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Ni dung chnh
Chng 1. Tng quan v suy lun, lp lun, chng
minh
Chng 2. Phn tch cu trc lp lun v chng
minh theo m hnh Toulmin
Chng 3. Khung l thuyt phn tch suy lun v
chng minh trong SGK
2
Chng 2.
D liu
(p)
Quy tc
(pq)
D liu ?
Quy tc
(pq)
D liu ?
Quy tc ?
(pq)
Lp lun quy np
Thit lp mt pht biu bng cch khi qut
ha t mt vi trng hp c bit
Harel phn bit 2 kiu khi qut ha trong qu
trnh quy np
Khi qut ha kt qu (result pattern generalisation)
Khi
qut
ha
qu
trnh
(process
pattern
generalisation)
10
Khi qut ha kt qu
KQH kt qu ch n tnh quy tc cc kt qu c trc
E1, E2, E3
C: pht biu khi qut t cc kt qu (pht biu) E1, E2, E3
M hnh Toulmin ca KQH kt qu
11
12
14
Ngoi suy
Chng minh
Din dch
Lin tc cu trc
Kiu khc
Gin on cu
Lin tc cu trc
Din dch
Gin on cu
Kiu khc
Quy np
Lin tc cu trc
Kiu khc
Gin on cu trc
15
CC V D
16
Bi ton 1
Cho tam gic ABC. Trn cc cnh v
v pha ngoi ca tam gic ta dng
ba hnh vung. Ta dng ba tam gic
mi bng cch ni cc nh ca cc
hnh vung. Hy so snh din tch
ca mi tam gic ny vi din tch
tam gic ABC.
18
19
20
Cch gii 1
Dng cc ng cao (CH v EK)
So snh din tch ABC v ADE
AB = AD
CH = EK (tam gic AEK bng tam
gic ACH, hoc dng php quay)
21
22
24
25
26
D liu: CH = EK; AB = AD
Quy tc: Cng thc din tch
Kt lun: S(ABC) = S(ADE)
29
Cu trc ca
Lin tc/gin on
D on kh nng
qu trnh LL
chng minh
cu trc
thit lp CM ca HS
Din dch
Din dch
Lin tc cu trc
Php cm c th d
dng c thit lp
Ngoi suy
Din dch
Gin on cu trc
Cm c th c
thit lp
Ngoi suy
Lin tc cu trc
Php Cm ngoi
tm
30
Cch gii 2:
S dng cng thc din tch dng lng
gic S =
1
bc sin A
2
31
D: AB=AD; AC=AE;
sin(CAB)=sin(DAE)
D on:
Mt chng minh c th c thit lp trc tip t
lp lun nh vy
Tnh lin tc cu trc c mong i
32
Cch gii 3
Kho st cc trng hp c bit ca
tam gic ABC
Bi ton so snh din tch tr thnh
bi ton so snh tam gic
T cc tam gic bng nhau suy ra
din tch bng nhau
33
Trng hp tam
gic ABC vung
Trng hp tam
gic ABC cn
Trng hp tam
gic ABC u
34
35
Kt lun: din tch hai tam gic ABC v ADE bng nhau
D liu: Hai tam gic bng nhau
Quy tc: H qu v s bng nhau ca hai tam gic
36
37
Ch
Qa trnh lp lun ny cha xem xt trng hp
tam gic ABC bt k
HS s gp kh khn trng hp tam gic ABC
bt k
C th do quan nim sai: Hai tam gic khc
nhau th din tch khc nhau
41
42
43
44
45
Kt lun: din tch cc tam gic bng nhau trong t.hp ABC bt k
D liu: Cc kt lun E2, E4, E6, E10
Quy tc: KQH kt qu
46
Kt lun:
D liu:
Quy tc:
48
Kt lun:
D liu:
Quy tc:
49
Kt lun:
D liu:
Quy tc:
50
Gi thuyt (mong i)
T lp lun ny HS c th xy dng
mt chng minh nu nh cc bc
lp lun ngoi suy c chuyn
thnh cc bc suy lun din dch
HS cn phi vt qua c s gin
on cu trc ny
51
Kt lun:
D liu:
Quy tc:
52
Kt lun:
D liu:
Quy tc:
53
Kt lun:
D liu:
Quy tc:
54
Kt lun:
D liu:
Quy tc:
55
Gi thuyt (mong i)
T lp lun ny HS c th xy dng
d dng mt chng minh
Tnh lin tc cu trc c mong
i
56
57
Kt lun:
D liu:
Quy tc:
58
Kt lun:
D liu:
Quy tc:
59
Kt lun:
D liu:
Quy tc:
60
Kt lun:
D liu:
Quy tc:
61
Kt lun:
D liu:
Quy tc:
63
Kt lun:
D liu:
Quy tc:
64
Kt lun:
D liu:
Quy tc:
65
Bi ton 2
Cho 3 im A, B, C thng hng
theo th t. Trn na mt phng
b AC, dng cc hnh vung ABEF
v BCDG. Gi M, N ln lt l
trung im ca AG v CE. Hi tam
gic MBN l tam gic g? Ti sao?
66
67
68
Cch gii 1
69
70
S lin tc cu trc
71
72
73
74
75
76
Bi ton 3
Cho cc hnh v sau:
KQH kt qu
79
KQH qu trnh
80
81
82
Lp lun ca HS 1
83
Lp lun ca HS 1
84
Lp lun ca HS 2
86
Chng minh ca HS 2
87
Lp lun ca HS 3
88
Lp lun ca HS 3
89
Chng minh ca HS 3
90