.

Exploratorium
.

2015

. Exploratorium
.

.


.
, .

.

,

.



. Exploratorium San
Francisco,
.

Multimedia and Interactivity in modern museum

organizations. The case of Exploratorium in San Francisco.

Abstract
In an era of cultural and economic crisis modern museum organizations utilize the
possibilities offered by new technologies in order to cope with the objectives they
have set. The shift from mass services to services tailored to the individual needs and
the free choice of learning has led to the demand for maximizing the quality of the
learning experience, which is provided. Guests desire more interaction with the
exhibits so as to learn while having fun. Interactive multimedia gives them more
stimulating learning abilities and aesthetic criteria. Mobile devices and interactive
systems enhance the experience of visitors to the introduction of multimedia content,
while multimedia applications and interactive exhibits in the museum support the
process of participation in the form of the interaction to the public. Moreover, virtual
reality has offered new opportunities by presenting cultural heritage and education
consequently, all the more being supported and recognized aiming to please and
attract the public. At Exploratorium Science Museum in San Francisco, interactive
multimedia enriches learning by offering a multifaceted fun loving, educational
experience. However, the use of interactive multimedia on the one hand enables the
Museum to meet its objectives, which have been set, while on the other, it sometimes
creates obstacles to a number of issues.

 , 8 . 1599/1988 2,4,6 . 3
. 1256/1982,

,
.
4


.
.

.

......................................................................................................................................... 2
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 3
......................................................................................................................................... 8
................................................................................................................ 10
1 .................................................................................................................................. 11
............................................................ 11
1.1 . .................................................................. 11
1.2 .......................................................................................... 12
1.3 . ,
. ................................................................................................................................... 15
1.4 . ............................................................... 17
2 .................................................................................................................................. 21
. .................. 21
2.1 . ................................................ 21
2.2 . .......................... 23
2.3
. ...................................................................................................................................... 24
2.4 . ......................................................... 27
3 .................................................................................................................................. 34
. 34
3.1 . ............................................................................. 34
3.2
. ............................................................................................................. 35
3.3 ............. 38
3.4 . ................................................. 40
3.5 . ........................................... 43
4 .................................................................................................................................. 45
Exploratorium . ......................................................................................... 45
4.1 . ............................. 45

4.2 Exploratorium. .................................................................................................................... 47

4.3 Exploratorium. ................................................................................... 51
4.4 Exploratorium. .................................................................. 52
4.4.1 . .............................................................................................................. 52
4.4.2 Scrapple. ............................................................................................................................... 53
4.4.3 Kanbar Forum. ...................................................................................................................... 53
4.5 Exploratorium. ........................... 56
4.6 Exploratorium
. ...................................................................................................... 57
4.7 Exploratorium. ................................................. 62
4.7.1 Plankton Population. ............................................................................................................ 62
4.7.2 Living Liquid. ......................................................................................................................... 64
4.7.3 Black Box............................................................................................................................... 66
4.8 Exploratorium. ........................................................... 69
4.9 Exploratorium...................................................................... 75
4.9.1 Second Life 3D . ................................................... 75
4.9.2 Splo - Second Life. ........................................................................ 77
5 .................................................................................................................................. 82
.............................................................................................................................. 82
5.1 Swot analysis. .......................................................................................................................... 82
5.2 , , . ................................................................................ 84
. ...................................................................................................... 87
. .......................................................................................................... 88
. ................................................................................................................... 91

H
.
Exploratorium
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Exploratorium

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Exploratorium
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swot analysis
Exploratorium.

,
,
,
(, 2005: 15).



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.
.
(2005)
.

. Exploratorium

, .

Exploratorium.
Exploratorium .

10

 1
.

1.1 .
1960
.
.
.
.
1960

.
,
, .
1970 ,
, .


(William, 2010: 19).
1980
.

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,
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(William, 2010:
20).
11


.


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,
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( Beardon & Worden, 1997: 63).

1.2 .
21

. Falk .. (2006: 335)
:
1)

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2)

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3)

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. (Falk .., 2006: 336).



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(, 2006: 59).
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( ..).


(, 2002). internet World Wide
. Web
,
.

(Nishadi de Silva, 2003: 6).

( Schweibenz, 1998: 186).

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.

,

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(Caulton, 2006: 1).

14

1.3 . ,
.
(2007: 75)
, , , ,
video .
1960
.
1970
.

1990
(, 2007: 141).

, , ,

.
(2004: 21) :
1) .
2) .
3)
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4) .
5) ,
.
6) .

15

7) CD ROM .
8) internet
.
9)
( , , ).
10)
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11)
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:
1) .
2)
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3)
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16

 Jaen .. (2005: 48)

:
1) .
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2) .
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, .

, ( Beardon & Worden, 1997:
68).

1.4 .

, ,

. :
1) .
2) .

17

3) . (
hands-on ).

.


(Witcomb, 2006:
354).

hands on
.
minds-on hands on
.


(Adams & Moussouri, 2002: 1).


.

, ,
.
,
.

, hands-on.
(Adams & Moussouri, 2002: 2).

18


. links
. ,

.

(Nishadi de Silva, 2003: 6).
hands-on
hands-on
. , hands-on

. hands-on
. , ,

. Hands-on ,
.
hands-on

. hands-on ,
hands-on
, hands-on minds-on
().

.

(Caulton, 2006: 2).
Witcomb
.
19


(..
).
.
.
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.
.

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. (
) ( ).

,
(Witcomb,
2006: 360).

20

 2

.

2.1 .
Petridis .. (2006: 409)

:
1)

.
2) 3D
(supporting data).
3)
,
.
.
4) ,
,
.

.
5) hardware software

.
6)

21


.
7) 3D

.
IX
435 (flexible substrates).
, ,

.
, , Haller .. (2009: 436)
:
1) .
2) (robusttracking) .
3) .
4) .
5) .
.
Haller .. (2009: 452) :
1) .
2) .
3) .
4) .

22

2.2
.
(user interface)
. 2D ,
,
,
. Petridis .. (2006:
411) :
1)
.
2) 3D .
3)
.
4) .
5) .
Microsoft
Surface tables.
, .

.

. Surface tables Microsoft LumiSight

(Haller .., 2009: 439).

,
.

(Haller .., 2009: 442).
23

 ,
.


(Haller .., 2009: 450).

2.3
.

.
,
.

( Petridis .., 2007: 73).


CD ROM
.

(, 2007: 77).
(2007: 142)

:
1) .
2)
.

24

3)
.
4)

.
5) .
6)
.
7) .
8) .
9)
.
10)
.
11) .. .



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-
.
.

.
, , ,
25

 , ,
,

( , 2006: 60).

,

.

,
(, 2004: 4).


,
(, 2004: 4).


.

. PDAs

(Fleck .., 2002: 13).

Kiddyface. O Slavko Milekic

.

.

26

 .
Milekic

.



(, 2004: 5).

2.4 .

.

.

.


. .

(Carrozzino & Bergamasco, 2010:
452).
,


.
.
.
.
27


,
, (Carrozzino &
Bergamasco, 2010: 453).


.
Myron Krueger 1974
( Pujol,
2004: 2).
.

.
.

.
.

(, 2002: 15).

.

(,
2002: 18).

,
28

, ,

.
. , ,

(, 2002: 20).
(2007: 32)
(
) ,
,
( ) ,
.
,
. (,
, )

.
( Schweibenz,
1998: 189).

.
.
,
3D ,
.
2D Web
3D
.

29


(Petridis .., 2007: 74).
3D

.

on-line
.

.



(Petridis .., 2006: 408).

, .
3D

on-line .


3D
.
,

3D .

,

(Petridis .., 2006: 409).

30


.

,
.
.

(Cauchard .., 2006: 420).

.. , ,


.

/
.

.



(.. , ...)
(Carrozzino & Bergamasco, 2010: 453).

.

.

.

31




(Carrozzino & Bergamasco, 2010: 457).

Carrozzino & Bergamasco (2010: 458)
:
1) .


.
,
.
2) . ,

.
3)

.. ,
, .

.


, i-pads, (smart guides)
...
.
4) .
.
32


.

.

.
5) Guggenheim.
.

.

.
Guggenheim
.

.
,

.
autostereoscopic

.

. ,

(.. , ,
)
,
..
(Carrozzino & Bergamasco, 2010: 458).

33

 3

.

3.1 .

.


. ,

,

(Falk .., 2006: 324).

.

.

. ,
(PDA)

(Jaen, 2005: 48).
(free choice learning)


.
34



. (Falk .., 2006: 325).

3.2
.

.
,
(, 2008: 251).

.
.


.

(, 2004: 4.1)

(2004: 4.2.1) :
1)
,
.
2)
.
3) .
4) .
35

5)

.
6)
.
7)
.

.

.

.




(, 2004: 4.2.2).
(2004: 3.9)
:
1) :


.
2) :
.

.

36

3) :

.


(learning by
doing) (learning by exploring).


.

.


,
(Witcomb, 2006: 356).

Exploratorium,
,
. Exploratorium



.
Hay .. (2000: 214)

:

37

1)
.
2)
,
,
.
3)

.

.

.
1990 Launch pad
500.000 .

.


.
(
)
(Witcomb, 2006: 354).

3.3
.

.

38

. ,

,
(Hooper-Greenhil, 2006: 362).


.


(, 2008: 251).
,

.
,
.

(Haller .. 2009: 434).
,
, ,

.

.

.

.

39

 (Liarokapis ..,
2004: 2).

3.4 .

,
.



(Adams & Moussouri, 2002: 3).

.


. Adams & Moussouri (2002: 11) ,
,
:
1) O .
2) H .
3) H
4) .

.

.
.
40


.
.

concept .

.
.

(Adams & Moussouri, 2002: 11).

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. concept
.
.

.


.
.

(Adams & Moussouri, 2002: 14).

.

.
41

 ,
.

.

.


.
.

(Adams & Moussouri, 2002: 15).

.
.
,

(Adams & Moussouri 2002: 16).
.


(Adams & Moussouri, 2002: 18).

.
,
.
,
.

42

 ( .. , ..)
(, 2007: 146).

3.5 .

,
(,
2004: 3).

.

.

( 2004:
4).

,

.

.
.
,
,
,
(Carrozzino & Bergamasco, 2010: 453).



43


. (, 2008: 251).
.
,
.

.


(, 2004: 23).

44

 4
Exploratorium .

4.1
.

60 ,
.


. Exploratorium
.

Exploratorium.

(Hagebolling, 2004: 79).

.


.

,
.

.

( Hagebolling,
2004: 88).
45

 Barbara Red Vicky Cave

1937
Pala de De Converte . New York
Hall of Science 1964, Laurence Hall of Science 1968
Exploratorium to 1969.

(Witcomb, 2006: 353).
hands-on
:

(Caulton, 2006: 3).
Deutsches Frank
Oppenheimer. Exploratorium 1969
hands-on .

. Exploratorium

cookbooks,
hands-on
Exploratorium
(Caulton, 2006: 4).


.


.
(Witcomb, 2006: 356).

46

4.2 Exploratorium.
Exploratorium 1969

. Frank Oppenheimer
,
Robert, 1950 mc Carthy
.
.

Exploratorium.
1969
.
Frank project ,

Exploratorium. 1969 1985
. 1987-1990 Dr Robert L. White
1991-2005 Dr Goery Delacote
Exploratorium
, Web,

.
Dennis Bartles ,
Exploratorium
.

Exploratorium
47

 NASA
1.
Exploratorium
( )
.
, projects
.
Exploratorium Stanford


.

. No one ever flunked a museum Exploratorium.

,
.
, , ,
. Exploratorium

(Rader, 2013).
Exploratorium
,
.

:
80%
Exploratorium, .

http://www.exploratorium.edu/about/history

48



.
brand equality
, Getty, Smithsonian Metropolitan.
www.exploratorium.edu
.
facebook,
Twitter followers Tumblr2.
Exploratorium
.
.
1.

: http://www.exploratorium.edu/annual-report-2014/#/financials
2

http://www.exploratorium.edu/about/fact-sheet

49


33.4%
10%
56.6% 3

52,8% , , &
13,1% Studios
5,7%
5%

14,2%
9,2% & 4

3
4

http://www.exploratorium.edu/annual-report-2014/#/financials
http://www.exploratorium.edu/annual-report-2014/#/financials

50

4.3 Exploratorium.
Exploratorium
:







(global studios).
Media Studio


.
5

http://www.exploratorium.edu/about/senior-management

51

4.4 Exploratorium.

4.4.1 .
Exploratorium

.
.
, ,

.
,
7.

http://www.exploratorium.edu/about/board-directors

http://www.exploratorium.edu/arts/cinema-arts

52

4.4.2 Scrapple.
2. Scrapple.

: http://www.exploratorium.edu/arts/works/scrapple

scrapple

.


.
, 8.
4.4.3 Kanbar Forum.
3. Kanbar Forum.

http://www.exploratorium.edu/arts/works/scrapple

53

: http://www.exploratorium.edu/arts/resonance/about/kanbar-forum

2013 Kanbar Forum.

3.600

. Shalleck Collaborative
Forum 160-200 .
Forum ,
, , .
4. Soundscapes.

: http://www.exploratorium.edu/press-office/press-releases/soundscapes-exploresacoustic-technology-exploratorium%E2%80%99s-new-kanbar-0

(Soundscapes) Kanbar Forum 3

2013. Kanbar
Forum. Eureka
South Bay,


.
Eureka,
.
, , .
54

 1 Shane Myrbeck Emily Shisko

,
Space Map Meyer
Sound. .

.
,
9.
Kanbar Forum
.
Ron Sember
Kristina Woolsey.
Meyer Sound, Constellation, Forum
. Kanbar Forum
, MM-4XP , UP4XP48V MM-10XP48V .

.

.

Exploratorium (look, listen, learn inside San Frasinscos
Exploratorium, ..: 59).

http://www.exploratorium.edu/press-office/press-releases/soundscapes-explores-acoustic-technologyexploratorium%E2%80%99s-new-kanbar-0

55

4.5
Exploratorium.
Exploratorium

. :
1) :

. Geometry Playground

.
2) :
Exploratorium , PDF
HTML, , (streaming
media)
.
3) iPad color: iPad
, ,
.
4) :
, on-line, .
5) iPad sound:


10. Sound Uncovered
ipad
. Rob Sember Grant
(2013)

10

http://www.exploratorium.edu/education/designing-teaching-learning-tools

56


,
60 Frank Oppenheimer.
Sound Uncovered . ,
Sound Uncovered ,
,

tablet
. Jean Cheng project Grant (2013)
tablet
mini
.



. Sound Uncovered
Exploratorium. e-book Color Uncovered 2011
.
,


(Grant, 2013).

4.6
Exploratorium .
1969 Exploratorium
. 1981 Ed Tannenbaum
(Recollections) Apple II

,
57


. Exploratorium

(Markoff, 2013).
Frank Oppeheimer Exploratorium


, .


(Allen & Gutwill, 2004: 2).

:
5. Light Island.

: http://exs.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/light-island/

1)
.

.
.
58

 Light Island Exploratorium

, .
,
(Allen & Gutwill, 2004: 4).
:

) )

,
)
) )
.
.
. 46%
, 37%
, 83%
(Allen & Gutwill, 2004: 6).
6. Spinning Blackboard.

: https://www.exploratorium.edu/xref/exhibits/spinning_blackboard.html

2)
. Spinning Blackboard
.

59

 , .

.


.
..

(Allen & Gutwill, 2004: 8).
7. Tornado.

: http://exs.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/tornado/

3)
. Exploratorium Tornado

.
.
.

60

 .
.

.

.
.

, (Allen &
Gutwill, 2004: 10).
8. Live Beating Cells.

: https://www.exploratorium.edu/xref/exhibits/live_beating_cells.html

4)
. Live Beating Cells

.
.
( )
(Allen & Gutwill, 2004: 12).

61

 9. Fading Motion.

: http://sternerson.com/2004/the_exploratorium/

5)
. Exploratorium

. Fading Motion
(Allen & Gutwill, 2004: 15).

4.7 Exploratorium.

4.7.1 Plankton Population.

10. Plankton Population.

: http://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/east-gallery/plankton-population

62

 Exploratorium

,
,

.

,

DNA, ,
, .
, Plankton Population,

(super-sized data)
Darwin Project,
().
DAVIS center ,
Exploratorium ,

.
,

(Spencer, 2013: 604).
plankton population

.

.


63

 .

,
11.

4.7.2 Living Liquid.

11. Living Liquid.

: http://vis.ucdavis.edu/?p=430

.

:
1) .
2)
.
3)
.
11

http://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/east-gallery/plankton-population

64

 Living Liquid Exploratorium ,

.


.


:
1) .
2) .
3) .


, ,
, .

(Ma, 2012: 1).
Living Liquid Exploratorium
VIDI ( )
Davis
.


. Exploratorium
.

(Ma,
2012: 2).
65


.

Exploratorium .
.
Living Liquid .
.
Living Liquid

. .
Exploratorium .


.
, , ,

.
,
(Ma, 2012: 3).

4.7.3 Black Box.

12. Black Box.

: http://www.exploratorium.edu/arts/black-box

66

 Black Box ( )


. ,

, , ,
.
)

,

.

,
.


12.

, .

.
,

.

.
12

http://www.exploratorium.edu/press-office/press-releases/new-exhibition-understanding-influencingbrain-activity-opens

67


.
James Gao Natalia Bilenko Gallant
Cognitive Technologies
Gaos software, Pycortex .
.
video ,
.
,

, .
.

.

.
EEG
.
,

(Hillenbrand, 2015).
) Black Box (invisible by
night)
. , Lynette Wallworth

. ,

.

68

Lynette Wallworth
13.

4.8 Exploratorium.
13. The Electronic Guidebook.

: http://www.exploratorium.edu/guidebook/

(The Electronic Guidebook) Exploratorium

.
Concord Consortium, Hewlett-Packard Research Labs
, Exploratorium

Web

.

(Exploratorium-Electronic Guidebook Forum, 2001: 3).

13

http://www.exploratorium.edu/arts/works/invisible-night

69

 Exploratorium

.

.
.. PDA.
.

(Electronic Guidebook Forum, 2001: 15).
:
) Informer.
.
) Suggestor.
.
) Communicator.
.
) Remember.
.
.
(Exploratorium-Electronic Guidebook Forum, 2001: 16)

.
,
,
Exploratorium.


.
70


, .
(.. ,
, )

.
,

(Hsi, 2003: 309).

: 1)
2) - 3)

.
Hsi (2003: 315) :
1)

-.
2)
.
3)
.
4) ,

.
5) .
6)

.

71

7) ( )
()
.


.
.
Exploratorium
.

.
.
Exploratorium .
.

. Exploratorium
Fleck .. (2002: 14)

:
1)
,
.
2) ,
.
3) .
.
Exploratorium .
,
.

72

 Exploratorium
,

.
.
.

.

.


.
.
.

.
,
.
.

(Fleck
.., 2002: 15).

.


. PI

.

73


Exploratorium .

(Fleck .., 2002: 16).

.


(Fleck .., 2002: 17).
Fleck .. (2002: 18) :
1)

.
,
.
2) PDA
.
,
PDA.
3)

.
4) PDA
.
5)
.
6)
.

74

7) ,
.

4.9 Exploratorium.

4.9.1 Second Life 3D .

14. Second Life.

: http://www.exploratorium.edu/worlds/secondlife/

Exploratorium
.
2006 Exploratorium
(Second Life) 3D .
Exploratorium Island
Sploland, SciLands .


. media

75

 Exploratorium
, . Avatar
( ) Avatar

.

,
.
.

on-line . Exploratorium Island

14.

.

.
Exploratorium
Second Life. , Splo,


.

,
(Rothfarb &
Doherty, 2007: 1).

14

http://blogs.exploratorium.edu/fabricated-realities/about/

76

4.9.2 Splo - Second Life.

Splo Second Life
Web
. ,

.
Avatars Second Life


. (Rothfarb & Doherty,
2007: 1).
Second Life :
)
. Splo
90 Degrees From Normal .
.
.
.
.
.
) .
,
.
Splo
. /

.

77


(Rothfarb & Doherty, 2007: 2).
) Hyper-Linked
.

.
.
notecard .
,
.
notecard.
notecard
link
. notecard
avatar. Notecards, notecards
.

,
Second Life (Rothfarb & Doherty, 2007: 3).
Second Life
.

.
machinima

(Rothfarb & Doherty, 2007: 5).

Second Life:

78

) 3D
. 3D Splo (
Exploratorium) (Impossible
Triangle).
,
.

.
3D .
) .
Second Life
,
.

avatars.
.
.

.
)
Holodecks. Quick Time
Second Life
Second Life

Web

. Second Life holodeck ,

(Rothfarb & Doherty,
2007: 5).
) ,
.
79

 . Second Life
3D
. Second Life

.
(Rothfarb & Doherty, 2007: 6).
)
. Second Life .
,
. Splo
.

. ,
, , ,

(Rothfarb &
Doherty, 2007: 6).

Second Life.

) .
) .
)
on-line .
) .

80

) , ,
.
)
.
) .
) .
) .
) .
) .
)
.

) .
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