, X

,
(13 (1) 1873 11 , CristianRacovski
1941)
,
.
,
.
,
.

.
,
, 1

-
, - 16 1919 15
- . 1923

,
, ,
,
-

.
,

, 1925 1927
, ,

,

. ,

,
,
.

13 1873
,
, (
, )
,
. 11 1941 (68
1927, )
, ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
, .
1934

,
( ),
()
, ---
. 1988, ..

. ( )
,

( ),
(
).

1
 , ,
. - ,
1
, .
, , ,
(X ).
2
( ), .
, ,
.
, . ,
3
.

4

5
.
,
.6
,
,
7 6
. .
, , ,
, 5 , -
(
6
). 1880,
( ),
8
.
5
( 1887 , , 1890).
,
,
( ,
9
, ).
,
10
, , 1890
8
.
, ,
8
.
11
, ,
8
, , .
, .

(1892), ,
2
1893.
-,
,
8
. , ,
, -
-
- .
,
2
.

2
 1893, ,
( ) (
8
).
2
, .
,
5
. 1894-1896 ,
, La Jeunesse Socialiste La Petite Republique,
12
.
, -
6
, . 1896,
(
8
, Die Neue Zeit).

, 1917
(
.
)
, , , , ,
. 1897 ( ),
, , ,
(
6
). ,
13
(
14
). ,
6
, , .
15
( L
Ethiologie du crime et de la degenerescence
16
, 1897), , .
2
. , ,
15
9 , (1899-1900).
17
.
,
18
(
16
, ).
6
, ,
, , -,
5
.
,
.
- , 1903 1917
14
,
* + ,
19
.
8
, .
1900, 1902,
, ,
8
. Beaulieu, Haute-
6
Loire (, -),
15
, .
1903, , ,
- ,
, ,

3
 6
. ,

20
.

(1904)

21
. 1913,
, 40.000

16
,
Jos Despotizmul ! ( !),
,
14
.
( 1905).
,
15
, . L
2
Humanite,
( ), ,
22
, .
,
23
( ) . 1904,
,
-
6
().
, 1905,
(
24
),
5
, ,
8
.
,
.
,
,
6
.

.25
,
,
,
26
1900. , ,
.
, ,
, , , ,
27
.
,
.15
, , , ,
" , ,
28
", .
1907, :
, ,
,
8
.

4
 2
,
( , L Humanite, Avanti !, Vorwarts
2
() ).
:
10.000 ,
29
421.
,
1
.
, 1907, din primavara pana in toamna
(1907, ), ,
30
.

1907
, ,
, , ,
31
( 1907).
32
, ( ).
,
.16
(1878)
,
1880,
16
. 1920,
6
.

33
, ,
- (
34
).
,
, -
35
. , Les persecutions politiques en Roumanie
( ) : La Roumanie des boyars (
) From the Kingdom of Arbitrariness and Cowardice (
5
).
, 1909,
36
. ,
-,
.

6
. , ,
.. ,

37
* +, ,
6
.
9 1909, , ,
38
. ,
6 39
,
(
37
, . . ).
6
1911, , .
, , , /,
6
, .
6
, .

5
, .
,
2
( ). ,
6
. ,
, (
12 6
), 1912.
.40
,
.
41
.
: . .


, , ...,
42 42
.

42
.
*+ ,
, *+
.
42
, .

,
-
(),
43
.
1912


,
16
.

: ,
-,
.7
, ( 1913).

5
. ,
,
44
( 1910 1912-1913).
1913, , (
), ,
45
. -
46
. ,
, , , ,
42
, .
-
,
-
47
.
( ),
48
.

6
, Jos Rasboiul ! ( !)
44
Lupta Zilnica( ).

18
( ),
18
,

44
. , SFIO
- ,
49
.
1915,
,
50
. ,
, -
(
, , ),
51
.
,
( ,

),

52
, 1915.
,
,
(
, ,
,

38
). ,
,
,
1916.

44
. 1915,
16
,

53
.
1916,
54
. 1916,
,
, ,
6
. ,
- ,
18
, , , .
,
38
1915 ,
55
. , ,
38
- . , ,
,
, ,
56
.

7
 ,
18
.
1916,
57
,
58
, .
1916,
47
, .

, 1 1917,
59
.

(
)
44
1917.
.

,
.

, ,

54
.
,
1917 1918,
54
(
60
).

1917, ,
6
, .

,
-
.47
, ,

38
. ,
, (

61
).
1917,
47
.
,
, ,
, ( ,
38
). ,
( ),
,
,
38
, .
, ,
(),
62 63
.
- ,
,

8
 38
.
, , ,
, ,
,
- ,
38
( ). 9 1918,

, . ,
(:
38
1918).
- 1918
, ,
64
. , (
) (
6
- , ).

6
, .
, ,
,
.
,
6
, .

,
,
16 1919
. 29
65
1919, .
, ,

,
66
. ,
,
67
.
,
,
, ,
68
.
,
69
. ,

.70

(
,
).66

- ,

,
71
.

9


63
.
, ,
.
,
72
, , . 13 1919
,
:
73
.
1919, ,
62
. ,

,
,

67
.
, ,
,
63
( ).
( 1920), ,
63
.
.
,
,
63
. ,
,
63
.
,
,
74
, , . ,

,
70
.

70
.

( - 1920)
.
, ,
,
,
63
. ,

63
.
, , 1920,
63
.
. 1921,
75
.
(1924),
(
76
, ).

10
 ( ,
, , , -
) ,

( ,
77
).
1922,

, , ,


60
.


,


64
.
1920:

, .
64
() ,
,
- , ,
,
64
(: , 1922). , ,
,
78
, . 1922,
,
64
.

,



.
,
, ,
,
, , ,
(:
64
).
, ()
(1922).

, .
,
,
,

. 1922,

.63

11

63
, , .

,
64
. ,
, ,
, ,
79
. 1923,
, ,

64
.
, ,
68
, (nativization). ,
,
42
.
1924,
,

de jure
-
60
.

,
The Times,

64
. ,
,
,



64
.
, 1924.

,
.
,
64
.
, ,
80
,
28 1924.
,
75 ,
,
81
. Time,

,
82
.
1925
1927, . , 50
,

12
( , )
83
. , , ,
,
79 79
. Time .

( 1926),
.
, ,
,
84
. ,
64
( ).
, (dtente =
) ,
64
.
,
,

(
85
).
,
81
.
,


,

,
86
.

-

, , ,
, 1924.

87
. , ,
, , ,
88
, 1930.
persona non grata ( )
,
(
89
). Time,
,
90
.
86
, .
.
, , ,
83
, .

, 15
91
.

13
 87
, . ,
, ,
87
.
, ,
, (, ,
),
92
(: ) .
( ) ,
, ,
, ,
, , , (, ,
93
). ,
94
.
1927, ,
90
, .
- 1927, ,
95
, . ,
96
, . ,
, :
.
* + .
97
.
,
89
(Gubplan). ,
98
-.
,
83
, ( -
93
). ---
( ),
, (
99
). ,
(
93
1929).
,
89
, .
,
( ,
89
, ). ,
,
.
, ,
93
. ( 1930),
, , ,
, ,
89
.
1932,
89
. ,
, ,
89
1933, .
, ,
,

14
 , , ,
100
/. ,
, ,
96
, .

, ,
96
---.


.
,
89
(23 1934).
89 101
, .
1934 (
, ,
102
).
89
,
103
1935.
,
.89
1937, ,
18 ,
97
. 1938 ,
, , ,
,
104
. ,
99
( ),
89
.
, ,
,
89
. , : ,

. , ,
93
.
, ,
105
. 1941 .
( ),
,
150
.
--- 1941.

, , ,
89
, .
, -,
106
, . 1950,
1975,
107
, .
(
83, 108
De-a lungul i de-a latul secolului,( ).
.

15
, ,
,
104
. ,
,
,
109
1940.
1932,
. ,
,
.
,
110
. ,
,
83
- , .
, ,
,
83
.
, , ,
,
84
1938. 1930 1952,
, ,
84
. , , ,
,
84
.
, ,
, , 1940,
.
,
: , ,
.
,
; , .
, , ,
,
57
.
1988, ,
111
. ,
,
,
112
. , ,
21
113
1988. ,
114
( 1988).

Christian Rakovsky Internet Archive at Marxists.org:

o Gus Fagan, Biographical Introduction to Christian Rakovsky, Selected Writings on
Opposition in the USSR 192330 (editor: Gus Fagan), Allison & Busby, London & New
York, 1980; retrieved July 19, 2007
o Christian Rakovsky, "An Autobiography", Granat, 1926, translated by Gus Fagan;
retrieved July 19, 2007

16
 (Romanian) 110 ani de social-democraie n Romnia ("110 Years of Social Democracy in
Romania"), Social Democratic Party, Ovidiu incai Social Democratic Institute,Bucharest, July
9, 2003; retrieved July 19, 2007
G. Brtescu, Ce-a fost s fie. Notaii autobiografice ("That Which Was Meant to Be.
Autobiographical Notes"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 2003. ISBN 978-973-50-0425-5
erban Cioculescu, Caragialiana, Editura Eminescu, Bucharest, 1974. OCLC 6890267
Yuri Feofanov, Donald Barry, Arbitrary Justice: Courts and Politics in Post-Stalin Russia,
National Council for Soviet and East European Research and Lehigh University, Washington,
D. C., 1995; retrieved July 19, 2007
Victor Frunz, Istoria stalinismului n Romnia ("The History of Stalinism in Romania"),
Humanitas, Bucharest, 1990. ISBN 978-973-28-0177-2
t. O. Iosif, D. Anghel, "Racovski", in Cireul lui Lucullus. Teatru, proz, traduceri("Lucullus'
Cherry Tree. Drama, Prose, Translations"), Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1976. OCLC 2598894
Irina Livezeanu, Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building and Ethnic
Struggle, 19181930, Cornell University Press, New York City, 1995. ISBN 978-0-8014-8688-3
Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge, Spokesman Books, Nottingham, 1976. ISBN 978-0-85124-
150-0
Z. Ornea, Viaa lui C. Stere ("The Life of C. Stere"), Vol. I, Cartea Romneasc, Bucharest,
1989. ISBN 978-973-23-0099-2
(French) Christian Rakovsky, Les socialistes et la guerre ("The Socialists and the War"), 1915,
at Marxists.org (French edition); retrieved July 19, 2007
Judith Shapiro, "The Prophet Returned? A Survey of Recent Works by and about Trotsky in
the Soviet Union", in Revolutionary History, Vol. 2, No. 2, Summer 1989; retrieved July 19,
2007
Stelian Tnase,
o (Romanian) "Cristian Racovski" (Part I), in Magazin Istoric, April 2004; retrieved July
19, 2007
o "The Renegade Istrati", excerpt from Auntie Varvara's Clients, translated by Alistair
Ian Blyth, in Archipelago, Vol.1012; retrieved July 19, 2007
Vladimir Tismneanu, Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian
Communism, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2003, ISBN 978-0-520-23747-6
Glenn E. Torrey, "Rumania's Decision to Intervene: Brtianu and the Entente, JuneJuly
1916", in Keith Hitchins (ed.), Romanian Studies. Vol. 2, 19711972, Brill Publishers, Leiden,
1973, p. 3-29. ISBN 978-90-04-03639-0
(French) Leon Trotsky, Christian Rakovsky et Basile Kolarov ("Christian Rakovsky and Vasil
Kolarov"), 1915, at Marxists.org (French edition); retrieved July 19, 2007
Charles Upson Clark, Bessarabia. Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea: Chapter XXI,
"Rakovsky's Roumanian Career", at the University of Washington; retrieved July 19, 2007

(Russian) Trotsky's unfinished biography of Rakovsky
(Italian) Panait Istrati's testimonies on Rakovsky

1
Cioculescu, p.28, 46, 246248
2
Fagan, Socialist leader in the Balkans
3
Fagan, Socialist leader in the Balkans; Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"; Trotsky, Christian Rakovsky et
Basile Kolarov
4
, : Christian Rakovsky, Spartacus-educational.com
5
Fagan, Socialist leader in the Balkans; Rakovsky ("An Autobiography") stated that his birthplace was
Kotel
6
Fagan, Socialist leader in the Balkans; Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"; Upson Clark
7
Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"
8
Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"; Upson Clark

17
9
Fagan, Socialist leader in the Balkans; Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"
10
Fagan, Socialist leader in the Balkans; Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"; Tnase, "Cristian Racovski"
11
Anghel & Iosif, p.257; Fagan,Socialist leader in the Balkans
12
Fagan, Socialist leader in the Balkans; Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"; Les socialistes et la guerre
13
Fagan, Socialist leader in the Balkans; Frunz, p.92; Upson Clark
14
Rakovsky, in Frunz, p.92
15
Fagan, Socialist leader in the Balkans; Tnase, "Cristian Racovski"
16
Fagan, Socialist leader in the Balkans; Upson Clark
17
Upson Clark
18

, : ChristianRakovsky, Spartacus-
educational.com
19
Lenin, in Tnase, "Cristian Racovski"
20
Rakovsky, Les socialistes et la guerre
21
Fagan, Socialist leader in the Balkans; Tnase, "Cristian Racovski"; Upson Clark
22
110 ani de social-democraie, p.13; Fagan, Socialist leader in the Balkans; Rakovsky, "An
Autobiography"; Upson Clark
23
Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"; Trotsky,Christian Rakovsky et Basile Kolarov
24
Anghel & Iosif, p.257; Tismneanu, p.42
25
Anghel & Iosif, p.257
26
Anghel & Iosif, passim
27
Anghel & Iosif, p.258
28
Rakovsky, in Fagan, Socialist leader in the Balkans; in Upson Clark
29
(Romanian) Ion Bulei, "421, nu 11.000", in Ziarul Financiar, February 2, 2007
30
Cioculescu, p.28, 46
31
110 ani de social-democraie, p.14; Anghel & Iosif, p.256; Cioculescu, p.146-247; Fagan, Socialist
leader in the Balkans; Ornea, p.514; Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"; Tnase, "Cristian Racovski";
Upson Clark
32
Fagan, Socialist leader in the Balkans; Ornea, p.514
33
Anghel & Iosif, p.256; Cioculescu, p.247
34
Anghel & Iosif, p.256
35
Ornea, p.514
36
Editor's note in Anghel & Iosif, p.256; Cioculescu, p.247; Ornea, p.514; Rakovsky, "An
Autobiography"
37
Brtianu, in Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"
38
Ornea, p.521-522; Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"
39
Ornea, p.521-522
40
Tnase, "Cristian Racovski"
41
Duca, rendered in Tnase, "Cristian Racovski"
42
, , , 1986, .
57-58.
43
110 ani de social-democraie, p.3
44
110 ani de social-democraie, p.14
45
Brtescu, p.425
46
Valeria Stan, Florian Tnsescu, Marian tefan, "18711971. Am iubit i am admirat pe cel care se
chema I. C. Frimu" ("We Have Loved and Admired the One Named I. C. Frimu"), in Magazin Istoric,
October 1971, p.6
47
Fagan, Regroupment of the socialist movement
48
Fagan, Regroupment of the socialist movement; Trotsky, Christian Rakovsky et Basile Kolarov
49
Rakovsky, Les socialistes et la guerre; Trotsky, Christian Rakovsky et Basile Kolarov
50
Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"; Tnase, "Cristian Racovski"
51
Fagan, Socialist leader in the Balkans;Regroupment of the socialist movement; Trotsky, Christian
Rakovsky et Basile Kolarov; Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"
52
Fagan, Regroupment of the socialist movement; Tnase, "Cristian Racovski"; Trotsky, Christian
Rakovsky et Basile Kolarov
53
Trotsky, Christian Rakovsky et Basile Kolarov

18
54
Fagan, Regroupment of the socialist movement; Upson Clark
55
Torrey, p.23, 25
56
Torrey, p.25
57
Fagan, Regroupment of the socialist movement; Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"
58
110 ani de social-democraie, p.15; Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"; Tnase, "Cristian Racovski"
59
110 ani de social-democraie, p.15; Fagan, Regroupment of the socialist movement; Rakovsky, "An
Autobiography"; Tnase, "Cristian Racovski"; Upson Clark
60
George Orwell, "Arthur Koestler. Essay". Retrieved July 19, 2007.
61
Fagan, Regroupment of the socialist movement; Tnase, "Cristian Racovski"
62
= ()
63
Tnase, "Cristian Racovski"; Upson Clark
64
Fagan, Soviet Diplomat (19237); Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"
65
Fagan, Rakovsky and the Ukraine (191923); Rakovsky, "An Autobiography"
66
Arthur Ransome, Russia in 1919. Retrieved July 19, 2007.
67
Fagan, Rakovsky and the Ukraine (191923)
68
Fagan, Soviet Diplomat (19237)
69
Frunz, p.93; Livezeanu, p.250; Tismneanu, p.44-45; Upson Clark
70
Livezeanu, p.250
71
Rakovsky, in Fagan, Rakovsky and the Ukraine (191923)
72
Jerry F. Hough, Democratization and Revolution in the USSR, 19851991,Brookings Institution Press,
Washington, D.C., 1997, p.223-224. ISBN 978-0-8157-3749-0
73
Mirchuk, P. Outline of the history of OUN. Vol.1. Munich-London-New-York: "Ukrayinske
vydavnytstvo", 1968.
74
Richard Kent Debo, Survival and Consolidation: the Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918
1921, McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, 1992, p.117. ISBN 978-0-7735-0828-6
75
Frunz, p.93
76
Frunz, p.95
77
Tismneanu, p.45-47
78
"Battle for Life", in Time, September 8, 1924
79
John P. Willerton, Patronage and Politics in the USSR, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992,
p.28.ISBN 978-0-521-39288-4
80
Poincar, in Fagan, Soviet Diplomat (19237)
81
"Notes", in Time, July 27, 1925
82
"The Little Corporal", in Time, May 18, 1925
83
"Bugle Blast", in Time, December 21, 1925
84
"Faux Pas", in Time, March 22, 1926; Fagan, Soviet Diplomat (19237)
85
Daniela Spenser, Impossible Triangle: Mexico, Soviet Russia, and the United States in the
1920s, Duke University Press, Durham, 1999, p.105-106. ISBN 978-0-8223-2289-4
86
Theodore Draper, American Communism and Soviet Russia, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick,
2003, p. 360.ISBN 978-0-7658-0531-7
87
Tnase, "The Renegade Istrati"
88
Robert Levy, Ana Pauker: The Rise and Fall of a Jewish Communist, University of California
Press, Berkeley, 2001, p.64-66. ISBN 978-0-520-22395-0
89
"Rakovsky's Recall", in Time, October 17, 1927; Fagan, Soviet Diplomat (19237); Tnase, "The
Renegade Istrati"
90
"Sneaked Away", in Time, October 31, 1927
91
Lewis H. Siegelbaum, Soviet State and Society Between Revolutions, 19181929, Cambridge
University Press,Cambridge, 1992, p.189-190. ISBN 978-0-521-36987-9
92
Fagan, Opposition and Exile; Victor Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, Transaction Publishers, Somerset,
New Jersey, 1988, p.51-52. ISBN 978-0-88738-754-8; Tismneanu, p.61-62
93
Fagan,Opposition and Exile
94
Fagan, Opposition and Exile; Tnase, "The Renegade Istrati"
95
Fagan, Opposition and Exile; Medvedev, p.60; Tnase, "The Renegade Istrati"
96
Fagan, Opposition and Exile; Tnase, "The Renegade Istrati"; Tismneanu, p.61-62
97
Rakovsky, in Fagan, Opposition and Exile
98
Rakovsky, in Fagan, Opposition and Exile; Tnase, "The Renegade Istrati"

19
99
Rakovsky, in Fagan, Opposition and Exile; Tismneanu, p.61-62
100
Tova Yedlin, Maxim Gorky: A Political Biography, Praeger/Greenwood,Westport, 1992, p.201-
202. ISBN 978-0-275-96605-8
101
Trotsky, in Fagan, Opposition and Exile
102
Medvedev, p.169
103
Feofanov & Barry, p.22
104
Fagan, Opposition and Exile; Medvedev, p.169, 175176, 186; Tismneanu, p.50, 74
105
Fagan, Opposition and Exile; Medvedev, p.178
106
Brtescu, p.425-426
107
Brtescu, p.426
108
Brtescu, p.426-427
109
Ilarion iu, "Aliatul lui Stalin" ("Stalin's Ally"), in Jurnalul Naional, June 7, 2005
110
eicaru, in Tnase, "The Renegade Istrati"
111
Feofanov & Barry, p.34; Shapiro
112
Philip Taubman, "50 Years After His Execution, Soviet Panel Clears Bukharin", in The New York
Times, February 6, 1988
113
Philip Taubman, "Bukharin Status in Party Restored", in The New York Times, July 10, 1988
114
Shapiro

Christian Rakovsky en.wikipedia.

: .
: 08/10/2016 Scribd.

20