Doble Training

Knowledge Is Power

SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery

Doble Testing
Basic Theory

Why Do We Test?

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Doble Training

Purpose Of Tests: To Detect

Overall Power Factor: Detect Moisture and
contamination in oil and deeper in cellulose

Bushing C1: Contamination in the main body

Bushing C2: Contamination in the oil and tap
area

Exciting Current: Core defects, bad connections,
shorted turns; especially useful for LTCs

Turns Ratio: Shorted turns

Leakage Reactance: Winding movement
3

How To Pinpoint A Problem

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Doble Training

Core Form Transformer

Winding Details
Some currents we want to
measure
and some we do not.
Unmeasured current returns to
Guard without being measured.

m
A

What Were Measuring

From the
components of
our test current,
we measure
current (IT),
capacitance (IC),
and watts (IR).

IT

IC

IC
IT
HV

O
IR

CH

CHL

CL

LV

m
A
6

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Relationship Between mA, pF, Watts, And

Percent Power Factor
IC IT
We apply a voltage
across our insulation,
and measure the
current that flows (IT)
in mA. We measure the
capacitive component
(IC in pF) and the
resistive component (IR
in Watts)

See the relationship

clearly (Fig 1) but more
realistically (Fig 2)
IT

IC

Cos
=
PF = IR/IT

IR
Fig 1

IR
Fig 2
7

Relationship Between Current and

Capacitance

This relationship applies when the resistive component is very

small.
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Doble Training

Why We Measure Capacitance

A

C= 4d
C
A

d

= Capacitance
= Area (size of capacitor)
=
dielectric constant
=
Distance between plates

All of these variables are Physical

Parameters

The Transformer As A Capacitor

A Representation of Transformer CH Insulation: A Capacitor

Upper Plate: (High Voltage Winding)

AT

CH
CHL
CL

Dielectric: (oil,
porcelain, paper
products)

Lower Plate: (the

grounded
transformer tank)

BT

10

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Doble Training

Original Winding Capacitances Based on

Normal Distances

11

Distances Changed Due To Winding

Distortions, Changing Capacitances

12

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Doble Training

Why We Measure Watts (Loss)

The measured Watts represent the energydissipating tendency of the insulating material
(i.e., the Dielectric Loss portion of the insulating
material). This component of the measured
current is created by foreign materials not part of
the insulation system. Examples:

Moisture

Arcing Byproducts

Metallic Particles from forced oil
motors

Airborne Particles

Resistive component
of current in Watts
13

What The Watts Measurement Means

IR

IC

Surface leakage on a bushing with contaminated porcelain can

be highly resistive because of moisture and particles of
contamination. Since the inside of the bushing is clean and
free of moisture, the C1 current measured on the inside should
be highly capacitive.
14

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A Word About Negative Watts...

The test set sees VT as the voltage, but
only I2 as the current. I2 referenced to
V2 would give us a positive watts
reading, but I2 referenced to VT does
not. The current IG and Resistance RG
determine the degree to which the
watts go negative.
Note that the current is
negative only when
referenced to VT; when
referenced to V2, it is
positive. So there really is
no such thing as negative
Watts.

15

Watts As It Relates To VT Or V2
The angular difference

between VT and V2 is caused
by the element

Without RG
With RG

16

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Doble Training

How To Calculate Power Factor

To express power factor in percent (% PF), multiply by 100:

Power
Factor Is:

10 kV equivalent values

17

Know These Relationships

% Power Factor = (Watts X 10)/mA

Capacitance (pF) = Current (mA) X 265

18

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Doble Training

You Can Check Your Data

EX: Line 2
1. Watts X 10 =1.91

2. Divided by 9.077mA=.21%

3. %PF Measured

4. Capacitance=
9.077 mA X 265=2405 pF
19

Power Factor Vs. Test Voltage

Tip-Up = Power Factor at Line-to-ground voltage Power Factor at 25% Line-to-ground voltage
As test voltage is increased, the power factor will increase depending
on the void density.
%PF

%PF @ L-G
%PF @ 25% L-G

E
25% L-G
L-G
Tip-up occurs mostly in dry-type insulation specimens such as Dry Type
Transformer, rotating machinery, and cables, but can occur in oil filled
transformers when the insulation is contaminated.
20

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Power Factor Tip-UP

21

Tipup Tests: Which Contaminants?

These will cause tipup:

Metallic particles from pump bearings in the insulation

Copper Sulfide

Carbon in the insulation

These will not cause tipup:

Water

Normal ageing byproducts

Corrosive Sulfur in the oil

Carbon or metallic particles in the oil
22

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Doble Training

Transformers And The Tipup Test

EXAMPLES OF WHEN TO USE A TIPUP TEST
1.
There is a bushing failure and you do a clean up. Check the
main insulation power factor including tip-up to see how
much conductive material might be trapped in the
insulation.
2.
The oil shows a high particle metal content and we know
the bearing went on one of the pumps. Check for tip up to
see if the metal particles have gotten into the main
insulation
3.
When a high power factor is measured, perform a tipup
test to see if the source of high power factor is water and/
or normal aging (no tip-up), or some other contaminant.
23

Summary


Current

(mA)


Capacitance (pF)


A-C dielectric Loss (Watts)


Percent Power Factor


Power Factor Tip-Up

Power Factor
24

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Doble Training

Basic Insulation & Power Factor Theory

Test Current I
How does test current return to its source?

Possible
Return
Leads:

Red
Blue
Ground

Guard

25

Basic Insulation & Power Factor Theory

Test Current I
Whick test currents get measured?
Current returned directly to guard (IA) does not get measured.
IA
IB
Guard
Current returned through measuring circuit (IB) does.
THUS WE CAN CONTROL WHICH CURRENTS TO MEASURE.
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Doble Training

Test Circuits

GST means Grounded Specimen Test. At least
part of the test current is measured through the
ground lead; the rest is measured through the
LV leads, if used and not guarded.

UST means Ungrounded Specimen Test. The
ground lead is not used for measurement. Only
the selected LV leads are measured. No
currents to ground can be measured.
27

Circuits Used To Measure CH, CHL, and CL Insulation

GST Test Circuit:

Currents to Ground
are measured

Guard
Test Set
Ground Lead:
(Set automatically)

UST Test Circuit:

Currents to Ground
are not measured;
Ground is Guard!
Guard

Measured
Not Measured
28

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Location Of Ground Relative To Guard:

What Is Measured
Test Current I

Test Current I

GST-Ground
UST

GST-Guard

Guard
Guard
Guarded and Ungrounded
cables not measured

Guarded and Grounded

cables not measured
29

Grounded Specimen Test

GST-Ground
Energize a bushing
60 Hz Electrostatic
Interference IE
(returns to ground)

m
A

57/63 Hz
Doble Test
Current
(returns to
Guard)

Current to ground is
measured using ground
lead
30

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GST
GROUNDED
SPECIMENT
TEST

UST
UNGROUNDED
SPECIMENT
TEST

GND - RB Measure Red, Blue, & Ground

GAR - RB Measure Only Ground
GAR - R

Measure Only Blue & Ground

GAR - B

Measure Only Red & Ground

UST - RB Measure Only Red and Blue

UST - R

Measure Only Red

UST - B

Measure Only Blue

31

Controlling Measured Current On Ch Measurement

Without being
guarded, the LV
winding influences the
HV winding
measurement to
ground; get a mixed
measurement.

LV

HV

CH
CHL
m
A

32

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Controlling Measured Current On Ch

Measurement
With the LV lead
connecting the LV
winding to guard, the
influence of the LV
winding is eliminated.
Get a pure
measurement.

LV

HV
CHL

CH
m
A

33

Controlling Measured Current

Section A will influence the section
B measurement if not guarded. Get
a mixed measurement.
A

m
A

34

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Controlling Measured Current

With Section A
guarded, the influence
of A is redirected via
the LV lead to Guard,
and doesnt get
measured. Get a pure
measurement.

m
A

35

The End

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