GDT TRAINING BASED ON ASME - Y14-5 - 2009 - GDT-Tandler PDF

SmartGD&T
TM
Introductory Remarks
for the
Carl Zeiss CMM User Group Meeting 2009

by
Bill Tandler
A SmartGD&T Workshop
Copyright 2004 - 2009 by Multi Metrics, Inc. Menlo Park, CA All Rights Reserved
SmartGD&T
Workshop Overview
1. What is GD&T? A Reminder
2. Fundamental GD&T Concepts
3. Feature Control Frames: Structure & Decoding
4. The Datum Reference Frame Establishment
Process in Concept and using CMM Software
What is GD&T ?
Many people think GD&T stands for
Grim, Depressing & Troublesome

or
Greatest Design Tool ever !

But of course, GD&T stands for
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing

and its the only tool we have for
managing imperfect geometry
Perfectly!
Definition
Most people would say . . .
The main purpose of GD&T is to communicate Design
intent unambiguously to manufacturing and inspection.
but in fact . . .
The primary purpose of GD&T, is to ensure that what we
communicate is worth communicating . . . . namely
represents functional, assemblable parts.
In fact .
without GD&T
all coordinate metrology must remain
Pure Invention
on the part of the inspector
How about the GD&T tool kit?

It consists of:
Geometry Control Tools
Feature Control Frames
Basic Dimensions, and
Datum Feature Labels
The Perfect Imaginary World of GD&T

1. Tolerance Zones
Bounded regions of space within which
feature components are required to lie.
Cylindrical
2. Tolerance Values
The sizes of tolerance zones.
TZ Diameter
TZ Wall Thickness
Tube-like
Slab-like
3. Datums
Reference points, lines and planes.
4. Coordinate Systems
Frames of reference for orienting and
locating tolerance zones.
5. Basic Dimensions
Tools for orienting and locating tolerance
zones.
6. Geometry Control Tools

A symbolic language for imposing the
perfect imaginary world on the imperfect
real world.
TZ Thickness
The encoded CAD Model
GD&T at Work
The imperfect actual part!
The actual part embedded in its

associated tolerance zones
The coordinate system and tolerance zone

forest defined by the GD&T Code
Fundamental Concepts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Datum Features
Datum Feature Simulators
Datums
Datum Reference Frames
Basic Dimensions
Material Condition Modifiers
Actual Values
Important Concepts
Physical Datum Features

Definition:
Datum Features are specially labeled, imperfect, physical
features of a real part, which serve to constrain degrees of
rotational and translational freedom during assembly processes.
Important Concepts
Substitute Datum Features

The CMM Connection:
Coordinate Metrology systems use
geometry processing algorithms to
extract form-perfect substitute Datum
Features from actual Datum Features.
Important Concepts
Substitute
Datum Feature A
Alternatives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Least squares plane

Mid-plane of the minimum slab-like zone
In-space, surface of the minimum slab-like zone
In-space, force constrained tangent plane
Important Concepts
Substitute
Datum Feature B
Alternatives:
1. Unconstrained, maximum inscribed cylinder

2. Least squares cylinder
3. In-space surface of the minimum tube-like zone
Important Concepts
Substitute
Datum Feature C
Alternatives:
1. Mid-plane of two least squares planes

2. Mid-plane of the in-space boundary planes of
two minimum slab-like zones
More Important Concepts

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Datum Features
Datums
Basic Dimensions
Actual Values
Important Concepts

Definition:
The conceptually perfect, or physically almost
perfect, geometric counterparts of Datum
Features, which are beholden to the Rules of
Datum Feature Simulator Management, and:
1. from which we extract Datums
2. in which we first establish Datum
Reference Frames, and
3. with which we transfer Datum Reference
Frames to actual parts.
Important Concepts
Physical Datum Feature Simulators

Fixed Tombstone
Datum Feature Simulator
C
Planar
A
Expanding Cylindrical
B
Important Concepts
Mathematical Datum Feature Simulators

The CMM Connection:
Coordinate Metrology systems use geometry
processing algorithms to extract form, and
potentially size, orientation and location
constrained, perfect, inverse substitute features
from actual datum features and CAD models.
Important Concepts
Mathematical Datum Feature Simulators

Computer generated, size, orientation and
location constrained, slab representing
Datum Feature Simulator C
Computer generated
unconstrained, tangent plane
representing Datum Feature
Simulator A
Computer generated, orientation

constrained, maximum inscribed, cylinder
representing Datum Feature Simulator B

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Datum Features
Datums
Basic Dimensions
Actual Values
Important Concepts
Datums
Definition:
Datums are the minimum set of one perfect reference
point, and/or straight line, and/or plane, which
together, fully characterize the orientation and location
of a datum feature simulator.
Datums serve to constrain the degrees of freedom of

starter coordinate systems and turn them into
Datum Reference Frames.
Datum Feature Simulators & Datums
Important Concepts
Datums
Extracted from Datum Feature Simulators
Datum C is the mid-plane of
Datum Feature Simulator C
Datum B is the axis of

Datum Feature Simulator B
Datum A is the tangent plane on
Datum Feature Simulator A
Important Concepts
Datums
Extracted from Datum Features
The CMM Connection:

Coordinate Metrology systems often bypass the simulator
step and use geometry processing algorithms to extract
Datums directly from Datum Features. This is perfectly
possible, but BEWARE !
Important Concepts
Case 1
Datums
Right !
Wrong !
Surely Datum B is the axis of the maximum

inscribed cylinder inside Datum Feature B !
What is Datum B ???
In fact, Datum B is the axis of the orientation constrained,

maximum inscribed cylinder inside Datum Feature B
Important Concepts
Datums
Wrong !
Right !
Surely Datum C is
mid-plane of the
maximum inscribed
slab inside Datum
Feature C
What is Datum C ???

In fact, Datum C is the mid-plane of the orientation
& location constrained, virtual maximum
material condition slab inside Datum Feature C.
Important Concepts
Question:
What do the letters in a Feature Control Frame represent:
1. Datums ?
2. Datum Features ?
3. Datum Feature Simulators ?
Important Concepts
Question
Answer
Datum Features . of course!
Points, lines and planes cannot be simulated regardless

of their size, or simulated at their virtual Maximum
Material Boundaries.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Datum Features
Datums
Basic Dimensions
Actual Values
Important Concepts

Definition:
Datum Reference Frames are
Cartesian Coordinate Systems
established using Datums.
Important Concepts

In the CAD Model
Important Concepts

In the Simulator Set
Important Concepts

In the Actual Part

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Datum Features
Datums
Basic Dimensions
Actual Values
Important Concepts
Basic Dimensions
Definition:
Basic dimensions are framed angular
and linear dimensions, which serve to
orient and locate tolerance zones, ..
... but only those tolerance zones
which can be oriented and located.
Important Concepts
Basic Dimensions
Case 1
What purpose do these basic dimensions serve?
They locate the Position tolerance zone for the lower, right hand bore.
Important Concepts
Basic Dimensions
Case 2
What purpose does this basic dimension serve?
It locates the Position tolerance zone for the slot (Datum Feature C).
Important Concepts
Basic Dimensions
Case 3
What purpose does this basic dimension serve?
This basic dimension serves no purpose, because Parallelism tolerance zones

cannot be located.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Datum Features
Datums
Basic Dimensions
Actual Values
Important Concepts

Definition:
M
can be associated with:

Datum Features
and
Tolerance Values
Important Concepts
When associated with

tolerance values they impact
the size of a tolerance zone.
M permits the tolerance zone to expand by

as much as 1 mm as the bore departs from
MMC toward LMC.
Important Concepts

Datum Features they impact
the stability or mobility of a
tolerance zone.
S stabilizes the tolerance zone relative to Datum

Feature B, regardless of its size.
Important Concepts

Datum Features they impact
the stability or mobility of a
tolerance zone.
M mobilizes the tolerance zone relative

to Datum Feature C, as C departs from
its Virtual MMC size.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Datum Features
Datums
Basic Dimensions
Actual Values
Important Concepts
Actual Values
Definition:
The Actual Value of a geometric characteristic is the
size of the smallest associated tolerance zone that just
accommodates the controlled component of the
considered feature.
Important Concepts
Actual Values
Case 1
What are the Actual Values of the

Size of a bore?
1. Actual Mating Size = the
Diameter of the Maximum
Inscribed Cylinder
2. Actual Local Size = the
Diameter of the largest
Minimum Circumscribed
Circle
Important Concepts
Actual Values
Case 2
What is the Actual Value of the

Position of a bore?
Actual Position = the Diameter of
the location constrained, minimum
circumscribed cylinder which just
contains the bounded axis.
Important Concepts
Actual Values
Case 2
Important Concepts
Actual Values
Case 3
What is the Actual Value of the

Straightness of a bore?
Actual Straightness = the
Diameter of the smallest
unconstrained cylinder
which just contains all the
points in the Median Line.
Whats the
Measured Value ?
The
Measured Value
of a Geometric Characteristic is the
measuring uncertainty limited
Actual Value
Feature Control Frame
Anatomy
Feature Control Frame Anatomy

Specifies the Geometry
Control Tool
Specifies the Datum Reference

Frame Establishment Process
Specifies the
Tolerance Zone
Tolerance Zone Shape
Primary
Tolerance Zone Size

Tolerance Zone Size
Modifier
Tolerance Zone Mobility Modifiers
Datum Feature
Secondary
Datum Feature
Tertiary
Datum Feature
Material Condition Modifier Effects

Tolerance Zone Size
Modifiers
Impact on Tolerance Zone
Encoded Function
M ore tolerance
Feature Clearance
L ots of tolerance
Feature Overlap
S tuck at 0.5 mm
Feature Centering

Tolerance Zone Size
Modifiers
Impact on Coordinate Metrology

M
Easy to implement, and generally well managed !
Easy to implement, but is it truly understood ?
Easy to implement nothing to do !

Tolerance Zone Mobility
Modifiers
Impact on Simulators
M
M Fixes Simulator at its Virtual MM Boundary
L Fixes Simulator at its Virtual LM Boundary
S Requires Simulator to expand or contract to

consume all the available space

Modifiers
Impact on DRF & Tolerance Zone
Encoded Function
M obilizes the tolerance zone
Mating Part play,

guaranteeing clearance
L oosens the tolerance zone
Mating Part play,

guaranteeing overlap
S tabilizes the tolerance zone

Mutual Centering

Modifiers
Impact on Coordinate Metrology

M
Presents challenges !
Presents challenges !
Should present no problems !

Now well illustrate
Decoding GD&T
as opposed to
Interpreting GD&T
Reading the Feature Control Frame.
Position - within a diameter of 0.5 mm at MMC - relative to A, B

regardless of feature size, and C at MMC.
Decoding the Feature Control Frame.
Position requires the bounded axis of the Considered Feature to lie within a cylindrical
tolerance zone diameter of 0.5 mm at MMC - expanding by as much as 1 mm as the
Considered Feature departs from MMC toward LMC Copyright 2004 - 2009 by Multi Metrics, Inc. Menlo Park, CA All Rights Reserved
Decoding the Feature Control Frame.
- oriented and located by BASIC dimensions - relative to a Datum Reference Frame

established using Datum Feature A, simulated rocking, Datum Feature B, simulated
stably, regardless of its size, and Datum Feature C, simulated mobly, at its Virtual
Maximum Material Condition size.
Namely this Datum Reference Frame !
Foundations for establishing a Datum Reference Frame
Concepts
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tools
Rules
Datum Features
Datums
Degrees of Freedom
1. Datum Feature Labels

2. Tolerance Zone Mobility Modifiers
3. Feature Control Frames
1. Rules of Datum Feature Simulator Management

2. Rules of Natural Datum Reference Frame Establishment
Rules of Datum Feature Simulator Management

1.
Form: All simulators shall have perfect form.
2.
Orientation: All simulators shall be perfectly oriented by their

associated basic dimensions.
3.
Location: Unless otherwise indicated, all simulators shall be

perfectly located by their associated basic dimensions.
4.
Size: - Simulators referenced RFS shall expand or contract to

consume all the space available in or outside their associated
Datum Features. - Simulators referenced MMC or LMC shall
be fixed at the Virtual MMC or LMC size of their associated
Datum Features.
Rules of Natural Datum Reference Frame Establishment

1.
Datum Feature Precedence: Datum Features shall be used in

the order in which they appear in the Feature Control Frame.
2.
Degrees of Constraint Precedence: Each Datum Feature shall

first attempt to constrain pitch & yaw, then roll, and only then
translational degrees of freedom.
3.
Non-Override: No Datum Feature may impact degrees of

freedom constrained by higher precedence Datum Features.
4.
Can-May-Must: - If a Datum Feature can constrain a degree of

freedom, and also may, then it must.
The Six Step Datum Reference Frame Establishment Process

Step 3.
Virtual MMC
Tombstone Simulator C
Expanding Cylindrical
Simulator B
Construct the Datum

Feature Simulators
Step 2.
Step 1.
Decode the Feature
Control Frame
Step 6.
Transfer the DRF to the
part by mating the Datum
Features with their
simulators
Planar Simulator A
Identify the Datum

Features
A: planar surface
B: hollow cylinder
C: slot
Step 4.
Extract the Datums
from the Simulators
Step 5.
Use the Datums to constrain a
starter coordinate system in
the Simulators
Concluding Remarks
1. GD&T is clearly essential for Metrology
2. GD&T is clearly complex
3. GD&T is sporadically used and therefore
easily lost.
Keys for Success

1. GD&T Advisor Teams
2. GD&T Encoding Automation
3. GD&T Decoding Automation
The New
ASME Y14.5 2009 Standard
A SmartGD&T Overview
TM
for the
Carl Zeiss CMM User Group Meeting 2009

by
Bill Tandler
Updated 2009-10-29
SmartGD&T
Tutorial Overview
1. What is GD&T? - A Reminder
2. New Concepts
3. New Tools Impacting Datums
4. New Tools Impacting Tolerance Zones
5. Disappointments
What is GD&T?
A Reminder
Most people would say . . .
The main purpose of GD&T is to communicate Design intent
unambiguously to manufacturing and inspection.
but in fact . . .
The primary purpose of GD&T, is to ensure that what we
communicate is worth communicating . . . . namely represents
functional, assemblable parts.
GD&T
is a risk management tool for . . .
1. Design
2. Manufacturing
3. Inspection
4. Assembly
GD&T is a symbolic language for

1. researching
2. refining and
3. encoding
the function of each feature of a part in Design,
in order - through decoding - to
1. assess the fault tolerance of our designs
2. guarantee assemblability and operation prior
to drawing release
3. reduce manufacturing costs by setting
precise, achievable objectives
4. turn inspection into a truly scientific process
GD&T consists of
This review of the
2009 Standard
addresses these
two components
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Concepts
Tools
Rules
Processes
Best Practices
Y14.5 2009 Changes and their Impact
New Concepts
(a partial set)
1.
2.
New Names for Material Condition Modifiers

Loss of the RFS Modifier S
New Tools impacting Datums

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A more complete definition of Datums

Applicability of the modifiers S M L to Planar Datum Features
The new Datum (Feature Simulator) Translation Modifier:
New Degrees of Constraint Modifiers: [u,v,w,x,y,z]
Expanded Composite Feature Control Frames Up to four tiers.
New Datum Reference Frame Axis Labels: X[A,B,C], Y[] etc.
New Tools impacting Tolerance Zones

(a partial set)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Unequally Disposed Profile Modifier: U

Non-Uniform Modifier: [NON-UNIFORM]
ALL OVER Modifier:
Continuous Feature Modifier: CF
Independency Modifier: I
Disappointments
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Still no clearly defined, accessible, sets of Rules.

The Concentricity and Symmetry tools unchanged.
The Radius and Controlled Radius Tools still define
non-functional crescent shaped tolerance zones.
Still no tool for controlling the orientation and location
of curved spines.
Still no page number references in the index.
New Concepts
(a partial set)
1.
2.

If all these modifiers are called

how can we differentiate between their effects?
The Great Divide

These modifiers impact
Tolerance Zone Size

New 2009 Name
Tolerance Value
Modifiers
New 2009 Name
Material Boundary
Modifiers
Its great to finally highlight the

differences,
but the names could be better.
Here are our favorites
The Great Divide

Tolerance Zone Size
Tolerance Zone Size

Modifiers


Modifiers
the SmartGD&T recommended names

New Concepts
(a partial set)
1.
2.

1982
required
1994
permitted
2009
Not good !
forbidden
2009
Why not good ?
forbidden
1.
Explicit modifiers inform us directly, and save time when

decoding Feature Control Frames. Time is money !
2.
An explicit S confirms that the designer chose S intentionally

after considering M and L , rather than having overlooked the
need to make a choice. Awareness and certainty save money !
2009
Retaining an explicit S is therefore

highly recommended !
You can do so with a corporate
document specifying it as a
corporate modification to the
Standard, or with a note, both very
common practices in industry.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Definition:
Datums are the minimum set of one perfect imaginary
reference point, and/or straight line, and/or plane,
which together, fully characterize the orientation and
location of a datum feature simulator.
Datums serve to constrain the degrees of freedom of

starter coordinate systems and turn them into
Datum Reference Frames.
Datum Feature Simulators & Datums

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Prior to 2009, the Tolerance Zone Mobility modifiers

S M and L could not be applied to planar surfaces !
C is a planar
surface.
The 2009 Y14.5 Standard now makes Tolerance Zone

Mobility modifiers applicable to planar surfaces, but
only those which are location constrained, in other
words, to those for which Maximum Material and Least
Material boundaries can be defined.
If C is a location
constrained planar
Datum Feature,
TZM
modifiers are
now allowed
This change eliminates one half of the so-called
Tertiary Datum Problem

If there is more than one way for a
Datum Feature to constrain degrees of
rotational freedom, there must be code
to distinguish between the alternatives.
Examples
Heres the part drawing !
And here are the


The question is:
How should Simulator C behave?
Each alternative encodes a

different function and requires
different simulator behavior
First . . . the details for M :

Simulator
fixed
InSpace
Simulator C
M fixes Simulator C at the Virtual Maximum Material Boundary
Permitting residual
in-space roll M obility !
Next . . . the details for S :
Simulator
Sliding
Simulator C
S requires Simulator C to slide up to and consume all the space

outside Datum Feature C, imposing
in-space roll S tability !
And here . . . the details for L :

Simulator
fixed
InMaterial
DFS C
L fixes Simulator C at the Virtual Least Material Boundary

Permitting residual
in-material roll L ability !
Review
If the planar surface is referenced at M
Simulator C is
fixed in-space !
in-space roll M obility !

If the planar surface is referenced at S
Simulator C is
sliding !
in-space roll S tability !

If the planar surface is referenced at L
Simulator C is
fixed in-material !
in-material roll L ability !

How useful is this addition?
Very
M
encodes potential mobility (or play) between mating planar

features during assembly, and permits taking advantage of it.
encodes stability between mating planar features during assembly,

and forbids taking advantage of potential play.
encodes potential looseness between a planar Datum Feature

in its cast versus its machined condition, and permits taking
advantage of it during material removal.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Datum (Feature Simulator) Translation Modifier:
Whereas S M and L require Datum Feature

Simulators to expand, contract or be fixed in size,
addition of the translation modifier frees Datum
Feature Simulators of size to also translate during
the DRF establishment process.
Applicability
The translation modifier applies only to
Datum Features of Size.
The translation modifier eliminates the

other half of the so-called
Tertiary Datum Problem

If there is more than one way for a
Datum Feature to constrain degrees of
rotational freedom, there must be code
to distinguish between the alternatives.
Examples
Heres a part drawing !
Heres one possible application

of the Translation modifier.
Here are the

And here are the details for M without
M requires Datum Feature Simulator C to be fixed in size and location,

leading to potential roll mobility based on Datum Feature Cs location.
In this case Datum Feature C serves as a
clocking Datum Feature !
Next . . . the details for S without
S requires Datum Feature Simulator C to be fixed in location, but

expand, leading to roll stability based on Datum Feature Cs location.
In this case Datum Feature C also serves as a
clocking Datum Feature !
Finally . . . the details for S with
S requires Datum Feature Simulator C to expand and

requires it
to slide, leading to roll stability based on Datum Feature Cs orientation.
In this case Datum Feature C serves as an
aligning Datum Feature !
If M is used without
Clocking with residual roll M obility
The simulator is
fixed in location
and fixed in size.
If S is used without
Clocking with roll S tability
The simulator is
fixed in location
but is required to
expand.
If S is used with
Aligning with roll S tability
The simulator is
required to
expand and slide.
Impact
M +
encodes the potential mobility and also the clocking

function of roll constraining datum features of size during
assembly.
S +
encodes the stability and aligning function of roll

constraining datum features of size during assembly.
L +
encodes the potential lability (looseness) and also the

clocking function of roll constraining, cast, forged or molded
datum features during secondary machining operations.
How useful is the Translation modifier ?
Quite
Because, even though it will be rarely
required, it enables explicit feature
function encoding.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Degrees of Constraint Modifiers: [u,v,w,x,y,z]
Lets start with a question:
Whats the purpose of Datum Features ?

To constrain
rotational and translational
degrees of freedom
during assembly processes!
There are 6 degrees of

rotational and translational freedom:
3 Rotational:
1. Pitch u
2. Yaw v
3. Roll w
3 Translational:
1. Tx x
2. Ty y
3. Tz z
and a set of six new tools for constraining them:
[u,v,w,x,y,z]
The Degrees of Constraint Modifiers

Degrees of Constraint modifiers are placed inside
brackets to the right of the Material Boundary modifier
associated with a Datum Feature label, and serve to
specify the degrees of freedom that a particular Datum
Feature is required and permitted to constrain !
Degrees of Constraint modifiers make the

Can, May, Must rule explicit !
Example:
Just for fun, lets try to control
the left hand bore relative to a
Datum Reference Frame
established using . . .
five Datum Features.

All we have to do is list them
in the Feature Control Frame
Example:
But this doesnt work, because

A, B and C already constrain
all six degrees of freedom !
Example:
However, if this is a real,
functional objective, which it
could be, how can we encode it?
Using
Degrees of Constraint
modifiers !
Example:
Lets use 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A to constrain only pitch

and yaw.
B to constrain only roll.
C to constrain only
translation in Z
D to constrain only
translation in X.
E to constrain only
translation in Y.
And here it is !
The
Datum Reference Frame
defined by our five
Datum Features !
Now we need a much more
practical
Degrees of Constraint Modifiers
example.
But first, the 2009 change in
Composite Feature Control Frames

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Composite Feature Control Frames Up to four tiers

Composite Feature Control Frames can now have up to four tiers !!!
But, whats so special about

Composite Feature Control Frames ?
They provide special
function encoding power.
How?
by limiting the Datum Features in the second and all
lower tiers to constraining only rotational degrees
of freedom !
Example
Focusing on the two
small bores on the left
and the long bore on
the right . . . .
The functional objectives we want to encode are:

1.
the coaxiality of the two small bores relative to the long

bore (Datum Feature A) on the right, shall be held
within 100 microns.
1.
the combined parallelism of the two small bores relative

to the long bore shall be held within 50 microns.
1.
the mutual coaxiality of the two small bores shall be held

within 10 microns.
Heres how we can do that using a

Composite Feature Control Frame!
1. Because A in the first tier constrains

pitch, yaw and both degrees of
translational freedom, the first tier
imposes global coaxiality relative to A.
Heres the DRF defined

by Datum Feature A

First Tier Tolerance Zone 0.10

. . . and here is the location constrained,

cylindrical Position tolerance zone of
diameter 100 microns.
2. Because A in the second tier constrains

only pitch and yaw, the second tier
imposes refined mutual coaxiality and
refined parallelism relative to A . . .
. . . and defines an orientation constrained,

diameter 50 microns, which is free to
slide up and down.
3. Due to the absence of all external

constraints, the third tier merely
further refines the mutual
coaxiality of the two bores . . .
. . . and defines a totally unconstrained,

diameter 10 microns, which is free to
pitch, yaw and slide up and down.
First Tier Tolerance Zone 0.10
Here are all three tolerance zones

stacked together !
Third Tier Tolerance Zone 0.01

Second Tier Tolerance Zone 0.05
We go from a Composite to a Compound

Feature Control Frame and use
Degrees of Constraint Modifiers !
We no longer need
Composite Feature Control Frames
Degrees of Constraint Modifiers !

How useful are

Degrees of Constraint Modifiers ?
Very !
They eliminate the need for Composite Feature
Control Frames and provide even more
function encoding power
than we had before !

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Datum Reference Frame Axis Labels: X[A,B,C], Y[] etc.
As we have already seen,

locating the axes of a Datum Reference
Frame isnt so easy !
Lets do an exercise.
Datum Feature
A constrains
pitch, yaw and
one degree of
translational
freedom.
Datum Feature
C constrains the
last degree of
translational
freedom.
Can you figure out the

locations of the X, Y and Z
axes of the DRF defined here?
Datum Feature B constrains

roll and one more degree
of translational freedom.
Can you figure out the

locations of the X, Y and Z
axes of the DRF defined here?
Here they are !
But which axis is X, which is Y and which is Z ?
We now have
Datum Reference Frame Axis Labels
X[A,B,C]
Y[A,B,C]
Z[A,B,C]
so everyone knows exactly whats going on !

Benefits
1)
DRF axis labels accelerate the decoding of

Feature Control Frames in the machine shop
and in inspection.
2)
DRF axis labels standardize coordinate

measuring machine data reporting.
3)
DRF axis labels are required when using

Degrees of Constraint modifiers, because the
axes are referenced in the code.

(a partial set)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

ALL OVER Modifier:
The Surface Profile tool specifies symmetrical skin-like

tolerance zones by default.
The Tolerance Zone

The 1994 Standard specifies unilateral tolerance zones graphically.
Can we escape from

dependence on
visual cues ?
The Tolerance Zone

Boundaries
The 2009 Standard specifies unilateral tolerance zones

symbolically using the unequally disposed modifier U
How does it
work?
The value in front of the

modifier specifies the total
tolerance, and . . .
. . . the value behind the

modifier specifies the in-space
portion of the tolerance.
The 2009 Standard specifies unilateral tolerance zones

symbolically using the unequally disposed modifier U
Once we latch,
it seems to
work !
The Tolerance Zone

Boundaries
The 1994 Standard also specifies unequal bilateral

tolerance zones graphically:
How does 2009

handle this ?
The 1994 Standard also specifies unequal bilateral

tolerance zones graphically:
The same way !
The value in front of the

modifier specifies the total
tolerance, and . . .
. . . the value behind the

modifier specifies the in-space
portion of the tolerance.
The 2009 Standard also uses the symbol U to specify

unequal bilateral tolerance zones
The Tolerance Zone

Boundaries
How useful is the

Modifier U ?
Very !
We have eliminated
dependence on visual cues !

(a partial set)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

ALL OVER Modifier:
How do we specify a
Surface Profile Tolerance
Zone whose thickness is
required to vary ?
. . . Using a the nonuniform modifier plus . . .
. . . graphical indications of
the boundaries embedded in
the CAD model or added to
the drawing.

(a partial set)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

ALL OVER Modifier:
ALL OVER Modifier:
The 2009 Standard provides a symbol as a

replacement for the note ALL OVER.
But the note ALL OVER is

still permitted !

(a partial set)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

ALL OVER Modifier:
When applied to an interrupted collection of Features of

Size, the Continuous Feature modifier imposes the
Envelope Rule on the entire set as a group.
Other applications of the Continuous Feature modifier are
also possible, but are not mentioned in the 2009 Standard.

(a partial set)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

ALL OVER Modifier:
The Independency Modifier: I
I means: Independent of the Envelope Rule

This . . .
Replaces this !
Example
Is this a functional specification?
No ! because the automatically imposed Envelope Rule requires

global Cylindricity of 0.02 mm, which is impossible in such a long shaft.
Example
Does this make sense?
No !
Because without the Envelope Rule the shaft

could turn into a garden hose !
Example
What if we add
incremental
Cylindricity ?
Does this make sense?
Yes !
We now have a thoroughly functional solution !

Disappointments
1. Still no clearly defined, accessible, sets of Rules.
2. The Concentricity and Symmetry tools unchanged.
3. The Radius and Controlled Radius Tools still define
non-functional crescent shaped tolerance zones.
4. Still no tool for controlling the orientation and
location of curved spines.
5. Still no page number references in the index.
Concluding Remarks
Multi Metrics, Inc.

is the home of
SmartGD&T
TM
Concluding Remarks
What is
SmartGD&T ?
SmartGD&T is a rule-based, process driven approach
to either the ASME Y14.5M 1994 or ISO 1101 standard,
which makes it possible to encode and decode,
rather than interpret GD&T, and get it right the first
time.
Founded in 1975, Multi Metrics provides the following

Services
SmartGD&T Technology Licensing

Corporate GD&T Implementation Planning
On-Site GD&T Enduser and Trainer Training
On-Site & Remote GD&T Encoding & Decoding
Services
Products
SmartGD&T Pseudo-Code
Training Manuals & Presentation Materials
Training Models
Reference Books
How can we help you ?
Please visit
www.multimetrics.com
and give us a call at

650-328-0200
Thank you !
Bob Connors
&
The Carl Zeiss CMM User
Group !
Bill Tandler

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SmartGD&T

Carl Zeiss CMM User Group Meeting 2009

Many people think GD&T stands for

Grim, Depressing & Troublesome

Greatest Design Tool ever !

But of course, GD&T stands for

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing

managing imperfect geometry

How about the GD&T tool kit?

The Perfect Imaginary World of GD&T

6. Geometry Control Tools

The encoded CAD Model

The actual part embedded in its

The coordinate system and tolerance zone

Physical Datum Features

Substitute Datum Features

Substitute Datum Features

Least squares plane

Substitute Datum Features

1. Unconstrained, maximum inscribed cylinder

Substitute Datum Features

1. Mid-plane of two least squares planes

More Important Concepts

Datum Feature Simulators

Physical Datum Feature Simulators

Mathematical Datum Feature Simulators

Mathematical Datum Feature Simulators

Computer generated, orientation

More Important Concepts

Datums serve to constrain the degrees of freedom of

Datum Feature Simulators & Datums

Datum B is the axis of

The CMM Connection:

Surely Datum B is the axis of the maximum

What is Datum B ???

In fact, Datum B is the axis of the orientation constrained,

What is Datum C ???

Datum Features . of course!

Points, lines and planes cannot be simulated regardless

More Important Concepts

Datum Reference Frames

Datum Reference Frames

Datum Reference Frames

Datum Reference Frames

More Important Concepts

What purpose do these basic dimensions serve?

What purpose does this basic dimension serve?

What purpose does this basic dimension serve?

This basic dimension serves no purpose, because Parallelism tolerance zones

More Important Concepts

Material Condition Modifiers

can be associated with:

Material Condition Modifiers

When associated with

M permits the tolerance zone to expand by

Material Condition Modifiers

When associated with

S stabilizes the tolerance zone relative to Datum

Material Condition Modifiers

When associated with

M mobilizes the tolerance zone relative

More Important Concepts

What are the Actual Values of the