.
20.
21.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
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Reason for Inspection Being Carried Out With Articulated Magnet

The primary reason why gusset welds are inspected using an articulated magnet is that it
is not normally possible to use the en-circulating coil or kettle element methods for
introducing magnetism into the weld. This is usually due to the geometry of the weld
site.
Checks and QA Measures
Surface Checks
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ensure that the articulated magnet can lift 18kg with pole spacing of between
75mm and 150mm, as per BS 6072.
Subsurface Checks
1.
Using a flux indicator check the weld to ensure 0.72 Tesla flux density. This
should be done at selected locations around the gusset and especially at
geometry changes.
Remedial Measures
The method for confirmation and/or removal of crack like indications will be specified
by the client. This normally consists of the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Using a 6mm spherical burr in a peanut grinder, remove 0.5mm of material

along the length of the crack like indication.
After each 0.5mm has been removed reapply the magnetising media and reinspect the site and report on the changes, if any, to the crack like indication.
If the indication remains continue removing 0.5mm at a time until it is
removed or until a maximum of 2mm of material has been removed.
Acting on instructions from the client, dress the area with a suitable burr to
remove any sharp edges profiling the area as necessary.
On completion of grinding work, accurately record and measure the area
referenced to the datum point, and take photographs to include suitable
identifications and scale.
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PPAPER
APER B
B -- SSECTION
ECTION 22 -- U
T
UT
1.
With the aid of sketches detail how to calibrate an ultrasonic A-Scan

CRT to measure the wall of a steel pipe approximately 30mm in
thickness.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 11
The following is a typical calibration procedure for a V1 block calibrating the time
base to 50mm of steel using a twin crystal compression probe:
1.
2.
3.
4.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
Select a twin crystal compression probe and connect to both probe connection
points. Once this is done set the probe select switch on the unit to DP.
Switch on the unit and allow to warm up for approximately 15 minutes.
After the warm up period check the battery condition.
Calibrate the time base as follows:
Ensure reject is switched off.
Set the coarse range control to suit the block - this will set the pulse repetition
frequency, ensure the fine range and delay controls are in the centre of their
travel, making calibration possible.
Set the coarse and fine grain to 20 decibels.
Using the delay control locate the initial pulse and place on the left hand side of
the screen.
Apply couplant to the 25mm side of the V1 block.
Apply the probe to the 25mm side of the calibration block.
Find the second echo (first back wall echo, 1st BWE) and bring it to full screen
height by adjusting the gain controls.
NB:
Initially we need to calibrate the unit for 100mm of steel to check the unit for
linearity. This is done as follows:
h)
i)
j)
Using the fine range bring in three more back wall echoes.
Using the fine range and delay controls so the left hand of the 4 peaks cuts the
time base at the 2.5 for the 1st BWE, 5 for the 2nd BWE, 7.5 for the 3rd
BWE and 10 for the 4th BWE. (Note: The 0 position is the surface of the test
piece), if this cannot be done then the time base my not be linear and the set
cannot be used.
There will now be no initial pulse on the screen, as the calibration procedure
will have pushed this off to the left hand side.
The time base is now linear and calibrated for 100mm of steel. Prior to setting the unit
up for 50mm of steel, carry out a resolution check as follows:
k)
Set the probe opposite the notch on the V1 block, maximise the signal using
the gain control, three peaks should appear - one at 8.5 (85mm) one at 9.1
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(91mm) and one at 10 (100mm) on the time base scale, this proves that the
set can differentiate between small defects at extreme range and thus has good
resolution.
The time base may now be calibrated to measure up to 50mm of steel as follows:
l)
Using the fine range and delay controls reduce the peaks on the screen to two,
with the 1st BWE at the 5 and the 2nd BWE at the 10.
The time base is now linear and calibrated for 50mm of steel.
5.
6.
7.
a)
b)
c)
d)
To check the calibration place the probe on the Perspex insert, a peak should
appear at the 10 on the time base scale.
Place the probe on the calibration block (25mm), a peak should come up at
the 5 on the time base scale.
Amplifier linearity check:
Set the probe opposite the 1.5mm diameter drilled hole in the V1 block.
Attenuate the 1st BWE to 80% full screen height (FSH).
Increase gain by 2 db, the peak should now be at FSH.
Attenuate the signal using the fine gain control by 6 db, the signal should now
be at 50% FSH.
If all of this checks out then the amplifier is working as it should and the set is calibrated
for 50mm of steel and is ready for use. When the probe is placed on the 30mm test
piece the 1st back wall echo will show at 6 on the CRT screen time base scale if no
defects are noted or no thinning of material has occurred.
2.
List the controls on an underwater ultrasonic set (A-Scan) and describe

their functions. Which type of probe would typically be used for
measuring wall thickness?
Q
Quueessttiioonn 22
Controls
Typical system controls:
1.
Reject or Suppression
This control is used to suppress incoming signals and so clean up the base line on the
cathode ray tube (CRT). This control should be in the off position for underwater
inspection work.
2.
Range Controls
a)
Coarse Range
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This alters the pulse repetition frequency (PRF), in order to ensure the
incoming signal is not affected by the transmission of a pulse; the coarse range
control should be set to the thickness of the metal under test.
b)
Fine Range
This alters the spread of the peaks on the screen so that the operator can
spread them further apart or bring them closer together in order to calibrate
the set. This control ensures that the graduations on the X-axis can be made to
represent almost any value the operator chooses.
3.
Pulse Delay Control

This control will move the whole display sideways across the X-axis without
changing the spread of the peaks. It is used in conjunction with the Fine Control
for calibration of the set.
4.
Gain Control
There will be either two or three depending on the type of set being used. They control
the impute gain and so the peak height on the CRT.
a)
Fine Gain
Controls the input gain by 0 to 2 db.
b)
Medium Gain
Controls the input gain in steps of 2 db.
c)
Coarse Gain
Controls the input gain in steps of 20 db.
Using the three gain controls (some sets will not have the fine gain) it is possible
to place the top of the peak at any point on the screen, imperative in the
accurate location and sizing of defects.
5.
Battery Indicator
There will be some indicator as to the condition of the battery as the set will
not perform properly if the battery is not adequately charged.
6.
Probe Select Switch

This must be set to the correct position in order for the set to interpret the
information from the probe, the set will behave differently according to
whether a single or twin crystal probe has been used, this control may also be
the on/off switch for the set.
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7.
Probe Connections
There will be two of these and they will normally be marked TX for transmit
crystal and RX for receive crystal, if using a single crystal probe it must be
connected to the TX connection.
8.
Charging Connection
This will be a connection, which should be blanked while the set is in use. Due
to problems associate with hydrogen gas being produced while charging there
may also be a connection for ventilating the housing while charging.
Probe for Measuring Wall Thickness

For wall thickness measurements a twin crystal probe would be used. This would have a
high frequency and small diameter crystal.
3.
Describe how to calibrate an A-Scan unit and name the types of

calibration blocks typically used for this task.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 33
Calibration
See above. Question No. 1.
Calibration Blocks
1.
2.
3.
4.
The IIW V1 Block. Primary calibration block.

The IIW V2 Block. On-site calibration and checks.
The IIW Beam angle Profile Block, (Normally used for assessing the probes and
not calibrating the A-Scan system).
Step Wedges. On-site calibration and checks.
12 of 65
PPAPER
APER B
B -- SSECTION
ECTION 33 -- C
P
CP
1.
Describe the reasons for and the function of sacrificial anodes. Give
details of any major disadvantages of this type of corrosion protection system.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 11
Reasons
The reasons for the use of sacrificial anodes is to protect the structure from corrosion
attack and therefore to the deterioration of the structural components.
Function
The function of the sacrificial anode is to sacrifice (corrode) itself to protect the
structure. This is accomplished by attaching a quantity of less noble metal such as zinc
to the structure which is steel, and more Nobel than zinc, the structure will become the
cathode so being protected, the zinc being a less noble metal will become the anode so
sacrificing itself.
Major Disadvantages
1.
The amount of anode material necessary to protect a structure in vast and adds
a considerable weight to the structural members and components.
2.
To replace exhausted anodes is costly and involves a considerable amount of
work in attaching retrofit anodes.
3.
There is no way of controlling the actual level of protection afforded by these
anodes.
4.
Anode output decreases with age.
5.
The anodes snag diver and ROV umbilical.
2.
Describe with the aid of suitable sketches the calibration of:

a)
b)
Contact half-cell
Remote half-cell (proximity)
13 of 65
uestion 22
Q
Question
Calibration of Ag/AgCL Diver Held Contact Meter Contact Half-Cell
Voltmeter. Reading 4mV (+/- 5mV)

Calomel Electrode
4 (L)
Pin
- +
Fresh Seawater in Plastic Bucket
Diver Hand Held CP meter
1.
Ensure the calomel electrodes have been properly calibrated.
2.
Immerse the CP Meter in a plastic bucket of clean fresh seawater with a 1L
4M in-line connector fixed, ensure electrolyte (seawater) level does not cover shorting
plug connection in handle.
3.
Make contact with pin 4(L), (connect Ag/AgCL reference electrode) to
negative terminal of digital voltmeter.
4.
Immerse the saturated calomel electrode in clean fresh seawater and connect to
positive terminal of digital voltmeter.
5.
Allow the electrode to reach a stable potential (10 - 15 minutes).
6.
The voltage difference between the saturated calomel and Ag/AgCL reference
electrode can be read off the digital voltmeter and should be -4mV +/-5mV.
Calibration of Ag/AgCL Remote Half Cell (Proximity)
Voltmeter. Reading between 0 10mV

-1000mV to 1050mV on Zinc Block
Remote Half Cell
Calomel Electrode
- +
Zinc Block
Fresh Seawater in Plastic Bucket
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
3.

Soak the Ag/AgCL half-cell in a plastic bucket of clean fresh seawater in for 30
minutes.
Connect the negative terminal of the voltmeter to the Ag/AgCL measuring
electrode (half-cell).
Connect the positive terminal of the voltmeter to the calomel electrode and
immerse the electrode tip in the seawater.
Record the reading from the voltmeter; it should be between 0 to -10mV.
Repeat this procedure if the readings are outside this range.
Using the procedure above measure the potential of a Zinc Reference block
with the proximity cell. The reading should be in the region of -1000mV to 1050mV.
Compare and contrast the reason and functions of sacrificial anodes and
impressed current systems.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 33
Sacrificial Anodes
Advantages
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
No external power supply needed.

Anodes start to work as soon as structure is submerged.
Over protection is not possible.
The system can easily be monitored.
No electrical danger to divers.
Installation relatively simple.
Danger of cathodic protection interaction is minimised.
No running costs.
High reliability.
Disadvantages
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The number of anodes required to protect a structure add considerable weight

to the platform.
Replacement is costly.
The anodes snag diver and ROV umbilical.
There is no control of the protection levels afforded.
Anode output decreases with age.
Impressed Current Systems

Advantages
1.
2.
System is lightweight.
Very few anodes are required.
15 of 65
3.
Level of protection can be monitored and controlled.
4.
Replacement of anodes is relatively easy.
5.
The platform is free of obstructions.
6.
System output can be varied to compensate for changes in amount of structure
to be protected, loss of coating, etc.
Disadvantages
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
System and cables are easily damaged, particularly in bad weather in splash
zone area.
System has to be switched off when diving work is required, high voltages and
currents (in order of 25 volts and 1000 amps).
Platform is unprotected at launch until platform is commissioned.
System can be set up in reverse polarity and the structure damaged.
The system cans over cook the platform by being turned up too high.
Possibility of over protection causing hydrogen associated problems.
Shadowing, areas where protection is not offered, can occur.
Possible interaction effects on other structures.
Subject to availability of suitable power supply.
Regular electrical maintenance checks and inspection required.
Complete failure if power supply lost.
Running costs high for un-coated structures.
4.
Show with the aid of diagrams one method of corrosion protection,
which can be effectively applied below the waterline of a steel structure.
uestion 44
Q
Question
The Impressed Current Anode System
- ve terminal, connected
to the Structure
- ve
DC power
source
+ ve
+ ve terminal, connected
to Auxiliary Node
Sea Level
Electrons emitted to satisfy

Reduction reaction in the
Electrolyte
Impressed current node

Made of Noble material
16 of 65
5.
Discuss the methods currently available for effective monitoring of an
impressed current protection system employed on an offshore structure.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 55
High Purity Zinc Electrodes
These are pieces of zinc, which are placed at specific locations around the
structure. These locations may be areas where the stress is high or where protection is
thought to be marginal, they are generally used with impressed current systems as they
can be left in situ on the jacket and will give constant readout of the structures potential
at that location. The readout will normally be displayed in the Control Room on the
surface.
Monitored Anode System
The Impressed current system can be observed by the use of a Monitored
Anode, this is simply a sacrificial anode, which is only in electrical contact with the
structure via an ammeter. If the impressed current fails for any reason, leaving the
structure unprotected, then the Monitored Anode will exhibit a current flow shown on
the surface readout thus raising the alarm of a failure in the impressed current system.
17 of 65
PPAPER
APER B
B -- SSECTION
ECTION 44 V
isual IInspection
nspection
Visual
1.
Discuss the effects of marine growth on a steel structure. Give details of

which type of growth is most detrimental to the integrity of the
structure.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 11
Effects
The main problem from an engineering point of view is that the structural members
involved will be increased in size; it will also loose its smooth finish so becoming
rougher. Both of these will increase the drag forces on the structure and so the loads
that need to be dealt with will also increase. The following outline the major effects
marine growth will have on a structure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
It will cause an increase in the mass of the structure without adding stiffness and
so cause a decrease in the natural frequency of the structure.
It will increase the drag coefficients of the structure, especially in the splash
zone where the maximum water force is present. This will also be the furthest
point from the anchor point of the leg - the seabed and so the bending
movement will be increased.
Obscures the structures features such as valve handles and structural markings.
Hides all but obvious major defects.
Makes close visual inspection (CVI) of components impossible without removal
of the marine growth.
Reduces the effective area of intakes and outfalls.
Certain types of hard marine growth cause corrosion of the structure and
prevents effective operation of cathodic protection systems.
Increases the scour at the base of the structure due to increased fluid velocity
around the base of the structure.
Most Detrimental
Hard marine growth has the most detrimental effect on structures as follows:
1.
2.
It adds both weight and bulk to the structural members as it has a specific
gravity of 1.4.
It produces biological corrosion,
a)
Production of Corrosive Substances - The most significant chemicals
produced are ammonia from the excreta of the organisms and hydrogen
sulphide formed when the organisms die.
b)
Anaerobic Corrosion (Corrosion Without Oxygen) - Certain sulphate
reducing organisms are able to take the place of oxygen in the corrosion
circuit. They occur under clams and other hard marine growth, when they are
18 of 65
present there will be an increase in corrosion usually under marine growth or

just below the mud line.
c)
Concentration Cell - Because the growth will exclude the water from
the structure it will not allow a renewable supply of oxygen, so the area
beneath the animal will become the anode and the ring around the edge will
become the cathode.
2.
List the six categories of visual defects listed by the International Institute
of Welding in BS 499 and give two examples of each.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 22
The Six Categories
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Cracks.
Cavities.
Solid Inclusions.
Lack of fusion and penetration.
Imperfect shape.
Miscellaneous.
Examples of Two of Each

1.
Cracks
A linear discontinuity produced by a fracture. Cracks may be longitudinal,
transverse, edge, crater, centreline, fusion zone, weld metal or parent metal.
2.
Cavities
Blowholes A cavity generally of less than 1.5mm in diameter formed by
entrapped gas during solidification of molten metal.
Porosity A group of gas pores can be located in a variety of locations.
3.
Solid Inclusions
Inclusion Slag or other foreign matter entrapped during welding. The defect
is more irregular in shape than a gas pore.
Oxide Inclusion Metallic oxide entrapped during welding.
4.
Lack of Fusion and Penetration

Lack of Fusion Lack of union in a weld, this can be either:
Between weld metal and weld metal.
19 of 65
Between parent metal and weld metal.

Incomplete Root Penetration Failure of weld metal to extend into the root of
a joint.
5.
Imperfect Shape
Undercut An irregular groove at the toe of a run in the parent metal or in
previously deposited weld metal, due to welding.
Overlap An imperfection at the toe or root of a weld caused by excess weld
metal flowing on to the surface of the parent plate without fusing to it.
6.
Miscellaneous
Grinding mark Grooves in the surface of the parent metal or of a weld made
by a grinding wheel or a surfacing tool.
Spatter Globules of metal expelled during welding on to the surface of parent
metal or of a weld.
3.
List the defects that you would expect to find in an underwater visual
inspection of a concrete structure. Describe methods, features or aids
you would use to assist your visual inspection of a damaged area of
concrete.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 33
Defects in Concrete - Category A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Cracks.
Delaminations
Pop out.
Impact damage.
Tearing.
Exposed reinforcement.
Faulty repair.
Variable cover.
Visual Inspection of Damaged Area

The Grid System
When the grid system is employed it will involve marking the structure with a
series of numbered boxes. The diver or ROV would then be directed to box
No. ***. This is a good method certainly in the structures early years,
although in later life some of the markings may well be at the very least difficult
20 of 65
to find. All defects noted will be referenced to its unique box number and sized
accordingly.
The Shot Line and Tape Method
This method is taken from the archaeological method of laying a graduated line
straight across or down and area and running a marked (measured) line off at
90. Offshore the straight line would be a graduated shot line from the surface
placed at the correct vertical location. From this the diver would take a tape
measure and run it out horizontally across to the point of interest, thus fixing it
in two dimensions.
Established Structural Fixtures
Where known datum have been established i.e. Embedment plates, riser clamps, towing
points, etc. these can be used as datum fixes and used to reference areas of interest or
damage to. This method is particularly useful to ROV surveys where lines and tape
measures cannot be used.
4.
What methods are available for the removal of marine growth from an
offshore structure? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each
method you have listed.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 44
Hand Cleaning (Scraper, Wire Brush)
Advantages
Inexpensive (small area)
Easy to deploy
No training necessary
Pneumatic Tools
Advantages
More efficient than hand tools
Less diver fatigue
Easy to deploy
Hydraulic Tools
Advantages
Same as pneumatic
No depth restriction
Disadvantages
Diver fatigue over long periods
Slow
Will not remove Tube Worm casts
Disadvantages
Depth limitations
Exhaust air impedes visibility
High maintenance cost
Can be a hazard to diver
Slow
Disadvantages
Expensive
Choice of tools is limited
Heavy, bulky hose
Diver fatigue
21 of 65
Can be a hazard to diver

Slow
High Pressure Water Jet
Advantages
Fast and effective
Good for intensive cleaning
Least detrimental to structure
Disadvantages
Heavy hose
High noise level for diver / Supervisor
Hazardous for diver
Diver fatigue over long periods
Will not remove Tube Worm casts
High Pressure Water Jet with Grit Entrainment

Advantages
Disadvantages
Fast and effective
Expensive
Heavy, bulky hose
Removes all marine growth
Diver fatigue
High noise level for diver / Supervisor
Hazardous for diver
Will remove protective coatings
Large amount of spread equipment
Grit gets into diving equipment, wear.
Low Pressure Air Grit Entrainment
Advantages
Fast and effective
Removes all marine growth
Easy to use
Low noise
Possible ROV deployment
Inexpensive (shallow depths)
Little diver fatigue
Cavitation Jets
Advantages
Effective for hard growth removal
Possible ROV deployment
Relatively safe
No grit required
Marine Growth Inhibitors
Advantages
No diver intervention
Inexpensive once installed
Disadvantages
Will remove protective coatings
Limited depth capability without large
compressors
Some hazard to diver
Grit gets into diving equipment, wear.
Disadvantages
Will not remove soft growth
Expensive
Disadvantages
Will only remove soft growth
Only good in Splash Zones
22 of 65
Little or no maintenance
4.
Liable to damage in storm conditions

Requires divers/RAT to install
Jacket members must be free
attachments
of
List the Category A (Defects) associated with concrete structures.

Describe three of those you have listed.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 55
Defects in Concrete - Category A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Cracks.
Delaminations
Pop out.
Impact damage.
Tearing.
Exposed reinforcement.
Faulty repair.
Variable cover.
Cracks
Cracks can be divided into three categories:
Fine Cracks a fracture of the concrete not more than 1mm wide.
Medium Cracks fracture is between 1mm and 2mm wide
Wide Cracks fracture is more than 2mm wide.
The edges of the fracture will normally be sharp and aggregate may also be fractured.
The normal cause is structural movement.
Although all concrete structures have some cracks in them they will not become
significant until they are measurable, this will usually only occur in service.
Pop out
A pop out can be described as a small conical depression in the concrete surface,
usually with a piece of corroding reinforcement at the bottom of the pit.
It is caused by the expansion of isolated particles in the concrete (or the corrosion of
the ends of reinforcing bars). This causes the surface of the concrete to be put under
tension and will so produce local failure in the form of a conical piece of the concrete
popping out from the structure. The edges will usually be sharp and well defined.
Pop outs are an in service defect.
23 of 65
Exposed Reinforcement
The steel reinforcement bars become visible on the surface of the surface of the
concrete accompanied by rust staining.
There are two ways in which this can occur either by displacement of the steelwork
during construction or by removal of the outside covering of concrete during the in
service life of the structure (impact damage).
5.
Describe the types of In Service defects that could affect the life of an
offshore structure.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 55
Fatigue due to hydrodynamic forces (wind and wave action) and vibration of the
structure from drilling operations, etc.
Overloading, due to changes in the production technique. It is likely that the structure
will have to carry a larger payload than was originally foreseen and this can cause
problems which could lead to ductile failure, especially if there is any significant
corrosion to compound the problem.
Corrosion of the steel causing a reduction of the wall thickness and an uneven surface.
This could lead to stress concentration so reducing the safety factor.
Fouling, both marine growth and debris can be detrimental to the structure.
Accidental damage. As the structures are designed to high specifications if they become
damaged then they will not be able to perform properly and so could fail.
Scour and unstable foundations will under mine the structure and may cause instability
of the structure, especial on concrete gravity structures.
Internal metal and welding defects.
24 of 65
PPAPER
APER B
B -- SSECTION
ECTION 55 G
eneral N
DT
General
NDT
1.
Discuss the advantages and limitations of radiography and ultrasonics as

underwater inspection methods.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 11
Radiography - Advantages
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Permanent record is produced.

Can be viewed by many.
It is a proven method.
Necessary cleaning standard is low (SA 1).
Resolution of volumetric defects is good.
Radiography - Disadvantages
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Safety hazards are high.

Storage and transportation of source are a problem.
Needs Home Office approval.
Must have badged personnel.
Highly qualified divers required.
Cost is extremely high.
Access to both sides of the weld is necessary.
Interpretation is difficult.
Resolution of planar defects is poor.
Ultrasonics - Advantages
1.
2.
3.
4.
It is a proven method.
Can be applied from one side of the weld / material.
Will locate both planar and volumetric defects in weld body.
Equipment is easily transportable and inexpensive.
Ultrasonics - Disadvantages
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Highly qualified divers required for weld examination (Shear wave inspection).
No permanent record.
Inspection results are very subjective.
Time consuming operation.
High level of cleaning required (SA 2.5 to 3).
Weld geometry can cause problems with probe access.
Near surface defect detection and resolution is poor.
2.
What are the differences between volumetric and planar defects? Give
two examples of each and describe which method of NDT would be best
for finding these defects.
25 of 65
Q
Quueessttiioonn 22
Differences
1.
Planar Defects.
This type of defect has a large surface area but low volume, they are essentially
a two dimensional defect.
2.
Volumetric Defects.
These defects will have a comparatively small surface area but a large volume.
Examples of Planar and Volumetric Defects

1.
Planar Defects.
a)
Laminations.
b)
Cracks.
2.
Volumetric Defects.
a)
Cavities.
b)
Porosity.
NDT Methods
1.
Planar Defects.
To locate planar defects in the weld material or in plate, ultrasonic NDT would
be used, either A-Scan or Digital Wall Thickness meters. The A-Scan system has
the ability to use probes of varying angles so that the angle of a planar defect
can be found and sized.
2.
Volumetric Defects.
The method most easily used to detect volumetric defects is Radiography,
either X-ray or Gamma Ray. This method of NDT will show the defects on a
film as a shadowgraph. Ultrasonic inspection will also locate volumetric defects,
however, due to their irregular shape the ultrasound beams will be deflected
and a clear picture is not always given. Radiography gives a permanent record
of the defect where U/T does not.
3.
Describe with the aid of sketches the inspection of a horizontal member

using FMD. List the three types of FMD. What further inspection might
be carried out on a member and where if the member was found to be
flooded?
26 of 65
estion 33
Q
Quuestion
Inspection of Horizontal Member
Receiver
12
12
Ultra Sound
Waves
12
9
6
Heat Radiation
Radioactive
source
Radiographic
FMD Types of FMD
1.
2.
3.
Thermal pad
Ultrasonic probe
Ultrasonic FMD
Thermal FMD
Ultrasonic FMD
Radiographic FMD
Thermal FMD
Additional Inspection
The most obvious reason for a member to be flooded is that there has been a breach in
the integrity of the member; this can be attributed to a number of reasons:
1.
The welded joints at the end of the member where it joins the node may have
cracked.
2.
Circumferential and/or longitudinal welds along the length of the member may
have cracked.
3.
The member may have appurtenances welded to it i.e. anodes, riser clamps,
etc. there may be a crack at the joining point of the member and the appurtenance.
4.
The member may have corroded through.
5.
There may be a puncture in the member due to a piece of debris having fallen.
6.
An appurtenance may have been torn off and a hole has now been left in the
member.
7.
Inspection access ports/hatches used during the fabrication process may have
cracked.
The courses are many and at each site listed above an inspection must be made to find
the reason why the member has flooded. Sometimes no obvious or visible cause can be
found and it may be necessary to drill a hole in the member and force a coloured dye
into the member and look for where it appears to locate the flooding point. NDT is
27 of 65
another method of inspection where cracks can be found which are invisible to the
naked eye.
4.
Briefly describe the operation of the ACPD and ACFM inspection

techniques giving their capabilities for the detection and sizing of crack
defects. Where appropriate sketched may be uses.
uestion 44
Q
Question
ACPD Alternating Current Potential Difference
ACPD is the method by which the depth that a surface-breaking defect has penetrated
can be assessed. This method of NDT is not suited for front line inspection for the
location of surface breaking defects only for defect depth sizing once located by other
NDT techniques.
Once a defect has been located, by MPI for instance, ACPD can be applied and can be
used to build up a picture of the defect profile (depth) by taking readings at intervals
along the crack length. The metal has to be cleaned to SA 2 - 3 so as to obtain good
electrical contact.
The ACPD technique requires two connections between the instrument and the
specimen under inspection namely the current output or field connection, and the
voltage input from a manually deployed single probe.
The field connection is used to inject a current into the specimen by direct contact,
being placed either side of the crack location, equidistance, reasonable far apart, with
the crack lying perpendicular to the line between the contacts. The single probe, which
has a double tip, is placed on the parent metal away from the crack and a reading taken
(Vr). At this time the topside unit measures the potential drop experienced between
the two contacts. The single probe is then placed so as the tips straddle the crack and a
reading taken (Vc) the topside unit again measures the potential drop. This
measurement will be greater than the first as the distance the electricity will have to
travel to go around and under the crack. Measurements are continued along the line of
the crack at 10mm spacing so as to draw a profile of the crack depth though out its
length, alternating between parent metal and crack. The topside unit calculates the
difference between the 1st and 2nd readings in each case and this in turn is converted
into a crack depth measurement. The following equation demonstrates the technique:
d = U Vc - 1
2 Vr
For example, for a probe spacing of 10mm, a cross-crack voltage of 800 and a
reference voltage of 400 indicates a crack depth of 5mm.
28 of 65
Refer to the following drawing for detail of single probe locations to obtain crack depth
measurements.
Field Lead Electrical Contacts
Reference Reading
Crack Depth Reading
Surface
breaking
d f
Measuring
Contacts
AC path
through
Alternating Current Potential Difference Testing

ACFM Alternating Current Field Measurement
ACFM is an NDT method which can locate surface breaking cracks and size them for
length and depth, this through various non-conducting coatings. Cleaning to SA 2 is
not necessary, also marine growth fouling need only be removed so as not to impede
probe movement, however, for underwater inspection it is simpler to use LP Dry Grit
cleaning methods for speed which automatically cleans to SA 2.
The ACPD method of inspection uses PC based hardware and software to gather the
data and analyse it and therefore there is a permanent record of the inspection.
The ACPD method requires two people, the diver and the topside technician. The diver
need only understand the basics of the method and probe manipulation as the topside
technician interprets all data.
Various probe are available for differing geometries and can be changed at the dive site
with underwater mateable connectors by the diver.
Inspection consists of the diver (probe pusher) running the probe around the weld toes
calling out the clock markers as the probe passes them. If the weld cap is wider than
20mm then a cap scan will be carried out in the same manner as the toe scans. If a
crack is located the diver will rescan the area locating the crack stop/start positions as
instructed by the topside technician and mark these with magnetic arrows. Having
located the stop/starts, the diver will once again scan the crack location this time calling
out the arrow positions as well as the clock positions as the probe passes them. These
points will be recorded on the scan trace by the topside technician.
29 of 65
All scans will be overlapped by at least 50mm so no defects are missed.

Having acquired the scans the topside operator will calculate the cracks length and
depth using the ACFMs software. All data will be backed up to hard drive and floppy
disc.
5.
A node weld with suspected surface breaking cracks requires to be

inspected. Describe an NDT method(s) to complete this work that will
include sizing of any cracks located. List any associated checks and QC
measures you would employ.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 55
ACFM Alternating Current Field Measurement Technique
Equipment Requirements
ACFM Model U21 or U31 Underwater Crack Microgauge with Topside Unit and
Power / Comms Umbilical.
Isolating transformer 240V to 110V or 110V to 110V with centre tapped output.
Laptop computer with Serial Port (COM1) for connection to topside unit. Bus mouse
or Serial mouse on dedicated port (or COM2). Optional parallel port for printer.
Machine must be suitable for 110V operation.
RS 232 Ribbon and 9-25 Way Adaptor.
WAMI Software disc and manual.
Underwater ACFM Probes Standard Type 45, 84 or 137, Tight Access Type 46, 80
or 138, Pencil Type 20 or 22, and (optional) Edge Effect Type 94.
Flat Plate Weld Ops Check Block with spark eroded slots (cracks).
3.5 floppy discs for data back up.
Report Sheets.
Magnetic arrows and tape measure.
System Set Up and Surface Checks
Ensure all mains switches are OFF.
Make connections between subsea unit and topside unit. Connect Probe to subsea unit.
Make all connections between computer, printer and Topside Unit.
Connect Topside Unit to isolating transformer.
Connect isolating transformer to 240V supply.
Switch on 240V supply.
Switch on Switch 1.
Switch on Switch 2.
Switch on Switch 3.
If the 350m umbilical is connected, switch on Switch 5.
Push TEST button on main RCD device (2). The device should trip and the neon ON
Switch 3 should go out. If this does not function - SUSPEND ALL OPERATIONS
AND TURN OFF 240V SUPPLY. DISCONNECT ISOLATING TRANSFORMER.
30 of 65
If TEST button trips the device, repeat 8 and 9.

Push TEST button on the 350m umbilical RCD (5). The device should trip and the
neon ON Switch 3 should go out. If this does not function - SUSPEND ALL
OPERATIONS AND TURN OFF 240V SUPPLY. DISCONNECT ISOLATING
TRANSFORMER.
If TEST button trips the device, repeat 10.
Switch on Switch 4.
The unit is now ready for subsea deployment.
If During Operation the RCD trips SUSPEND ALL OPERATIONS AND TURN OFF
240V SUPPLY.
Pre-Dive System Set Up
Check all connections Umbilical and probe to both subsea and topside units, including
laptop.
Switch on laptop.
Switch on mains power to topside unit.
Open WAMI file (ACFM Program) and check screen display.
Select Open and select probe file to match probe being used.
Select New and create a file for the Pre-Dive check on the probe.
Scan the Weld Ops Check Block with the probe, if all satisfactory, save file.
Select New and create a file for the weld to be inspected.
The Pre-Dive System checks and set up are now complete.
Deploy the subsea unit to the diver.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Clean the inspection site as necessary to allow uninterrupted probe scans,

should be at least 75mm either side of the weld and the weld itself.
increments, clockwise from datum, recording total weld length and width of
weld cap at widest point.
which could cause irrelevant indications during scanning and also restrict
scanning operations. Also for probe access.
Rig the subsea unit in a safe position close to the inspection site.
Check access for probe around full weld circumference.
Ensure topside system is switched on and no safety trips have dropped out.
Enter clock notation stop / start and scan direction and note probe direction on
laptop.
Carry out Ops Check at the 12 oclock position on both sides of the weld to
check for 360 circumferential weld toe cracking.
Select either chord toe or brace toe and start scanning around the weld toe in a
clockwise direction starting 50m before 12 oclock with the diver calling out
the 100mm increment marks as the centre line of the probe passes them.
When scan is complete tell the diver to relax while topside operator reviews the
data. Continue around the weld toe until the 12 oclock position is reached. All
31 of 65
10.
11.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
scan stop / start positions will be overlapped by 50mm to 75mm. Scan speed
will be monitored by the topside operator and the diver advised accordingly.
Complete both toe scans and cap scan if weld cap is wider than 20mm until all
weld has been successfully scanned and data recorded to laptop.
The topside operator will record the details of each scan on an ACFM report
log.
If a crack indication is found, the topside operator will instruct the diver to
locate the start and end locations with selected probe scans. Once the start and
end locations have been identified the diver will mark them with magnetic
arrows.
The topside operator will then instruct the dive to rescan the area starting
100mm before the 1st arrow and continue 100mm past the 2nd arrow. The
diver will call out the 100mm increment markers and the arrow positions as the
centre line of the probe passes them for the topside operator to input them on
the acquired scan data. Some readjustment of arrow locations may be necessary
to pinpoint the exact crack stop / start location. Once this is done and a
satisfactory rescan is acquired, the diver will measure the distance between the
arrows and the distance from datum to 1st arrow and the topside operator will
record these measurements on the ACFM report log.
Crack sizing will be carried out off line by the topside operator, so as to save
dive time, using the WAMI software program.
Once the weld has been fully inspected, remove all equipment and return to
surface.
Wash all equipment with fresh water.
Carryout Post-Dive checks on probe by scanning the Weld Ops Check Block, if
all satisfactory, save file and back up all scans to hard drive and floppy disc.
Off-Line Crack Sizing

Open weld inspection data file and move to scan with crack defect.
Enter Data.
Select Peak Marking. This allows the cursor to be moved around the screen using Shift
+ Arrows keys.
Locate the maximum Bx then select Max/Min from dropdown menu.
Enter Background Bx and save.
Locate the minimum Bx then select Max/Min from dropdown menu.
Enter Minimum Bx and save.
Select Calculate Depth from dropdown menu and enter measured length of crack
given by the diver and enter OK.
The WAMI program will then calculate the crack length and depth and display on the
acquired scan data display.
Re-save the file and report results to Clients Representative.
Record the details on the ACFM report log.
Back up all scans to hard drive and floppy disc.
32 of 65
6.
With the aid of a sketch show a typical Butt Weld and Fillet Weld
identifying all sections and areas.
uestion 66
Q
Question
Included angle
Prepared angle
Prepared face
Root Face
Root gap
Plate Edge Preparation Single V

Weld zone
Cap of the Weld
Excess weld metal
Throat thickness
Toe of the weld
Filler beads, Weld

beads making up the
Bulk of the weld
Heat Affected
Zone HAZ
Effective throat
thickness
Root bead or
Penetration bead
Butt Weld Terminology
Toe of the weld
Leg length
Included angle
Cap or face of the weld

Effective throat thickness
Throat thickness
Toe of the weld
Root
Fillet Weld Terminology
33 of 65
Leg length
PPAPER
APER C
C -- SSECTION
ECTION 66 RROV
OV A
pplied SSystems
ystems
Applied
1.
List the types of camera most suitable and any technical requirements
when using an ROV for the following:
Q
Quueessttiioonn 11
a)
b)
c)
d)
Use in turbid water,

Inspection of a concrete structure,
Inspection of a riser,
To test for flooded members.
Use in Turbid Water

For turbid water the use of a Silicon Intensified Target (SIT) camera would be
recommended. This type of camera gives a black and white image and uses the ambient
light available on site to illuminate the picture; therefore there is no need to use a
dedicated light source, which would cause backscatter from the suspended particles in
the water. For night / black water work a small light may be used to give a very low
level of ambient light. The use of sonar in conjunction with the SIT camera would also
be recommended.
Inspection of a Concrete Structure
For concrete inspection the inspection would be carried out in two phases, initial
inspection would be conducted using the Silicon Intensified Target (SIT) camera which
would allow a more overall view of the concrete surface in the stand off mode, allowing
areas of interest / anomalies to be picked out and referenced to a suitable datum or
reference point. Having located these areas, the pilot/observer would switch to a colour
CCD camera for close up work, i.e. Osprey 1364 camera or the CVI camera Osprey
1368 for very detailed recording work.
Inspection of a Riser
As with concrete inspection the initial survey of a riser would be carried out using the
Silicon Intensified Target (SIT) camera, which would show an overall view of the riser
and its associated components. Having established the overall view, switch to a colour
CCD camera and carry out the riser inspection in this mode, either in single or double
pass as required by the client.
To Test for Flooded Members
As this inspection is carried out using dedicated FMD equipment the video requirement
is only necessary to aid the ROV pilot/observer in locating the FMD inspection sites and
for him/her to fly the ROV around the structure. Therefore camera requirement will be
either a Silicon Intensified Target (SIT) camera, which would allow a more general
34 of 65
overall view, or colour camera, which would allow a more detailed view to aid
placement of the specific FMD equipment.
2.
What methods could be used by an ROV to monitor CP readings on a

steel structure? List any factors, which could influence the accuracy and
the ability to obtain readings. The diving spread is located on an
accommodation vessel 30m from the structure.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 22
Methods
1.
Ag/AgCL Half Cell - Proximity
This method does not require any contact below the water line. All the ROV
has is a small probe in its manipulator or on its frame and a wire in its umbilical, which
goes back to the surface where it is connected to the positive terminal of a voltmeter.
The negative terminal of the voltmeter is connected to the structure. Using this method
the ROV flies around the structure and holds the probe close but not in contact with
the structure. A reading is then taken on the surface and over laid on the video monitor
and recorded on tape.
2.
Ag/AgCL Half Cell - Contact
This method requires the steel tip of the probe, which is held in the ROV's
manipulator or attached to its frame, to make contact with the steel of the structure.
The ROV will move into the structure and force the steel probe in to penetrate the
marine growth and any coating or corrosion layers and read the cathodic potential,
which is relayed by a high resistance voltmeter on the ROV, at the surface. This reading
is over laid on the video monitor and recorded on tape.
Factors Influencing Accuracy
As the ROV dive station is 30 metres from the platform it will be difficult to have an
electrical wire strung between the ROV control room and the platform, thereby making
the use of the Proximity method of obtaining CP data difficult.
Proximity readings in their nature are general readings of the structure that do not give
detailed spot readings as with the Contact method, however, they do give a continual
read out of the CP data as the ROV flies around the platform. Furthermore, it is
essential to have a good contact on the structure for the electrical connection so as to
obtain good data, clean metal-to-metal contact. Any part of the structure or its
components, which are electrically isolated from the contact point, will not register
reading during the Proximity survey. Risers are normally isolated from the structure by
neoprene inserts in their clamps, to obtain Proximity data from risers each in turn has to
be inspected with the electrical connection attached to the relevant riser. This can be
35 of 65
difficult and incorrect connections are sometimes made or the wrong riser is surveyed
sub sea by mistake.
The use of the Contact method elevates the problems of topside electrical connection,
however, to get a good metal-to-metal contact on the structure subsea is often difficult,
especially with a lightweight ROV. In attempting to ram the structure to get the steel
probe to penetrate the marine growth and coatings, the ROV may cause itself and/or
the structural components damage.
With the Contact method there is no continual read out and only spot inspections can
be carried out.
3.
Show with the aid of diagrams how the utilisation of a tether

management system could improve the efficiency of a pipeline
inspection.
uestion 33
Q
Question
The TMS as an Aid to Pipeline Inspection
Sea Level
DP DSV on off set from ROV
Off set distance
ROVs TMS
ROV on Pipeline with Transponder
Umbilical / Tether
Pipeline
Elevation View
TMS
DP DSV on off
set from ROV
ROV on Pipeline with Transponder
Umbilical / Tether
Pipeline
Plan View
distance
36Off
ofset
65
As can be seen from the above diagrams, the use of a TMS allows the ROV to be
deployed from the mother vessel to the working depth vertically. The TMS deployment
and recovery wire is both the main lift wire and the ROV's main umbilical, which
supplies all services to the vehicle. As this is vertical to the mother vessel there is no way
that the lift wire/umbilical can become entangled or severed by the vessels
thrusters/propellers.
Having reached the working depth the TMS deploys the ROV using its onboard tether,
normally up to 300 metres long. This allows the ROV to excerpt horizontally across the
seabed to the pipeline. Having taken up a fixed position on the pipeline, the mother
vessel can stand-off at any position from the ROV to allow for wind, tide, proposed
direction of travel, etc. and hold station on the ROV using the ROV's transponder as a
reference system. This fixing the vessels DP system on the ROV will enable the vessel to
go into the Follow Sub mode and as the ROV tracks down the pipeline so the mother
vessel will follow it maintaining the fixed stand-off. When the ROV moves the vessel
moves, when the ROV stops the vessel stops.
37 of 65
PPAPER
APER C
C -- SSECTION
ECTION 77 RRecording
ecording aand
nd PProces
rocesssiing
ng
1.
What methods are available for recording the results of an offshore

marine growth survey carried out by divers? Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of each method you have listed.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 11
Available Methods
1.
2.
3.
4.
Scratch boards.
Photography.
Close Circuit Television (CCTV), video recording.
Sampling
All the above methods would entail the use of tape measures, graduated probes,
scrapers and possibly a circumferential webbing strap for compression measurements.
Scratchboard - Advantages
1.
No need for communication to and from the diver.
Scratchboard - Disadvantages
1.
2.
3.
4.
Report will be subjective.

No permanent record.
Time consuming and difficult for diver to carry out.
This method not often used.
Photography - Advantages
1.
2.
Permanent record.
Verbal report and measurements to accompany photograph.
Photography - Disadvantages
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2 dimensional image only.

Have to wait for results of film development.
No real time image.
Report can be subjective.
Photo image is localised and may not be representative of the whole area.
Close Circuit Television (CCTV), video recording - Advantages

1.
2.
3.
Permanent record.
Real time inspection.
Commentary from diver.
38 of 65
4.
5.
6.
Scale and depth can be incorporated on video.

Large area can be covered to give both general and selective assessments.
Instant results can be acted on.
Close Circuit Television (CCTV), video recording - Disadvantages

1.
2.
2 dimensional image only.

Stand off; long-range views are in B&W only.
Sampling - Advantages
1.
Marine biologists have samples of marine growth from site.
Sampling - Disadvantages
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2.
Very time consuming to collect samples.

Logistically the need to get sample to laboratory in good time is not practical.
Storage of samples is not practical.
May not be representative of site; some samples from measured area may have
been lost/dropped by diver during the collection phase.
Only good for localised reporting.
Needs other reporting methods to accompany/clarify sample.
Why is it necessary to have a good QA system for the recording and

reporting of data?
Q
Quueessttiioonn 22
The QA System
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ensures proper and proven procedures are in place and are followed correctly.
Personnel used for the work are correctly qualified.
Using the 'Acceptance Criteria' anomalies will be flagged.
Ensures that all equipment used is 'In Date' and certified as tested.
All consumables are tested properly and logged as such.
Ensures that all equipment calibration is detailed and recorded as being carried
out to the required specifications and is satisfactory.
Briefings of all personnel can be carried out properly such that all personnel
understand what is required of them.
The QC System
1.
The QC system will police the system ensuring that all data is logged in the
correct fashion, using the correct format and that any follow up inspection is
carried out according to the procedures. This ensures that the company's
verification plan can be satisfied properly.
39 of 65
3.
List the items of data usually recorded on a typical riser data sheet and a
video log sheet.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 33
Riser Data Sheet
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Report Sheet No.

Client.
Location.
Report No.
General Subject.
Date.
Sheetof.
Data Sheet No.
Video Log No.
Photo Log No.
Inspection Engineer Name.
Anomaly Nos.
CP Calibration, pre/post dive.
Clamp Nos.
Anode Nos.
Coating Data.
Drawing Box.
Company Name.
Video Log Sheet

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Company Name.
Structure Identification.
Client Name.
Video No.
Date.
Dive No.
Task Group No.
Location.
Dive/ROV spread diver/pilot name.
Task List Code.
Time, to/from.
Comments.
4.
Discuss the methods that an Inspection Controller can use to familiarise

himself with a job site and the tasks to be performed, and describe why
this is most important.
40 of 65
Q
Quueessttiioonn 44
Familiarisation Methods
1.
Technical Specifications
This is the document which will contain all design / fabrication drawings (asbuilds), it will also contain the procedures for inspection and any other tasks
such as remedial grinding, in short the specifications is the place where the
Inspection Controller should look for the Technical information regarding the
structures i.e. wall thickness, etc.
2.
Scope of Work
Designed to precisely identify where the work is to be done during the next
inspection, this can be simply presented as a complete task code listing, as a
written statement or in a tick box format, the exact format will depend on the
client.
It may change from year to year thus it needs to be flexible.
3.
Workbook
This is the most important document to the Inspection Controller, all operators
have their own approach to the Workbook (Work Pack) and subsequently a
large variety of forms exist, it should contain all the documentation necessary to
carry out the inspection offshore, it will contain:
a)
The inspection programme allowing the Inspection Controller to
schedule the inspection activities.
b)
Platform drawings indicating areas to be inspected.
c)
Inspection procedures to be used, detailing how to inspect with what
equipment and using which technique.
d)
Data sheets for the recording of inspection data normally tailored to
suit the particular inspection being undertaken and general non specific data
sheets, video loge, photo logs, etc.
4.
Procedures
The procedures for inspection will dictate the exact method by which a
particular inspection is carried out and with what equipment, it should be follow
exactly, it may also indicate method of reporting or further action regarding an
anomaly.
Importance of having a Detailed Approach
41 of 65
The inspection Controller is responsible for the production of the final report at
the end of the inspection programme. Therefore it is essential that all data
gathered is accurate and nothing in the Work Scope is over looked. It is also the
Inspection Controllers responsibility to schedule the work to be carried out in
the most efficient, orderly and timely manner and for him/her to accomplish
this he/she needs to be totally familiar with the task requirements of the
inspection programme so that, if necessary, he/she can react immediately to
changes caused by outside forces, equipment failures and additional work
requirements, etc.
The success of the whole inspection programme depends on the Inspection
Controller being able to Control the work; therefore he/she must be total
familiar with the clients requirements and be able to act on them accordingly.
5.
Show what must be included in an end of contract inspection report

stating the headings, and what should be included under each.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 55
Typical Final Report Format
1.
Title Page.
This should be as short and as descriptive as possible, it is usually presented as a
frontispiece with the title, author, project and the date.
2.
Signing Off Sheet.

Signatures of those involved.
3.
Table of Content.
Should show the pattern of the report at a glance, should be on a separate p
age.
4.
Introduction.
Gives brief details as to the purpose of the report and background, it may efine
the terms of reference for the report.
5.
Summary.
Should be a highly condensed prcis of the report to enable the engineer to
skip reports, which do not need his attention. It should include the following:
The extent of the report
The findings of the writer
If appropriate, proposed action.
6.
Results.
The main body of the report should be concise but clear and include all
photographs, etc.
42 of 65
7.
Conclusions.
May not be required, if required they should follow from the facts logically,
opinions can be included but you must make sure that they are just opinions.
8.
Recommendations.
Again not always needed but if required they will be derived from the
conclusions, they should be practical and within the confines of the report.
9.
References.
Should list all material relevant to the report, which has been drawn on to
provide additional background data or support.
10.
Glossary.
A list of technical or special word or definitions used in the report.
11.
Appendices.
Copy of the Workscope
Raw data sheets
Sketches
Calculations
Printouts
Video logs
Photo logs
6.
Describe the differences between an anomaly based and full reporting

system, and give the advantages and limitations of both.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 66
Anomaly Based Reporting System
The anomaly reporting system is set up around the clients Criteria of Noncompliance or Out with acceptance. This method or reporting only reports
on those items inspected which are not within the acceptable compliance as
specified by the client and does not include within the body of the Final Report
all other items inspected which do comply with the clients specification or
Criteria of Compliance. The advantages of this system is that the clients
engineers only receive the information of what is actually wrong with the
structure and allows them to immediately react to these Anomalies. This saves
the engineer time in not having to read a full report of all activities and
inspections carried out on the structure only to find there is nothing wrong. The
client can act on this while the inspection facility, DSV, is still on site if he
wishes. This method also instructs the Inspection Controller as to what is and
what is not anomalous and what action to take on finding anomalous items.
43 of 65
The disadvantages of this system is that items which may soon be classified as
anomalies i.e. low CP readings, U/T wall thickness reading, which are at present
just within the level of acceptance will not be Flagged to the client and he will
not be forewarned of possible future problems until they actually become
anomalous.
Full Reporting System
This method of reporting produces a detailed record of all inspection carried
out for the client and normally requires the clients engineer to review the
report in detail to ascertain if there is anything wrong with the structure. The
disadvantages of this system is that no decisions or assessments as to the
condition of the structure can be taken until the final report is issued and then
examined by the engineer, by which time the inspection facility, DSV, has
usually left station. Furthermore, the Inspection Controller had no definitive
listing as to anomalous items and may be reporting in much detail an item,
which he may consider an anomaly but the clients engineer may not or may
already know about.
The advantage of this system of reporting is that trend analysis may be carried
out on data such as CP levels, U/T wall thickness data, also it will bring to the
attention of the clients engineer any possible future problem areas.
44 of 65
7.
Describe with the aid of diagrams a complete recording procedure for a

photographic survey to be carried out on a circumferential weld in the
centre of a tubular brace.
uestion 77
Q
Question
A
Circumferential
Weld
12
12
13 14/2
4
Photo Sequence starting at Datum
Clock Idents
Weld
Tape Measure
1 & 15
Each photo in the mosaic is

over lapped by 40% to ensure
Weld
Identification
View at A-A
8.
Discuss the advantages and limitations of photography as method to

record inspection data.
uestion 88
Q
Question
Advantages
Permanent record.
High resolution (compared to CCTV).
45 of 65
Scale and information can be included; very accurate measurements and assessments can
be made employing stereo photogrammetry.
Cheap. (Photogrammetry is expensive).
Readily available.
Adaptable.
Proven technique.
Easy to deploy and equipment is readily available.
Magnification is possible.
Time-lapse photography is possible.
Disadvantages
There will be time needed for development of the film, this will mean that the diver or
ROV and may be even the ship carrying them may have left the job site before the
results are known.
Complex lighting and camera settings may be needed in order to gain the correct
exposure.
Trained personnel and a fair amount of equipment will be needed to carryout the
developing processes.
Photography is the recording of reflected light onto a photosensitive surface, it is always
dependant on the amount of light available.
Cannot record movement, freeze frame only.
9.
List the three Laws of Light encountered during underwater

photography and describe the affects that each has when using a camera
underwater.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 99
The three Laws of Light are:
Reflection
The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. This will occur at the air water
interface and also when suspended particles in the water (plant and animal as well as
sediment). It will also reduce the intensity of light and produces bright spots on the
picture termed backscatter when it occurs.
Refraction
The bending of light at an interface, occurs as the light passes from one medium to
another such as air to water. Light is bent as it passes from water to glass/Perspex
camera housings. Refraction causes the image to appear closer and larger.
46 of 65
Absorption
Different wavelengths of light will penetrate further through water so colours disappear
at different depths. The colours will tend to disappear according to wavelength as they
appear in a rainbow:
0 Metres
Red
Orange Yellow Green Blue
Indigo
Violet
5 Metres
10 Metres
15 metres
20 metres
25 metres
30 metres
35 metres
Absorption Rates of Light in Seawater
10.
Discuss the advantages and limitations of Closed Circuit Television

(CCTV) as method to record inspection data.
0
uestion 110
Q
Question
Advantages
CCTV will give real time pictures.
Will also be a permanent record when applied using video recording techniques.
Plenty of additional information can be included in frame, this can include CP readings,
Depth, Time and so on, can also have written information with the employment of a
video typewriter.
Instant playback (no time needed for developing).
Safety if there is a camera on site then the diver will be monitored more easily and so
will be safer.
Can include an on the spot commentary, if the camera is carried by a diver then he will
be able to comment on the item under inspection with the benefit of actually being on
the spot, thus being able to back up his assessment of the situation using his other senses
and brain.
Can record movement.
ROV operable and always available.
Disadvantages
Cannot freeze fast movement.
47 of 65
Poor resolution compared to photography.

Gives a two-dimensional image only.
Can cause dive fatigue.
48 of 65
PPAPER
APER C
C -- SSECTION
ECTION 88 -- Q
A
QA
1.
In line with the current requirements of document No. CSWIP-DIV-791 outlines the job responsibilities of a Pilot/Observer Grade 3.3u.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 11
Job Responsibilities
The objective of the 3.3u qualification is to demonstrate an inspectors ability to carry
out an inspection by means of ROV or manned submersible using visual and selected
NDT techniques, to a standard approximately equivalent to that of a 3.1u Underwater
Inspector, as detailed in the Job Responsibilities following:
1.
The inspector will be responsible for recording and processing data and the use
of communications systems.
2.
The inspector must have a knowledge of the inspection and testing methods
included in the 3.1u syllabus; the capabilities of other relevant non-destructive
testing methods in current use; the modes of failure, cracking and deterioration
in steel and concrete structures (including the relevance of various inspection
methods); and protection systems. He/she will have knowledge of QA relevant
to underwater inspection and an appreciation of the abilities and limitations of
remotely applied inspection systems, ROV's and submersibles.
3.
A 3.3u ROV Inspector will nominally be expected to monitor, or conduct

ROV or manned submersible inspection and testing operations, record and
report the relevant information and be able to use standard communication
systems, and, if relevant, those specific to manned submersibles.
Proficient In:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Close Circuit Television (CCTV).

Photography.
Cathodic potential measurements.
Ultrasonic thickness measurements using the ROV probe technique.
Date management and handling.
Capabilities and limitations of vehicles.
2.
In line with the current requirements of CSWIP outline the job

responsibilities of an Underwater Inspection Controller.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 22
Job Responsibilities
49 of 65
1.
The Underwater Inspection Controller must have knowledge of all aspects of

the ROV inspector (3.3u) grade, and of the inspection and testing methods
included in the 3.2u examination. The Controller will also have knowledge of
the capabilities and limitations of diving, ROV's and submersibles, and an
understanding of inspection planning and briefing. He/she must have an
appreciation of the roles and responsibilities of other personnel and
organisations, including the Offshore Installation Manager, Master, Diving and
ROV Supervisors, clients Representatives Certifying Authorities and
Government Departments.
Proficient In:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Visual inspection.
Close Circuit Television (CCTV).
Photography.
Digital thickness meter.
Cathodic potential measurements.
Magnetic particle inspection.
Ultrasonic inspection using A-Scan.
Advanced methods of NDT.
Date management and handling.
Capabilities and limitations of divers and vehicles.
Work scheduling and planning.
Quality assurance and control.
3.
Write an inspection procedure including checklists for the inspection of a

node using MPI.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 33
Method of Inspection
1.
2.
3.
Inspection would be carried out using the encircling coil method with florescent
ink and ultra violet light, which will include applying the magnetising coils to the
brace side of the weld under inspection and checking the field strength on the
chord side of the weld in the HAZ position at a minimum of 4 locations i.e.
12, 3, 6 & 9 oclock.
Ambient light levels will be checked to ensure lux level is less than 10.
Defect indication remedial grinding will be carried out to the clients
requirements, but will normally allow grinding to take place in increments of
0.5mm to a maximum depth of 2.0mm with re-inspection with MPI after each
0.5mm increment.
Diver Qualifications
The inspection will be carried out using a CSWIP 3.1u & 3.2u diver as follows:
50 of 65
Workscope.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Initial General Visual Inspection (GVI) of the weld for gross damage, marine
growth cleaning assessment and debris at site.
CP of weld prior to cleaning.
LP air grit entrained cleaning of weld and parent metal to 100mm either side of
the weld cap to SA 2.5.
Weld marking and datum positioning, Close Visual Inspection (CVI) of weld.
MPI of all weld. (3.2u only).
Remedial grinding of any indications if required. (3.2u only).
Photographic and video survey of weld.
Post inspection CP inspection.
Quality Control Procedure

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Work out the expected amperage needed for the inspection.
Select the AC pole connectors on the subsea unit, function test the magnetising
Inspection Procedure - MPI

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Take CP readings at cardinal clock positions on weld prior to marine growth

removal.
Clean the inspection site to SA 2 at least 75mm either side of the weld.
increments, clockwise from datum, recording total weld length.
Position encircling coils, 3 turns, around the brace member adjacent to weld.
Check for residual magnetism, demagnetise if required.
Place the flux indicator on the chord side parent metal adjacent to the weld in
the correct orientation for the defects sought.
Energise the coils and report current used.
51 of 65
14.
19.
density. This should be done at the cardinal points of the weld i.e. 12, 3, 6 &
9 oclock, possibly more often on a large weld.
Provided that the flux density is sufficient then the inspection of the weld can
commence.
Start the weld inspection at 12 oclock, datum, and proceed around the weld
in a clockwise direction once the coils have been energized applying the ink to
the weld surface and heat affected zone under inspection.
If an indication is found, de-energize the coils, clean off the ink particles and
repeat step 17.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Length
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

Once the weld has been fully inspected, demagnetise if required.
Wash all equipment with fresh water and flush the ink delivery system with fresh
water.
15.
16.
17.
18.
25.
52 of 65
PPAPER
APER C
C -- SSECTION
ECTION 99 -- PPlanning
lanning
1.
You are the Inspection Controller responsible for a saturation and air
diving inspection contract on a steel structure. List the personnel and
equipment resources you would require to carry out the contract. Write
your justification of your requirements to the client.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 11
Scope of Work
The personnel and equipment resources listed below are based on the requirements to
conduct simultaneous saturation and air diving on a twenty four hour basis to fulfil an
inspection programme from a DSV which includes MPI (max. depth 10mts), selected
anode inspection, marine growth inspection, cathodic potential inspection, seabed debris
survey, scour survey, riser inspection, riser J-tube U/T wall thickness checks, video
survey and photography.
Personnel Requirements
1
3
3
3
5
3
8
8
4
1
3
2
2
Superintendent
Inspection Controllers, CSWIP 3.4u
Bell Supervisors
Gas Divers, CSWIP 3.2u
Gas Divers, CSWIP 3.1u
Air Supervisors
Air Divers, CSWIP 3.2u
Air Divers, CSWIP 3.1u
Life Support Technicians
Rigging Foreman
Riggers
Saturation System Electricians
Saturation System Mechanics
Inspection Equipment Requirements

2
1
3
3
3
1
6
5
MPI systems and all associated equipment, inks and spares.

LP air grit entrained cleaning system.
Roxby CP meters c/w spares.
Cygnus U/T wall thickness meters c/w spares.
Olympus OM1/2 cameras c/w strobes, close up and stand off lens and Scoones
housings with close up kit and all necessary spares. Negative film to include
100, 200 & 400 ASA.
Dark room for developing and printing of film to C41 process.
Hat mounted CCTV colour video cameras, c/w lights.
Colour monitors, video decks, editing suite and video cassettes (SVHS and
VHS) of 120 and 180-minute duration.
53 of 65
Selection
Tape measures, pit gauges, markers, magnetic idents, Dymo
tape and Dymo gun, wire brushes, hand scrapers, peanut grinder and a
selection of burrs
Justification
Based on the personnel listed above the saturation team will be made up to give three
two man diving teams allowing for three eight hour bell runs per each 24 hour period
with each team being made up of a CSWIP 3.1u and 3.2u. The two remaining Gas
Diver, CSWIP 3.1u, will be held as emergency divers working along side the Bell
Supervisors in case of the need to jump a surface gas diver.
The aid diving teams will be split to ensure equally qualified CSWIP personnel in each
12-hour shift. MPI is to be carried out as and when necessary using high ambient light
ink.
Rigging crews will be split into 12-hour shifts work on deck to deploy equipment to the
divers as and when required.
There will be two Inspection Controllers working a 12-hour shift system with one
Senior Inspection Controller on 24-hour call supervising the work programme. This will
allow coverage for both saturation and air diving teams
The equipment load out has been calculated to include redundancy and spares to cover
breakdowns and dual operation as necessary.
2.
Describe how you would monitor the progress of a 14-day ROV inspection
programme on a steel structure in 200m of water. There are strong tides in this area,
how would you organise diving to allow the maximum amount of work to be achieved?
Q
Quueessttiioonn 22
Work Monitoring
1.
2.
3.
Ensure the Inspection Controller has a detailed knowledge and understanding of

the Workscope and Structure layout.
Make up a working data base of all items to be inspected and what inspection is
required on each item, this may be in the form of a wall chart which can be updated as and when work is completed and also added to if further work, i.e.
anomalies, are noted. It should also include a date column for entry of the date
when inspection was completed.
Personnel should receive good briefings, this is to include Shift Data recorders
as to what is required of them during shift and at hand over (Toolbox Talk).
The Inspection Controller will work a split shift routine so that he covers all
hand overs of the normal running shifts.
54 of 65
4.
The Inspection Controller must maintain good liaison with the Party Chief,
Client's Representative, Captain, the ship's crew and if necessary the OIM, to
allow uninterrupted work as far as is possible.
Strong Tide Diving

1.
2.
The utilisation of a Tether Management System (TMS) would be beneficial to

allow the ROV to work from its garage / cage below the tides which are usually
strongest at / or near the surface.
Carry out all shallow Workscope during the slack tide periods, also carry out all
work that requires long tether excursions during slack tide periods.
55 of 65
PPA
PER C
C -- SSECTION
ECTION 110
0 C
apabilities aand
nd LLimitations
imitations ooff D
iv e r s
APER
Capabilities
Divers
1.
With the aid of sketches, detail the equipment layout of a high pressure
jetting system. Discuss the precautions required to ensure the divers
safety during the operation of such equipment.
uestion 11
Q
Question
Equipment Layout
ssseell
V
Vees
HP
W
SSeeaa
To diver
Seawater suction for pump
HP Jetting gun with retro gua

HP Jetting hose
Precautions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
All diving personnel are to be given instruction in the use of high pressure
jetting equipment. Instruction is to include safety aspects of the system and
detail of typical injuries that my result from the misuse of the system.
All connections are to have anti-whip restraints fitted.
All jetting guns are to have equally balanced jets and retro jets.
All jetting guns are to be fitted with diffusers over the retro jets.
All triggers are to be checked for automatic release Dead Man Handles.
No triggers are to be fitted with any mechanisms that will allow the trigger to
be held open.
No jetting operations are to take place if diver/supervisor communications fail,
or communications are of poor quality.
Topside pumps will not be made Hot until requested by the Dive Supervisor
acting on instructions from the Diver.
Jetting gun will be deployed to site on a down line with tie back lines to the
jetting hose.
56 of 65
10.
11.
12.
2.
All recovery winch/drums are to be of a large diameter so as not to put strain

on the hose. No sharp bends.
Recovery or deployment of the gun and hose is not to take place with the hose
line under pressure.
The diver is to keep all parts of his body and diving equipment clear of the
high-pressure jet nozzle.
List the deployment methods currently used for the deployment of

surface and bell divers. How does diving from a DP vessel affect these
deployment systems?
Q
Quueessttiioonn 22
Surface Diver
1.
JUMPING. This method primarily requires the diver to jump into the water
while his umbilical is tended from the surface at the 'Jump' site. This method is
not usually used in the UK waters, as it does not comply with the HSE
requirements. It is however, used quite frequently in the Middle and Far East.
This method would not be used from a DP vessel as the possibility of the diver
or his umbilical being sucked into the thrusters is very high.
2.
LADDER. This method of entry into the water goes hand in hand with the
'Jump' method, as having Jumped into the water the diver requires a ladder
to allow him to exit the water. As with the 'Jump' method the ladder entry is
not employed in the UK for the same reasons concerning the thrusters.
3.
BASKET. This is the preferred method of deploying surface air divers. The
basket is deployed using a clump weight system to guide the basket to the
working depth and also to prevent it from twisting and being affected by the
tide / currents. The diver or divers, as the baskets are designed to
accommodate 3 divers, 2 working divers and an emergency stand-by diver
should he be deployed to render assistance, have a predetermined length of
umbilical fed to them from the surface, via a stopper through the basket. This
length of umbilical will not allow the diver to approach the nearest thruster any
closer than 5 metres, therefore the basket method is used for diving from a DP
vessel as well as a moored vessel.
4.
WET BELL. The wet bell is deployed in a similar fashion to the basket,
however, the divers are able to reach their working depth with their breathing
apparatus off as the bell affords them a safe haven and dry environment. The
working diver enters the water through the bottom of the bell and is tendered
from within the bell by the second diver (stand-by). As with the basket
method, the umbilical length is limited by the distance to the nearest thruster
less 5 metres.
57 of 65
All the above methods of deployment require the divers to undergo decompression for
each dive and this is usually carried out on the surface using the Sur D 02, (Surface
Decompression using Oxygen) table.
5.
CLOSED BELL. This method of deployment can be used for both air and
saturation diving and is much the preferred method of deployment. In the air
diving mode the divers are sealed in the bell at atmospheric pressure and
deployed to the working depth, when the diver is ready to enter the water the
bell is pressured to the working depth and the bell's doors are opened. As can
be seen by using this method of entry to the water the divers are only exposed
to pressure for the duration of the work. Recovery is achieved by sealing the
bell at depth and bringing it back to the surface under internal pressure and
'locking' the divers through to a surface chamber where decompression can
take place in comfort and without submitting the divers to a surface interval.
When using the closed bell in the saturation diving mode using a helium /
oxygen or nitrogen / oxygen breathing mixture, the divers are only exposed to
decompression at the end of the saturation programme, normally 24 days,
thereby making this a very safe method of diving and allowing the divers to
have maximum bottom time without the worry of decompression.
The rules for umbilical lengths using the closed bell are the same as all other
methods in that the divers umbilical is secured so that he cannot approach the
nearest thruster any closer than 5 metres.
When surface diving from a DP vessel, the use of the Moonpool is not allowed if the
working depth is between the ship's draft +10 metres and the surface. This is to
prevent the possibility of the diver being sucked into the thrusters. For working at these
depths a wet or closed bell must be used.
Stand-by divers umbilical is always 1 metre longer than the divers to ensure he can
reach the diver in an emergency.
58 of 65
PPAPER
APER C
C -- SSECTION
ECTION 1111 C
apabilities aand
nd LLimitations
imitations ooff RROVs
OVs
Capabilities
1.
Give details of the various means of launching ROV's from a diving

support vessel. Of those you have detailed, which would be the most
suitable when carrying out a pipeline inspection survey.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 11
Launch Methods
There are generally four methods of launching vehicles they are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Articulated HIAB type crane.

A-Frame.
Fixed deployment cursor / guide wire system.
Line and quick release hook.
Articulated HIAB Type Crane

With the HIAB crane a docking mechanism is fitted which will allow a reasonably
smooth launch / recovery of the vehicle.
A-Frame
The A-Frame method is similar to the HIAB Crane in that there can also be a docking
mechanism. The A-Frame should have a reasonable reach over the stern or side of the
vessel. The A-Frame system can also be situated over a moonpool to give added launch
/ recovery stability.
Fixed Deployment Cursor / Guide Wire System
Fixed deployment cursor / guide wire systems are usually utilised with a moonpool, this
will extend the weather window and allow the deployment of the vehicle in poorer
weather conditions than the two previously mentioned methods. However, a Dead
Vehicle recovery may cause problems as if the vehicle is deployed buoyant it may
surface out board of the vessel and have to be recovered by an inflatable craft and then
pulled to the side of the vessel for recovery. The tether or umbilical would then have to
be disconnected from the vehicle and recovered back through the moonpool.
Line and Quick Release Hook
This method of launch is the leased used as it relies on the vehicle being lifted over the
side of the vessel by means of a crane or some winch and cable other than the umbilical,
when the vehicle is in the water the lifting hook would be released using a trip line.
Recovery of the vehicle is difficult, especially if the sea conditions have increased during
the time since the vehicle was launched, and necessitates the hook from the winch /
crane attached to a pole to hook the lifting wire into the lifting eye on the vehicle.
59 of 65
Suitability for Pipeline Inspection

Of the four launch methods described above the Articulated HIAB type crane, the AFrame and Fixed deployment cursor / guide wire methods would be most suited to
pipeline inspection work. However, it should be noted that these three methods would
require the use of an umbilical / tether management system (TMS). There are basically
three types that could be used:
a)
b)
c)
Top Hat System

Side Entry Garage
Front Entry Garage
Of these the Top Hat System is probably the best where the recovery of a Dead
Vehicle is concerned as the other two can sometimes cause problems.
1.
For pipeline inspection from a DP DSV a free-swimming vehicle should never be

used.
2.
Compare and contrast the use of a workclass ROV and a 1 Atmosphere diving
suit for the inspection of a subsea Christmas tree. Describe how you envisage
launching and retrieving both applications.
Launch and Recovery Systems

Workclass ROV
Deployment of the Workclass ROV would utilize a Tether Management System (TMS)
whereby the ROV would be lowered to 20 metres above the work site and then would
disengage itself from the TMS and fly over to the Christmas Tree paying out its tether as
it goes. The recovery would be the reverse of the deployment.
1 Atmosphere Diving Suit JIM
Deployment of JIM would be via a winch with a lift wire attached to the JIM Suit. To
allow JIM to descend to the work site it would be necessary for a guide wire, shot line
to be established. Jim would then hook onto the guide wire using one manipulator and
be lowered to the work site by the winch. Recovery would be the reverse of the
deployment.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Each System
Workclass ROV
Advantages
Unlimited water time, continuous operations.
60 of 65
Greater tooling package.

No guide wires necessary for deployment.
Small control room and deployment station.
Small operating crew.
Greater operating range and flexibility.
No human involvement in the water.
Has the use of video cameras; colour, SIT. Also still camera and sonar.
No modifications required to Christmas Tree
Not greatly affected by tidal conditions
Disadvantages
All operations are remote.
2 dimensional imagery only.
ROV size restricts access.
1 Atmosphere Diving Suit JIM
Advantages
Can see in three dimensions.
Can use other senses to back up visual.
Can give on the spot interpretation (commentary).
Access good with prior preparation.
Able to focus from a few inches to infinity.
Disadvantages
Limited duration dives (7 hours).
Prone to fatigue.
Human in water.
Limited torque power.
Large topside team and deployment system.
Second JIM system required for emergency rescue.
Affected by tidal conditions.
Christmas Tree needs to be modified / adapted for JIM use.
Small operating radius.
Limited video and recording system.
Requires guide wire for deployment.
Poor mid-water operating ability.
Affected by water clarity visibility.
61 of 65
PPAPER
APER C
C -- SSECTION
ECTION 112
2 C
are ooff EEquipment
quipment
Care
1.
List the inspection requirements needed to support the underwater

inspection of a node weld with suspected surface cracking. The
inspection is to be carried out by a diver. What equipment checks would
the diver require to carry out before commencing the dive?
Q
Quueessttiioonn 11
Inspection Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cleaning system / equipment to remove hard marine growth from weld and
parent metal to 50mm either side of weld, sufficient to allow unrestricted
movement of probe manipulation.
Tape measure, suitable underwater marker, magnetic arrows and hand held
wire brush.
Hat mounted CCTV video camera and white light.
Lizard EMA DiveScan system c/w LP100, LP300 and LP600 probes.
Equipment Checks
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
2.
Connect up system and test earth leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) for correct
operation.
Apply wear protection tape to faces of all probes.
Switch on Lizard EMA system and create inspection file for weld.
Connect each probe in turn to the DDPU and take scans using each face on the
standard reference block, LK100, saving each scan to disc.
Once all QA scans have been performed, connect the LP100 probe to port 1
on the DDPU and the LP600 probe to port 2 on the DDPU.
Attach the LP300 probe to the side of the DDPU ensuring it will not get
damaged during deployment.
Instruct the CSWIP 3.1u or CSWIP 3.2u diver on the use of the probes and
the method of scanning and inspection required to carry out the weld
inspection.
List the common video standards and discuss how the quality differs with
each. Briefly comment on video printers. Describe what type of video
camera you would use for a location, which had heavy suspension in the
water and how you would set the equipment up for best results?
Q
Quueessttiioonn 22
Common Video Standards
1.
2.
NTSC. This system uses 510 lines

PAL/Secam. This system uses 625 lines
62 of 65
Recording Methods
1.
2.
VHS. This method uses 200 lines.

S-VHS. This method uses 400 lines.
The more lines the better the picture quality.

Video Printer
Video printers at the moment will not give a very high definition print when put
alongside a photograph, however, they are always available when installed and so can
give a quicker and easier shot, they also give exactly what is seen on screen. The quality
of the produced image is also affected by the quality of the printer; a high pixel printer
will give a much better picture than a low pixel printer.
Video Camera Requirement for Heavy Suspension in the Water
Heavy suspension will require the use of a SIT (Silicone Intensified Target) camera, this
is a low light camera which is monochrome and relatively low resolution but will not
need lights so will not suffer from backscatter as much. Any lighting must be arranged
to allow for backscatter if a colour camera is to be used and there must be correct
labelling and referencing for the videotape etc.
3.
Write a detailed procedure for calibration of a silver/silver chloride

cathodic potential proximity probe using calomel electrodes.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 33
Calibration Procedure Using Calomel Electrode
Equipment Needed
3 Calomel Electrodes
High Impedance Voltmeter (10 Mega ohm)
Zinc Block with Clamp and Lead (Zinc should be 99.99% pure)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Visually inspect the electrodes, ensure they are filled with Potassium Chloride
(KCL) solution. Free crystals should be visible and there should be no air
bubbles evident.
Label the electrodes 1, 2 & 3.
Connect electrode 1 to the negative terminal of the voltmeter and electrode 2
to the positive terminal.
Immerse the tip of the electrodes in a plastic bucket of clean fresh seawater and
record the reading from the voltmeter.
Rinse the electrodes in fresh water.
63 of 65
6.
7.
Repeat the test with each of the possible permutations of electrode, 1 & 2, 1
& 3, 2 & 3.
The following procedure will dictate which electrode should be used for the
calibration of the meters.
Acceptable readings between a pair of electrodes is -2mv to +2mv, if all the
readings are within this range then any electrode may be used, if one reading is
out of this range then the electrode not in that pair is the one to use. If one
reading is in range then either of the electrodes in that pair can be used.
If all of the readings are out then the pair giving the least reading may be used
assuming client's approval.
Calibration of Ag/AgCL Remote Half Cell (Proximity)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Soak the Ag/AgCL half-cell in clean fresh seawater in a plastic bucket for 30
minutes.
Connect the negative terminal of the voltmeter to the Ag/AgCL measuring
electrode.
Connect the positive terminal of the voltmeter to the calomel electrode and
immerse the electrode tip in the seawater.
Record the reading from the voltmeter; it should be between 0 to -10mv.
Repeat this procedure if the readings are outside this range.
Using the procedure above measure the potential of a Zinc Reference block
with the proximity cell. The reading should be in the region of -1000mv to 1050mv.
Note: See also Section 3, Question No. 2 for drawing.
4.
Detail the pre and post dive checks and procedures, which should be
carried out, on a 35mm camera system to ensure reliability and proper
performance.
Q
Quueessttiioonn 44
Introduction
The camera and housing being used in this example is the Olympus OM1N and the
Schoones Housing.
Pre-Dive Checks
Check OM1N camera has new batteries installed.
Fit motor wind and install new batteries.
Load suitable film for the scope of work.
Install lens, 50mm for close up and 23mm / 28mm for stand off work.
64 of 65
Set shutter speed, focus and aperture as necessary. 1/60 1/90, Infinity, F11 for
close up and 0.45 to 1m, F8 for stand off.
Fix camera in Schoones Housing making sure its secure and all electrical connections are
made.
Remove the seal from the Schoones Housing, clean, regrease and replace in housing.
Close housing and check to see its fully screwed tight closed.
Install new batteries or ensure strobe lights are fully charged and attach to Schoones
Housing, silicone grease the connection and connecting up electrical lead.
Test fire the camera system and ensure all units are working.
Fit close up prods if required.
Make up idents boards with sufficient spares for the task in hand.
Ensure lanyard and carabina hook are in good condition and securely attached to the
camera.
14.
Prepare photo-log.
Post Dive Checks
Wash the Schoones Housing and strobe in fresh water and dry.
Check Housing, strobe, lanyard and carabina for damage.
Open Schoones housing and remove camera.
Check shots used against photo-log.
Rewind film and remove.
Remove all batteries from camera and motor wind. If the strobe uses batteries, remove
or put strobe on charger.
Log when camera was used, log time strobe put on charge.
Clean housing O ring and regrease.
Process the film, reconfirm shots taken against photo-log.
65 of 65

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R

We would like to take this opportunity to thank Phill Plevey for

PAPER B - SECTION 4 Visual Inspection ................................ 18

PAPER B - SECTION 5 General NDT..................................... 25

PAPER C - SECTION 6 ROV Applied Systems ........................ 34

PAPER C - SECTION 7 Recording and Processing .................... 38

PAPER C - SECTION 8 - QA .................................................. 49

A node weld is to be inspected using magnetic particle inspection

1- ELECTROMAGNETIC YOKE TECHNIQUE

Subsea Operation / Inspection

Location (distance from datum in millimetres)

Carry out remedial grinding as required by the client.

A 6 element brace node is to be tested using MPI, describe the

Defect indication remedial grinding will be carried out to the clients

Photographic and video survey of welds.

CSWIP 3.2u Workscope.

MPI of all welds.

Quality Control Procedures

Describe how you would inspect a gusset weld with an articulated

Location (distance from datum in millimetres)

Carry out remedial grinding as required by the client.

Reason for Inspection Being Carried Out With Articulated Magnet

Using a 6mm spherical burr in a peanut grinder, remove 0.5mm of material

With the aid of sketches detail how to calibrate an ultrasonic A-Scan

defects are noted or no thinning of material has occurred.

List the controls on an underwater ultrasonic set (A-Scan) and describe

Pulse Delay Control

Probe Select Switch

Probe for Measuring Wall Thickness

Describe how to calibrate an A-Scan unit and name the types of

The IIW V1 Block. Primary calibration block.

Describe with the aid of suitable sketches the calibration of:

Voltmeter. Reading 4mV (+/- 5mV)

Diver Hand Held CP meter

Voltmeter. Reading between 0 10mV

Fresh Seawater in Plastic Bucket

Ensure the calomel electrodes have been properly calibrated.

No external power supply needed.

The number of anodes required to protect a structure add considerable weight

Impressed Current Systems

Electrons emitted to satisfy

Impressed current node

Discuss the effects of marine growth on a steel structure. Give details of

present there will be an increase in corrosion usually under marine growth or

Examples of Two of Each

Lack of Fusion and Penetration

Between parent metal and weld metal.

Visual Inspection of Damaged Area

Can be a hazard to diver

High Pressure Water Jet with Grit Entrainment

Liable to damage in storm conditions

List the Category A (Defects) associated with concrete structures.

Discuss the advantages and limitations of radiography and ultrasonics as

Permanent record is produced.

Safety hazards are high.

Examples of Planar and Volumetric Defects

Describe with the aid of sketches the inspection of a horizontal member

Briefly describe the operation of the ACPD and ACFM inspection

Crack Depth Reading

Alternating Current Potential Difference Testing

All scans will be overlapped by at least 50mm so no defects are missed.

A node weld with suspected surface breaking cracks requires to be

If TEST button trips the device, repeat 8 and 9.