Cm bin nhit ngu

Cm bin nhit ngu

Bi:
Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn

Hiu ng nhit in
Phng php o nhit bng cm bin nhit ngu da trn c s hiu ng nhit in.
Ngi ta nhn thy rng khi hai dy dn ch to t vt liu c bn cht ho hc khc
nhau c ni vi nhau bng mi hn thnh mt mch kn v nhit hai mi hn l
t v t0 khc nhau th trong mch xut hin mt dng in. Sc in ng xut hin do
hiu ng nhit in gi l sc in ng nhit in. Nu mt u ca cp nhit ngu hn
ni vi nhau, cn u th hai h th gia hai cc xut hin mt hiu in th. Hin
tng trn c th gii thch nh sau:
Trong kim loi lun lun tn ti mt nng in t t do nht nh ph thuc bn cht
kim loi v nhit . Thng thng khi nhit tng, nng in t tng.
Gi s nhit t0 nng in t trong A l NA(t0), trong B l NB(t0) v nhit
t nng in t trong A l NA(t), trong B l NB(t), nu NA(t0) > NB(t0) th ni chung
NA(t) > NB(t).
Xt u lm vic (nhit t), do NA(t) > NB(t) nn c s khuch tn in t t A -> B
v ch tip xc xut hin mt hiu in th eAB(t) c tc dng cn tr s khuch tn.
Khi t cn bng eAB(t) s khng i.

Hnh 5.1: S nguyn l cp nhit ngu

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Cm bin nhit ngu

Tng t ti mt tip xc u t do (nhit t0) cng xut hin mt hiu in th

eAB(t0). Gia hai u ca mt dy dn cng c chnh lch nng in t t do, do
cng c s khuch tn in t v hnh thnh hiu in th tng ng trong A l eA(t,t0)
v trong B l eB(t,t0). Sc in ng tng sinh ra do hiu ng nhit in xc nh bi
cng thc sau:

(5.1)
V eA(t0,t) v eB(t,t0) nh v ngc chiu nhau c th b qua, nn ta c:

(5.2)
Nu nhit hai mi hn bng nhau, chng hn bng t0 khi sc in ng tng:

(5.3)
Hay:

(5.4)
Nh vy:

(5.5) Phng trnh (5.5) gi l phng trnh c bn ca cp nhit ngu. T phng

trnh (5.5) nhn thy nu gi nhit t = const th:

(5.6)
Chn nhit mt mi hn t0 = const bit trc lm nhit so snh v o sc in
ng sinh ra trong mch ta c th xc nh c nhit t mi hn th hai.
Sc in ng ca cp nhit khng thay i nu chng ta ni thm vo mch mt dy
dn th ba (hnh 5.2) nu nhit hai u ni ca dy th ba ging nhau.
Tht vy:
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Cm bin nhit ngu

- Trong trng hp a:

V:

Nn:

Hnh 5.2: S ni cp nhit vi dy dn th ba

- Trng hp b:

V:

Nn:

Nu nhit hai u ni khc nhau s lm xut hin sc in ng k sinh.

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Cm bin nhit ngu

Cu to cp nhit
Vt liu ch to
ch to cc nhit in c th dng nhiu kim loi v hp kim khc nhau. Tuy nhin
chng phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
- Sc in ng ln ( d dng ch to dng c o th cp).
- C bn c hc v ho hc nhit lm vic.
- D ko si.
- C kh nng thay ln.
- Gi thnh r.
Hnh 5.3 biu din quan h gia sc in ng v nhit ca cc vt liu dng ch
to in cc so vi in cc chun platin.

Hnh 5.3: Sc in ng ca mt s
vt liu ch to in cc
1) Telua 2) Chromel 3) St 4) ng 5) Graphit 6) Hp kim platin-roi
7) Platin 8) Alumel 9) Niken 10) Constantan 11) Coben
- Cp Platin - Roi/Platin:

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Cm bin nhit ngu

Cc dng l hp kim Platin (90%) v ri (10%), cc m l platin sch. Nhit lm

vic ngn hn cho php ti 1600oC , E =16,77mV. Nhit lm vic di hn <1300oC.
ng c tnh c dng bc hai, trong khong nhit 0 - 300oC th E 0.
Trong mi trng c SiO2 c th hng nhit 1000 - 1100oC.
ng knh in cc thng ch to = 0,5 mm.
Do sai khc ca cc cp nhit khc nhau tng i nh nn loi cp nhit ny thng
c dng lm cp nhit chun.
- Cp nhit Chromel/Alumel:
Cc dng l Chromel, hp kim gm 80%Ni + 10%Cr + 10%Fe. Cc m l Alumen,
hp kim gm 95%Ni + 5%(Mn + Cr+Si).
Nhit lm vic ngn hn ~1100oC, E = 46,16 mV.
Nhit lm vic di hn < 900oC.
ng knh cc = 3 mm.
- Cp nhit Chromel/Coben:
Cc dng l chromel, cc m l coben l hp kim gm 56%Cu + 44% Ni.
Nhit lm vic ngn hn 800oC, E = 66 mV.
Nhit lm vic di hn < 600oC.
- Cp nhit ng/Coben:
Cc dng l ng sch, cc m l coben.
Nhit lm vic ngn hn 600oC.
Nhit lm vic di hn <300oC.
Loi ny c dng nhiu trong th nghim v d ch to.
Quan h gia sc in ng v nhit ca mt s cp nhit cho hnh 5.4.

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Cm bin nhit ngu

Hnh 5.4: Sc in ng ca mt s cp nhit ngu

E-Chromel/Constantan R Platin-Rodi (13%)/Platin
J- St/Constantan S- Platin-Rodi (10%)/Platin
K- Chromel/Alumel B-Platin-rodi (30%)/ Platin-rodi (6%)
Cu to
Cu to in hnh ca mt cp nhit cng nghip trnh by trn hnh 5.5.

Hnh 5.5: Cu to cp nhit

1) V bo v 2) Mi hn 3) Dy in cc 4) S cch in
5) B phn lp t 6) Vt ni dy 7) Dy ni 8) u ni dy
u lm vic ca cc in cc (3) c hn ni vi nhau bng hn vy, hn kh hoc
hn bng tia in t. u t do ni vi dy ni (7) ti dng c o nh cc vt ni (6)
dy t trong u ni dy (8). cch ly cc in cc ngi ta dng cc ng s cch
in (4), s cch in phi tr v ho hc v bn c v nhit nhit lm vic.
bo v cc in cc, cc cp nhit c v bo v (1) lm bng s chu nhit hoc thp
chu nhit. H thng v bo v phi c nhit dung nh gim bt qun tnh nhit
v vt liu ch to v phi c dn nhit khng qu nh nhng cng khng c qu
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Cm bin nhit ngu

ln. Trng hp v bng thp mi hn u lm vic c th tip xc vi v gim

thi gian hi p.

Mch o v dng c th cp
Nhit cn o c xc nh thng qua vic o sc in ng sinh ra hai u dy
ca cp nhit ngu. chnh xc ca php o sc in ng ca cp nhit ngu ph
thuc nhiu yu t. Mun nng cao chnh xc cn phi:
- Gim thiu nh hng ca tc ng ca mi trng o ln nhit u t do.
- Gim thiu s st p do c dng in chy qua cc phn t ca cm bin v mch o.
S mch o dng milivn k
- S :
Trn hnh 5.6 biu din s o thng dng s dng milivn k t in.

Hnh 5.6: S mch o

Hnh 5.7 : S o vi sai

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Cm bin nhit ngu

Khi nhit hai u t do (2) v (3) bng nhau th sc in ng trong mch chnh l
sc in ng ca cp nhit, nu chng khc nhau th trong mch xut hin sut in
ng k sinh cc mi ni v lm sai lch kt qu o.
o trc tip hiu nhit gia hai im ngi ta dng s o vi sai nh hnh 5.7.
Trong s ny, c hai u 1 v 2 ca cp nhit l u lm vic tng ng vi nhit
t1 v t2. Kt qu o cho php ta xc nh trc tip gi tr ca hiu s hai nhit t1 - t2.

Hnh 5.8: S mc ni tip

Hnh 5.9: Hiu chnh nhit u t do

Trng hp nhit mi trng o khng khc nhiu nhit u t do, tng
nhy php o c th mc theo s ni tip n cp nhit nh hnh 5.8. Sc in ng
tng ca b mc ni tip bng nEAB(t,t0).
S mch o xung i dng in th k
Trn hnh 5.10 trnh by s o bng phng php xung i, da theo nguyn tc so
snh in p cn o vi mt in p ri trn mt on in tr.

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Cm bin nhit ngu

Hnh 5.10: S o bng phng php b

Theo s hnh (5.10a) ta c:

Nu EX = I0RAB th IP = 0, tc l in th k ch khng, khi in p ri trn AB bng

gi tr EX cn o.
Ta c:

Nu c nh c I0, L, R ta c Ex ph thuc n tr vo l tc l ph thuc vo v tr con

chy ca ng h o.
Trn s hnh (5.10b), EM l mt pin mu, RM l mt in tr mu bng manganin.
Khi ng P vo K th in p ri trn RM c so snh vi pin mu. Nu kim in k
ch khng th khng cn iu chnh dng I0, nu kim in k lch khi khng th dch

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Cm bin nhit ngu

chuyn Rc kim in k v khng. Khi o ng P vo D v x dch bin tr R kim

in k ch khng, khi Ex = UAB.

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