WHATISABUS?

FUNDAMENTALSOFBUS
PROTECTION
KevinWright
SeniorProtectionEngineer
SacramentoMunicipalUtilityDistrict
5

WHATISABUS?

WHATISABUS?

Allconnectionsareatthesamevoltage.

Allconnectionsareatthesamevoltage.
Madeofbusbarsuchasinswitchgearor,
overheadtransmissionlineconductorortube
suchasinopenairsubstations.

WHATISABUS?

WHATISABUS?

Allconnectionsareatthesamevoltage.
Madeofbusbarsuchasinswitchgearor,
overheadtransmissionlineconductorortube
suchasinopenairsubstations.
Node

Allconnectionsareatthesamevoltage.
Madeofbusbarsuchasinswitchgearor,
overheadtransmissionlineconductorortube
suchasinopenairsubstations.
Node
ZeroImpedance

10

11

BUSCONFIGURATIONS
SingleBus/SingleBreaker

BUSCONFIGURATIONS
SingleBus/SingleBreaker
BreakerandAHalf

12

13

14

15

BUSCONFIGURATIONS
SingleBus/SingleBreaker
BreakerandAHalf
DoubleBus/DoubleBreaker

BUSCONFIGURATIONS
SingleBus/SingleBreaker
BreakerandAHalf
DoubleBus/DoubleBreaker
MainandTransfer

16

17

BUSCONFIGURATIONS
SingleBus/SingleBreaker
BreakerandAHalf
DoubleBus/DoubleBreaker
MainandTransfer
Ring

18

19

BUSPROTECTIONCHALLENGES
Varietyofconfigurations

20

BUSPROTECTIONCHALLENGES

21

BUSPROTECTIONCHALLENGES
Varietyofconfigurations
Largenumberofconnections

Varietyofconfigurations
Largenumberofconnections
Large number of connections

FForanexternalfault,onesetofcurrenttransformers
lf l
f
f
(CTs)willseetotalcurrent

22

23

BUSPROTECTIONCHALLENGES

BUSPROTECTIONCHALLENGES

Varietyofconfigurations
Largenumberofconnections
For
Foranexternalfault,onesetofcurrenttransformers(CTs)
an external fault one set of current transformers (CTs)
willseetotalcurrent

Varietyofconfigurations
Largenumberofconnections
FForanexternalfault,onesetofcurrenttransformers
lf l
f
f
(CTs)willseetotalcurrent

Highavailablefaultcurrent
CTsaturation

24

25

CURRENTTRANSFORMEREQUIVALENTCIRCUIT

[1]

26

27

CURRENTTRANSFORMEREQUIVALENTCIRCUIT

28

29

30

31

TYPESOFBUSPROTECTION

Overcurrent
T i Bl ki S h
TripBlockingSchemes
CommunicationBasedSchemes
HighImpedanceCurrentDifferential
LowImpedanceCurrentDifferential
Distance
LinearCoupler
ArcFlashDetection

32

33

DIFFERENTIALPROTECTION
Currentdifferentialprotectionverifiesthatall
currentthatflowsintoapieceofequipment
t th t fl
i t
i
f
i
t
alsoflowsout.

34

35

DIFFERENTIALPROTECTION
Currentdifferentialprotectionverifiesthatall
currentthatflowsintoapieceofequipment
t th t fl
i t
i
f
i
t
alsoflowsout.
HighImpedancebusdifferentialprotectioncan
accommodateanynumberofterminals.
Minimizessaturationeffect.

36

37

38

39

[2]

DIFFERENTIALPROTECTION
Currentdifferentialprotectionverifiesthatall
currentthatflowsintoapieceofequipment
t th t fl
i t
i
f
i
t
alsoflowsout.
Lowimpedancebusdifferentialprotectioncan
accommodateavarietyofcurrenttransformer
ratios,buthasalimitednumberofcurrentinputs.

40

41

LINEARCOUPLER
VoltageDifferential
AirCoreMutualReactors
Couplersareconnectedinseries
Nosaturationduetoaircore

42

43

PROSANDCONS
TYPE

PROS

CONS

Overcurrent

Simple
Inexpensive

Slow
Nothighlyselective

44

45

PROSANDCONS

PROSANDCONS

TYPE

PROS

CONS

TYPE

PROS

CONS

Overcurrent

Simple
Inexpensive

Slow
Nothighlyselective

Overcurrent

Simple
Inexpensive

Slow
Nothighlyselective

TripBlockingSchemes

Highspeed
Selective

Additionalwiring
Dependence onotherrelays

TripBlockingSchemes

Highspeed
Selective

Additionalwiring
Dependence onotherrelays

CommunicationBased
Schemes

Highspeed
Selective

Microprocessorbasedrelays
required

46

47

PROSANDCONS

PROSANDCONS

TYPE

PROS

CONS

TYPE

PROS

CONS

Overcurrent

Simple
Inexpensive

Slow
Nothighlyselective

Overcurrent

Simple
Inexpensive

Slow
Nothighlyselective

TripBlockingSchemes

Highspeed
Selective

Additionalwiring
Dependence onotherrelays

TripBlockingSchemes

Highspeed
Selective

Additionalwiring
Dependence onotherrelays

CommunicationBased
Schemes

Highspeed
Selective

Microprocessorbasedrelays
required

CommunicationBased
Schemes

Highspeed
Selective

Microprocessorbasedrelays
required

DedicatedmatchedCTs
required

HighImpedanceDifferential HighspeedSelective
Easy toset
Easilyexpandable

DedicatedmatchedCTs
required

L
LowImpedanceDifferential
I
d
Diff
ti l

Li it d numberofcircuits
Limited
b
f i it

HighImpedanceDifferential HighspeedSelective
Easy toset
Easilyexpandable

HighspeedSelective
Hi
h
d S l ti
Canuseshared
unmatched CTs
Flexible

48

49

PROSANDCONS

PROSANDCONS

TYPE

PROS

CONS

TYPE

PROS

CONS

Overcurrent

Simple
Inexpensive

Slow
Nothighlyselective

Overcurrent

Simple
Inexpensive

Slow
Nothighlyselective

TripBlockingSchemes

Highspeed
Selective

Additionalwiring
Dependence onotherrelays

TripBlockingSchemes

Highspeed
Selective

Additionalwiring
Dependence onotherrelays

CommunicationBased
Schemes

Highspeed
Selective

Microprocessorbasedrelays
required

CommunicationBased
Schemes

Highspeed
Selective

Microprocessorbasedrelays
required

HighImpedanceDifferential HighspeedSelective
Easy toset
Easilyexpandable

DedicatedmatchedCTs
required

HighImpedanceDifferential HighspeedSelective
Easy toset
Easilyexpandable

DedicatedmatchedCTs
required

L
LowImpedanceDifferential
I
d
Diff
ti l

HighspeedSelective
Hi
h
d S l ti
Canuseshared
unmatched CTs
Flexible

Li it d numberofcircuits
Limited
b
f i it

L
LowImpedanceDifferential
I
d
Diff
ti l

HighspeedSelective
Hi
h
d S l ti
Canuseshared
unmatched CTs
Flexible

Li it d numberofcircuits
Limited
b
f i it

LinearCoupler

HighspeedSelective
Reliable

Expensive
Dedicatedcouplers

LinearCoupler

HighspeedSelective
Reliable

Expensive
Dedicatedcouplers

ArcFlashDetection

Highspeed

Limitedapplication

50

51

References
[1] A. R. Leoni and J. E. Bowen, Improving Safety and Reliability Via Cost-Effective Upgrades of
Existing Systems, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 130-138, Jan./Feb. 2007
[2] H. J. Li of Westinghouse, Applied Protective Relaying, 1979

52