1.

INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA
SEMNALULUI VOCAL

1R LXQLJHQHUDOH
3UHOXFUDUHDYRUELULLHVWHRGLVFLSOLQ FHFXQRDWHR SXWHUQLF  DVFHQVLXQH
$FHDVWDDIRVWGHWHUPLQDW vQSULQFLSDOGHGRLIDFWRUL
UHDFWXDOL]DUHDXQRUDOJRULWPLGHPDUHFRPSOH[LWDWHFRQVLGHUD LPXOW YUHPH
utopici din punct de vedere al timpului de calcul;
GLQDPLVPXO FHUFHW ULL WHRUHWLFH vQ GRPHQLXO SUHOXFU ULL QXPHULFH D
VHPQDOHORU vQ JHQHUDO L vQ SDUWLFXODU vQ GRPHQLXO SUHOXFU ULL VHPQDOXOXL
vocal.
$VFHQVLXQHD HVWH UHOHYDW  GH PXOWLWXGLQHD GH QRL DSOLFD LL SUDFWLFH LPSRUWDQWH
DGHVHRULVSHFWDFXORDVHHYLGHQ LDWHSHUPDQHQWvQUHYLVWHOHGHVSHFLDOLWDWH
&DRELHFWGHVWXGLX3UHOXFUDUHDVHPQDOXOXLYRFDOHVWHVLWXDW ODJUDQL D
PDL PXOWRU GLVFLSOLQH FHHD FH LPSOLF  R FHUFHWDUH SOXULGLVFLSOLQDU  SHQWUX
RE LQHUHD GH SURJUDPH L SHQWUX UH]ROYDUHD XQRU SUREOHPH GH PDUH GLILFXOWDWH
WHRUHWLF  L SUDFWLF  (VWH DEVROXW LQGLVSHQVDELO  FRODERUDUHD VSHFLDOLWLORU FH
OXFUHD]  vQ GRPHQLL GLIHULWH FXP DU IL DFXVWLFD PDWHPDWLFD HOHFWURQLFD
LQIRUPDWLFDOLQJYLVWLFDSVLKRORJLDPHGLFLQDHGXFD LDLvQY PkQWXO(YROX LD
DFHVWXLGRPHQLXDFXQRVFXWGRX HWDSHLPSRUWDQWH
SUHOXFUDUHDDQDORJLF DVHPQDOXOXLYRFDO
SUHOXFUDUHDQXPHULF DVHPQDOXOXLYRFDO
$FHDVWD GLQ XUP  UHSUH]LQW  SUHOXFUDUHD PRGHUQ a semnalului vocal, de ea
ILLQGOHJDWHFHOHPDLPXOWHUHDOL] ULWHRUHWLFHLSUDFWLFH

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

2ELHFWLYHOHSUHOXFU ULLVHPQDOXOXLYRFDO
3ULQFLSDOHOHRELHFWLYHXUP ULWHvQSUHOXFUDUHDYRUELULLVXQW
1. 5HSUH]HQWDUHDQXPHULF DVHPQDOXOXLYRFDO
Aceasta cuprinde:
moduri de reprezentare;
SURSULHW LVWDWLVWLFHDOHVHPQDOXOXLYRFDO
FRGDUHDHILFLHQW LFRPSUHVLDYRUELULL
&RGDUHD HVWH QHFHVDU  SHQWUX transmisiuni XUP ULQG UHGXFHUHD GHELWXOXL GH
LQIRUPD LH SULQ FDQDOXO GH WHOHFRPXQLFD LL SHQWUX vQUHJLVWU UL L VWRF UL SHQWUX
UHDOL]DUHD FULSW ULL QHFHVDU  vQ DQXPLWH DSOLFD LL VSHFLDOH SUHFXP L SHQWUX D
UHDOL]D R SURWHF LH D VHPQDOXOXL XWLO ID  GH ]JRPRW &RGDUHD HVWH XQ GRPHQLX
IRDUWH YDVW HO vQWLQ]kQGXVH GH OD FRGDUHD 3&0 XWLOL]DW  FXUHQW vQ WHOHIRQLD
GLJLWDO  FRPHUFLDO  SHQWUX FDUH SUHOXFUDUHD SURSULX]LV  HVWH UHODWLY VLPSO 
SkQ ODDOJRULWPLIRDUWHFRPSOHFLFHSHUPLWHOLPLQDUHDUHGXQGDQ HLQDWXUDOH a
semnalului vocal.
2. $QDOL]DVHPQDOXOXLYRFDOvQGRPHQLLOHWLPSLIUHFYHQ 
$FHDVWDXUP UHWHSXQHUHDvQHYLGHQ  DSURSULHW LORUVSHFWUDOHDOHVHPQDOXOXL
YRFDO L XWLOL]DUHD DQDOL]HL VSHFWUDOH vQ GHWHUPLQDUHD XQRU SDUDPHWUL XWLOL vQ
VLQWH]DLUHFXQRDWHUHDYRUELULL
3. Sinteza semnalului vocal (sinteza vorbirii).
6LQWH]D FRQVW  vQ producerea semnalului vocal SRUQLQG GH OD XQ GLF LRQDU GH
HOHPHQWH IRQHWLFH L GH UHJXOL VDX SRUQLQG GH OD R DQXPLW  UHSUH]HQWDUH
SDUDPHWULF DVHPQDOXOXL3RDWHILYRUEDDLFLGH
VLQWH]D XQRU PHVDMH YRFDOH FX FRQ LQXW SUHGHWHUPLQDW PHVDMH vQUHJLVWUDWH
GXS RSUHOXFUDUHPDLPXOWVDXPDLSX LQVXPDU 
sinteza vorbirii pornind de la un text oarecare scris, care constituie o
SUREOHP H[WUHPGHFRPSOH[ 
4. 5HFXQRDWHUHDYRUELULL.
$FHDVW  RSHUD LH vPSUHXQ  FX VLQWH]D YRUELULL UHSUH]LQW  ED]D LQGLVSHQVDELO
SHQWUXGH]YROWDUHDXQXLVLVWHPGHGLDORJRPPDLQ (DFRQVW vQDIDFHPDLQD
FDSDELO  V  LQWHUSUHWH]H FXYLQWHOH VDX IUD]HOH SURQXQ DWH GH XQ YRUELWRU vQ
VFRSXOUHDOL] ULLXQHLDF LXQLSUHFLVH5HFXQRDWHUHDYRUELULLFXSULQGH
UHFXQRDWHUHDFXYLQWHORUL]RODWH
UHFXQRDWHUHDFXYLQWHORUvQO Q XLWH
UHFXQRDWHUHDGHPDULYRFDEXODUH
UHFXQRDWHUHDYRUELULLFRQWLQXH

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

3ULPHOH GRX  RELHFWLYH DOH UHFXQRDWHULL DXWRPDWH D YRUELULL

UHFXQRDWHUHD FXYLQWHORU L]RODWH L UHFXQRDWHUHD FXYLQWHORU vQO Q XLWH DX
GHWHUPLQDWLDSDUL LDSULPHORUVLVWHPHGHUHFXQRDWHUHFRPHUFLDOL]DWHFXFLUFD
GHDQLvQXUP 8OWLPHOHGRX RELHFWLYHUHFXQRDWHUHDGHPDULYRFDEXODUHL
UHFXQRDWHUHD YRUELULL FRQWLQXH DX FXQRVFXW vQ XOWLPLL DQL UHDOL] UL LPSRUWDQWH
GDWRUDWH ILUPHORU ,%0 6SHHFK 6\VWHPV )XMLWVX 9HUEH[ HWF GDU VXQW vQF
PXOWH GLILFXOW L SHQWUX D WUHFH GH OD VLVWHPHOH DFWXDOH OD VLVWHPH DVLJXUkQG XQ
GLDORJ UHDO vQWUH XWLOL]DWRU L FDOFXODWRU 3URJUHVHOH vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH
UHFXQRDWHUHD YRUELULL FRQWLQXH QHFHVLW  DSHOXO OD FXQRWLQ H QRL GLQ GRPHQLXO
LQWHOLJHQ HLDUWLILFLDOHWHRULLORUOLQJYLVWLFHLVLVWHPHORUH[SHUW
5. 5HFXQRDWHUHDYRUELWRUXOXL.
$FHDVWDXUP UHWHV UHFXQRDVF V LGHQWLILFHRSHUVRDQ GXS YRFHSHED]D
XQRUYRFDOHVSHFLILFHILHF UHLSHUVRDQH
6. $SOLFD LLVSHFLDOHDOHSUHOXFU ULLVHPQDOXOXLYRFDO.
QDFHDVW FDWHJRULHLQWU 
DSOLFD LL vQ domeniul medical, cum ar fi cele referitoare la patologia
ODULQJHOXLED]DWHSHGHWHFWDUHDXQRUYDULDELOLW LGHSURQXQ LHVDXGHWHFWDUHD
XQRUVW ULSDUWLFXODUHVWUHVPLQFLXQ HWF
DSOLFD LLvQVWXGLXOOLPELORUVWU LQH;
DSOLFD LLvQGH]YROWDUHDVLVWHPHORUGHFRPXQLFD LHPXOWLPHGLD.
7RDWHDFHVWHRELHFWLYHXUP ULWHLPSOLF GH]YROWDUHDXQRUPHWRGHVSHFLILFH
LXQRUDOJRULWPLHILFLHQ LSHQWUXDQDOL]DVHPQDOXOXLYRFDO

*HQHUDOLW LDVXSUDVHPQDOXOXLYRFDO
Vorbirea este facultatea de a comunica gndurile printr-un sistem de
sunete articulate. Este mijlocul de comunicare privilegiat ntre oameni, care sunt
VLQJXUHOHILLQ HFDSDELOHV XWLOL]H]HXQDVWIHOGHVLVWHP
,QIRUPD LD FRQ LQXW  vQWUXQ PHVDM HVWH GDW  GH IOXFWXD LLOH presiunii
DHUXOXLJHQHUDWHLDSRLHPLVHGHF WUHaparatul fonator uman$FHVWHIOXFWXD LL
FRQVWLWXLHVHPQDOXOYRFDOLHOHVXQWGHWHFWDWHGHF WUHXUHFKHFDUHUHDOL]HD] L
RRSHUD LHGHDQDOL] DVHPQDOXOXL5H]XOWDWHOHDQDOL]HLVXQWWUDQVPLVHFUHLHUXOXL
FDUHOHLQWHUSUHWHD] LOHIRORVHWHSHQWUXDFRPDQGDIXQF LLOHYRUELULL
Un mesaj vocal este constituit dintr-o succesiune de XQLW L (elemente)
minimale lipsite de sens IRQHPHOH FDUH SULQ DVRFLHUH JHQHUHD]  VWUXFWXUL VDX
elemente constitutive de nivel superior: silabe, cuvinte, fraze nzestrate cu un
DQXPLWFRQ LQXWLQIRUPD LRQDO

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

&RQ LQXWXOXQXLPHVDM vocal poate fi definit n sens strictLvQsens larg.

n sens strict FRQ LQXWXOPHVDMXOXLHVWHGDWGHinteligibilitatea sa, prin aceasta el
nedeosebindu-se de un mesaj scris. n sens largFRQ LQXWXOPHVDMXOXLYRFDOLDvQ
FRQVLGHUD LH L WRDWH LQWRQD LLOH FH vQVR HVF SURGXFHUHD VD IDSW FH FRQIHU  R
FUHWHUH SXWHUQLF  D FRQ LQXWXOXL PHVDMXOXL YRFDO ID  GH FRQ LQXWXO PHVDMXOXL
scris.
2WU V WXU VSHFLILF DVHPQDOXOXLYRFDOHVWHIRDUWHPDUHDVDUHGXQGDQ .
6HFXQRDWHGLQWHRULDWUDQVPLVLXQLLLQIRUPD LHLF LQWURGXFHUHDvQPHVDMDXQRU
FRPSRQHQWH LQIRUPD LRQDOH PDL PXOW GHFkW HVWH QHFHVDU SHQWUX LQWHOLJLELOLWDWHD
VD FRPSOHW  vQ DEVHQ D ]JRPRWXOXL FRQVWLWXLH IHQRPHQXO GH UHGXQGDQ 
3UH]HQ DUHGXQGDQ HLvQVHPQDOXOYRFDOHVWHRFRQGL LHQHFHVDU SHQWUXDOIDFH
UH]LVWHQWODSHUWXUED LLOHPHGLXOXLDPELDQW(DHVWHSUH]HQW LODQLYHOVHPDQWLF
IDSWFHXXUHD] vQ HOHJHUHDPHVDMXOXLGHF WUHFUHLHU
&DGHQ D PD[LP (ritmul maxim) de asimilare a unui mesaj este
GHWHUPLQDW  GH FRQ LQXWXO VWULFW DO PHVDMXOXL 6H SRDWH GHWHUPLQD FDGHQ D
PD[LP ODFDUHXQDVFXOW WRUSRDWHDVLPLODXQPHVDMUHIHULQGXQHvQDFHVWVFRS
ODSXQFWXOGHYHGHUHDOWHRULHLLQIRUPD LHL3HQWUXDFHDVWDVHFRQVLGHU XQPHVDM
constituit din elemente discrete xi  DSDU LQkQG XQXL DQVDPEOX GH GDWH GH
exemplu un alfabet) X = { x1 , x2 ,K, xL } 'DF  p ( xi ) UHSUH]LQW SUREDELOLWDWHDGH
DSDUL LHDVLPEROXOXL xi VHOHFWDUHDDFHVWXLDYDDGXFHLQIRUPD LD

I = log 2 p ( xi )

(1.1)

(QWURSLDVXUVHLH[SULPDW vQEL LLQIRUPD LDPHGLHDVRFLDW SURGXFHULLPHVDMXOXL

XHVWHGDW GHUHOD LD
L

H ( X ) = p ( xi )log 2 p ( xi )

(1.2)

i =1

3HQWUX ILHFDUH OLPE  DX IRVW GHWHUPLQDWH P ULPLOH p ( xi ) , reprezentnd

SUREDELOLW LOH GH DSDUL LH D IRQHPXOXL xi , prin analize statistice efectuate pe
OXFU UL OLWHUDUH FX XQ YRFDEXODU ERJDW (VWH FXQRVFXW IDSWXO F  HQWURSLD H ( X )
SUH]LQW  XQ PD[LP FDUH VDU SURGXFH DWXQFL FkQG IRQHPHOH DU IL HFKLSUREDELOH
VLWXD LHvQFDUHUHOD LDGHYLQH

H max ( X ) = L

1
1
1
log 2 = log 2
L
L
L

(1.3)

,DW  YDORULOH HQWURSLHL RE LQXWH SULQ HYDOX UL VWDWLVWLFH H s ( X )  SUHFXP L FHOH
ale entropiei maxime pentru cazul n care X este ansamblul de foneme ale limbii
engleze, franceze, respectiv romne.
4

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

SHQWUXOLPEDHQJOH] 
H s ( X ) = 4,9 EL L
L = 42
H max ( X ) = log 2 42 = 5,39 EL L

(1.4)

SHQWUXOLPEDIUDQFH] 
L = 36
H s ( X ) = 4,73 EL L
H max ( X ) = log 2 36 = 5,17 EL L

(1.5)

SHQWUXOLPEDURPkQ 
L = 34
H s ( X ) = necunoscut
H max ( X ) = log 2 34 = 5,08 EL L

(1.6)

([DPLQkQGYDORULOHGHPDLVXVVHSRDWHWUDJHXUP WRDUHDFRQFOX]LHGDF
VH LQH FRQW GH SUREDELOLW LOH DSULRUL GH DSDUL LH DOH ILHF UXL IRQHP ILHFDUH
IRQHPSRDWHILFRGDWFXEL LLQXFXEL LFDvQFD]XOFHOPDLGHIDYRUDELODO
IRQHPHORUHFKLSUREDELOHQWURFRQYHUVD LHFXUHQW VXQWSURQXQ DWHvQPHGLH
IRQHPHSHVHFXQG FHHDFHFRQGXFHODXQGHELWLQIRUPD LRQDOGHEL LV3HGH
DOW SDUWHGLQWHRULDLQIRUPD LHLHVWHFXQRVFXW IRUPXODGHFDOFXOSHQWUXGHELWXO
PD[LPGHLQIRUPD LHSHXQFDQDODQDORJLFI U HURULFDSDFLWDWHDFDQDOXOXL

C = B log 2 1 + >EL LV@

Z

unde:
- BHVWHEDQGDGHWUHFHUHH[SULPDW vQ+]
S
este raportul semnal pe zgomot (puterea medie a semnalului util / puterea
Z
medie a zgomotului).
Astfel, pentru un canal telefonic cu B = 3000 Hz LXQUDSRUWVHPQDO]JRPRWGH
G%UH]XOW 

S
S
= 30 = 103
Z
Z
C = 3000 log 2 (1 + 1000 ) 3000 log 2 210 = 30000 EL LV

10lg

([LVW GHFLRUHGXQGDQ HQRUP vQDFHVWFDQDOID GHDFHOPLQLPGH

EL LVVWDEOLWDQWHULRU-XVWLILFDUHDHVWHGDW GHIDSWXOF vQUHDOLWDWHH[LVW PXOW
PDL PXOW  LQIRUPD LH vQWUXQ PHVDM WHOHIRQLF GHFkW vQWUXQ PHVDM VFULV XQGH
LQIRUPD LD HVWH UHGXV  OD strictul necesar pentru inteligibilitate. Sporul de
LQIRUPD LH HVWHGDWRUDWLQWRQD LHLWLPEUXOXL, etc., prezente n mesajul telefonic.
0RGXO vQ FDUH DU SXWHD IL FXDQWLILFDW DFHVW VXSOLPHQW GH LQIRUPD LH QX HVWH
5

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

FXQRVFXW 'LVWLQF LD vQWUH calitatea L LQWHOLJLELOLWDWHD VWULFW  a vorbirii se face

vQWUXQPRGVXELHFWLYGHFLQXHVWHFXDQWLILFDELO 
'LQFHOHH[SXVHDQWHULRUvQ HOHJHPF GHELWXOGHLQIRUPD LH poate fi mult
mai mic dect cel al unui canal telefonic normal. Astfel pentru un debit de circa
 EL LV PHVDMXO HVWH SHUIHFW LQWHOLJLELO L GH FDOLWDWH UHODWLY EXQ  6H SRDWH
UHGXFH GHELWXO OD  EL LV IDSW FH DWUDJH vQ PRG FHUW GHJUDGDUHD FDOLW LL
YRUELULLQXvQV LDLQWHOLJLELOLW LLDFHVWHLD

0HFDQLVPXOIRQD LHL
Vorbirea este un produs al aparatului fonator uman, controlat de sistemul
QHUYRVFHQWUDOFDUHSULPHWHSHUPDQHQWLQIRUPD LHSULQUHDF LDDFXVWLF UHFHS LD
DXGLWLY DVHPQDOXOXL$SDUDWXOIRQDWRUXPDQQXHVWHXQDSDUDWVSHFLDOGHVWLQDW
DFHVWXL VFRS FL HVWH UHDOL]DW SULQ DGDSWDUHD OD DFHDVW  IXQF LH SURGXFHUHD
YRUELULL D XQRU RUJDQH DSDU LQkQG vQ SULQFLSDO aparatelor respirator L
masticator &D DWDUH SURGXFHUHD YRUELULL IRQD LD HVWH XQ DFW YROXQWDU L
FRRUGRQDWDODSDUDWHORUUHVSLUDWRULPDVWLFDWRU
$SDUDWXOUHVSLUDWRUIXUQL]HD] energiaQHFHVDU SURGXFHULLYRUELULLDWXQFL
FkQG DHUXO HVWH H[SLUDW SULQ WUDKHH /D FDS WXO VXSHULRU DO DFHVWHLD VH J VHWH
laringeleXQGHSUHVLXQHDDHUXOXLHVWHPRGXODW vQDLQWHGHDILDSOLFDW FDQDOXOXL
(tractului) vocal care se ntinde de la laringe la buze (vezi Figura 1.1).
Laringele HVWH XQ DQVDPEOX GH PXFKL L GH FDUWLODMH PRELOH FDUH
vQFRQMRDU  R FDYLWDWH VLWXDW  OD SDUWHD VXSHULRDU  D WUDKHHL Q ]RQD FHQWUDO  D
ODULQJHOXL VH J VHVF coardele vocale SODVDWH GHD FXUPH]LXO ODULQJHOXL
&RDUGHOH YRFDOH VXQW IRUPD LXQL OLJDPHQWRDVH VLPHWULFH vQ QXP U GH GRX
SHUHFKL XQD LQIHULRDU  L DOWD VXSHULRDU  'LQWUH FHOH GRX  SHUHFKL GH FRDUGH
YRFDOH FHOH LQIHULRDUH DX R HODVWLFLWDWH PXOW PDL PDUH L VXQW HVHQ LDOH vQ
SURGXFHUHD YRUELULL $FHVWHD SRW vQFKLGH FRPSOHW ODULQJHOH LDU GHS UWkQGXVH
IRUPHD] RGHVFKLGHUHWULXQJKLXODU GHQXPLW JORW 6LVWHPXOFHUHEUDOFRPDQG
SULQLQWHUPHGLXOQHUYLORUPLFDUHDFRDUGHORUYRFDOHSXQkQGXOHvQYLEUD LHSULQ
LQWHUPHGLXOXQRUFRQWUDF LLQDFHVWPRGVHSRDWHP ULVDXPLFRUDGLPHQVLXQHD
JORWHLUHDOL]kQGXVHRPRGXODUHDGHELWXOXLIOX[XOXLGHDHUFHRVWU EDWH$HUXO
WUHFH OLEHU vQ WLPSXO UHVSLUD LHL L YRFLL RSWLWH SUHFXP L vQ WLPSXO IRUP ULL
sunetelor surde sau nesonoreYRUELUHDVHSURGXFHvQID]DGHH[SLUD LHDDHUXOXL
Sunetele sonoreVHSURGXFGLQFRQWU SULQYLEUD LDSHULRGLF DFRDUGHORUYRFDOH
FHHDFHIDFHFDWUDFWXOXLYRFDOV LILHDSOLFDWHLPSXOVXULSHULRGLFHGHSUHVLXQH
Tractul vocal FDQDOXO YRFDO HVWH XQ DQVDPEOX GH FDYLW L VLWXDWH vQWUH
JORW LEX]H6HSRWGLVWLQJHSH)LJXUD
FDYLWDWHDIDULQJLDQ 
FDYLWDWHDEXFDO 
FDYLWDWHDQD]DO vQGHULYD LHFXFDYLWDWHDEXFDO 

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

Tractul vocal poate fi considerat ca o succesiune de tuburi sau FDYLW LDFXVWLFH

GH OXQJLPL L VHF LXQL GLIHULWH 5DGLD LD VRQRU  HPLVLD VXQHWXOXL VH SRDWH
SURGXFHSULQRULILFLXORUDOJXU VDXVLPXOWDQSULQRULILFLXORUDOLRULILFLXOQD]DO
Q UL'HULYDUHDFXUHQWXOXLGHDHUVSUHFDYLWDWHDQD]DO HVWHFRQWURODW GHF WUH
Y OXO palatin SDUWHDPRELO DFHUXOXLJXULL
Sunetele sonore VH SURGXF GHFL SULQ H[FLWDUHD WUDFWXOXL YRFDO GH F WUH
LPSXOVXUL SHULRGLFH GH SUHVLXQH JHQHUDWH SULQ YLEUD LD FRDUGHORU YRFDOH
deschiderea EUXVF DJORWHLHOLEHUHD] SUHVLXQHDDFXPXODW vQDPRQWHGXS XQ
timp glota se nchide mai lent.
/D SDUWHD VXSHULRDU  D ODULQJHOXL GHDVXSUD GHVFKLGHULL VXSHULRDUH D
DFHVWXLD VH J VHWH epiglota. Aceasta este un fibrocartilaj triunghiular mobil
VLWXDW VXE ED]D OLPELL DYkQG UROXO GH D DFRSHUL GHVFKLGHUHD VXSHULRDU  D
ODULQJHOXL vQ PRPHQWXO vQJKL LULL VHSDUkQG DVWIHO FDOHD DOLPHQWDU  GH FHD
respiratorie n timpul GHJOXWL LHL
Vocalele oraleLHXVXQWHPLVHI U LQWHUYHQ LDFDYLW LLQD]DOHFDUH
HVWH L]RODW  SULQ vQFKLGHUHD Y OXOXL SDODWLQ Vocalele L consoanele nazale sunt
SURGXVHSULQLQWHUYHQ LDFDYLW LLQD]DOH
&XSODMXO vQWUH JORW  L WUDFWXO YRFDO HVWH XQ FXSODM VODE vQ VHQVXO F
GHIRUPDUHDWUDFWXOXLLQIOXHQ HD] SX LQXQGDGHSUHVLXQHJHQHUDW ODGHVFKLGHUHD
glotei.
Intensitatea sunetuluiHPLVHVWHVWUkQVOHJDW LGHWHUPLQDW GHSUHVLXQHD
aerului aflat n amonte de laringe. Q O LPHD VXQHWXOXL HVWH GHWHUPLQDW  GH
IUHFYHQ DGHYLEUD LHDFRDUGHORUYRFDOHGHQXPLW IUHFYHQ IXQGDPHQWDO  F0 ).
,QYHUVXO DFHVWHL IUHFYHQ H QRWDW FX T0  VH QXPHWH SHULRDG  IXQGDPHQWDO .
ntruct F0 GHWHUPLQ vQ O LPHDVXQHWXOXLLVHPDLVSXQHpitch (termen n limba
HQJOH] DGRSWDWLvQOLPELOHIUDQFH] LURPkQ )UHFYHQ DIXQGDPHQWDO SRDWH
varia ntre limitele:
+]SHQWUXRYRFHPDVFXOLQ 
+]SHQWUXRYRFHIHPLQLQ 
200-600 Hz pentru o voce de copil.

Figura 1.16FKHPDDSDUDWXOXLIRQDWRU/DULQJHOHDYHGHUHGHVXVEVHF LXQHYHUWLFDO 

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

'RX  VXQHWH GH DFHHDL LQWHQVLWDWH L GH DFHHDL vQ O LPH VH GLVWLQJ SULQ
timbru, care este determinat de amplitudinile relative ale armonicelor
fundamentalei.
Unui sunet sonor i corespunde un semnal cvasiperiodic DO F UXL VSHFWUX
HVWH VFKL DW vQ )LJXUD  6H REVHUY  SH JUDILF OLQLL VSHFWUDOH UD]H FDUH
FRUHVSXQGDUPRQLFHORUIUHFYHQ HLIXQGDPHQWDOH F0 $FHDVW VWUXFWXU DUPRQLF
a spectruluiVHPDLQXPHWHVWUXFWXU GH pitch$QYHORSDDFHVWRUUD]HSUH]LQW
maxime denumite IRUPDQ L L FDUH FRUHVSXQG IUHFYHQ HORU SURSULL Fi
( i = 1,2,3,K DOHWUDFWXOXLYRFDO6SXQHPF VSHFWUXODUHVWUXFWXU IRUPDQWLF 
3ULPLLWUHLIRUPDQ LVXQWHVHQ LDOLSHQWUXDFDUDFWHUL]DVSHFWUXOVHPQDOXOXL
YRFDOIRUPDQ LLGHRUGLQVXSHULRUDYkQGRLQIOXHQ PDLOLPLWDW 
a
2000
1000
0
-1000
-2000
100

200

300

400

500
Esantioane

600

700

800

900

1000

b
70
65

dB

60
55
50
45
40
0

500

1000

1500

2000
Frecventa[Hz]

2500

3000

3500

4000

Figura 1.2 D2WUDQ GHVHPQDOVRQRUE'HQVLWDWHDVSHFWUDO GHSXWHUH>G%@

Sunetele fricative VH RE LQ FD UH]XOWDW DO WUHFHULL DHUXOXL SULQWUR SRU LXQH
vQJXVWDW FRQVWULF LHDWUDFWXOXLYRFDOVLWXDW vQWUXQDQXPLWSXQFWDOWUDFWXOXL
YRFDO vQ SDUWLFXODU OD QLYHOXO EX]HORU L DO GLQ LORU 6XQHWHOH IULFDWLYH VXQW
FODVLILFDWHvQGRX FDWHJRULL
- sonore (v, z);
- nesonore (f, s).
Sunetele plozive (sau ocluzive) se produc printr-o nchidere (ocluziune) a
WUDFWXOXL YRFDO vQWUXQ SXQFW GDW XUPDW DSRL GH R UHOD[DUH EUXVF  &RDUGHOH
YRFDOH U PkQ vQ UHSDRV LDU IOX[XO GH DHU WUHFH OLEHU SULQ JORW  SkQ  OD ORFXO vQ
care s-a produs ocluziunea. Aici se produce compresia aerului pe durata
8

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

RFOX]LXQLLGXS FDUHGHVFKLGHUHDEUXVF DWUDFWXOXLGHWHUPLQ HOLEHUDUHDDHUXOXL

UH LQXW JHQHUkQGXVH DVWIHO VXQHWXO UHVSHFWLY SULQWUXQ HIHFW H[SOR]LY 6XQHWHOH
SOR]LYHSRWILGHGRX WLSXUL
- sonore (b, d);
- nesonore (p, t).
Un sunet nesonorQXSUH]LQW VWUXFWXU SHULRGLF )RUPDVDHYROX LDvQ
GRPHQLXO WLPS HVWH DVHP Q WRDUH FX FHD D VHPQDOHORU GH WLS ]JRPRW ILLQG
FDUDFWHUL]DW  SULQWUXQ JUDG PDUH GH LUHJXODULWDWH 6XQHWXO QHVRQRU SRDWH IL
asimilat cu un zgomot alb ILOWUDW GH F WUH WUDQVPLWDQ D S U LL GLQ WUDFWXO YRFDO
VLWXDW  vQWUH ORFXO FRQVWULF LHL VDX RFOX]LXQLL L EX]H 6WUXFXUD VSHFWUDO  DUH
FDUDFWHULVWLFLWLSLFHGH]JRPRWDEVHQ DIUHFYHQ HLIXQGDPHQWDOHLSUH]HQ DXQRU
PD[LPHFRUHVSXQ] WRDUHUH]RQDQ HORUWUDFWXOXLYRFDOYH]L)LJXUD
a
300
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Esantioane
b
45

dB

40

35

30

25
0

500

1000

1500

2000
Frecventa[Hz]

2500

3000

3500

4000

Figura 1.3 D2WUDQ GHVHPQDOQHVRQRUE'HQVLWDWHDVSHFWUDO GHSXWHUH

&ODVLILFDUHDSUH]HQWDW DQWHULRUHVWHRDUHFXPIRU DW LGHVWXOGHVXPDU 

(DVHUHIHU ODSURGXFHUHDQRUPDO  DYRUELULLQUHDOLWDWHIHQRPHQHOHVXQWPDL
FRPSOH[H $VWIHO GH H[HPSOX vQ FD]XO YRUELULL vQ RDSW  YRFDOD RSWLW  HVWH
SURGXV  FX JORWD ODUJ GHVFKLV  Q DFHDVW  VLWXD LH VSHFWUXO VHPQDOXOXL YRFDO
HPLV UH]XOW  FD HIHFW DO H[FLW ULL WUDFWXOXL FX R VXUV  DOHDWRDUH DVHP Q WRDUH
]JRPRWXOXL 'UHSW XUPDUH VSHFWUXO YRFDOHL RSWLWH YD IL XQ spectru continuu,
prezentnd VWUXFWXU IRUPDQWLF DVHP Q WRDUHFHOHLDYRFDOHLVRQRUHGDUI U D
DYHD L VWUXFWXUD GH pitch FDUDFWHUL]DW  SULQ OLQLL VSHFWUDOH FH FRUHVSXQG
armonicelor fundamentalei).

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

1.5 Modelarea producerii vorbirii

7HRULDDFXVWLF DSURGXFHULLYRUELULLDIRVWIXQGDPHQWDW GH*)DQW>@vQ
MXUXO DQXOXL  L DSRL FRPSOHWDW  GH - / )ODQDJDQ >@ FDUH D HODERUDW
WRWRGDW  VDX D SHUIHF LRQDW L R VHULH GH modele mecano-acustice L modele
electrice pentru simularea mecanismului de producere a vorbirii. n general,
PRGHOHOH PHFDQLFH LPLWDX WHKQLFD GH SURGXFHUH D VXQHWHORU VSHFLILF
instrumentelor de suflat.
[1] G. Fant, Acoustic theory of speech production, S- Gravenhage, Mounton,1960.
[2] J. L. Flanagan, Speech analysis, syntesis and perception, Sprinter-Verlag, Berlin,
Heildeberg, New York, Tokyo, 1972.

QWUR SULP  DSUR[LPDUH GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH PHFDQRDFXVWLF WUDFWXO

YRFDO SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDW FD XQ WXE DFXVWLF FH DUH OD R H[WUHPLWDWH JORWD L OD
FHDODOW  H[WUHPLWDWH JXUD 2 DERUGDUH PDL DSURDSH GH FHD UHDO  SUHVXSXQH
UHSUH]HQWHUHDWUDFWXOXLYRFDOFDRvQO Q XLUHVDXFRQFDWHQDUHGHWXEXULVRQRUHGH
OXQJLPLLVHF LXQLGLIHULWH&XDOWHFXYLQWHWUDFWXOHVWHFRQFHSXWFDXQWXEVRQRU
JOREDOQHXQLIRUPGDUORFDOXQLIRUP/XQJLPHDPHGLHDWUDFWXOXLHVWHVLWXDW vQ
MXUXOYDORULLGHFPODE UED LLDUVHF LXQHDPD[LP SRDWHDWLQJHYDORDUHDGH
20 cm2 &DYLWDWHD QD]DO  FXSULQV  vQWUH Y OXO SDODWLQ L Q UL DUH R OXQJLPH
DSUR[LPDWLY  GH  FP VHF LXQHD VD U PkQkQG FRQVWDQW  Q WLPSXO SURGXFHULL
VXQHWHORU QD]DOH FDYLWDWHD QD]DO  VH FXSOHD]  FX FDYLWDWHD EXFDO  SULQ
LQWHUPHGLXOY OXOXLSDODWLQ
6SHFLILF WXWXURU PRGHOHORU HODERUDWH HVWH FXSODMXO VODE GLQWUH JORW  L
WUDFWXO YRFDO vQ VHQVXO F  IRUPD XQGHL GH SUHVLXQH GXS  JORW  QX GHSLQGH GH
modificarea structurilor componente din tractul vocal.
3URFHVDUHD QXPHULF  D VHPQDOXOXL YRFDO DUH QHYRLH GH XQ PRGHO GLVFUHW
'LQ DFHVW PRWLY PRGHODUHD SURSXV  vQ FRQWLQXDUH XWLOL]HD]  IRUPDOLVPXO
VLVWHPHORU HDQWLRQDWH Q FRQVHFLQ  IXQF LLOH GH WUDQVIHU DOH PRGXOHORU FH
VLPXOHD]  SRU LXQLOH VHPQLILFDWLYH DOH WUDFWXOXL YRU IL IXQF LL GH YDULDELOD
FRPSOH[  ] $GRSWDUHD DFHVWXL PRGHO HVWH DPSOX MXVWLILFDW  GH HYROX LD
tehnologiei procesoarelor de semnal, utilizate universal n prelucrarea vorbirii (a
se vedea [2], capitolul 3).
Pentru sunetele sonore, sursa este un tren periodic de impulsuri, de o
IRUP SDUWLFXODU FDUHUHSURGXFHFUHWHUHDUDSLG DSUHVLXQLLDHUXOXLXUPDW GH
R F GHUH PDL OHQW  $FHVW WUHQ GH LPSXOVXUL HVWH PRGHODW SULQ U VSXQVXO XQXL
ILOWUXWUHFHMRV)7-GHRUGLQXOFXGRLSROLUHDOLLDF UXLIUHFYHQ GHW LHUH
HVWHGHRUGLQXOD+])LJXUDODRH[FLWD LHLGHDOL]DW  e[n] UHSUH]HQWDW
SULQWURVXFFHVLXQHSHULRGLF GHLPSXOVXULXQLWDWH P [n] .

10

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

e[n]

y[n]
G(z)

Figura 1.4 Modelarea sursei pentru sunetele sonore

e [ n ] = P [ n] =

P=

[ n kP ]

(1.9)

k =0

T0 Fe 8000
=
=
= 64
T F0 125

(1.10)

Perioada PDH[FLWD LHLLGHDOL]DWHODQLYHOJORWDOVHFDOFXOHD] FXUHOD LD

ILLQGGHWHUPLQDW GHUDSRUWXOGLQWUHSHULRDGDIXQGDPHQWDO  T0 LSHULRDGD
GH HDQWLRQDUH T 7UDQVPLWDQ D )7- FX FHULQ HOH VSHFLILFDWH PDL VXV HVWH GH
forma:

G (z) =

(1 + z 1 )(1 + z 1 )

(1.11)

unde , R  LDU IXQF LD SHULRGLF  g[n] = Z 1 {G ( z )}  UHSUH]LQW  U VSXQVXO OD

LPSXOVDODFHVWXLILOWUX5 VSXQVXO)7-ODH[FLWD LD e[n] va fi:

y [ n] = e[ n] g [ n] =

g [ n kP ]

(1.12)

k =0

Pentru sunetele nesonoreVHPQDOXOGHH[FLWD LHVXUVDHVWHGHWLS]JRPRW

VHPQDOGLVFUHWDOEFXGHQVLWDWHDVSHFWUDO GHSXWHUHFRQVWDQW HJDO FX
Q FHHD FH SULYHWH tractul vocal VD DU WDW OD PRGHODUHD PHFDQLFR
DFXVWLF DFHVWDSRDWHILDVLPLODWFXRsuccesiune de tuburi acustice elementare.
6WXGLXO SURSDJ ULL XQGHORU DFXVWLFH SODQH D FRQGXV OD R PRGHODUH SULQWUR
FDVFDG GHUH]RQDWRULDF URUWUDQVPLWDQ JOREDO HVWHGHIRUPD

T ( z) =

B
K

(1 + b1k z 1 + b2k z 2 )
k =1

11

(1.13)

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

)LHFDUHUH]RQDWRUHOHPHQWDUGHRUGLQXODUHRFDUDFWHULVWLF GHWLSWUHFH

EDQG  L VLPXOHD]  SURGXFHUHD XQXL DQXPLW IRUPDQW )UHFYHQ D FHQWUDO  D
ILHF UXLILOWUXWUHFHEDQG GHRUGLQXOHVWH

0 k = arccos 1k / 2
b
2k

(1.14)

de unde:

f0k f0k fe =

b / 2
0k
f
f e = e arccos 1k
b
2
2
2k

(1.15)

3HQWUXDVLPXODXQDQXPLWIRUPDQWWUHEXLHLPSXV UHVWULF LD

Fk = f 0 k

(1.16)

IUHFYHQ HOH Fk ILLQGVSHFLILFHILHF UXLIRQHPVRQRU

Sunetul este n finaOHPLVODWUDYHUVDUHDGHVFKLGHULLEX]HORUVHFRPSRUW
FD R VDUFLQ  DFXVWLF  )XQF LD GH WUDQVIHU DVRFLDW  GHVFKLGHULL RUDOH DUH R
FDUDFWHULVWLF  GH VHOHFWLYLWDWH GH WLS WUHFHVXV L SRDWH IL PRGHODW  vQWUR SULP
DSUR[LPD LHSULQWUDQVPLWDQ D

R( z ) = (1 z 1 )

(1.17)

unde  HVWH R FRQVWDQW  7UDQVPLWDQ D HYLGHQ LD]  IDSWXO F  SUHVLXQHD XQGHL

VRQRUH OD R DQXPLW  GLVWDQ  GH EX]H HVWH SURSRU LRQDO  FX GHULYDWD GHELWXOXL
volumului de aer eliberat la deschiderea tractului (la nivelul buzelor).
8UPDUH D PRGHO ULORU SUH]HQWDWH DQWHULRU IXQF LD GH WUDQVIHU JOREDO  D
WUDFWXOXLYRFDOFRQVLGHUDW vQWUHH[FLWD LDLGHDOL]DW LVHPQDOXOHPLVYDIL

H ( z ) = G ( z )T ( z ) R( z ) =

(1 z 1 )
K

(1 + z 1 )(1 + z 1 ) (1 + b1k z 1 + b2k z 2 )

k =1

(1.18)
'DF VHFRQVLGHU XQXOGLQSRlii lui G ( z ) foarte apropiat de 1 ( 1 n
G ( z ) YH]LUHOD LDVHRE LQHIRUPDVLPSOLILFDW 

12

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

H ( z) =

(1 + z 1 ) (1 + b1k z 1 + b2k z 2 )

A( z )

(1.19)

k =1

cu:

A( z ) = (

1 + z 1

) (1 + b1k

z 1

k =1

+ b2 k

z 2

2 K +1

) =1+

i =1

ai z i

(1.20)

7UDQVPLWDQ DPRGHOXOXLGLVFUHWH[SULPDW vQIRUPDSUH]LQW numai

polii (tous polesvQOLPEDIUDQFH] ,QYHUVDVD

H1 ( z ) =

1
H ( z)

= A( z )

UHSUH]LQW  WUDQVPLWDQ D ILOWUXOXL LQYHUV -XVWLILFDUHD WHRUHWLF  D PRGHOXOXL L

YDOLGDUHDVDH[SHULPHQWDO HVWHSUH]HQWDW vQFDSLWROXOGLQOXFUDUHD>@
2EVHUYD LL

1 z 1
1  HVWH SX LQ IRU DW  L DU IL SRVLELO  QXPDL SHQWUX
1 + z 1
producerea fonemelor sonore, cnd intervine G ( z ) 0DLFRUHFW HVWHvQORFXLUHD
filtrului trece-sus R( z ) GHWLS),5U VSXQVILQLWODLPSXOVGHRUGLQXOSULQWUXQ
ILOWUX FX FDUDFWHULVWLF  DSUR[LPDWLY LGHQWLF  GDU GH WLS ,,5 U VSXQV LQILQLW OD
LPSXOVFXRUGLQXOP ULWQDFHVWVFRSVHFRQVLGHU 
1. Simplificarea

R( z ) = (1 az 1 ) cu a 1 L 0 < a < 1

(1.21)

Se poate scrie:

R( z ) =

1
1
1 + az + a 2 z 2 + ...
1 az 1

(1.22)

Numitorul lui R( z )  GLQ UHOD LD  VD RE LQXW SULQ GH]YROWDUHD vQ VHULH
/DXUHQWDIXQF LHLUD LRQDOH 1/(1 az 1 ) . Trunchind dezvoltarea se poate nlocui
R( z ) GLQUHOD LDFX

R( z ) = (1 a + a 2 )

1+
13

1
+ a 2 z 2

az 1

(1.23)

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

FDUHHVWHRWUDQVPLWDQ GHWLS)76FXYDORULOHOLPLW 

1 a + a2
1 + a + a2

R ( e j )

=0

= R ( z ) z =1 =

R ( e j )

= R ( z ) z =1 = 1

(1.24)

2.3URFHGkQGDVWIHOIXQF LDGHWUDQVIHUJOREDO DPRGHOXOXLGLVFUHWYDIL

G ( z )T ( z ) R( z ), pentru foneme sonore

H ( z) =
pentru foneme nesonore
T ( z ) R( z ),

(1.25)

QDPEHOHVLWXD LL H ( z ) SUH]LQW QXPDLSROLDGLF HVWHGHIRUPD / A( z ) .

3.0RGHODUHDSUH]HQWDW DUHQLWHOLPLW ULHYLGHQWHLDQXPH
6XUVD D IRVW FRQVLGHUDW  ILH XQ WUHQ GH LPSXOVXUL ILH XQ ]JRPRW DOE GUHSW
urmare, sunetele fricative sonore nu pot fi produse cu acest model.
Fonemele nazale nu pot fi produse cu modelul (1.25). La producerea
VXQHWHORUQD]DOHFHOHGRX FDYLW LEXFDO LQD]DO VXQWFXSODWHvQSDUDOHO
DVWIHOF WUDQVPLWDQ DFRUHVSXQ] WRDUHYDILGHIRUPD

H ( z) =

1
2
A ( z ) + 2 A1 ( z )
+
= 1 2
A1 ( z ) A2 ( z )
A1 ( z ) A2 ( z )

(1.26)

Prin urmare H ( z ) SUH]LQW L]HURXULvQSODQXO]7RWXLWUDQVPLWDQ DGHWLSXO

QXPDL FX SROL VH SUHWHD]  PXOW PDL ELQH OD PRGHODUHD SH ED]D SUHGLF LHL
OLQLDUH 3UH]HQ D SROLQRPXOXL GH OD QXP U WRUXO OXL H ( z )  FRPSOLF  PXOW
HVWLPDUHDSDUDPHWULORUPRGHOXOXL'LQDFHVWPRWLYvQSUDFWLF ILHFDUH]HURXDO
lui H ( z ) , dat de un factor de forma (1 az 1 ) VHVXEVWLWXLHSULQGRLSROLDD
FXPVDDU WDWPDLVXVvQUHOD LLOHL&XDOWHFXYLQWHVHDFFHSW
supraestimarea ordinului modelului (a gradului polinomului A( z ) ) pentru a
DVLPLODQXP U WRUXOFXRFRQVWDQW 

&DUDFWHULVWLFD HVHQ LDO  D VHPQDOXOXL YRFDO HVWH DFHD F  QX HVWH XQ VHPQDO
VWD LRQDU L DFHDVWD GHRDUHFH WUDFWXO YRFDO VH GHIRUPHD]  vQWUXQ PRG
FRQWLQXXODSURGXFHUHDVHPQDOXOXL7RWXLGHIRUP ULOHVXQWVXILFLHQWGHOHQWH
IDSWFHSHUPLWHPHQ LQHUHDFRQVWDQW DFRHILFLHQ LORUIXQF LHL H ( z ) pe durata
unor intervale de timp de ordinul a 20 ms.

14

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

0HFDQLVPXODXGL LHL
0HFDQLVPXO DXGL LHL VHUYHWH OD SHUFHSHUHD YRUELULL FDUH VW  OD ED]D
UHOD LLORU LQWHUXPDQH )UHFYHQ D VXQHWHORU SHUFHSXWH GH XUHFKHD XPDQ  HVWH
FXSULQV  vQ JDPD +].+] $FHVWHD VXQW OLPLWH H[WUHPH VLVWHPXO DXGLWLY
XPDQILLQGVHQVLELOvQWURJDP GHIUHFYHQ HVLWXDWHvQWUH+].+]
0HFDQLVPXODXGL LHLHVWHDOF WXLWGLQ
XUHFKHDH[WHUQ 
urechea medie;
XUHFKHDLQWHUQ 
8UHFKHD H[WHUQ  SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO SDYLOLRQXOXL FDSWHD]  L GLULMHD]
undele sonore spre conductorul auditiv extern, care le transmite membranei
timpanului&RQGXFWXODXGLWLYFHOHDJ SDYLOLRQXOGHWLPSDQHVWHXQtub acustic
GHVHF LXQHXQLIRUP vQFKLVODRH[WUHPLWDWHLDYkQGSULPXOPRGGHUH]RQDQ
vQMXUXOIUHFYHQ HLGH+]IDSWFHGHWHUPLQ FUHWHUHDVHQVLELOLW LLvQMXUXO
DFHVWHL IUHFYHQ H Membrana timpanului FDUH UHDOL]HD]  VHSDUD LD GLQWUH
XUHFKHDH[WHUQ LXUHFKHDPHGLHDUHRJURVLPHGHPPRVWUXFWXU ILEURDV
LIXQF LRQHD] FDXQUH]RQDWRUYLEUkQGODPRGLILF ULOHGHSUHVLXQH
Urechea medie HVWH IRUPDW  GLQWUR FDYLWDWH D RVXOXL WHPSRUDO SOLQ  FX
DHUODSUHVLXQHDDWPRVIHULF GDWRULW WURPSHLOXL(XVWDFKLR(XVWDFKHSULQFDUH
VHUHDOL]HD] FRPXQLFDUHDFXIDULQJHOH6SUHXUHFKHDLQWHUQ VHJ VHVFfereastra
RYDO  L IHUHDVWUD URWXQG  Q XUHFKHD PHGLH VH DIO  XQ ODQ  DUWLFXODW GH WUHL
RVFLRDUH FLRFDQXO QLFRYDOD L VF UL D vPSUHXQ  FX PXFKLL DIHUHQ L DFHVWRUD
9LEUD LLOH WLPSDQXOXL VXQW WUDQVPLVH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO ODQ XOXL GH RVFLRDUH OD
VF UL  FDUH VH VSULMLQ  SH IHUHDVWUD RYDO  L DSRL SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO DFHVWHLD OD
OLFKLGXO SHULOLPI  L HQGROLPI  GLQ XUHFKHD LQWHUQ  /DQ XO GH RVFLRDUH nu
WUDQVPLWH SDVLY YLEUD LLOH FL SULQ PXFKLL FLRFDQXOXL L VF UL HL FRQWULEXLH OD
PRGLILFDUHD LQWHQVLW LL VXQHWXOXL. Astfel, FRQWUDF LD PXFKLXOXL ciocanului
GLPLQXHD]  DPSOLWXGLQHD YLEUD LLORU SUHD SXWHUQLFH vQ WLPS FH FRQWUDF LD
PXFKLXOXLVF UL HLDPSOLILF VXQHWHOHSUHDVODEH6XSUDID DWLPSDQXOXLGHRUL
PDLPDUHGHFkWVXSUDID DIHUHVWUHLRYDOHUHDOL]HD] GHDVHPHQHDRDPSOLILFDUHD
VXQHWHORU UHFHS LRQDWH 7UDQVPLWHUHD VXQHWHORU vQ XUHFKHD PHGLH VH UHDOL]HD]
DWkW SULQ ODQ XO GH RVFLRDUH FkW L SH FDOH DHULDQ  SULQ PRGLILFDUHD SUHVLXQLL
DHUXOXL GLQ XUHFKHD PHGLH VXE DF LXQHD YLEUD LLORU WLPSDQXOXL 0HFDQLVPXO
XUHFKLL PHGLL ODQ XO GH RVFLRDUH SHUPLWH R DGDSWDUH GH LPSHGDQ  vQWUH DHU L
mediul lichid al urechii interne.
8UHFKHDLQWHUQ HVWHJ ]GXLW vQGRX FDYLW LV SDWHvQRVXOWHPSRUDOL
HVWHDOF WXLW GLQ
labirintul ososFXS U LOHFRPSRQHQWH

15

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

vestibul osos;
canalele semicirculare osoase;
FRFKOHHDRVRDV PHOFXO
labirintul membranos format din:
YHVWLEXOPHPEUDQRVGRXDYH]LFXOHXWULFXODLVDFXOD
melcul membranos (canalul cochlear); melcul membranos
FRQ LQHsegmentul receptor al auzului.
9LEUD LLOH VF UL HL VXQW WUDQVPLVH OLFKLGXOXL FRFKOHHDQ $FHDVWD FRQ LQH
PHPEUDQD ED]LODU  FDUH WUDQVIRUP  YLEUD LLOH PHFDQLFH vQ impulsuri nervoase.
0HPEUDQD ED]LODU  HVWH VXSRUWXO RUJDQXOXL &RUWL FDUH HVWH FRQVWLWXLW GLQ FLUFD
25000 de celule ciliate, racordate fiecare la nervul auditiv. Fiecare din aceste
FHOXOHSUH]LQW XQU VSXQVvQIUHFYHQ FDFHOVFKL DWvQ)LJXUD)UHFYHQ DGH
UH]RQDQ  f 0i  GHSLQGH GH SR]L LD RFXSDW  GH FHOXO  SH PHPEUDQ  'HDVXSUD
IUHFYHQ HLGHUH]RQDQ U VSXQVXOvQIUHFYHQ VHDWHQXHD] UDSLG
Hi(f)

Figura 1.55 VSXQVXOLQIUHFYHQ DOXQHLFHOXOHFLOLDWH

Fibrele auditive ajung OD R UHJLXQH vQ VFRDU D FHUHEUDO  GHQXPLW  DULH GH
SURLHF LH DXGLWLY  L FDUH HVWH VLWXDW  vQ OREXO WHPSRUDO Q FD] GH OH]LXQH D
DFHVWHL DULL VH SRW REVHUYD WXOEXU UL DXGLWLYH )LEUHOH DXGLWLYH DIHUHQWH L
GHIHUHQWH GH OD XUHFKH OD FUHLHU L LQYHUV VXQW vQFUXFLDWH SDU LDO ILHFDUH
MXP WDWHDFUHLHUXOXLHVWHSXV vQOHJ WXU FXFHOHGRX XUHFKLLQWHUQH

Figura 1.6 Aparatul auditiv uman

16

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

1.7. Caracteristici fonetice

Mesajul vocal, pentru majoritatea limbilor naturale, este compus din
sunete distincte, denumite foneme 6H QXPHWH IRQHP FHD PDL PLF  XQLWDWH
VRQRU  SUH]HQW  vQ YRUELUH FDUH QX SRDWH IL DQDOL]DW  vQ XQLW L VXFFHVLYH PDL
PLFL GHFkW HD L SULQ FDUH VH GHRVHEHVF vQWUH HOH FXYLQWHOH VDX IRUPHOH
JUDPDWLFDOH DOH XQXLD L DFHOXLDL FXYkQW 3ULQ VLPSOD VD SUH]HQ  IRQHPXO
VFKLPE VHPQLILFD LDXQXLFXYkQWFDGHH[HPSOX
cat, pat, lat;
pat, pot.
2EVHUYD LH: &XYLQWHOH GLQ ILHFDUH LU GLIHU  QXPDL SULQ IRQHPXO VXEOLQLDW
6HPQLILFD LDHVWHFRPSOHWGLIHULW SHQWUXILHFDUHFXYkQW
Din punFW GH YHGHUH IL]LRORJLF IRQHPHOH IRUPHD]  XQ DQVDPEOX VDX XQ
VLVWHPGHLPDJLQLDFXVWLFHFHVHVWRFKHD] vQFUHLHUXOYRUELWRUXOXLSHP VXU FH
DFHVWDVW SkQHWHGLQFHvQFHPDLELQHOLPED)LHFDUHOLPE DUHVXQHWHVSHFLILFH
DUH SURSULLOH IRQHPH 'LILFXOWDWHD vQVXLULL XQHL OLPEL VWU LQH HVWH VSRULW  GH
IDSWXOF vQWUHROLWHU VDXXQJUXSGHOLWHUHLIRQHPXOFRUHVSXQ] WRUQXH[LVW R
DVRFLHUHFXUHJXOLIRDUWHFODUHI U H[FHS LL
'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDOFRUHVSRQGHQ HLvQWUHOLWHUHLIRQHPHOLPELOHVHSot
vPS U LvQGRX FODVH
limbile etimologice SHQWUX FDUH YDORDUHD IRQHWLF  GLIHU  SXWHUQLF GH
WUDQVFULHUHD OLWHUDO  DFHDVWD DPLQWLQG IRUPD LQL LDO  D FXYLQWHORU PXOW
GHS LW  GH SURQXQ DUH GLQ DFHDVW  FODV  IDF SDUWH OLPELOH IUDQFH]  L
HQJOH] 
limbile fonetice SHQWUX FDUH YDORDUHD IRQHWLF  HVWH IRDUWH DSURSLDW  GH
WUDQVFULHUHDOLWHUDO OLPEDURPkQ IDFHSDUWHGLQFODVDOLPELORUIRQHWLFH
9DORDUHD IRQHWLF  D XQHL OLWHUH GHSLQGH GH FRQWH[WXO H[LVWHQW 3HQWUX
diversificarea valorii fonetice a unei litere sau grup de litere n unele limbi apar
semnele diacritice:
vQIUDQFH] H[LVW DFFHQWHOHDVFX LWJUDYFLUFXPIOH[FDUHDSOLFDWHYRFDOHORU
DHLRXOHGLYHUVLILF YDORDUHDIRQHWLF 
vQOLPEDURPkQ DSDUDFFHQWHkvSUHFXPLVHPQHGLDFULWLFHFDUHPRGLILF
YDORDUHDIRQHWLF DOLWHUHORUW V
vQHQJOH] YDORDUHDIRQHWLF GLIHU SXWHUQLFGHIRUPDWUDQVFULV 
3HQWUXOLPELOHGHWUDGL LHVDVWDELOLWVLVWHPXOGHIRQHPHSURSULLQWUXFkW
IRQHPHOH FRUHVSXQG OD R OLWHU  VDX XQ JUXS GH OLWHUH vQ GLF LRQDUH DO WXUL GH
FXYkQWXOVFULVHVWHSUH]HQWDW SURQXQ LD3HQWUXUHGDUHDJUDILF DYDORULLIRQHWLFH
D OLWHUHORU JUXSXULORU GH OLWHUH L FXYLQWHORU VH IRORVHWH $OIDEHWXO IRQHWLF
17

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

LQWHUQD LRQDO FXSULQ]kQG VLPEROXULOH DVRFLDWH VXQHWHORU GLQ SULQFLSDOHOH OLPEL

ale omenirii.
&RUHVSRQGHQ D OLWHU  JUXS GH OLWHUH  IRQHP HVWH FDUDFWHUL]DW  SULQWUR
PDUHFRPSOH[LWDWHvQVHQVXOF ROLWHU SRDWHFRUHVSXQGHODPDLPXOWHIRQHPH
(exemplu: car, ceas, cLQFLLDUXQIRQHPSRDWHV FRUHVSXQG ODPDLPXOWHOLWHUH
(exemplu: car, kDOLX$VRFLHUHDOLWHU IRQHPHVWHVSHFLILF XQHLDQXPLWHOLPEL
1XP UXO GH IRQHPH SHQWUX R DQXPLW  OLPE  HVWH OLPLWDW GH UHJXO  OD R
YDORDUH PDL PLF  GH  6H FRQVLGHU  F  OLPED IUDQFH]  FRQ LQH 36 foneme,
OLPEDHQJOH] 42 fonemeOLPEDURPkQ 34 foneme (31 litere).
3URGXFHUHD XQXL IRQHP GDW ODV  WRWXL ORF XQHL DQXPLWH YDULDELOLW L SH
SODQ DFXVWLF YDULD LLOH IRQHPXOXL VH QXPHVF alofoni (O VH UHDOL]HD]  SULQ
GLYHUVH YDULDQWH VXQHWH DVHP Q WRDUH GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO SURQXQ ULL L DO
perceperii. De exemplu fonemul e GLQ OLPED URPkQ  OLWHUDU  HVWH SURQXQ DW
XQHRULPDLGHVFKLVDOWHRULPDLvQFKLVI U FDSULQDFHVWHGHRVHELULDOHJUDGXOXL
GHGHVFKLGHUHV VHDMXQJ ODGHRVHELULvQWUHFXYLQWH
Clasificarea fonemelor
&ODVLILFDUHD IRQHPHORU HVWH VSHFLILF  ILHF UHL OLPEL vQV  H[LVW  WU V WXUL
FRPXQH 6WDELOLUHD QXP UXOXL GH IRQHPH L FODVLILFDUHD ORU VXQW SUREOHPH GH
PDUH FRPSOH[LWDWH 5H]ROYDUHD DFHVWRU VDUFLQL QHFHVLW  R FHUFHWDUH
SOXULGLVFLSOLQDU  L DUPRQL]DUHD GLVSXWHORU GLQWUH OLQJYLWL WHQWD L GH D P UL
QXP UXOGHIRQHPHLVSHFLDOLWLGLQGRPHQLLWHKQLFHHOHFWURQLF LQIRUPDWLF 
DFXVWLF  WHQWD L GH D UHGXFH QXP UXO GH IRQHPH SHQWUX D IDFLOLWD VLQWH]D
vorbirii).
3HQWUXILHFDUHOLPE IRQHPHOHVXQWvPS U LWHvQclaseLsubclase. Fiecare
FODV  HVWH OHJDW  GH XQ DQXPLW PRG GH DUWLFXODUH D DSDUDWXOXL IRQDWRU DGLF  GH
SR]L LLOH RUJDQHORU DUWLFXODWRULL UHSUH]HQWDWH SULQ OLPE  L PD[LODUXO LQIHULRU
$FHVWHD ILLQG PRELOH VFKLPE  FRQIRUPD LLOH GH YROXP DOH FDYLW LL EXFDOH OD
SURGXFHUHDVXQHWHORU7UHEXLHUHPDUFDW vQV LLPSRUWDQ DHOHPHQWHORUIL[HGLQ
FDGUXO DFHVWHL FDYLW L GLQ L PD[LODU VXSHULRU D F URU GHIRUPDUH LQIOXHQ HD]
vorbirea.
Q 7DEHOXO  HVWH SUH]HQWDW  FODVLILFDUHD FHORU  GH IRQHPH ale limbii
IUDQFH]H6HSUH]LQW DFHDVW FODVLILFDUHGLQPDLPXOWHFRQVLGHUHQWH
QLYHO vQDOW DO FHUFHW ULL vQ GRPHQLXO SUHOXFU ULL YRUELULL GDWRULW  H[LVWHQ HL
XQRULQVWLWXWHLFHQWUHGHFHUFHWDUHD[DWHSHDFHVWSURILO
OLPEDIUDQFH] SUH]LQW XQHOHIRQHPHFDUHQXVHUHJ VHVFvQDOWHOLPEL
SHQWUXDLOXVWUDGHRVHELUHDID GHOLPEDURPkQ GDWILLQGIDSWXOF vQOLPED
IUDQFH]  H[LVW  R PDUH GHRVHELUH vQWUH RUWRJUDILH L SURQXQ DUH RUWRJUDILD
HWLPRORJLF 
SHQWUXSUH]HQ DXQXLQXP UPDUHGHIRQHPHFRPXQHFXOLPEDURPkQ 

18

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

Tabelul 1.1)RQHPHOHOLPELLIUDQFH]HFODVLILFDUHDvQFODVHLVXEFODVH
Foneme:
vocale:

orale:

i (I,Y)
e (EI)
(AI); exemplu: perdu
a (A)
o (O)
u (OU)
y (U)
(EU); exemplu: deux, creuser
(OE); exemplu: malheur, peur
(H[HPSOXSHWLWHIRUWHPHQW
D (); exemplu: bton, pte.
o (AU)
vQOLPEDURPkQ PDLDSDU Lv

nazale:

(IN); exemplu: peinture, matin

(UN); exemplu: lundi, brun
a (AN); exemplu: temps
o (ON); exemplu: rondeur, bon

semivocale:

consoane:

j (ILL)
w (OI, OU); exemplu: moi, oui
y (UI, UA); exemplu: suite, nuage

lichide:

l (L)
r (R)

nazale:

m (M)
n (N)
*1H[HPSOXDJQHDXSHLJQHU

fricative:

sonore:

nesonore: f (F)
s (S)
&+H[HPSOXFKDQWHUPDFKLQH
GLQOLPEDURPkQ

sonore:

nesonore: p (P)
t (T)
k (K)

v (V)
z (Z)
-H[HPSOXMDUGLQPDQJHU

ocluzive:
b (B)
d (D)
g (G)

19

vQOLPEDURPkQ PDLDSDUH

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

Q WDEHO VXQW SUH]HQWDWH SHQWUX ILHFDUH FRORDQ  WUDQVFULHUHD IRQHWLF  D

fonemului FX DMXWRUXO DOIDEHWXOXL IRQHWLF LQWHUQD LRQDO FDUH SH OkQJ  OLWHUHOH
DOIDEHWXOXL ODWLQ XWLOL]HD]  L XQHOH VLPEROXUL VSHFLDOH L WUDQVFULHUHD
HWLPRORJLF 
2EVHUYD LL:
Vocalele orale sunt sunete sonore; fiecare dintre ele corespunde unei
FRQILJXUD LLSDUWLFXODUHDWUDFWXOXLYRFDOI U LQWHUYHQ LDFDYLW LLQD]DOH
Vocalele nazale VXQW SURGXVH SULQ FXSODUHD FDYLW LL QD]DOH FX FDYLWDWHD
EXFDO HPLVLDIRQHPXOXLVHUHDOL]HD] VLPXOWDQSHQ ULLSHJXU 
Q GRPHQLXO IUHFYHQ  VSHFWUHOH YRFDOHORU RUDOH VDX QD]DOH VXQW
caracterizate prin VWUXFWXUD IRUPDQWLF  )UHFYHQ HOH IRUPDQ LORU GHSLQG GH
OXQJLPLOH L VHF LXQLOH SRU LXQLORU GH WUDFW YRFDO H[LVWHQWH OD SURGXFHUHD
fonemului respectiv (vocalei respective).
2EVHUYD LL:
'DF VDUFRQVLGHUDWUDFWXOYRFDOFDXQVLQJXUWXEDFXVWLFLQXRFDVFDG
de tuburi acustice) cu lungimea l H[SULPDW  vQ PHWUL UH]RQDQ HOH DFHVWXLD
DGLF IUHFYHQ HOHIRUPDQ LORUDUIL

Fk = ( 2k 1)

c
4l

(1.27)

cu k N* Lc = viteza sunetului = 340 m/s.

$VWIHOSHQWUXROXQJLPHPHGLHDWUDFWXOXLGHFPUH]XOW 

c
340
34000
=
=
= 500 Hz
4l 4 0,17 4 17

(1.28)

Fk = ( 2k 1) 500 Hz

F1 = 500 Hz, F2 = 1500 Hz, F3 = 2500 Hz

$FHWLD VXQW IRUPDQ LL YRFDOHL QHXWUH e mut GLQ OLPED IUDQFH]  IRDUWH
DSURSLD LGHFHLDLYRFDOHL GLQOLPEDURPkQ &RQILJXUD LDWUDFWXOXLODHPLVLD
DFHVWHL YRFDOH HVWH IRDUWH DSURSLDW  GH FHD REVHUYDW  vQ SHULRDGHOH GH OLQLWH
tractul fiind n repaos.
'DF  VDU FRQVLGHUD WUDFWXO YRFDO OD SURGXFHUHD IRQHPHORU
FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH YRFDOHORU FD ILLQG IRUPDW GLQ GRX  VHF LXQL GRX  WXEXUL
DFXVWLFH vQ FDVFDG  FX OXQJLPLOH l1, l2 L DULLOH A1, A2, teoria undelor acustice
20

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

SHUPLWH VWDELOLUHD UHOD LLORU GH FDOFXO SHQWUX IUHFYHQ HOH GH UH]RQDQ  vQ IXQF LH
GH DFHWL SDUDPHWUL &X DFHVWH UHOD LL VH J VHVF SHQWUX YRFDOHOH a L i IRUPDQ LL
din Tabelul 1.2.
Tabelul 1.2)UHFYHQ HOHIRUPDQ LORUFRUHVSXQ] WRDUHIRQHPHORUDLL

A1
[cm2]
1
8

A2
[cm2]
7
1

l1
[cm]
9
9

l2
[cm]
8
6

Vocala
a
i

F1
[Hz]
750
250

F2
[Hz]
1250
1900

F3
[Hz]
2700
2800

$QDOL]DVSHFWUDO DIRQHPHORUFRUHVSXQ] WRDUHYRFDOHORUSXQHvQHYLGHQ

 IRUPDQ L ([SHULPHQWDO VD FRQVWDWDW SULQ ILOWU UL DGHFYDWH F  GLQWUH
DFHWLD R LPSRUWDQ  HVHQ LDO  SHQWUX SHUFHSHUHD FRUHFW  D YRFDOHL UHVSHFWLYH
GHFL SHQWUX LQWHOLJLELOLWDWH R DX SULPLL GRL IRUPDQ L L SDU LDO FHO GHDO WUHLOHD
IRUPDQW &HLODO L GRL IRUPDQ L FRQWULEXLH OD vPEXQ W LUHD FDOLW LL VXQHWXOXL
UHVSHFWLYDYkQGUROHVHQ LDOvQUHGDUHDWLPEUXOXLYRUELWRUXOXL$FHDVW FRQVWDWDUH
HVWH LPSRUWDQW  SHQWUX VLQWH]D YRUELULL HD UHOHYkQG IDSWXO F  vQ SULQFLSLX HVWH
QHFHVDU UHSURGXFHUHDFRUHFW DSULPLORUVDXIRUPDQ LSHQWUXDJHQHUDSULQ
VLQWH]  R DQXPLW  YRFDO  LQWHOLJLELO  SHQWUX DVFXOW WRUXO QRUPDO Q UHDOLWDWH
IUHFYHQ D IXQGDPHQWDO  YDULD]  GH OD XQ YRUELWRU OD DOWXO VDX FKLDU OD DFHODL
YRUELWRU SH SDUFXUVXO YRUELULL &UHWHUHD IUHFYHQ HL IXQGDPHQWDOH SURGXFH R
GHSODVDUH VSUH GUHDSWD D DQYHORSHL VSHFWUDOH GLQ )LJXUD  LDU VF GHUHD YD
GHWHUPLQDGHSODVDUHDDFHVWHLDVSUHVWkQJD'LQDFHVWPRWLYSHQWUXILHFDUHYRFDO
YRUH[LVWDQLWHEHQ]LGHIUHFYHQ vQFDUHSRWRSHUDIRUPDQ LLFRUHVSXQ] WRULQ
7DEHOXO  VXQW SUH]HQWDWH SODMHOH vQ FDUH SRW IL SODVD L SULPLL WUHL IRUPDQ L
SHQWUX FkWHYD GLQWUH YRFDOHOH OLPELL URPkQH >@ UH]XOWDWH RE LQXWH SULQ
SUHOXFUDUHD VWDWLVWLF  D GDWHORU GLQ DQDOL]H VRQRJUDILFH SUHOXFUDUHD
sonogramelor).
>@ $ 5RVHWWL $ / ] URLX ,QWURGXFHUH vQ IRQHWLF  (GLWXUD WLLQ LILF  L HQFLFORSHGLF 
%XFXUHWL
Tabelul 1.33ODMHOHSULPLORUIRUPDQ LSHQWUXFkWHYDGLQWUHYRFDOHOHOLPELLURPkQH
(cu F1 , F2 , F3 VDXQRWDWYDORULOHPHGLLVWDWLVWLFHDOHIRUPDQ LORU

Vocala

Plaja F1
[Hz]

i
e
a
o
u

200-450
250-650
450-1100
225-675
200-475

F1
[Hz]
300
400
700
400
350

Plaja F2
[Hz]
1850-2625
1475-2800
950-2100
550-1400
550-1200

21

F2
[Hz]
2200
1950
1300
1000
850

Plaja F3
[Hz]
2575-3500
2200-3350
2050-3275
1800-3350
2100-3050

F3
[Hz]
2950
2750
2600
2600
2500

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

8QHRUL VH RELQXLHWH V  VH UHSrezinte vocalele n planul primilor doi

IRUPDQ L DD FXP VH DUDW  vQ )LJXUD  6H UHPDUF  R DQXPLW  DFRSHULUH D
]RQHORU GH GLVSHUVLH DOH IUHFYHQ HORU F1, F2 $G XJDUHD FHOXL GHDO WUHLOHD
IRUPDQWSHUPLWHRFDUDFWHUL]DUHPDLEXQ DWXWXURUYRFDOHORU
F [Hz]
800
a
600
400

200
0

1000

2000

i
3000

F [Hz]

Figura 1.75HSUH]HQWDUHDXQRUYRFDOHDOHOLPELLIUDQFH]HvQSODQXOIRUPDQ LORUF1, F2

Fonemele fricative
Cele nesonore VXQW SURGXVH FD XUPDUH D XQXL YkUWHM WXUEXOHQ  FUHDW OD
WUHFHUHD DHUXOXL SULQWUR FRQVWULF LH D WUDFWXOXL YRFDO 7XUEXOHQ D SRDWH IL
VLWXDW 
- n apropierea buzelor (fricative labiale) pentru f ;
- vQDSURSLHUHDGLQ LORUIULFDWLYHGHQWDOHSHQWUXs;
- ODQLYHOXOY OXOXLSDODWLQSHQWUX(CH) fricative palatale.
Pentru fricativele sonore OD VXUVD GH ]JRPRW VSHFLILF  FHORU QHVRQRUH VH
DGDXJ RVXUV SHULRGLF OHJDW GHYLEUD LDFRDUGHORUYRFDOH
Fonemele (consoanele) ocluzive
Corespund unor sunete dinamice. Pentru generarea acestor sunete o presiune
SXWHUQLF  VH DFXPXOHD]  vQ DPRQWH GH R RFOX]LH PHQ LQXW  vQWUXQ SXQFW DO
WUDFWXOXLYRFDOGXS FDUHVHSURGXFHRUHOD[DUHEUXVF Perioada de ocluzie
HVWHGHQXPLW ID]DGH LQHUH.
Pentru ocluzivele sonore HVWH FDUDFWHULVWLF  SURGXFHUHD XQXL VXQHW GH MRDV
IUHFYHQ VXQHWHPLVSULQYLEUD LDFRDUGHORUYRFDOHvQWLPSXOID]HLGH LQHUH
Pentru ocluzivele nesonore,ID]DGH LQHUHeste oID] GHOLQLWH.
/D SURGXFHUHD IRQHPXOXL FRUHVSXQ] WRU FRQVRDQHL l, obturarea tractului
YRFDO VH IDFH SULQ OLSLUHD OLPELL GH FHUXO JXULL DHUXO ILLQG H[SXO]DW SULQ S U LOH
ODWHUDOHDOH]RQHLGHRFOX]LXQHQVIkULWODIRQHPXOFRUHVSXQ] WRUFRQVRDQHLr
RFOX]LXQHD QX HVWH FRQWLQX  L VH SURGXFH SULQ YLEUD LD OLPELL $PEHOH VXQW
foneme nesonore (surde).
22

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

8UP ULUHDYDULD LHLvQWLPSDVHPQDOHORUGHYRUELUHFRQGXFHOD FRQFOX]LL

LPSRUWDQWH GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO GXUDWHL GLIHULWHORU VXQHWH L DO vQI XU WRDUHL
WHPSRUDOH D VHPQDOXOXL YRFDO $VWIHO WLPSXO GH HPLVLH VSHFLILF ILHF UXL IRQHP
depinde de SR]L LDOXLvQFXYkQW, de contextulvQFDUHHVWHSODVDWLGHIDSWXOF
este accentuat sau neaccentuat. Durata medie a vocalelor neaccentuate este de
140 ms iar durata medie a vocalelor accentuate este de 210 ms. Duratele
FRQVRDQHORUSUH]LQW OLPLWHGHYDULD LLPDLODUJLGXUDWDPHGLHDFRQVRDQHORUHVWH
GHFLUFDPVFXYDORULFXSULQVHvQMXUGHPVSHQWUXSOR]LYHLvQMXUGH
ms pentru fricative. Pentru a face analiza spectrului instantaneu al vorbirii
UH]XOW  FD QHFHVDU  WUDQD GH DQDOL]  FX GXUDWD PDL PLF  GH  PV DFHDVWD
SHQWUXFDDQDOL]DV SRDW HYLGHQ LDFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHFHORUPDLVFXUWHVXQHWH
$QDOL]D vQI XU WRDUHL WHPSRUDOH D VHPQDOXOXL YRFDO LOXVWUHD]  IDSWXO F
YRUELUHDQRUPDO DUHRGLQDPLF GHFLUFDG%&HOHPDLSXWHUQLFHVXQHWHFHOH
VWULJDWHDXRLQWHQVLWDWHUHODWLY ODYDORDUHDGHSUDJGHG%LDUFHOHRSWLWHGH
G%9RUELUHDQRUPDO DUHRLQWHQVLWDWHUHODWLY GHFLUFDG%
3HQWUXFD]XOOLPELLURPkQHRFODVLILFDUHSURSXV GHVSHFLDOLWLvQIRQHWLF
>@HVWHSUH]HQWDW vQ7DEHOXO
>@ +17HRGRUHVFX/%XFKROW]HU&3RD &RPXQLFDUH RUDO  RPPDLQ  (G 7HKQLF
1986.
Tabelul 1.4&ODVLILFDUHDIRQHWLF DVXQHWHORUOLPELLURPkQH
Vocale:
'XS ORFXOGHDUWLFXODUHDOOLPELL
Anterioare
Mediale
Posterioare
GXS JUDGXOGHGHVFKLGHUHDOPD[LODUXOXL
i

u
nchise
e
o
Mijlocii
a
Deschise
Consoane:
Bilabiale
surde

sonore

Labiodentale
surde

sonore

t
f

Dentale
surde

s
n
l
r

sonore

Prepalatale
surde

sonore

d
z

Palatale
surde

k
c

g
j

Velare

sonore

Laringeale

surde

sonore

surde

sonore

$QDOL]DFODVLILF ULLSUH]HQWDWHHYLGHQ LD] FRQWULEX LDGLIHULWHORUHOHPHQWH

RUJDQH DOH DSDUDWXOXL IRQDWRU OD SURGXFHUHD YRUELULL )LHF UXL VXQHW YRUELW vL
HVWH FDUDFWHULVWLF  R DQXPLW  SR]L LH D RUJDQHORU DUWLFXODWRULL GLQ FDYLWDWHD
EXFDO  SUHFXP L DFWLYDUHD VDX QHDFWLYDUHD FRDUGHORU YRFDOH &XQRDWHUHD
]RQHORU GH DUWLFXOD LH LPSRUWDQWH SHQWUX SURGXFHUHD XQXL VXQHW GH YRUELUH
SUHFXP L SDUWLFLSDUHD VDX QHSDUWLFLSDUHD FRDUGHORU YRFDOH HVWH HVHQ LDO  vQ
UHDOL]DUHD YRUELULL VLQWHWLFH Q IXQF LH GH FRQWULEX LD FRDUGHORU YRFDOH VDX GH
23

1. INTRODUCERE N PRELUCRAREA SEMNALULUI VOCAL

VWDUHDGHUHSDRVDDFHVWRUDGHSLQGHWLSXOVXUVHLGHH[FLWD LHDVLQWHWL]RUXOXLLDUvQ
IXQF LH GH SR]L LD ]RQHORU GH DUWLFXOD LH UH]XOW  GHSHQGHQ D SDUDPHWULORU
sintetizorului.

24