Gs. Ts.

Pierre-Bernard LAFONT

Vng Quoc Champa

a D, Dan C va Lch S
Di s bao tr cua

The Council for the Social-Cultural Development of Champa

n hnh bi

International Office of Champa, 2011

Ti bn dng cho h thng mng Web

Champaka.info, 2012

Gs. Ts. Pierre-Bernard LAFONT

(1926-2008)

Vng Quoc Champa

a D, Dan C va Lch S

Champa la vng quoc co nen van minh cao o, a tng ong mot vai tro
quan trong trong tien trnh hnh thanh lch s Viet Nam. Tiec rang dan toc
Champa hom nay van cha tiep thu mot tac pham nao ang c mang
ten Lch S Champa trong ngha rong cua no.
e tra li cho nhng khuyet iem o, Gs. Ts. P-B. Lafont, mot hoc gia
Phap chuyen ve Lch S va Nen Van Minh Ban ao ong Dng cua ai
hoc Sorbonne (Paris) a au t rat nhieu thi gian hau bien soan lai mot
cong trnh nghien cu mang ta e Vng Quoc Champa : a D, Dan
C va Lch S.
ay la tac pham lch s Champa au tien mang tnh cach tong the, khoa
hoc va khach quan, keo dai t ngay Champa lap quoc vao the ky th II
cho en khi vng quoc nay b xoa bo tren ban o vao nam 1832.

Champaka
Tp san nghin cu lch s v nn vn minh Champa
Hnh thnh vo nm 1999

Sng lp vin
Hassan Poklaun, Po Dharma
Tng bin tp
Pgs. Ts. Po Dharma (Vin Vin ng Php)
Ban bin tp
Pgs. Ts. Danny Wong Tze-Ken (i hc Malaya, M Lai)
Ts. Nicolas Weber (Vin INALCO, Paris)
Ts. Shine Toshihiko (i hc Ngoi Ng Tokyo, Nht Bn)
Pgs. Ts. Liu Zhi Qiang (i hc Dn Tc, Qung Ty)
Pts. Emiko Stok (i hc Nanterre, Paris)
Abdul Karim (Vin Bo Tng Quc Gia, M Lai)
Musa Porome (IOC-Champa)
Tr s
56 Square des Bauves
95140 Garges Les Gonesse, France
Email: champaka1999@aol.com
Web: www.champaka.info
C quan n hnh
International Office of Champa (IOC-Champa)
Champaka 2012
Hnh ba: Cng cha Champa, Hng Qu, th k X (Photo. Champaka)

Trung Quc
F_ai Vi_"t

H N_i

Lao

Honh S!n

Bi"n gi!i phia b&c Champa

Bi"n gi!i 1069
Hu"

Bi"n gi!i 1306

Thai Lan

H
Bnh F_inh
Bi"n gi!i 1471

A
Nha Trang

Bi"n gi!i 1611

Cao Mi"n

Cam Ranh

Bi"n gi!i 1653

Phan Rang

A
Saigon

1658

Phan Thi"t
Bi"n gi!i phia nam Champa

Po Dharma 1999

Ban o Champa trong qua trnh lch s

Trung Quc
F_ai Vi_"t

Lao

H N_i

Bnh F_inh

Pleiku

Harek Kah
Harek Dhei
Aia Ru

KAMPUCHEA

Banmethuot

Aia Trang

Thanh F_ia KAUTHARA

Dalat

A
G
N
A
R
U
D

N
PA

Kam Ranh

Panrang
Kraong

Parik

Baigaor
(Saigon

Pajai

Malithit

Ban o tieu vng quoc Panduranga

Bal Lai
Bal Sri Banay
Bal Batthinng
Bal Hangaow
Bal Pandarang

Po Dharma 1999

Thay li ta
Pgs. Ts. Po Dharma
(EFEO-Vien Vien ong Phap)
Gs. Ts. Pierre-Bernard Lafont sinh ngay 17 thang 2
nam 1926 tai Syrie (Trung ong). Tot nghiep tien s luat
hoc tai ai hoc Sorbonne va xuat than t Vien Chnh Tr
Hoc Paris, ong c bo nhiem vao Vien Vien ong Phap
vi chc vu thanh vien khoa hoc chuyen ve nen van minh
ong Dng, a tng co mat nhieu nam tai Viet Nam ke
t 1953 e nghien cu ve dan toc Tay Nguyen va moi lien
he vi ngi Cham sinh song vung duyen hai cua vng
quoc Champa.
Gs. Ts. P-B. Lafont cung la ngi a tng gi chc
giang vien cua ai Hoc Van Khoa Sai Gon, quen biet rat
nhieu hoc gia Viet Nam, trong o co Gs. Nghiem Tham,
Gs. Nguyen The Anh, Gs. Pham Cao Dng, v.v. Ben
canh o, ong ta khong ngng gop phan vi Linh Muc G.
Moussay e thanh lap Trung Tam Van Hoa Cham tai Phan
Rang vao nam 1969. Ong ta cung rat than can vi thieu

Vung quoc Champa

tng Les Kosem, goc ngi Cham Campuchia nam vai

tro chu ong trong to chc Fulro, tc la phong trao au
tranh nham phuc hng lai qui che cua dan toc ban a tai
mien trung Viet Nam vao nhng nam 1964-1975. T moi
lien he nay, ong ta ng ra au cho mot so thanh vien
Fulro sang Phap du hoc. S hien dien cua toi tai ai hoc
Sorbonne vao nam 1972 cung nam trong d an nay. Ke t
o, ong ta la giao s hng dan toi cho en ngay tot
nghiep tien s vao nam 1986 va cung la bac thay a truyen
lai cho toi mot kho tang kinh nghiem, t cach song lam
cong dan trong mot quoc gia tan tien va dan chu, phng
phap ly luan va nhan nh van e trong nganh nghien cu
khoa hoc cho en khai niem ve vai tro cua mot ngi tr
thc xuat than t vng quoc Champa a b xoa bo tren
ban o. o la nhng cong lao vo gia ma toi khong the
quen trong quang i cua mnh.
Noi en lch s va nen van minh ong Dng th
ngi ta phai nhac en Gs. Ts. P-B. Lafont, mot hoc gia co
tam hieu biet sau rong va co anh hng ln trong gii
khoa hoc Phap. Sau ngay nham chc giao s tai ai hoc
Sorbonne vao nam 1966, ong ta thanh lap Trung Tam Lch
S va Nen Van Minh Ban ao ong Dng vao nam
1968 va tang cng moi lien he vi Vien Vien ong Phap
e hnh thanh mot Chng Trnh Champa Hoc vao nam
1980 at di quyen ieu hanh cua toi. Ke t o, ong ta
12

Thay li ta

tr thanh co van khoa hoc cua to chc nay, tap trung rat
nhieu chuyen gia nham khoi phuc lai cong trnh nghien
cu Champa a b bo quen ke t nam 1945 v tnh hnh
chien tranh khong cho phep.
Nam 1988, qua li e ngh cua Gs. Ts. P-B. Lafont,
Vien Vien ong Phap a di tru s Chng Trnh Champa
Hoc sang Kuala Lumpur va giao trach nhiem cho toi ieu
hanh c quan nay ma muc tieu nham m rong them chu
e nghien cu ve moi lien he gia vng quoc Champa va
the gii Ma Lai. Sau 30 nam hoat ong, Chng Trnh
Champa Hoc a xuat ban tai Paris va Kuala Lumpur 20
cong trnh nghien cu ve Champa hau gop phan lam sang
to lai di san lch s va nen van minh cua vng quoc nay:
- Po Dharma, Phu luc th tch van ban Cham co lu
tr trong th vien Phap, Paris, 1981
- Nhieu tac gia, Th tch t lieu hoang gia
Panduranga viet bang tieng Han, Paris, 1984
- Po Dharma, Panduranga-Champa: Moi lien he vi
Viet Nam, 1802-1835 (Tap I va II), Paris, 1987
- Nhieu tac gia, Ky yeu hoi thao Champa to chc tai
ai hoc Copenhague, Paris, 1988
- P-B. Lafont, Po Dharma, Th tch Champa va
Cham, Paris, 1989
13

Vung quoc Champa

- Nhieu tac gia, The gii ong Dng va the gii

Ma Lai, Kuala Lumpur, 1990
- Nhieu tac gia, Vng quoc Champa va the gii Ma
Lai, Paris, 1991
- Alaudin Majid, Po Dharma (chu bien), Che o
mau he Champa va Ma Lai, Kuala Lumpur, 1994
- P-B. Lafont, Ismail Hussein, Po Dharma (chu
bien), The gii Ma Lai va the gii ong Dng, Kuala
Lumpur, 1995
- Po Dharma, G. Moussay, Abd. Karim, S Thi Inra
Patra, Kuala Lumpur, 1997
- Po Dharma, G. Moussay, Abd. Karim, S Thi
Dewa Mano, Kuala Lumpur, 1998
- Adi Taha, Po Dharma (chu bien), ong phuc
Champa, dan toc a ao tai Viet Nam, Kuala Lumpur,
1998
- Po Dharma, Bon t vng co Ma Lai-Cham bien
soan tai vng quoc Champa, Paris 1999, dch sang tieng
Ma va xuat ban vao nam 2000
- Po Dharma, G. Moussay, Abd. Karim, Nai Mai
Meng Makah hay la Cong chua en t Kelantan, Kuala
Lumpur, 2000
- Po Dharma, Abd. Karim, Nicolas Weber, Majid
Yunos, Tai ban van hoc Cham : Chuyen co tch, truyen
thuyet, s thi va tac pham viet bang th, Kuala Lumpur
2003
14

Thay li ta

- Po Dharma, Mak Phoeun (chu bien), Ban ao

ong Dng va the gii Ma Lai : moi lien he van hoa va
lch s, Kuala Lumpur, 2003
- Po Dharma, T mat tran giai phong Thng en
phong trao Fulro : Cuoc au tranh cua dan toc thieu so
mien nam ong Dng (1955-1975), Paris 2005
- G. Moussay, Ng Phap Cham, Paris, 2006
- Po Dharma, Nicolas Weber, Abdullah Zakaria Bin
Ghazali, S thi Um Marup, Kuala Lumpur, 2007
- Po Dharma (chu bien), Ky yeu hoi thao : Ngon
ng va ch viet Cham, Kuala Lumpur, 2007
*
Champa la vng quoc co nen van minh cao o
nam mien trung Viet Nam, a tng ong mot vai tro chu
yeu trong tien trnh hnh thanh cac quoc gia tai khu vc
ong Nam A. Tiec rang oc gia hom nay van cha tiep
thu mot tac pham nao ang c mang ten Lch S
Champa trong ngha rong cua no.
G. Maspero la s gia au tien a xuat ban vao nam
1928 mot cong trnh mang ten Vng Quoc Champa trong
o tac gia ch ban en lch s cua Champa cho en ngay
that thu cua thanh o Ban vao nam 1471. G. Coedes la
15

Vung quoc Champa

hoc gia tiep theo cung quan tam en nen van minh co ai
Champa, nhng ong ta ch trnh bay lch s cua vng quoc
Champa nam trong lch trnh hnh thanh cac quoc gia An
Hoa tai khu vc ong Nam A, xuat ban vao nam 1964. Po
Dharma la nha nghien cu th ba a an hanh vao nam
1987 tac pham Panduranga-Champa : Moi lien he vi Viet
Nam, trong o tac gia ch at trong tam en moi quan he
cua Champa oi vi cuoc Nam Tien cua nha Nguyen keo
dai t the ky th XV cho en khi vng quoc nay b xoa
bo tren ban o vao nam 1832.
Ben le cua ba tac pham khoa hoc nay, lch s
Champa cung la chu e khong ngng xuat hien tren lan
song sach bao va mang web viet bang tieng Viet ma noi
dung ch la mot the loai van chng danh cho quan chung
ai tra hay bieu tng cho quan iem cua mot so hoc gia
tm cach xay dng lch s Champa theo lang knh ca nhan
cua mnh.
e tra li cho nhng khuyet iem o, Chng
Trnh Champa Hoc e ngh phai xay dng lai lch s
Champa mot cach tong the, khoa hoc va khach quan, chia
lam hai thi ky ro ret. Lch s Champa thi can ai do toi
am trach qua chu e T mat giai phong Thng en
phong trao Fulro : Cuoc au tranh cua dan toc thieu so
mien nam ong Dng (1955-1975), xuat ban tai Paris vao
nam 2005. Lch s Champa thi co ai la tong the cua
16

Thay li ta

nhng bien co a xay ra t ngay Champa lap quoc vao the

ky th II cho en nam 1832. ay la mot cong trnh khoa
hoc vo cung kho khan oi hoi mot kho tang hieu biet sau
rong ve vng quoc nay. Theo quan iem cua Chng
Trnh Champa Hoc, Gs. Ts. Lafont, mot hoc gia chuyen ve
lch s va nen van minh ong Dng tai ai hoc Sorbonne
(Paris) la ngi duy nhat trong gii khoa hoc Phap mi co
the thc hien d an nay. Chnh o la nguyen nhan giai
thch cho s ra i cua tac pham Vng Quoc Champa: a
D, Dan C va Lch S.
Sau 15 nam au t vao d an, Gs. Ts. P-B. Lafont
rat quyet tam, mac du a gap phai bao kho khan ve sc
khoe vao thi iem cua tuoi qua cao, hoan tat cho bang
c tac pham nay vao nam 2007, trc khi ong ta t tran
vao nam 2008, tho 82 tuoi. ay la mon qua qu gia ma Gs.
Ts. P-B. Lafont a e lai cho hau the hom nay.
Vng Quoc Champa : a D, Dan C va Lch S
do Gs. Ts. P-B. Lafont thc hien la tac pham lch s
Champa au tien mang tnh cach tong the, keo dai t ngay
lap quoc vao the ky th II cho en khi vng quoc
Champa b xoa bo tren ban o vao nam 1832. ay la cong
trnh mang tnh cach Lc S Champa th ung hn, v
muc tieu cua tac pham nham phuc vu cho quan chung pho
17

Vung quoc Champa

thong, tap trung t gii sinh vien, cac nha nghien cu

khong chuyen ve Champa hoc, cac gii thng gia va
ngoai giao oan co moi lien he vi Viet Nam cho en oc
gia thong thng muon tm hieu ve vng quoc Champa.
Chnh v the, noi dung va cach cau truc dan bai cua tac
pham nay rat ngan gon va sang sua nham giup oc gia
tiep thu nhanh chong hn nhng yeu to c ban nam trong
tien trnh hnh thanh lch s va nen van minh cua vng
quoc nay.
Trong tac pham nay, Gs. Ts. P-B. Lafont t at
mnh vao v tr cua mot s gia e xay dng lai lch s
Champa mot cach khoa hoc va khach quan, bao gom nhieu
chu e lien quan en tien trnh hnh thanh lch s cua
vng quoc Champa, t yeu to a d, nguon goc dan c,
di san van hoa, phong cach nghe thuat, i song tam linh,
he thong to chc xa hoi va gia nh cho en the che chnh
tr cua Champa. Gs. Ts. P-B. Lafont cung khong bo qua he
thong phan ky lch s cua vng quoc nay, phan tch lai
mot cach khach quan moi lien he chnh tr va quan s gia
Champa va quoc gia lang gieng pha bac trong suot
chieu dai cua cuoc Nam Tien cua dan toc Viet, ma muc
tieu ch nham a lch s cua vng quoc nay tr ve ung
vi v tr cua no. Ke t o, tac pham mang ta e Vng
Quoc Champa : a D, Dan C va Lch S do Gs. Ts. P-B.
Lafont thc hien a tr thanh mot di san van hoa Champa
vo cung qu gia va cung la kim ch nam danh cho nhng ai
18

Thay li ta

muon tm hieu en lch s va nen van minh cua vng

quoc nay.
Vng quoc Champa: a D, Dan C va Lch S la
tac pham viet bang tieng Phap mang ta e Le Champa:
Geographie - Population - Histoire do nha xuat ban Les
Indes Savantes an hanh vao nam 2007 tai Paris. Tac pham
nay c chuyen ng sang tieng Viet bi ong Hassan
Poklaun, mot nha tr thc Cham tot nghiep t trng trung
hoc Phap (Lycee Yersin, a Lat), xuat than t Vien Quoc
Gia Hanh Chanh va cung la ngi a tng dch sang tieng
Viet nhieu tac pham chuyen ve Islam, nhat la Kinh Thanh
Hoi Giao.
Ban chuyen ng sang tieng Viet do ong Hassan
Poklaun thc hien la mot cong trnh vo cung kho khan, v
phong van tieng Phap co cach cau truc rieng biet. Chnh v
the, cong tac phien dch tac pham nay khong the da vao
phng phap t oi t, ma la trnh bay lai mot cach
trung thc va chnh xac y tng nam trong cau van cua tac
gia nham giup oc gia tiep thu nhanh chong noi dung cua
tac pham. ay la mot cong trnh nghien cu mang tnh
cach khoa hoc, nen ban chuyen ng sang tieng Viet cung
thong qua hoi ong co trach nhiem oc lai ban thao, trong
o co Abd. Karim (ai Hoc Putra, Ma Lai), Chau Van Thu
19

Vung quoc Champa

(Tong Th Ky cua Council for the Social-Cultural

Development of Champa) va toi, nham nang cao them gia
tr va o chnh xac cua tac pham nay.

20

Li m au
Champa la mot vng quoc xuat hien tai mien
trung Viet Nam t the ky th II cho en au the ky th
XIX. Vao nhng thi ky vang son nhat, lanh tho Champa
bao gom vung ong bang duyen hai va ca khu vc cao
nguyen cua mien trung Viet Nam hien nay, nam gia hai
ban v tuyen 18 va 11.
The ky th X la thi ky anh dau cho trang s huy
hoang nhat cua Champa, nhng cung la giai oan ma
vng quoc nay bat au oi pho vi ai Viet va mi
thoat ra khoi nen o ho cua Trung Hoa e tao cho mnh
mot quoc gia co chu quyen. Ke t o, vng quoc ai
Viet khi au tao ap lc oi vi Champa ngay cang ln
manh, gay ra s xup o thu o Vijaya (o Ban) vao nam
1471, keo theo cuoc Nam Tien nham xam chiem lanh tho
pha bac cua Champa ong thi pha tan ca truyen thong
An Giao, von la yeu to c ban trong tien trnh phat trien
nen van minh cua vng quoc nay. Mac dau lanh tho
Champa b thu hep vao khu vc pha nam ke t the ky

Vng quoc Champa

th XV nhng vng quoc Champa van con ton tai vi

danh ngha la mot quoc gia oc lap co chu quyen, tiep tuc
bieu dng sc nang ong e cung co lai he thong to chc
xa hoi va dung nap them cac gia tr tinh than mi e xay
dng cho mnh mot nen van minh co ac thu rieng.
Tren bnh dien bang giao quoc te, Champa cung
khong ngng gia tang cac moi quan he vi cac nc lan
bang. Trc sc ep khong ngng cua ai Viet, mot quoc
gia lang gieng pha bac vi dan so phat trien ngay cang
ong uc, do o vng quoc Champa phai ng au vi
bao bien co e bao ve bien gii cua mnh cang ngay cang
b thu hep. Mot khi khong u sc ngan chan cuoc Nam
Tien cua dan toc Viet, Champa ch con cach lam tr hoan
bc tien cua ho ve pha nam cua ban ao ong Dng
trong suot ba the ky ri, v cho en nam 1832 nha
Nguyen mi xam chiem toan bo lanh tho cua quoc gia
nay.
Sau khi b xoa ten tren ban o the gii, vng quoc
Champa ch e lai cho the he hom nay mot chuoi di tch
lch s co xa, mot so van ban ghi khac tren bia a hay
tren en thap, mot so t lieu viet tren cac la buong cung
nh tren giay va mot cong ong chung toc rat t hao la
nhng ngi tha ke mot nen van minh a tng anh dau
nhng net vang son tren trang s cua ban ao ong
Dng.
22

Li m au

Cho en au the ky XXI, nhng thanh tu nghien

cu ve Champa ch phat trien trong mot tam mc rat gii
han. Chnh v the, cac cong trnh nham xay dng lai mot
cach khai quat ve qua trnh cua Champa, ve dan c cua
vng quoc nay ke ca dan c con song sot hom nay cung
nh cac phng an nham phan tch lai mot cach khach
quan hn nhng yeu to lch s cua no, a tr thanh mot
chu e can thiet va hu ch nam trong tac pham nay.

23

Mai en cuoi the ky th XX, cac nha nghien cu

thng cho rang lanh tho Champa trong nhng thi vang
son nhat vao the ky th IX ch nam tren dai at cua mien
duyen hai chay dai t mui Hoanh Sn pha bac cho en
song inh (Ba Ra-Vung Tau) pha nam va be rong cua
vng quoc nay rat eo hep b gii han t b bien Nam Hai
cho en chan nui cua day Trng Sn ma thoi. Hay noi
mot cach khac, lanh tho cua Champa ch bao gom cac
vung ong bang duyen hai cua mien trung Viet Nam hien
nay. ay ch la mot gia thuyet khong thuyet phuc cho lam,
v gan 20 nam qua, cac t lieu lch s, di san khao co va
cac van ban con lu lai a chng minh rang lanh tho
Champa chang nhng nam tren mien duyen hai pha
ong ma con bao gom, tuy theo giai oan cua lch s, ca
khu vc Tay Nguyen cua day Trng Sn nam pha tay,
co o doc chay thoai thoai cho en song Cu Long
(Mekong).
Vao nam 914, cac bia ky thuoc giao phai Phat Giao
ai tha tm thay khu vc Kon Klor (Kontum) cho biet
lanh tho Champa bao gom ca vung cao nguyen Kontum.
Mot bia ky khac viet vao the ky XII nam trong khu vc
cua M Sn cung nhac en cong ong Vrlas va Randaiy,
tc la mot tap the toc ngi Tay Nguyen co a ban dan c

Vng quoc Champa

nam tren khu vc Lam ong, Gia Lai (Pleiku) va Dak Lak
a tng phuc tung vua chua Champa. ieu nay a am ch
rang Tay Nguyen la khu vc nam tren lanh tho pha tay
cua vng quoc Champa trc kia.
Bc sang the ky th XIII, mot so chu thch trong
tac pham Yuan-che (CCX 55a) cua Trung Hoa va nhat ky
cua Marco Polo lien quan en cuoc tien quan cua Mong
Co nham chinh phat Champa vao nam 1283-1285 cung
cong nhan rang lanh tho Champa vao thi ky o bao gom
ca khu vc cao nguyen Kontum va Pleiku. Them vao o,
s hien dien cua cac en thap Champa vao the ky th XIV
va XV tai thon Phu Tho gan Pleiku, mot so en thap khac
nam trong tnh Phu Bon (Cheo Reo), thung lung Ia Ayun
va Song Ba va xa hn na, tai khu vc Yang Prong thuoc
ve pha nam cua Dak Lak (Ban Me Thuot) cau thanh mot
yeu to vng chac nham xac nhan rang Tay Nguyen la khu
vc nam trong bien gii chnh tr cua vng quoc Champa
thi trc. Cuoi cung, cac t lieu viet bang ch Han, ch
Cham, cac hoi ky cua nhng thng thuyen Au Chau vao
the ky th XVII-XIX cung nh cac truyen thuyet dan gian
cua cac toc ngi ban a tai mien trung Viet Nam va Lao
quoc cung thng a ra nhng yeu to nham minh nh
rang ke t the ky th XVI cho en ngay diet vong cua
Champa vao nam 1832, lanh tho cua vng quoc nay bao
gom mot phan at ai cua day Trng Sn va khu vc
ong bang nam ve pha tay.
28

a d

Tom lai, ve mat a d, at nc Champa la mot

vng quoc nam mien trung Viet Nam bao gom mien
duyen hai, khu vc Tay Nguyen ke ca cac day nui cua
Trng Sn.
Vung duyen hai cua Champa
T bac xuong nam, mien duyen hai Champa trai
dai khoang 800 cay so va khong qua 50 cay so chieu
ngang, bao gom cac vung ong bang va chau tho (delta)
nho hep, thng tach ri vi nhau bi cac mui a nho noi
lien t chan nui Trng Sn cho en b bien Nam Hai (Vu
T Lap, Vietnam. Donnees geographiques, Hanoi, 1977).
Cac mui a nho nay thng chia cat mien ong bang
thanh nhieu vung eo hep rat kho bang qua. a the a d
thien nhien nay a bien Champa thanh nhieu khu vc t
tr co ban sac va ac thu rieng ma cac bia ky va van ban
thng nhac en.
T ngay thanh lap, Champa la mot quoc gia co at
ai rong ln. Vao nam 1069 va 1306, vng quoc nay a
nhng lai cho ai Viet hai khu vc nam tren lanh tho cua
tnh Bnh-Tr-Thien co ranh gii pha bac la mui Hoanh
Sn va ranh gii pha nam la eo Hai Van (nui Bach Ma),
von la mot bc mang ngan chan kh hau mot cach t
nhien. Ve pha ong cua Bnh-Tr-Thien la khu vc eo
29

Vng quoc Champa

bien khong cao cho lam, thng la nan nhan cua cac luong
gio, dong nc, ho nc man va nhat la nan nhan cua cac
song bien va tran bao nhiet i thng xay ra hang nam
vao thang 9 va thang 10. Pha tay cua khu vc nay la cac
ngon nui vi cac nh cao vt t 1200 en 1500 thc.
Buong ngan nay bao gom nhieu vung ong bang (Ron,
ong Hi, Le Thuy, Tha Thien, v.v..) ma be ngang
khong bao gi vt qua 20 cay so ma phan at ph nhieu
e canh tac thng b thu hep lai va c ti bi nhieu
dong nc.
Ve pha nam cua eo Hai Van la khu vc a Nang
(Tourane) co bien gii pha nam la nui Chua, bien gii
pha tay la nh nui vi be cao hn 1000 thc. Ben canh
chan nui co nhieu go cao ln va nho. Ve pha ong la cac
ho nc man vi cac con cat cua b bien. trung tam la
ong bang cua tnh Quang Nam gom cac thung lung rong
ln chay doc theo cac b song cua no. at ai ph nhieu
cua ong bang thng san xuat nhieu vu mua lua quan
trong. Gia cac the ky VII va XIII, vung nay la trung tam
van hoa va chnh tr cua vng quoc Champa. Cac di tch
lch s nam ngon ngang tren khu vc Tra kieu, quan the
M Sn va ong Dng v.v. cau thanh nhng yeu to cu the
e chng minh cho ly thuyet cua chung toi.
Ve pha nam cua nui Chua la ong bang Quang
Ngai. Vung nay c ti nc bi nhng dong song nho,
thng b ngan cach vi nhau bi cac day nui a cng.
30

a d

Cac con song nay vao mua ma thng hay lu lut va vao
mua kho th kho rao. Cac dau tch con hien hu nam trong
tieu vng quoc Amaravati, tc la khu vc Quang NamQuang Ngai, a giai thch the nao la cong trnh dan thuy
nhap ien vo cung o so ma vua chua Champa a thc
hien trong qua kh.
pha nam Quang Ngai la ong bang b ngan lai
pha tay bi cac ngon nui Bnh nh co chieu cao t 1000
en 1500 thc. Nam ngay ben chan nui la canh ong
ruong lua bac thang chong len nhau tng lp c xem
nh la mot ky thuat dan thuy nhap ien cua tieu vng
quoc Vijaya ton tai cho en nam 1471. Pha nam cua canh
ong nay la eo Cu Mong. Pha ong cua no la b bien
san ho va mot so mom a lm chm. T bac xuong nam
cua khu vc nay co nhieu canh ong, nh canh ong Bong
Sn, Phu My va Qui Nhn, thng b tach ri vi nhau bi
cac mui nui nho. c ti nc bi nhieu con song, cac
canh ong nay cau thanh mot khu vc co at ai rat la
mau m.
i xuong ve pha nam cua tieu vng quoc Vijaya
(Bnh nh) la lanh tho cua tnh Phu Khanh hien nay thuoc
tieu vng quoc Kauthara. Khu vc th nhat cua no nam
gia eo Cu mong va mui Varella, noi dai en hon Vong
Phu bao gom nhieu canh ong nho hep nam ep vi chan
nui vi chieu cao khoang 1000 thc co v tr rat gan vi
31

Vng quoc Champa

b bien gho ghe. Mot khu vc ngoai le la ong bang Tuy
Hoa nam tren chau tho va tren thung lung co o cao trung
bnh cua song a Rang. Qua khoi mui Varella xuong ve
pha nam la nhng ngon nui nho biet lap va nhng vnh
nc bien oi khi rat sau thng b khep lai bi nhng ban
ao nh vnh Cam Ranh hay bi nhng hon ao nh vnh
Nha Trang. V tr a d nay thng lam eo hep lai dien
tch cua cac canh ong thien nhien, nh canh ong Ninh
Hoa, Nha Trang hay Ba Ngoi. V at xau va kho rao hang
nam, ong bang nay khong mang lai nguon san xuat nong
nghiep ang ke. Khu vc th hai nam trong tieu vng
quoc Kauthara la con cat trai dai t chan nui en b bien.
Qua khoi khu vc Kauthara (Nha Trang) la ong
bang cua tieu vng quoc Panduranga nam trong hai tnh
Ninh Thuan va Bnh Thuan hien nay. ay la vung a d
co rat nhieu con cat, chia thanh ba mien rieng biet. Ve
hng bac la canh ong Phan Rang trai dai en tan mui
Dinh con goi la Cap Pandaran va b chan lai pha tay bi
cac nui a doc. Canh ong nay co nhng ngon nui rai rac
va biet lap, an nc song Kinh Dinh va cac phu lu cua
no, nhng chu sc nong do anh sang mat tri gay gat va t
ma. Lng nc trung bnh t hn 700 mm, v day trng
sn va hng bien a ngan no khoi cac cn ma mua
ong. ong bang Phan Rang la khu vc thng b ap ao
bi cac luong gio kho rao, thng tr thanh mot vung a
32

a d

d co kh hau rat la kho han, oi hoi viec cung cap nc
e trong trot. Chnh v the, cong viec dan thuy nhap ien
a tr thanh mot nganh ky nghe nong nghiep hang au
cua ngi dan Panduranga xa kia. Pha ong cua canh
ong nay la con cat chay dai en tan Mui Dinh tiep noi
vi ruong muoi Ca Na a c khai thac t nhieu the ky
qua. Va cuoi cung la tieu canh ong Tuy Phong. Ve pha
nam cua Tuy Phong la canh ong Phan R co hien tng
kh hau rat gan gui vi khu vc Phan Rang. Canh ong
nay b gii han ve pha ong bi cac b bien at cat va
pha tay bi nui oi. Lng nc ma cua no gia tang t t
khi i vao mien nam, nhng khong kem hn ong bang
Phan Rang. Het khu con cat la canh ong Phan Thiet rong
hn bon lan so vi canh ong Phan R. Mac du vi lng
nc ma trung bnh 1200 mm hang nam va c ti bi
nhieu dong song ngan, canh ong nay cung can he thong
dan thuy nhap ien e phat trien nong nghiep, bi v at
ai canh tac cua no la at cat nam chong len lp at bien.
Sau canh ong Phan Thiet la con cat nam phu len
cac b bien va cac bai cat noi tiep vi cac vung am lay.
Khu vc hoang vu nay la bien gii t nhien gia Trung
Viet va Nam Viet va cung la bien gii pha nam cua
Champa trc ay.

33

Vng quoc Champa

Nhn qua ban o a hnh cua Trung Viet xa kia,

ngi ta co the a ra ket luan rang dien tch ong bang
at thap cua Champa rat thu hep, v day Trng Sn chay
dai t mui Hoanh Sn nam qua ke can vi vung bien a
lam rut ngan lai chieu dai cua cac con song. Ngoai ra, cac
o doc t vung nui thng b cac dong nc thng lu
khoet mon, mang theo a soi va cat boi xuong vung at
thap. Nhng vat lieu nay, nhat la mien trung, a to boi
cac vnh nc, cac ho nc man va cuoi cung cau thanh
cac ong bang hien tai. Ngc vi dong nc thng lu,
cac dong ha lu cua cac con song nay co mot o doc rat la
yeu kem cho nen oi khi kho kiem mot loi thoat ra bien
va thng bang qua cac khoang cach rat dai chay song
song vi bien trc khi thoat vao ai dng.
Ai cung biet rang kh hau hai phan cua Champa rat
nong nc va am thap. Nhiet o trung bnh thay oi gia 30
o C vao thang bay Tay Lch va 20 o C vao thang gieng
Tay Lch, nhng nhiet o toi a nam gia 40 o C va 15
o C Hue. Kh hau nay chu anh hng cua gio mua.
Vao mua ong, cac luong gio thoi t ong-bac sang taynam va vao mua ha, t tay-nam sang ong-bac. Cac luong
gio nay co tac dung en s sinh hoat cua nghe hang hai
cho en s ra i cua ghe thuyen chay bang hi nc. Ve
lng nc ma, no thay oi tuy theo v tuyen cung nh
hng bien va hng nui. Cac cn ma dien ra toi a t
34

a d

thang chn en thang gieng Tay Lch ven bien mien
trung va t thang mi en thang mi hai Tay Lch
mien nam. Lch trnh cua cac mua ma nay phat xuat t he
thong gio mua dien ra vao mua ong, t ap lc khong kh
rat la ac biet va nhat la t cac tran bao nhiet i - trung
bnh chn tran hang nam - thng hay can quet b bien
vao thang mi va mi mot. Ngc lai, vao mua ha la
mua kho keo dai mot thi gian kha lau, boi them bi cac
ngon gio nong chay da t hng tay thoi xuong theo cac
khe nui cua day Trng Sn. Tnh trang mua kho cang
ngay cang gia tang bi s boc hi qua cao.
Cac lp at cua vung ong bang thng la at phu
sa. So con lai thng cha mot loai at a cng va mot so
khac rat hiem cha loai at a bazan cua nui la. Loai at
th nhat thng rut nc rat nhanh, bi v nguyen lieu
gom co at cat. Cang xuong ve pha nam th nguyen lieu
at cat cang tang them. Cong vi cac yeu to sinh thai a
phng, loai at nay ch nuoi dng cho mot loai cay coi
thng co gai. Bi v the, neu muon bien khu vc nay
thanh at ai e trong trot th ngi ta phai phat trien
manh viec dan thuy nhap ien. ay la cong trnh ma
ngi dan Champa song ven bien trc kia a tng thc
hien. Cac di tch con lu lai tai mien trung Viet Nam cho
en hom nay a chng minh cho cac no lc ve ky thuat
dan thuy nhap ien ma vng quoc Champa a tng phat
35

Vng quoc Champa

trien nham khai thac cac khu vc qua kho rao (Nguyen
Thieu Lau, Les etangs desseches de la reion de MngMan, trong Institut Indochinois pour l'Etude de l'Homme
V-1, 1942, trg. 131-134 + 5 planches). Tuy nhien nganh ky
nghe nay van khong bao gi cho phep phat trien nhanh
chong viec san xuat nong nghiep e lam gia tang dan so
cua vng quoc Champa.
Vung cao nguyen cua Champa
Mien tay cua ong bang duyen hai Trung Viet co
mot hnh thai thien nhien rat khac biet gia pha bac va
pha nam cua nui Bach Ma (Tha Thien va a Nang). Ve
pha bac cua nui nay, cac oi a cng xuat hien giong cac
mac xch theo hng tay-bac / ong-nam (nui Voi Mep,
nui ong Ngai). Ve pha nam la khu vc co cac oi nui
(nui Chua Quang Ngai, nui Kontum, nui Ba Bnh
nh), ket hp thanh mot day rat cao va co o doc ng
thang theo chieu bac nam xuong cac vung at thap. Ve
pha tay cua o doc nay la day cao nguyen trung iep. Bat
au t nui Vong Phu en mui Varella la khu vc a d co
hnh thai xep ngang xuat phat t nhng ngon nui Chak
Yang, nui Bi Dup (Khanh Hoa), nui Langbian (Lam
ong), nui Brah Yang, nui Yung (Bnh Thuan) chay dai
lien tuc, het nui nay sang nui kia, i xuong ve pha b bien
36

a d

tao thanh cac vung ong bang nho hep nh a e cap
phan tren.
Mac du khong hoan toan la mot day Trng Sn
(cordillere) ma ngc lai la mep ra (rebord) cua cao
nguyen hng ve pha nc Lao co o cao khong qua
2610 met, cac day nh cao nay chay dai t ngon nui
Ataouat (2500 met) nam tren bac v tuyen 16 cho en nui
Vong Phu (Nha Trang) ket thanh mot bc mang ngan chan
kh hau gia mien duyen hai cua mien trung Viet Nam
chu anh hng cua gio mua cung nh cac tran bao nhiet
i va nc Lao co thi tiet mua ong hoan toan khac
han.
Ta lng vao tuyen cao iem ng tr ca ong bang
duyen hai bat au t nui Bach Ma la khu vc bao gom
nhng vung cao nguyen i xuong thoai thoai tng chong,
chay ve man song Cu Long (Mekong).
Cao nguyen au tien cua Tay Nguyen la cao
nguyen Kontum ma phan pha nam trai dai ra khoi bien
gii Pleiku a nhan mot lng nc ma trung bnh 2500
mm gia nam 1950 va nam 1960. Cao nguyen nay co
chieu cao khong qua 800 met la khu vc co nui la hoat
ong xa kia a lu lai cac di tch cua chop nui la nh nui
Hodrung, cac ho nc tren mieng nui la nh ho Tonueng
va cac at ai thch hp cho viec trong trot. Cac vung at
37

Vng quoc Champa

nay xa kia la rng ram ma mot phan b con ngi tan
pha. Vao nam 1950, ngi ta thay khu vc nay co nhieu
cho b tan pha e bien thanh rng cay tre, nh cao nguyen
Pleiku (vung Gia Lai). Ve pha ong cao nguyen nay la
bac them i xuong ong bang duyen hai nh vung An Khe
vi o cao khoang 400 met an nc ti doi dao va co mot
ngon eo mang ten eo An Khe tiep giap b bien, vi o
cao ngang vi Qui Nhn. Ve pha nam cua cao nguyen An
Khe la thung lung Cheo Reo (Phu Bon) trai dai theo cac
con song Ya Ayun va song Ba, tc la ni cao iem cua
song a Rang chay xuong bien gan Tuy Hoa.
Tiep theo cao nguyen Kontum chay xuoi ve pha
nam la cao nguyen Dak Lak a tiep thu vao cac nam
1950-1960 mot lng nc trung bnh 1500 mm. Vi o
cao t 600 en 700 met, cao nguyen nay hien ra gia
Cheo Reo va Ban Me Thuot nh mot tam tham a bazan
hi gn song. at trong cua no rat mau m an nc song
Sre Poc (Srepok) thng, mot phu lu cua song Me Kong,
b cat oan bi nhieu thac nc nh thac Dray Hlinh. Cang
i sau ve pha nam, ngi ta thay nhng thung lung rong
ln lan lon vi nhng khu vc co mo hnh khong ro ret
thng hien ra cac ho nc, nh ho Lak, cac ao nc va
cac am lay. Ve pha ong cua cao nguyen nay la khu vc
bac them ket hp vi cac vung at thap, vung at sup cua
Khanh Dng (M'Drak) cau thanh mot ong bang khoang
chat vi a bazan ma eo Yok Kao (Phng Hoang) m
38

a d

ca xuong vung Ninh Hoa. Gan mot the ky qua, ngoai cac
khu vc a c s dung e trong trot, at ai chung cua
vung nay, nhat la khu vc pha bac, van con la quang canh
cua nhng khu rng tha, nhng bai trong, nhng ong co
va ve pha nam la nhng khu rng ram rat ti tot.
Ve pha nam cua cao nguyen Dak Lak la mot loat
cac nh nui la ma mot so co o cao en 2400 met, nh
ngon Chk Yang, ng tr tren mot cao nguyen goi la cao
nguyen Langbian vi o cao trung bnh la 1500 met. Cao
nguyen nay vi o cao rat gong genh, gom cac loai a nui
la ma mot so tac gia con goi cao nguyen a Lat, co
nhieu thung lung va ho nc nh ho Me Linh va thac nc
nh thac Cam Ly. Cao nguyen nay la khu vc tru phu phat
xuat t cac rng thong, cac bai co, cac hoa mau. Ve pha
ong nam, cao nguyen nay chay dai ve pha bien theo mot
loat khu at bac thang (terrasse), chang han khu at bac
thang Dran (on Dng) rat la noi tieng. Neu cao nguyen
nay i ve cac hng khac, th no thng cham dt bang
cac sn nui hi doc ng.
Ve pha tay cua cao nguyen Langbian la cao
nguyen ba bien gii ak Nong, con c goi la cao
nguyen Chhlong thng. Thc ra no ch noi dai cao
nguyen Dak Lak ve canh nam-tay-nam va co quang canh
cua cac ngon oi phu lap bi a san. Vi o cao trung bnh
1000 met, cao nguyen nay b chia cat thanh nhng thung
39

Vng quoc Champa

lung sau vi cac b sn co o doc ng. Phu lp bi a
cat, a xt (diep thach) va oi luc bi a bazan, at ai cua
ba bien gii ak Nong khong ph nhieu cho lam. Them
vao o, nhieu sn nui doc ng cua no a tao ra nhng
con lach vao mua ma va tnh trang thieu nc vao mua
han.
Ve pha nam cao nguyen Langbian la cao nguyen
Di Linh hien ra nh la bc thang thap cua Langbian. Vi
o cao tng bac gia 800 met va 1000 met, cao nguyen
nay la mot ong bang lom gom co a cat va a bazan, b
chia cat thanh nhieu khu vc bi con song ong Nai
Thng va cac phu lu cua no tao ra. Cao nguyen Di Linh
thng co nhng thung lung vi at ai trong trot rat la
mau m. An nc ma doi dao vi lng nc ma trung
bnh hang nam la 2115 mm, cao nguyen nay la khu vc
rng ram luc ban au tai cac vung cao, nhng thng
nhng cho cho cac khu rng xuong cap do con ngi gay
ra.
Kh hau mien cao nguyen mien trung Viet Nam
thay oi theo tng vung. Nhng ai the, ngi ta ghi nhan
rang t thang nam en thang chn Tay Lch la mua am
thap vi may ma va sng mu. Vao thang mi cho en
thang t th la mua kho, tc la thi ky ti mat nhat tuy
theo o cao. Cao nguyen Langbian, nhiet o thng xuong
en 10 o C vao thang hai. Nhiet o trung bnh hang nam
40

a d

thay oi tuy theo kinh tuyen va v tuyen (+20 o C / -2 o
C pha bac cao nguyen Kontum va 24,6 o C trung bnh
e roi xuong cho en 8 o C tai trung tam cua cao nguyen
ak Lak).
Cho en the ky XX, cac vung cao nguyen nay van
la khu rng ram vi nhieu hng thm khac biet gom cac
loai cay hng tram nh loai cay aloes, cay bang, cay
santal cau thanh mot th trng danh cho ngui A Rap va
ngi Nhat. Cao nguyen nay cung co nhieu loai thu rng
nh con voi tai cao nguyen Dak Lak, vung ba bien gii va
Di Linh ma cac chiec nga a c xuat khau i khap A
Chau; bo rng va trau rng tren cac cao nguyen Kontum,
An Khe va Langbian; con ho hu (cervide) tren khap cao
nguyen va bnh nguyen; cop rng ma da cua no thng ghi
lai trong danh dach hang hoa cua thng thuyen di chuyen
t a Nang en Malithit (Phan Thiet) trong vng quoc
Champa thi o; con te giac ma sng va xng cot cua no
cau thanh cac mon hang thng mai rat qu gia.
en gia the ky XX, dan c tren cac vung cao
nguyen Kontum, Pleiku, Dak Lak, Dinh Linh va vung Ba
Bien Gii ch gom nhng ngi dan ban a ong Dng.
Ho chuyen song ve nong nghiep pha rng lam ray du canh
theo mua, di chuyen t vung nay sang vung khac sau khi
at ai a het mau m. T le dan so trong vung nay rat
41

Vng quoc Champa

thap va ni c tru rat la tha tht (J. Boulbet, Le Miir,
culture itinerante sur brulis avec jachere forestiere en pays
Maa, ang trong tap ch Bulletin de l'Ecole Francaise
d'Extreme Orient LIII-1, 1966, trg 77-98).
*
Nh chung ta va nhn qua, ong bang nam doc
theo b bien cua Champa co t at trong trot va v the ch
co the cung cap mot san lng nong nghiep rat la han che
va co nh. San lng nong nghiep la yeu to gop phan vao
viec gia tang dan so rat nhanh chong, vi ieu kien la
vng quoc Champa phai gia tang dien tch trong trot.
Nhng v ly do ton giao, Champa khong the m rong at
ai cua mnh ra khoi bien gii c qui nh bi than linh
cua vng quoc nay. Chnh o la nguyen nhan giai thch
tai sao cac cuoc chien do Champa khi xng khong phai
la cuoc chien xam chiem at ai. Va sau nhng cuoc chien
thang quan s, vng quoc nay cung khong bao gi sap
nhap at ai cua nc lang gieng thua tran vao lanh tho
cua quoc gia mnh (La notion de frontiere dans la partie
orientale de la peninsule indochinoise trong tac pham Les
frontieres du Vietnam, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1989, trg. 1819). ieu nay cung giai thch them tai sao dan so tai cac
vung ong bang Champa a khong thay oi trong suot
chieu dai cua lch s.
42

a d

Cao nguyen cua Champa bao gom nhieu khu vc

rong ln cha nhieu rng ram, nhng dan c cua vng
quoc nay khong biet cach khai thac, ch bam vao he thong
nong nghiep co truyen bang cach ot rng khai hoang e
chuan b at trong. Phng phap nay khong cho phep phat
trien nganh trong trot mot cach lien tuc tren mot khu at v
chu ky mau m cua lp at ch co gii han. Chnh o la
nguyen nhan lam suy giam nang suat thu hoach. ay cung
la yeu to a lam cho dan so ong lai neu khong canh tan
he thong san xuat nh chnh sach nong nghiep a tng
phat trien vao gia the ky XX.
iem cuoi cung ma ngi ta khong the bo qua
c o la s chia cat at ai vung ven bien bi trang thai
thien nhien cua a d va he thong san xuat ot rng khai
hoang tren cac vung cao nguyen a ngan tr viec lien i
chat che gia cac dan c Champa. Tai mien duyen hai,
dan c sinh song t khi lien he vi nhau v cac chng ngai
nui non mac du co the vt qua de dang. Tren cao
nguyen, cac dan c cung b co lap tng khu vc bi cac
vung at bo hoang ch cho at mau tai sinh.
Hang bao the ky qua, yeu to a d a lam tr hoan
i a phat trien dan so va he thong to chc cua xa hoi
Champa. Trong khi o, ben kia pha bac ranh gii cua
Champa, dan toc Viet lam chu mot a ban canh tac vo
cung rong ln bao gom chau tho cua song Hong Ha cung
43

Vng quoc Champa

nh cac ong bang mien bac nh vung Thanh Hoa chang
han, va khong ngng san xuat vu mua hang nam. o cung
la yeu to a lam gia tang dan so dan toc Viet mot cach
nhanh chong va phat trien he thong lien i cua ho mot
cach chat che hn. Mot khi cuoc chien bung no gia hai
quoc gia lan bang, van e a d a tr thanh mot yeu to
thuan li cho pha ai Viet va bat li cho vng quoc
Champa.

44

Hoan toan trai ngc vi cac ly thuyet a a ra

gan mot the ky qua, vng quoc Champa khong nhng bao
gom cac phan at nam ven bien cua mien trung Viet
Nam hien nay ma ke ca day Trng Sn (Codillere
Annamitique) va vung cao nguyen tiep noi vi no. Da
vao yeu to a d nay, ngi ta a ra ket luan rang dan c
Champa ket hp khong nhng ngi dan sinh song vung
ong bang ma con bao gom ca dan c cua vung cao
nguyen, thng goi la ngi Thng (Montagnards) hay la
ngi ban x ong Dng (Proto-Indochinois). Chnh v
the, vng quoc Champa khong phai mot la at nc rieng
cua ngi Cham ma la mot quoc gia a chung gom ca dan
toc Tay Nguyen, trong o moi sac dan thng ong mot
vai tro rieng biet trong tien trnh lch s cua vng quoc
nay ma chung toi se trnh bay phan di ay.

Nguon goc
Vao au ky nguyen cua Tay Lch, ngi ta khong
biet nhieu ve nguon goc dan c sinh song trong lanh tho
xa kia cua Champa. Cac ban van Trung Hoa c xem
nh la nguon s lieu duy nhat nhng cung ch noi mot cach
s lc lien quan en dan toc sinh song trong khu vc nam

Vng quoc Champa

gia Hoanh Sn (Porte dAnnam) va eo Hai Van. Theo
tai lieu nay, ay la khu vc nam ve pha nam cua bien gii
Trung Hoa ma dan c bao gom mot so ngi Trung Hoa
nhap c va a so con lai chiem phan quan trong la dan
ban a vung ven bien va tren cao nguyen co cuoc song
rat gan gui vi nhau. Theo tac pham Jinshu (trang 57, 4b.
Ban dch cua Paul Pelliot), nhng ngi ban a nay cau
thanh tng nhom biet ho tr lan nhau. Hn na cac tai
lieu tren goi ho la dan toc man r (barbare), v rang oi
vi tac gia Trung Hoa thi o, tat ca nhng ai khong phai
la ngi Trung Hoa hay khong mang sac thai cua nen van
minh Trung Hoa eu b gan cho cum t la ngi man r.
Tai lieu tren cung qui luon ca ngi Khu Lien (Qulian)
vao nhom man r nay, mot thuat ng e am ch cho toc
ngi co nc da ram nang.
Rieng ve dan toc sinh song tren lanh tho nam ve
pha nam cua nui Bach Ma (Hue), mot so tai lieu khao co
a neu ra vai chi tiet kha ro rang hn. Theo tai lieu nay,
cac hai cot di thi thng co c tm thay tren Tay
Nguyen nam ve pha tay cua day Trng Sn la nhng hai
cot cua ngi ban a Ma Lai (Proto-Malais) co so au dai
(dolichoce phales) vi than hnh vam v. Ngay t thi ky
a mi (neolithique), ho la dan ban a ong Dng
(Proto-Indochinois) duy nhat a tng lam chu khu vc Tay
Nguyen va ton tai cho en gia the ky XX. Ben canh o,
ngi ta cung tm thay cac hai cot vung ven bien co
48

Dan c

nguon goc nam trong thanh phan dan ban a Ma Lai
(Proto-Malais) co au dai va di tru en Champa t th
hai nhng lai pha tron vi mot so yeu to cua chung toc
Mong Co do cac ngi nhap c goc Trung Hoa mang en.
Vao thi ky a mi (neolithique), sau khi tiep thu nhieu
nguon van minh cua thi tien s vao au ky nguyen Tay
Lch, nhng ngi ban a Ma Lai (Proto-Malais) nay a
tr thanh mot tap the chung toc ma ngi Au Chau thng
dung thuat ng Viet Nam e gan cho ho la ngi Cham,
trong khi o cum t Cham hoan toan b lang quen trong
ngon ng cua dan toc Tay Nguyen va cung khong bao gi
xuat hien trong cac bia ky hay trong cac ban van xa viet
bang tay tai vng quoc Champa. Cum t thng s dung
e am ch cho than dan cua vng quoc Champa xa kia la
Urang Champa (urang = ngi, ca nhan) ch khong phai
la Urang Cham tc la ngi Cham nh mot so nha khoa
hoc thng hieu lam. Hn mot the ky qua, cung v viec s
dung t Cham la cach nuot am (apocope) cua t
Champa e am ch mot sac dan c ngu t xa tai vung
duyen hai Champa a tr thanh mot thong le, thanh ra
ngi ta tiep tuc dung t Cham nay vi y ngha mang
tnh ac trng e am ch chung nhng g thuoc ve Champa,
khong nhat thiet thuoc ve dan toc Cham hom nay.

49

Vng quoc Champa

Ngon ng
Cac d kien khao co hoc cho rang nhng dan c
ban a Ma Lai (Proto-Malais) co mat tren lanh tho
Champa xa kia a s dung mot hay nhieu ngon ng thuoc
gia nh Ma Lai a ao (proto-malayo-polynesienne).
Qua cac tien trnh phat trien, ngon ng nay a bien thanh
mot gia nh ngon ng mi trong o co tieng Cham (c
s dung bi ngi Cham sinh song tai cac vung ong
bang) va cac tho ng cung chung mot nguon goc vi tieng
Cham, nh tieng Jarai, Ee, Churu, Raglai, Hroi, c s
dung bi cac dan c cua vung cao thuoc mien trung-bac
cua ban ao ong Dng.
Tieng Cham a co mat tai vng quoc Champa vao
the ky th IV. Xa kia, tieng Cham la ngon ng c lu
hanh t Hoanh Sn en vung Bien Hoa. Nhng hom nay,
ngon ng Cham ch con lu hanh tai cac thon ap ngi
Cham trong hai tnh Ninh thuan va Bnh Thuan cung nh
tai thung lung Nam Vang va chung quanh tnh Kampot cua
Kampuchea. Tieng Cham thuoc gia nh ngon ng Ma Lai
a ao (autronesien), mac du cha ng mot so yeu to
thuoc gia nh Chau A Ng (austoasiatique). Ngon ng
Cham a phat trien theo a tien hoa ro rang, ac biet nhat
la s xuat hien cac phu am phat t trc co hong
50

Dan c

(preglottalise) va viec vay mn nhieu t cua Phan ng,
Viet ng va tieng Khmer, e roi hom nay tieng Cham
khong gan gui vi tieng Ma Lai nh xa kia na.
Ngon ng Cham xuat hien lan au tien tren mot
bia ky (the ky th IV) viet bang tieng Cham co ai (vieux
cham) c phat hien gan Tra Kieu trong tnh Quang
Nam-a Nang hien nay (G. Coedes, La plus ancienne
inscription en langue chame trong New Indian Antiquary, Extra Series I, 1939, trg. 46-49). Ch viet cua tam
bia nay phat sinh t ch viet Devanagari cua An o ma
vng quoc Champa thng dung e khac tren cac bia a
song song vi tieng Phan cho en the ky th XV, tc la
nien ai anh dau cho s bien mat hoan toan tieng Cham
co ai e thay the vao o ch Cham trung ai (Cham
moyen) va sau la ch Cham can ai (Cham moderne) tap
trung bon dang khac nhau goi la: akhar rik, akhar yok,
akhar tuel va akhar srah (tc ch viet pho thong). Ch
Cham can ai thng c s dung trc tien tren mat la
buong (olles) sau o tren giay (P.B. Lafont, Po Dharma va
Nara Vija, Catalogue des manuscrits cam des bibliotheques
francaises, Paris, Publications de lEcole Francaise
dExtreme-Orient, vol CXIV, 1977, trg 2, 6-8 va sach co
Cham mang ky hieu CM 23-2). Tai Viet Nam hom nay,
ngon ng viet (langue ecrite) va ngon ng noi (langue
parlee) cua ngi Cham co nhieu s khac biet ang ke.
51

Vng quoc Champa

Ngon ng viet Cham a trai qua nhieu tien trnh phat trien
nhng con gi nguyen nhng yeu to c ban rat gan gui vi
he nguyen thuy cua ngon ng Ma Lai a ao trong khi o
ngon ng noi cua dan toc nay th b n tiet hoa
(monosyllabisme) qua cac cuoc tiep xuc vi tieng Viet ma
ngi Cham a hoc trong cac trng lp va s dung no
nh tieng pho thong hang ngay. Tai Campuchia, tieng noi
va ch viet ma ngi Cham ang s dung a chu anh
hng sau am tieng Khmer.
Tren Tay Nguyen, trong thi ky nay dan c
Champa s dung hai ngon ng rat khac biet nhng cha co
ch viet, o la he ng thuoc nhom Chamic (nhom ngon
ng cua tieng Cham) thuoc gia nh ngon ng Ma Lai a
ao (austronesien) nh tieng Jarai, Ee, Churu, Raglai va
Hroi va mot he ng khac, cung kha quan trong, cua nhom
Mon-Khmer thuoc gia nh ngon ng ong Nam A-Chau
(austroasiatique). Ngon ng Jarai, Ee, Churu, Raglai va
Hroi thuoc nguon goc Ma Lai a ao nhng rat gan gui
vi tieng Cham co ai hn la tieng Cham can ai. Ngon
ng nay la tieng noi rat thnh hanh tren khu vc Tay
Nguyen so vi ngon ng thuoc gia nh ong Nam AChau. Nhng bia ky viet bang Phan ng va Cham ng co
ai cho rang nhng ngi sinh song tren Tay Nguyen la
dan toc s dung ngon ng Chamic, co s lien he rat gan
gui vi ngi Cham ong bang ke t the ky th XII,
trong khi o van chng truyen khau cua dan toc Tay
52

Dan c

Nguyen dung ngon ng ong Nam A-Chau thng noi
en cac moi quan he gay gat trong qua kh gia cong
ong nay va sac dan Cham sinh song ong bang.

Dan so
Nh chung ta a thay, mien duyen hai cua Champa
la khu vc nh c cua dan toc Cham, bao gom co cac
vung at rat han hep va khong may thuan li cho viec
trong trot. No ch cung cap mot so lng hoa mau gii han,
khong giup cho viec gia tang dan so mot cach nhanh
chong neu dan toc nay khong tm cach khai khan cac vung
at mi. Tiec rang ngi Cham khong bao gi lam chuyen
o, v ly do ton giao ma chung toi a neu ra phan tren.
Theo truyen thong tn ngng, ngi Cham khong co
quyen nh c ben ngoai bien gii thon xom cua ho, tc la
a ban dan c a c qui nh bi cac than linh phu ho
cho thon xom nay. Chnh v the, ho khong dam ni rong
at ai ra khoi bien gii truyen thong, v s khong con
hng quyen bao bo cua than linh Champa na. ieu nay
khien cho bien gii cua cac lang xa va ngay ca bien gii
cua quoc gia Champa tr thanh bien gii co nh va vnh
vien, khong bao thay oi. Chnh o cung la nguyen nhan
a giai thch tai sao dan so cua Champa tai cac vung ong
bang khong he thay oi trong qua trnh lch s.
53

Vng quoc Champa

Trai ngc vi vung duyen hai, khu vc cao

nguyen Champa co dien tch rong menh mong, nhng
ngi dan ban a song ni o ch biet khai khan at ai
theo hnh thc du canh ot rng lam ray, tc la cong thc
canh tac hoa mau mot cach lien tuc trong mot thi gian
vao khoang 3 nam sau o phai bo hoang t 15 en 20 nam
e cho at ai nay tr lai mau m (P-B. Lafont,
Lagriculture sur brulis chez les proto-indochinois des
hauts plateaux du centre Vietnam, ang trong Les cahiers
dOutre-Mer. Revue de Geographie, Tome XX, 1967, trg.
37-50). Chnh v the, dan toc ban a song mien cao cua
Champa khong the gia tang at ai trong trot cung nh
dan so cua ho mot cach nhanh chong.
Nhng yeu to va neu ra a chng minh rang ty le
dan so Champa khong thay oi cho en thi ky cao chung
cua nen van minh An Giao vao the ky th XV. Neu ngi
ta khong biet ro dan so cua than dan Champa vao the ky
XVI-XIX la bao nhieu, th ngi ta cung khong biet ch so
that s cua dan toc Champa la bao nhieu trong suot chieu
dai cua lch s. Cung v qua chu tam en cac s kien mang
noi dung An Giao, cac bia ky Champa ch nhac en mot
cach tnh c vai bien co lien quan en dan c trong vng
quoc nay. Neu t lieu nay co neu ra mot vai ch so dan c
i na, th ay ch la tong so quan ch thua tran tren bai
chien trng, vi so lng oi luc c phong ai e
54

Dan c

nham tang boc va ton vinh cac nha lanh ao Champa
thang tran th ung hn (L. Finot, Les inscriptions de Msn XXI A & B trong BEFEO IV, 1904, trg 965). Theo
bien nien s Viet Nam, quan oi Champa trc the ky th
XV co vao khoang mot tram ngan ngi, nhng ay ch la
con so mang tnh chat suy oan khong bieu tng cho so
lng quan lnh that s cua vng quoc Champa thi o.
Rieng dan so cua thu o Champa vao the ky th XV, bien
nien s Viet Nam neu ra hai lan. Lan au, tai lieu nay cho
rang Thanh o Ban (Vijaya) co vao khoang 2500 gia nh
(tng ng khoang mi ngan ngi) va lan th hai, bay
mi ngan ngi.
Vao cuoi the ky XX, ngi ta cung khong biet mot
cach chnh xac so lng ngi Cham va ngi Tay
Nguyen mien trung Viet Nam. Nhng con so do cac nha
nghien cu va cac vien thong ke chnh thc hay ban chnh
thc a ra ch la con so phong chng va oi luc them bt
e xac minh cho ly thuyet cua ho ma thoi. Th du ien
hnh la dan so ngi Cham tai Viet Nam xuat hien trong
cac tai lieu thng thay oi t 76 000 ngi (Cao Xuan
Pho, Hanoi, 1988) cho en 95 000 ngi Cham (Po
Dharma, Paris, 1997) trong luc o con so 60 000 ngi
dng nh gan gui vi thc te hn. Ve ngi Cham tai
Campuchia, ho la tap the a bo ri vung ong bang duyen
55

Vng quoc Champa

hai Champa ra i lanh nan t cuoi the ky XV e thoat khoi
cac tham hoa Nam Tien cua dan toc Viet. So lng dan so
cua ho cung la mot van e cha giai quyet thch ang. Cac
nha nghien cu Au Chau thng nham lan ho vi cac
ngi Ma Lai sinh song tai Campuchia, tc la hai dan toc
cung chung mot gia nh ngon ng va tn ngng Hoi Giao
va thng lien he vi nhau qua cac cuoc hon nhan hon
hp. Them vao o, cac nha nghien cu Au Chau cung
khong bao gi a ra mot con so chnh xac hay khoang
chng lien quan en tong so rieng cua ngi Cham hay
ngi Ma Lai tai vng quoc Campuchia, ma ch neu ra
tong so chung cua cong ong Cham-Ma Lai theo Hoi Giao
ma thoi. Chnh v the, so lng dan toc Cham va Ma Lai
tai Campuchia van la mot ly thuyet mang tnh cach tru
tng ma thoi. Con so ang tin cay nhat ma ngi ta
thng ngh en la con so cua vien ieu tra dan so thc
hien vao nam 1998 thong ke co 250 000 ngi Khmer
Islam tc la ca ngi Ma Lai va ngi Cham theo ao Hoi
Giao cong lai. Ngc lai vi nhng g ma ngi ta thng
a ra, ch so ngi Cham t hn ngi Ma Lai. Ke t o,
ngi ta c lng dan so ngi Cham tai Campuchia, tc
la tap the t cho mnh goc Cham va noi tieng noi Cham,
co vao khoang 100 000 ngi.
T khi chien tranh ong Dng lan th hai cham dt
vao nam 1975, co vao khoang 20 000 ngi Cham sang
56

Dan c

nh c tai Ma Lai va mot so lng nho hn tai mien tay

cua Hoa ky va Cong Hoa Phap. Hau nh toan the cac
ngi t nan nay la ngi Khmer Islam a ri bo
Campuchia t khi quan Khmer o nam chnh quyen vao
nam 1975. a so nhng ngi t nan nay t cho mnh
goc Ma Lai ch khong phai la Cham. Mot so con lai,
thng t gii thieu mnh la ngi Muslim thay v ngi
Cham Hoi Giao. Con nhng ngi Cham ti nan nuc
ngoai xuat than t mien trung Viet Nam th co so lng
rat t. Ho a bo x ra i v s b tra thu sau bien co
1975.

Lien quan en ngi Tay Nguyen co tieng noi

thuoc gia nh ngon ng a ao, dan so cua ho van con lu
m mac du bang ieu tra nam 1991 a liet ke nh sau: dan
toc E e (Rhade) co vao khoang 194 000 ngi mac du
ch so cua ho khong qua 120 000 ngi ; dan toc Raglai co
71 696 trong luc o ho ch co khoang 50 000 ngi ; Dan
toc Churu co 10 746 ; dan toc Jarai dng nh co khoang
150 000.

An hoa
Sau nen van minh cua thi ky a mi (neolithique)
c xem nh la giai oan sang choi nhat, ngi ta phai
57

Vng quoc Champa

noi en nen van minh cua thi ai ong thiec (bronze) t
Trung Hoa tran xuong pha tron vi mot vai anh hng cua
van hoa ong Sn. Thi ai nay bat au a khu vc
mien trung va nam cua vung duyen hai Trung Viet vao
mot khong gian mi cua thi tien s ke t the ky th VI
trc Cong Nguyen. Sau thi ai cua ong thiec (bronze),
khu vc vung duyen hai Trung Viet a tng co mot nen
van minh cc thnh, bat au tiep thu them mot nen van
minh mi na t An o truyen sang ke t the ky au cua
Cong Nguyen.
Cho en hom nay, ngi ta khong tm thay nhng
dau tch co noi en lch s cua s phat trien An Giao tren
lanh tho mang ten la vng quoc Champa. Ngc lai,
ngi ta ch biet cac thng thuyen va nha buon An o
chuyen i tm vang a tng en vung ong-nam va trungong cua ban ao ong Dng vao au the ky Cong
Nguyen cang ngay cang ong ao. Ho thng thiet lap cac
tram giao thng buon ban tai cac vung ven bien co ong
dan c sinh song. S hien dien cua nhng tu s (Brahman)
va giai cap thng lu (Ksatriya) cua An o a bien cac
tram giao thng nay tr thanh trung tam truyen ba nen
van minh An Giao vao cong ong cua ngi dan ban a
(G. Coedes, Les Etats hindouises dIndochine et
dIndonesie, Paris, De Boccard, 1964, trg 44-72). Ngi ta
cung khong biet luc nao nen van minh An Giao tr thanh
mot ton giao thnh hanh trong khu vc nay, mac du mot so
58

Dan c

nha nghien cu cho rang s phat trien cua An Giao ch bat
au vao khoang the ky th IV. Ngi ta van khong biet s
du nhap An Giao vao Champa qua he thong ng bien
hay la theo ng bo nh trng hp cua khu vc nam
pha nam cua ban ao ong Dng (tc la Funan va ban
ao Ma Lai). Qua trnh An Hoa (indianisation) nay chac
chan a giup cho nhng nha tang l Ba La Mon du nhap
mot cach de dang vao cuoc song dan ban a Champa,
mot cong ong a tng san co mot nen van minh hng
thnh nham xay dng lai cho mnh mot nen mong chnh tr
vng chac hn da vao he thong cua An Giao. Hoan toan
trai ngc han vi ly thuyet a tng a ra gan mot the ky
qua, An Giao la he thong ton giao ch gianh cho mot so
giai cap xa hoi vng quoc Champa ma thoi, ch khong
phai la mot tn ngng quan chung danh cho moi tang lp
cua ngi dan ban a Champa thi o. Tren thc te, An
Giao ch at nen tang vao cong ong ngi dan ban x co
moi quan he chat che vi cac ngi An nhap c, ac biet
la cong ong cua ngi ban a Champa thuoc ang cap
cao, chap nhan tiep thu nen van minh An o va go mnh
vao nep song cua ho. ay la hien tng a tng xay ra
vao the ky th XV va cho phep ngi ta a ra ket luan
rang ch co mot thieu so thuoc tang lp cua giai cap
thng lu Champa mi co quyen theo An Giao trong khi
o a so than dan Champa con lai ch tiep thu mot so yeu
59

Vng quoc Champa

to tn ngng mang tnh cach ky thuat c sn phet len
tren mot lp mong cua mau sac An Giao ma thoi. V rang
a so quan chung Champa van tiep tuc duy tr truyen
thong va ban sac van hoa rieng t kha tien bo cua ho a
co san trc khi ngi An cha xam nhap vao vng quoc
nay. Ke t o, ngi ta thng ngh rang An Giao la mot
tn ngng ac quyen ch danh cho giai cap lanh ao
Champa thng da vao o e ap at nen thong tr cua ho
len tren thanh phan cua xa hoi ni ma ho a tng xuat
than.
Cung nh s phat trien cua nen An Hoa
(indianisation), cac tang lp lanh ao Champa a da vao
mau t cua devanagari cua An o e sang che cho mnh
mot loai ch viet rieng va co c hoi e s dung Phan ng
cho en nam 1253. Va giai oan An Hoa (indianisation)
nay a mang lai cho vng quoc Champa hai nen giao ly
ro ret o la Shiva Giao va Phat Giao va mot he thong to
chc xa hoi da vao s phan chia quan chung thanh bon
giai cap xa hoi cha truyen con noi, c ton tai cho en
the ky th XV (L. Finot, Les inscriptions de M-sn XVI
trong BEFEO IV, 1904, trg. 950). Nen van minh An Hoa
nay con cung cap them cac tac pham van hoc ve ton giao,
s thi (epic), van chng ky thuat cung nh he thong quan
chu cau thanh mot nen tang cua to chc quoc gia Champa
60

Dan c

An Hoa va con ton tai di thi Champa ban a (Champa
indigene) sau the ky XV.
Lien quan en khu vc mien cao, cac tai lieu cho
thay rang vao nhng the ky au cua Tay Lch, dan chung
Tay Nguyen cha tiep thu nhng anh hng cua An Giao
va cuoc song cua nhom toc ngi nay van con trong tnh
trang kem m mang. Mai cho en luc bia ky Batau Tablah
(gan thon Van Lam, Phan Rang) viet vao the ky XII cho
rang cac dan toc Randaiy (Rhade), Mada, Mleccha va cac
ngi dan lac hau khac chap nhan than phuc vng quoc
Champa. Ke t o, dan toc Tay Nguyen thuoc gia nh
ngon ng a ao (austronesien) mi bat au tiep thu mot
nen van hoa va ky thuat mi do dan toc Cham truyen
sang, a giup ho t bien hoa t nhom ngi lac hau
(Mleccha) sang hnh thai xa hoi cua dan toc mien nui
(Kirata). Qua trnh lch s nay a cho phep dan toc Tay
Nguyen phat trien nhieu moi quan he rat la chat che vi
dan toc Cham ma bia ky Champa thng ghi lai, mac du
bia ky nay cung nh cac en ai cua Champa An Giao tm
thay tren cao nguyen khong bao gi noi ro dan toc Tay
Nguyen a hoa nhap vao giai cap xa hoi Champa An Hoa
nh ngi Cham sinh song vung duyen hai hay khong ?

61

Vng quoc Champa

To chc xa hoi
To chc xa hoi cua dan c Champa hoan toan khac
biet nhau vao thi ky An Hoa va sau the ky XV. Cung vao
hai thi ky nay, he thong xa hoi ngi dan song vung
ong bang va mien cao khong co s tng ong ro ret.
Vao thi ky An Hoa, vung duyen hai la a ban
dan c cua dan toc Cham, trong o so lng ngi Cham
mang dong mau An o qua cac cuoc hon nhan hon hp rat
la t. Ngi ta cung khong biet cong ong ngi Cham thi
o theo che o phu he hay mau he. V rang mot bia ky ghi
bang hai ngon ng (Phan va Cham) tm thay tai M Sn co
noi dung mau thuan vi nhau. Phan viet bang tieng Phan
(Sanskrit) th nhan manh ve vai tro phu he trong trieu ai
cua vua Harivarman IV, trong khi o phan viet bang tieng
Cham lai ton vinh quyen mau he trong gia nh cua ong ta
(L. Finot, Les inscriptions de M-sn XII trong BEFEO
1904, trg 904, 934-935, 937-938). S mau thuan nay co the
phat xuat t nguyen nhan sau ay. Mot khi bia ky Champa
viet bang Phan ng, th tac gia cua bia ky nay phai ton
trong truyen thong cua An Giao trong o dong doi vua
chua cua ngi An o eu theo che o phu he, trong khi
o cac oan van viet bang tieng Cham th tac gia nay phai
e cao che o mau he, mot he thong to chc gia nh van
con ton tai trong cong ong ngi Cham tai mien trung
Viet Nam vao au the ky th XXI nay. Cho en hom nay,
62

Dan c

khong ai co the tra li cho s mau thuan nay. Theo tam
bia tm thay M Sn viet bang tieng Cham co , dan
toc Cham vao thi ky o a hoa nhap vao he thong xa hoi
chia thanh bon giai cap (caste) theo qui luat cha truyen con
noi, nhng ch co mot nhom thieu so mi co quyen nam
trong thanh phan giai cap qu phai thng lu (BEFEO IV,
1904, trg 948, 950). Giai cap au tien la nhng bac tu s
Ba La Mon (Brahman) ma mot bia ky ghi rang khong co
toi nao nang hn bang toi giet tu s Brahman (BEFEO IV,
1904, trg. 925). Gia cap th hai la thanh phan thng lu
(Ksatriya) thng lien ket vi cac nha tu s Brahman e
tao thanh mot giai cap hon hp goi la Brahman-ksatriya
(BEFEO IV, 1904, trg. 963-964) ma mot so ngi thng
cho rang o la giai cap lanh ao ton giao va quan s. Cac
giai cap thng tang nay cau thanh mot tang lp lanh ao
nam toan quyen trong guong may chnh tr va ton giao tai
cac tieu vng quoc hay lien bang Champa. Bia ky cung
thng nhac en vai tro dong toc (vamsa), ch khong phai
la bo toc (clan) cua mot so v hoang t len lam quoc vng
lien bang Champa ma bia ky goi la Vua cua Vua
(rajadhiraja). Ba dong toc quen thuoc nhat o la
Narikelavamsa (dong cay da), Kramukavamsa (dong cay
cau) va Brsuvamsa. Cung v cac bia ky khong bao gi nhac
en ten dong toc cua cac thanh phan gia cap xa hoi khac,
thanh ra ngi ta cung khong biet quan chung bnh dan
63

Vng quoc Champa

Champa co mot he thong dong toc hay khong, va neu co
th ho co mang mot ten goi nao hay khong ? Giai cap th
ba la giai cap vaisya tc la tap the bao gom nhng ngi
nong dan sinh song mien duyen hai ; nhng ngi khai
thac rng nui cua day Trng Sn ; nhng ngi buon ban
va thanh phan chuyen song ve nghe bien nh nghe anh
ca, thng thuyen tren bien Nam Hai va nghe cp bien.
Giai cap th t danh cho thanh phan dan chung con lai goi
la sudra ma ngi ta khong biet ho la ai, v bia ky ch lu
y en hai giai cap Brahman va Ksatriya ma thoi. Them
vao o, cac t lieu lch s cung khong quen lu y rang dan
toc Champa thi o thng hay chong oi lan nhau, keo
theo s ran nc gia ngi Champa mien nam, ac biet la
tieu vng quoc Panduranga, vi nhng ngi Champa
mien bac. Chnh v the, tam bia Po Klaung Garai khong
ngan ngai ghi rang nhng ngi dan Champa mien nam
luon luon noi loan chong lai vua chua cai tr quoc gia
Champa (L. Finot, Panduranga, trong BEFEO III, 1903,
trg. 643, 645). Ben canh nhng thanh phan nam trong bon
giai cap nay, cac bia ky cung noi en s hien dien cua
hulun, mot thuat ng ma ngi ta co thoi quen cho en
hom nay gan cho no la ngi no le . Tren thc te, halun
khong am ch cho ngi no le ma la ngi mat quyen
t do (non-libre), v ho phai lam nghe lao dch e en bu
cho mot van e g o, nh lao ong e tra n nan, phuc
dch trong he thong ton giao, v.v. (L. Finot, BEFEO IV,
64

Dan c

1904, trg. 915). V rang, tam bia Lamnga tm thay khu
vc Phan Rang co liet ke ca ngi Tau, ngi Xiem
(Thai Lan) va ngi Pukam (Mien ien) thuoc vao
thanh phan ngi hulun trong vng quoc Champa thi o
(L. Finot, BEFEO III, 1903, trg. 634). Cuoi cung, mot so t
lieu con cho rang co mot so t ngi Thng sinh song
ong bang v chu anh hng cua ngi Cham, t cho mnh
la ngi nam trong qui che halun. ay ch la mot gia
thuyet khong ang tin cay cho lam.
Trong suot giai oan cua Champa An Hoa, ngi ta
hoan toan khong biet the nao la to chc xa hoi cua dan toc
Tay Nguyen thi o. Ho chia thanh hai sac dan (ethnies) :
nhom s dung ngon ng thuoc gia nh a ao
(austronesien) th theo che o mau he va nhom noi tieng
mon-khmer (austroasiatique) th theo che o phu he.
Nhng sac dan noi tieng a ao c goi chung la ngon
ng Chamic (tc la ngon ng rat gan vi tieng Cham) co
moi quan he rat chat che vi ngi Cham. Bang chng cu
the la mot so dan toc Tay Nguyen a tng on tiep quoc
vng Champa va ca trieu nh cua ong ta chay len cao
nguyen lanh nan khi thu o Vijaya b lot vao tay cua quan
Mong Co vao nam 1283 va 1285. Dan toc mien cao nay
cung tng tham gia vao cuoc chien ben canh vua chua
Champa e chong lai quan Mong Co a chiem ong vung
65

Vng quoc Champa

duyen hai cua vng quoc nay. Lien quan en mot so sac
dan mien nui khong tuan phuc uy quyen trieu nh
Champa, cac bia ky thng goi ho la Mleccha (ngi Man,
theo Han-Viet), tc la tap the dan toc con cham tien. Theo
cau chuyen truyen khau bnh dan vao gia the ky XX cua
sac dan co tieng noi mon-khmer ke lai, mot so ngi
Mleccha c xep vao the loai nhom qui hang, trong luc
o mot so con lai khong mang mot qui che ro rang. Tren
thc te ngi ta khong biet g them ve dan toc Tay
Nguyen ngoai tr di tch ton giao nh thap Yang Praong
xay dng tai tnh Dak Lak (Ban Me Thuot) vao gia the
ky th XII. S hien dien cua en thap nay a xac nhan s
hoa nhap cua mot so lng quan trong ngi Randaiy
(Rhade) vao i song cua Champa keo theo s hoa nhap
cua mot so sac dan khac mien nui va cang noi len ro net
hn ve vai tro cua ho trong cuoc chien ben canh vua chua
Champa nham chong lai quan Mong Co vao the ky th
XIII.
Sau giai oan suy tan cua Champa An Hoa, tc la
vao gia the ky XV cho en au the ky XIX, tai lieu lch
s noi ve Champa tr nen chnh xac hn. Nhng van ban
nay cho biet t nhieu the ky qua va co le trc the ky th
XVI na, dan toc Cham mien trung Viet Nam theo che
o mau he, mot qui che phap ly trong o ngi an ba
nam toan quyen trong moi sinh hoat va phan chia tai san
66

Dan c

cua gia nh. Cho en bien co chnh tr vao nam 1975, dan
toc Cham van tiep tuc duy tr che o mau he va mau c,
tc la qui luat buoc ngi con trai phai ra khoi vong phat
trien kinh te cua gia nh ma ho a xuat than e ve song
chung vi ngi v cua mnh (P-B. Lafont, Contribution a
letude des structures socials des cham du Viet nam,
trong BEFEO LII-1, 1964, trg. 157-171). oi vi ngi
Cham nh c tai Campuchia, viec theo ao Islam cua ho
a lam bien oi i moi c cau to chc xa hoi Cham truyen
thong, bat buoc ho phai t bo che o mau he e thay vao
o he thong to chc xa hoi theo che o phu he, tc la qui
che danh cho ngi an ong co nhieu u quyen hn phu
hp vi cac giao ieu cua kinh Koran.
Ai cung biet, s suy tan cua Champa An Hoa a
lam sup o i che o giai cap trong vng quoc nay. Ke t
o, tieu vng quoc Panduranga mien nam ch con duy
tr hai tang lp xa hoi ma thoi. Tang lp th nhat mang
tren la thar patao bamao mah, tc giai cap qu toc, bao
gom cac bac vua chua, cac thanh vien trong gia nh
hoang gia va nhng ngi than thuoc cua vua chua cung
nh cac gii quan chc cao cap trong trieu nh. Tang lp
con lai goi la bal li-ua hua hawei tc la ngi thng
dan chia lam ba nhom. Nhom th nhat bao gom nhng
ngi an ong va phu n co qui che cua cong dan bnh
67

Vng quoc Champa

thng (homme libre), nh ngi nong dan, ngi lam
cong (ke ca ngi lam cong b boc lot va cng ep), ngi
buon ban va ngi song ve nghe bien. Nhom th hai la
nhng ngi cong dan mat quyen t do (non-libre), tc la
ngi t tnh nguyen hay b bo buoc e lam cong cho
ngi khac hau tra mon n cua mnh. Nhom th ba la
halun, tc la nhom ngi lam toi t ma ong chu co the ban
nhng cho ngi khac neu can, nhng ho co quyen huy
bo qui che halun nay e tr thanh cong dan bnh thng
neu ho co phng tien e tra mon n cua mnh (Inventaire
des archives du Panduranga du Fonds de la Societe
Asiatique de Paris, Pieces en caracteres chinois, Paris,
Centre dHistoire et Civilisations de la Peninsule
Indochinoise, 1984, trg. 34, 48). Giai cap xa hoi qu toc va
thng dan nay do gia nh mau he truyen lai va khong
ngng ong mot vai tro quan trong trong cau truc xa hoi
cua ngi Cham hom nay, nhat la Cham Jat hay Cham
Ahier (anh hung Ba La Mon giao). Theo thong le, ngi
Cham thng danh u ai cho nhng hon nhan gia ngi
cung chung mot giai cap va rat han che cho s ket hon
gia cac co gai thuoc giai cap thng dan va cac chang
trai thuoc giai cap qu toc, bi v dong mau cua me mi la
yeu to e quyet nh nguon goc dong toc cua mnh trong
che o mau he.

68

Dan c

Sau the ky th XV, nhieu cong trnh nghien cu

cho thay rang xa hoi cua dan toc Tay Nguyen chia thanh
bo lac co cac ten goi rieng, nhng khong co moi lien i
vi nhau ve dong toc gia nh (F. M. Lebar, G. C. Hickey,
J. K. Musgrave, Ethnic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia,
New haven, HRAF Press, 1964, trg. 135-158, 249-255).
Cho en the ky th XXI, cac cong trnh nay cung neu ra
ket qua rang s hnh thanh cua cac bo lac ch la ket qua
cua cac cuoc kep nap nhng lang mac chap nhan lien
minh vi nhau hay cac lang mac b thua tran. Chnh v the,
mot so thanh vien trong mot bo lac khong he quen biet
nhau va cung khong mang mot y thc he oan ket vi
nhau ro rang. Hn na cac moi tng quan gia cac lang
mac thng da vao moi lien he cua cac cuoc hon nhan
qua lai thng xay ra trong mot mot khu vc rat la eo hep.
T the ky th XVI, xa hoi cua dan toc Tay Nguyen chia
thanh 2 the che ro rang. Cac sac dan Jarai, Ee, Churu,
Raglai, Hroi thuoc gia nh ngon ng a ao
(austronesien) th theo che o mau he. Nhom ngi con
lai (austroasiatique) theo che o phu he. Ben canh o, mot
vai gia nh cua dan toc Tay Nguyen thng lien ket vi
nhau qua cac cuoc hon nhan gia hai th toc (clan) khac
nhau. Trong trng hp nay, moi thanh vien theo che o
mau he th mang ten th toc phu mau cua mnh va nhng ai
theo che o phu he th do phai nam truyen lai. Th toc
69

Vng quoc Champa

(clan) tc la tap the co cung chung mot to tong, ngan cam
nhng thanh vien trong th toc nay ket hon vi nhau.
Nhng cap v chong c phep lay nhau tc la nhng
ngi phat xuat t hai th toc khac nhau. Vao gia cac the
ky XVII va XIX, dan toc Tay Nguyen, ac biet la nhng
ngi s dung ngon ng thuoc gia nh a ao
(austronesien) va theo che o mau he, thng co cac moi
quan he rat chat che vi ngi Cham va hoa nhap vi ho.
Cac van ban viet bang Cham ng cho biet mot trong so
phu nhan cua vua Po Rome (1627-1651) la ngi goc Ee
(CM 41-4; CAM micro- film 1-3) va sau khi vng quoc
Champa-Panduranga (Tran Thuan Thanh) b xoa bo tren
ban o vao nam 1832, lanh tu cua phong trao khang chien
chong trieu nh Hue vao nam 1834-1835 a chon mot
ngi goc Raglai co v la cong chua goc dan toc Cham,
len lam vua Champa e phuc hng lai nen oc lap cua
vng quoc nay (CM 24-5; CM 32-6; ai Nam Thc Luc
Chnh Bien XVI, Ban dch quoc ng, Hanoi, 1962, trg.
197). Cac tai lieu viet bang Cham ng vao the ky XVII va
XVIII con cho thay co nhieu ngi mien nui a tng gi
nhieu chc vu quan trong trong trieu nh Champa. ieu
nay a chng minh rang vao thi ky o co mot s lien ket
chat che gia ngi Cham va ngi mien nui va hai tap
the chung toc nay eu co quyen va ngha vu ngang nhau
trong vng quoc Champa. Moi quan he hai hoa nay van
tiep tuc cho en nam 1835, khi vua Minh Menh ra lenh
70

Dan c

ngan cam moi tiep xuc gia ngi ngi Cham song
ong bang vi dan toc song mien cao. Ke t o mi co
s chia cach ro ret gia cac sac dan trong mot vng quoc
Champa a suy tan.

Tn ngng
T luc hnh thanh quoc gia cho en ngay sup o
thu o Vijaya vao nam 1471, vng quoc Champa khong
ngng vay mn nhng yeu to tn ngng cua An o e
xay dng he thong ton giao cua mnh. Hoan toan trai
ngc lai vi nhng g ma mot so nha nghien cu a hieu
lam, cac nghi thc An Giao nay ch danh rieng cho cac
thanh phan qu toc va giai cap thng lu Champa ma
thoi. V rang cac tang lp than dan thong thng van tiep
tuc duy tr tn ngng a phng cua ho a co san trc
thi ky An Hoa. Mac du chap nhan mot so anh hng cua
An Giao, nhng tang lp nhan dan thong thng nay
khong ngng cai bien mot so yeu to cua An Giao tr thanh
he thong tn ngng ban a cua mnh.
Trong suot mi hai the ky, cac giai cap qu toc va
thng lu Champa thng thc hien hai nghi le An Giao
rat la ro ret: Nghi thc tn ngng hoang gia va tuc ton th
ca nhan. Nghi thc tn ngng hoang gia la nghi le mang
tnh cach quoc gia thng dien ra trong thanh a cua M
71

Vng quoc Champa

Sn, von la trung tam ton giao cua vng quoc nay. Trong
suot thi ky An Hoa, tuc th ang Shiva c xem nh v
than quan trong nhat, cau thanh mot he thong tn ngng
cua Champa thi o. Viec ton th than Shiva thng gan
lien vi s th cung phu nhan (Sakti) cua ngai, tc la v n
than c ton vinh thanh thanh mau cua vng quoc
Champa. Ton th ang Shiva a tr thanh mot nghi le
quan trong nhat trong vng quoc Champa so vi viec th
cung nhng v than khac nh Brahma va Vishnu cua An
Giao c to chc tai quoc gia nay (L. Finot, Inscription
de My-sn, trong BEFEO II, 1902, trg. 190). Cac bia ky
cung nh cac hnh tng than linh con lu lai a xac nhan
ieu o. Trong suot thi ky Champa An Hoa, than Shiva
thng bieu tng qua mot bc tng co than the nh con
ngi vi con mat th ba nam ngay tren tran, co hai hay
nhieu canh tay cam cac le vat, thong thng la co si day
buoc cua Brahman (cordon brahmanique). Than Shiva con
bieu tng qua hnh dang cua Linga, tc la mot bc tng
hnh tru co mu chom hnh ban cau giong nh tng dng
vat, co phan cham tro gian d hay cau ky. Tng Linga oi
luc ng rieng re mot mnh nhng hau het thng ket lien
tren mot cai chau dung tay the (cuve ablution). Moi
Linga thng mang mot ten goi rieng. Mot so tng Linga
nam trong thanh a M Sn thng bieu tng cho mot
trieu ai, hoac noi theo ngon t hien ai hn, tng trng
cho mot quoc gia , nh tng Linga mang ten
72

Dan c

Bhadresvara, tc la bieu tng cua nha vua Bhadravarman
I va vng quoc Champa.
Phu nhan (Sakti) cua Shiva cung ong mot vai tro
quan trong trong tn ngng cua Champa. V n than nay
thng c trnh bay di hnh the con ngi hoac n
oc hoac ngoi tren lng cua Nandin, tc la con bo dung
lam phng tien di chuyen cua Shiva. Phu nhan cua than
Siva thng c ton th qua nhieu ten goi khac nhau, ac
biet nhat la n than mang ten Bhagavati mien nam cua
Champa. Cho en the ky th X, ten n than nay thng
dnh lien vi viec th cung Po Nagar Nha Trang, tc la
Ba Chua N Than (Maitre de la Deesse), sau nay tr
thanh v n than c ton vinh nhat mien nam Champa
di danh ngha la Yang Po Nagara (Thanh mau cua
vng quoc). Sau the ky th X, n than Yang Po Nagara
thng sat nhap vao viec th cung v nam than
Bhadresvara cua en M Sn ma muc ch la da vao s
hoa ong cua tn ngng e tang cng viec thong nhat
hai mien bac nam cua Champa.
Rieng ve tuc th ca nhan, cac nghi le nay thng
c to chc bi cac vua chua, cac v hoang t va cac gii
chc cao cap trong trieu nh. Nhng nghi le nay ch mang
mot tam quan trong tng oi ma thoi, mac du cac bia ky
khong ngng nhac en. Mot so nghi le ton th ca nhan
thng danh rieng cho nam than Vishnu, nhat la vao cac
73

Vng quoc Champa

the ky VII-VIII (E. Huber, Etudes Indochinoises. IX
Trois nouvelles inscriptions du roi Prakacadharma du
Campa : Linscription de ng Mong trong BEFEO
1911, trg. 262). Va nghi le nay cung thng ap dung cho
n than Laksmi, tc la phu nhan cua Vishnu ma cac tai
lieu thng nhac en vao the ky VIII va XIV. Ngi ta
cung khong quen ton th nam than Brahma, mac du khong
thng xuyen cho lam va mot so v than linh khac ma bia
ky thng neu ra. Nhng noi dung cua cac le nghi nay
thng mang tnh cach van chng tn ngng hn la nghi
le ton giao. Trong so cac tuc th ca nhan nay, nghi le danh
cho mon phai Phat Giao cung chiem mot v tr rat la quan
trong vao mot so thi ky, ac biet nhat la vao cuoi the ky
th IX di trieu ai cua Indravarman II, tc la v vua
Champa a danh mot u ai ac biet cho Phat Giao ai
tha (mahayana) va rat ton sung Avalokitesvara, mot v
Bo Tat rat c ton knh tai vng quoc nay. Indravarman
II la ngi a xay dng tai ong Dng, pha nam Tra
Kieu, mot thanh a Phat Giao ln nhat e th phng c
Laksmindra-Lokesvara ma H. Parmentier a viet mot so
bai nghien cu, thiet ke hoa o ve thanh a nay cung nh
kiem ke lai nhng di tch va tng Phat a tm thay trong
quan the hnh ch nhat tai ong Dng, e ang tai trong
tac pham LInventaire archeologique de lIndochine. II
Monuments cam de lAnnam (Paris, Leroux, 1909-1918).
Phat Giao ai tha (mahayana) la he thong tn ngng a
74

Dan c

tng gi mot vai tro u the tai Champa cho en nam 914,
tc la nam anh dau cho s bien mat bia ky Phat Giao tai
vng quoc nay. ieu nay khong co ngha la tn ngng
Phat Giao b suy sup han, v cac tng bang ong va mot
so bao vat Phat Giao van tiep tuc xuat hien vao the ky X
va XI. Chnh o la d kien a chng minh rang Phat Giao
van con hien hu tai Champa cho en the ky th XI.
Ben canh nhng nghi le ma chung toi va e cap
en, cac vua chua Champa cung xay dng nhieu ien th
ton giao quan trong trong suot thi ky An Hoa, ac biet tai
thanh a M Sn va Po Nagar Nha trang, nham ton vinh
cac v than linh va dang li knh can en bac tien nhan
hien thanh vi niem hy vong la cac v vo hnh nay se em
lai s an bnh cho vng quoc va trieu ai cua ho. Noi got
nhng cong trnh xay dng do vua chua Champa a thc
hien, cac hoang t va quan chc cao cap trong trieu nh
cung tng gop phan vao chng trnh thiet ke cac ien th
hoac dang tang cho cac en thap nhng tng Linga ma
mot so co vang bao boc ben ngoai e th cung ang
Shiva. oi vi cac v hoang t, c ch dang tang Linga cho
en thap thng nham vao muc tieu nham ton vinh dong
toc qu phai cua ho. oi vi quan chc cao cap trong trieu
nh, ay la hanh ong nham bieu dng v tr va quyen
lc cua ho trong xa hoi. Ngoai ra, cac bia ky thng ghi
rang vua chua va dong qu toc Champa cung thng tr
75

Vng quoc Champa

cap cho cac en thap nhieu at ai canh tac, gia suc, ngi
phuc dch, gao thoc, vang bac, v.v. So lng hien vat nay
thng vt qua mc a lam hao mon i mot phan tai
nguyen cua quoc gia Champa thi o (E. Huber, BEFEO
XI,1911, trg. 19-20).
An Giao the hien qua cac nghi le hoang gia
Champa ch la tn ngng danh rieng cho tang lp qu toc.
Mot khi cac giai cap qu toc nam gi quyen hanh b tieu
diet trong cuoc vien chinh cua ai Viet vao the ky th
XV, ngi ta nhan thay rang truyen thong An Giao ma
trieu nh Champa thng da vao o t ngay lap quoc e
lam nen mong cho to chc quoc gia cua mnh cung bien
mat. Cung trong thi iem o, khu vc mien nam cua
Champa (tc la Panduranga va Kauthara) cha b ri vao
nen o ho cua ai Viet, tm cach xay dng cho mnh mot
quoc gia hoan toan mi me va mot he thong tn ngng
mang nhieu yeu to tien hoa hau giup nhan dan Champa
khong phan biet giai cap eu co quyen gia nhap va tham
gia.
Mo hnh ton giao va mi ra i sau nam 1471
thng the hien qua c tin vao cac ang vo hnh goi la
yang. Theo triet ly cua tn ngng nay, than linh la tap the
sieu hnh luc nao cung hien dien ben canh van vat va
nhan loai bat c ni nao tren lanh tho cua Kauthara va
Panduranga (CM 35 -14). Chnh v the, tuc th than linh
76

Dan c

thng nham vao muc tieu nham nang cao s che ch cua
than linh hay lanh xa nhng s trng phat cua cac v vo
hnh nay. ay ch la tn ngng cua nhng ngi dan ban
a ong dng a co san trc ngay du nhap cua An
Giao va tiep tuc ton tai nh nhng le nghi dan gian trong
suot thi ky An Hoa, mac du trieu nh Champa khong
cong nhan no nh tn ngng chnh thc cua quoc gia nay
(P. Mus, LInde vue de lEst. Cultes indiens et indigenes
au Champa, trong BEFEO XXXIII, 1933, trg. 367, 374).
Sau ngay hp thc hoa tuc th than linh bi cac gii lanh
ao ton giao va chnh tr mien nam Champa (CAM 104 :
4-5), tuc th than linh nay dng nh phat trien dan dan
thanh mot he thong tn ngng trong o cac nhan vat vo
hnh quan trong nhat tr thanh cac ang than linh co u
quyen lc nham can thiep mot cach trc tiep vao i song
cua con ngi. ieu nay a giai thch rang tai sao ngi ta
phai quan tam rat nhieu en cac than linh bao ve cac
mng ap va nhng nghi le danh cho cac v than nay.
Mien nam Champa la khu vc co kh hau rat kho
can. Ch co cac bac than linh mi co u quyen lc tren he
thong dan thuy nhap ien va mang lai mua mang tru phu
hau nuoi song ngi dan. Chnh v the, cac bac vo hnh co
trach nhiem bao ton mng ap thng gi mot v tr hang
au trong danh sach phong than cua vng quoc nay. o
cung la nguyen nhan e giai thch rang ben canh cac le te
77

Vng quoc Champa

gia suc (de va ga) thng dien ra vao thang gieng va
thang bay cua lch Cham, ngi ta con lam le te mot con
trau hang nam danh cho than linh bao ve mng ap nam
trong khu vc Phan Rang (CAM 22-4). Va c bay nam mot
lan, ngi ta con tien hanh mot ai le long trong hn goi
la le te con trau bach tang (CAM 30-13).
Ben canh tuc th cac v than linh mang tnh cach
a phng cau thanh mot he thong tn ngng rat la pho
bien trong quan chung dan gian cua mien nam Champa,
ngi ta con thay xuat hien mot the loai tn ngng mi
na, o la tuc th cung cac tng than linh An Giao khong
b tan pha trc cuoc Nam Tien cua dan toc Viet. Trc
the ky th XV, moi bc tng eu mang ten cua v nam
than hay n than ma no bieu tng. Nhng sau the ky th
XV, qui che tn ngng nay khong con ton tai na. Hau
het quan chung dan gian mien nam Champa khong quen
thuoc cho lam vi cac le nghi hoang gia do giai cap qu toc
Champa thng to chc nham vinh danh tam than
(Brahma, Vishnu va Siva) hay ton th mot so than linh
khac nam trong he thong An Giao. Va dan chung mien
nam Champa cung khong biet ten tuoi, chan dung va
nguon goc lai lch cua cac v than An Giao cau thanh bieu
tng cua bc tng nay. Mac du van biet nhng bc
tng o thng tng trng cho cac ang sieu hnh va
thieng lieng di thi An Hoa, nhng dan toc Cham
mien nam Champa van tm cach nhan cach hoa nhng
78

Dan c

hien vat nay thanh nhng v than linh hoan toan mang
phong cach a phng cua ho. Chnh v the, ho thng
gan cho bc tng An Giao mot ten goi cua cac v than
linh a phng Panduranga-Kauthara hay ten goi cua
nhng nhan vat mang tnh cach huyen thoai hay nhng
nhan vat co that trong lch s mang nhieu c tnh xuat
chung va a tng ong gop cong lao nham bao ve cho
nhan dan mien nam cua vng quoc nay. Vao the ky XIX
va XX, mot so nha nghien cu cho rang viec th cung cac
tng than nay ch la s tiep noi cua cac tap tuc tn
ngng Champa di thi ky An Hoa. Ke t o, ho thng
goi nhng ngi Cham thc hien viec th cung cac tng
than An Giao la Cham Ba La Mon. ay la gia thuyet
hoan toan sai lam. V rang dan toc Champa mien nam
khong ton th ang Siva hay nhng v than linh An Giao
trong ngha rong cua no, ma ngc lai ho ch ton th cac
bac than linh a phng cua ho qua cac tng vat mang
phong cach than linh An Giao ma thoi. ay la 2 th du
ien hnh nhat :
Bc tng cua Po Ina Nagar (Ba Chua X) tai en
Nha Trang la v n than An Giao mang ten la Bhagavati
(phu nhan cua ang Shiva) xay dng vao the ky X va th
XI. Tuy nhien, ngi Cham hom nay ch xem nh mot v
n than sinh ra t bot nc bien va cac tng may, co chc
nang tao ra vu tru va c ton vinh nh mot v than quan
79

Vng quoc Champa

trong nhat tai mien nam Champa (CAM 57-3). Mac du
ngi Cham hang nam thng en dang hien cac le vat
cho Po Ina Nagar, nhng ho cung khong biet the nao la lai
lch va ten tuoi that s cua v n than An Giao nay. Bc
tng cua Po Klaung Garai (CAM microfilm 15-5) la th
du ien hnh th hai. Theo tai lieu viet bang tieng Cham,
Po Klaung Garai la v vua huyen thoai a day cho dan toc
nay phng cach xay dng ap nc, dan thuy nhap ien,
c xep vao nhan vat hang au trong danh sach than linh
cua mien nam Champa. Nhng tren thc te, Po Klaung
Garai ch mot Mukhalinga (tng co khuon mat con ngi)
cua ang Shiva nam trong he thong An Giao ma ngi
Cham khong can biet en. Nhng th du khac co nguon
goc tng t nh bc tng Shiva trong en Po Rome
(1625-1651) ma ngi Cham cho o la tng cua vua Po
Rome (CAM 152-7) tc la v lanh tu that s cua vng
quoc Champa mien nam a co cong thong nhat lai y thc
he oan ket gia hai cong ong Cham Ahier (tam goi la
Ba La Mon) va Cham Awal (Hoi Giao khong chnh
thong). Ngi ta cung khong quen nhac en mot th du
khac na o la tng than Shiva lien ket vi chau tay the
c th phng trong mot cai en tai Phan R ma dan toc
Cham cho o la bc tng cua vua Po Nraup (1652-1653).
Them vao o, quan chung Cham thng cho rang tat ca
nhng tng than Nandin (bo than), Ganesa (than co au
voi), Makara (than bien) hay mot so tng mang phong
80

Dan c

cach An Giao c tm thay t long at mien nam
Champa eu la tng than a phng cua dan toc nay, bi
v ngi Cham tin rang nhng bao vat nay moc t di at
len.
Di thi An Hoa, moi nghi le trong trieu nh
Champa thng oi hoi co s hien dien cua nhng v tu s
Brahman. Chnh v the, nhng ai le tai mien nam
Champa nham vinh danh cac than linh a phng thng
at di quyen chu tr cua cac chc sac ton giao Cham
Ahier, nh Po Adhia va Ong Basaih co s hien dien cua
Ong Camnei (phu trach bao ton le vat), Ong Kadhar (phu
trach ve am nhac va bai xng ca) va mot so chc sac phu
thuoc khac tr giup. Trong cac nghi le nay, tat ca chc sac
Cham Ahier eu mac nhng loai le phuc rat la ac biet
ma ngi ta co the tm thay trong tac pham Busana Campa
= Cac trang phuc Champa xuat ban tai Kuala Lumpur
(Muzium dan Antikuiti & EFEO, 1998).
Vao khoang cuoi the ky XVI, mot so tn o Cham
Ahier bat au tiep thu anh hng van hoa Hoi Giao qua
trung gian cua cac nha thng thuyen Ma Lai va A Rap
thng ghe qua cac b bien Champa, keo theo s ra i
cua mot cong ong Cham Awal con goi la Cham Bani (tc
la Cham theo Hoi Giao khong chnh thong) tai Panduranga
va co the ca khu vc Kauthara xa kia (P-Y. Manguin,
Lintroduction de lislam au Campa trong BEFEO
81

Vng quoc Champa

LXVI,1979, trg. 255-287). Nhng ngi ta van con a ra
bao nghi van co chang vng quoc Champa thi o a
theo Hoi Giao that s? Cau tra li chac chan la khong. V
rang ngi Cham vao thi ky o ch tiep nhan vao tn
ngng ban a cua mnh mot so chng muc cua kinh
thanh Koran ma a so cac ban van eu viet bang ngon
ng Cham pha lan vi ngon ng A Rap ay loi chnh ta.
Ngoai ra, ngi ta con thay ang Allah xuat hien trong
van chng Cham khong mang mot y ngha nh la Thng
e duy nhat theo ngha rong trong giao ly cua Hoi Giao
ma ch la mot ang sieu hnh ng hang au trong danh
sach than linh quan trong cua ngi Cham Panduranga
ma thoi. Them vao o ngi Cham Bani nay ch thc hien
mot so giao ieu c ban cua Hoi Giao ma thoi, chang han
nh viec bo th (zakat) ma y ngha cua no khong con
nguyen thuy na. Ho khong thi hanh le nguyen 5 lan trong
mot ngay. Le nhn chay vao thang Ramadan ch danh cho
cac v Imam va cac tang l. Le cat b (circoncision) cho
phai nam cua ho ch la mot nghi thc tng trng. Ho cung
khong thi hanh viec hanh hng tai Makkah vung Trung
ong, v s hien dien cua ho se lam mat i ban tnh thieng
lieng cua thanh a nay. Mac du t nhan mnh la Cham
Bani (Bani la tieng A Rap, co ngha cac a con) theo Hoi
Giao, nhng ho van tiep tuc duy tr che o mau he va mau
c, mot qui che to chc gia nh va xa hoi hoan toan i
ngc lai vi phong tuc cua Hoi Giao. Them vao o,
82

Dan c

khong ai co the nhap ao Hoi Giao cua ngi Cham Bani,
neu than mau cua ho khong phai la Cham Bani (CAM
microfilm 6-2). Cuoi cung, ngi Cham Awal la mot cong
ong co mot tn ngng rieng nhng luc nao cung song
lien ket chat che vi ngi Cham Ahier, tc la Cham Ba
La Mon chap nhan Po Auluah (Allah) nh ang tao hoa
a phng cua ho. Ngi Cham Awal cung thng tham
gia trong cac nghi le rieng cua Cham Ahier, mac du nghi
le nay khong lien he g vi giao ly cua Islam. Vao dp le
mua rija (CAM 27-30) hoac cac le te than nong, cac v
chc sac Cham Bani nh Po Gru, Imam va Katib eu co
mat trong cac le tuc nay ben canh cac chc sac Cham
Ahier.
Hoan toan khac biet vi cong ong Cham Bani
mien trung Viet Nam, hau het ngi Cham sinh song tai
Campuchia eu theo Hoi Giao chnh thong, ngoai tr mot
vai thon xom le loi con theo phong tuc tap quan Cham
Bani. Ho ton trong ung mc thc hien 5 le nguyen trong
mot ngay nh giao ieu cua Islam, tuan lenh gat gao
nhng ieu cam k trong tn ngng nay va cac ngha vu
khac cua giao phai Hoi Giao Sunni. S gia nhap Islam cua
ngi Cham tai Campuchia phat xuat t moi quan he chat
che vi ngi Ma Lai sinh song tai vng quoc nay, von la
cong ong a ong gop tch cc vao viec truyen ba tn
ngng Hoi Giao vao vng quoc Champa ke t the ky
83

Vng quoc Champa

th XVI. Them vao o, ngi Ma Lai cung khong ngng
khuyen khch cong ong Cham Campuchia nen hoc hoi
giao ly vi cac Ulama (chuyen gia ve luat Hoi Giao) tai
Kelantan va Terengganu (hai tieu bang cua Ma Lai) e
gia tang c tin cua ho. ieu nay cau thanh yeu to e giai
thch rang tai sao ngi Cham Campuchia a tng trai qua
t may chuc nam qua, di bao ap lc cua mot so phong
trao cai cach Islam co a ban hoat ong trong khu vc
ong Nam A.
Khu vc Tay Nguyen mien trung Viet Nam la ni
ma ngi ta tm thay mot so hien vat va en thap Champa.
ieu nay a chng minh rang tai vung cao cua Champa
thi o cung co nhng tap tuc tn ngng An Giao, rat gan
gui vi van hoa vung ong bang ven bien cua vng
quoc nay. Tam bia viet bang Phan Ng Klon Klor gan
Kontum a xac nhan s hien dien cua An Giao tren khu
vc Tay Nguyen, mac du bia k nay ch nhac en mot
nhan vat mang ten la Mahindravarman va cung khong cho
biet ai la ngi sang tac cac bia ky Phan ng nam trong
long chao cua song Ba, thuoc tnh Gia Lai. Chnh v the
ngi ta thng neu ra bao cau hoi co chang tac gia cua
bia ky nay la ngi Tay Nguyen mang anh hng van hoa
Cham hay ho la ngi Cham t vung ong bang sang nh
c tren mien cao cua Champa vao nhng thi ky o.
84

Dan c

Ai cung biet, vao cac the ky XVIII, XIX va XX,

Tay Nguyen van la khu vc co mot nguon goc tn ngng
ban a rieng biet. oi vi dan toc nay, vu tru la mot
khong gian hoan toan nam trong tay cua ang vo hnh, cua
cac bac than linh va vong linh ma dan toc ban a Tay
Nguyen phai ton vinh va qui phuc hay tm cach lanh xa
nhng s hung ac cua no (J. Boulbet, Pays des Maa,
Domaine des genies, Nggar Maa, Nggar Yang, Paris,
Publications de EFEO, vol. LXII, 1967). Ho tin rang
phng cach hu hieu nhat e at c long tin cua the
gii vo hnh la to chc nhng nghi le te vat nham ton vinh
cac bac than linh kem theo li khan nguyen cua mot trong
cac ngi tham d. ieu nay a giai thch nguyen nhan s
ra i cua nhieu le te tren khu vc Tay Nguyen cho en
khi Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Ngha Viet Nam a ra chien
dch chong pha me tn d oan bang cach ngan cam cac
tap tuc nay vao cuoi the ky XX.

Van hoa
Cac bia ky viet bang Phan ng hay Cham ng co la
nguon t lieu duy nhat cung cap nhng tin tc ve Champa
vao thi ky An Hoa. Tiec rang nhng nguon t lieu nay
ch ghi lai nhng g a xay ra trong trieu nh va giai cap
lanh ao, khong bao gi e cap en thc trang van hoa va
85

Vng quoc Champa

xa hoi cua ai a so quan chung song ven bien hay tren
cao nguyen.
Giong nh tat ca cac xa hoi khac di thi An Hoa,
tn ngng tr thanh mot chu e luon luon ng tr trong
cuoc song cua giai cap lanh ao Champa cho en the ky
XV. Mot phan do s tac ong cua An Giao trong moi sinh
hoat cua xa hoi va phan khac do cac giai cap qu toc
Champa khong ngng vay mn t quan niem ve vu tru
cua An Giao cho en noi dung van chng Phan ng e
lam yeu to cho nen van minh cua mnh.
Bia ky la van ban chnh thc bieu tng cho bc
tranh van hoa cua tang lp qu phai Champa ma noi dung
ch nham ton vinh nhng ai co s hieu biet sau am ve
van chng Phan ng, thau triet van pham cua Panini (nha
ng phap An o) va am tng ve tac pham Mahabhasya
(bnh luan ng phap), cau thanh chu e rat c yeu
chuong trong cac gii u tu Champa cho en the ky XII,
tc thi ky anh dau cho s ra i cua mot so bai th Phan
ng do vua Jaya Harivarman I sang tao va s xuat hien
cua mot bien nien s viet bang Phan ng theo the van van
(sloka) mang ta e Arthapuranasastra (L. Finot, Les
inscriptions de M-sn trong BEFEO IV, 1904 trg. 963964). Bc tranh van hoa nay con nham vao muc tieu nham
phat trien s hieu biet ve th van co ien cua An Giao,
nhat la s thi (epopee) mang ten Mahabharata va
Ramayana rat c pho bien trong trieu nh Champa thi
86

Dan c

o. Bang chng cu the o la nhieu tac gia cua bia ky
Champa thng lap i lap lai mot so oan van trch t tac
pham cua hai s thi nay. Mot so bia ky khac vao the ky
th VII con ton vinh mot so tac gia Champa a co cong
sang tac s thi da vao noi dung cua tac pham Ramayana
(P. Mus, Linscription a Valmiki de Prakacadharma (Tra
kieu) trong BEFEO XXVIII, 1928, trg.147-152). Tat ca
nhng s ngng mo nay thng mang yeu to pho bien
van chng An Giao hn la truyen ba giao ly cua An
Giao.
oi vi giai cap lanh ao Champa thi o, nen van
hoc uyen bac oi hoi u tien viec thau triet noi dung cua
Dharmasastra (tac pham luat hoc) ma vng quoc Champa
thng da vao o e xay dng he thong phap ly cua
mnh, cha noi en s hieu biet ve van chng ky thuat
(nghi thc cua cac le tuc) va khoa hoc sieu hnh (science
magique) cua An Giao (E. Huber, Lepigraphie de la
dynastie de ong-dng, trong BEFEO XI, 1911, trg.
291, 296 va 303-309). Mot yeu to quan trong khac cua nen
van hoc uyen bac nay o la thien van hoc cau thanh mot
chu e danh cho cac nha chuyen mon, nhat la tu s
Brahman. Thien van hoc la mot khoa hoc rat can thiet cho
viec tnh toan thi gian va thiet ke nien lch Champa, tc
la lch am-dng hon hp (annee luni-solaire) pha lan vi
lch Saka cua An Giao, bat au sau lch Cong Nguyen vao
87

Vng quoc Champa

nam th 78. Lch Champa thng mang tnh chat va tn
ngng va sieu hnh, ma ngi ta da vao o e qui nh
cac ngay thang cua cac le nghi va nhat la thiet lap danh
sach cac ngay k trong mot nam, nh ngay may man, ngay
rui ro, ngay vo can, v.v., cau thanh yeu to chi phoi trc
tiep vao nhp song va cung cach s ly hang ngay cua dan
toc Champa thi o (L. Finot. Inscriptions du Quangnam, trong BEFEO IV, 1904, trg.107, 109).
Ben canh di san van hoa Phan ng cua tang lp qu
phai ton tai cho en the ky XV, vng quoc Champa con
co mot nen van hoa dan gian phat trien rat manh trong
moi tang lp cua quan chung. Nen van hoa dan gian nay
co nguon goc phat xuat t nen van minh cua vng quoc
Lin Yi ke t the ky III-IV, bang cach tiep nhan mot so yeu
to ky thuat mi nhap c t Trung Hoa pha lan vi mot lp
nc sn cua van hoa An Giao. Van hoa dan gian nay
cang phat trien nhanh chong vao nhng the ky tiep theo,
nh s ong gop cua cac oan thuy thu nuc ngoai thng
ghe vao hai cang cua Champa e tiep te lng thc va
nc uong trc khi tiep tuc van hanh thng thuyen cua
mnh tren bien Nam Hai noi lien vung Trung ong va An
o vi luc a Trung Hoa. Nen van hoa dan gian nay
khong ngng thang tien song song vi nen van hoa Phan
ng cang ngay cang tch cc hn, a lam lu m dan dan i
nhng yeu to mang tnh chat An Giao. o cung la nguyen
nhan giai thch cho suy tan cua nen vam minh Phan ng
88

Dan c

tren lanh tho Champa. Nam 1253 anh dau cho ban bia ky
cuoi cung viet bang Phan ng tai vng quoc nay. Sau o
ngi ta ch con tm thay cac bia ky viet bang co ng
Cham ma thoi. Nhng tren thc te s suy tan cua Phan
ng a phai mau t lau, bi v Champa bat au giam dan
i viec s dung bia ky viet bang Phan ng ke t the ky th
IX va khong con quan tam cho lam en nguyen tac van
pham cua ngon ng An Giao nay. Ke t o, van chng co
ien An Giao cung ri vao vong quen lang, e roi cac
tang lp giai cap qu toc Champa khong con nh en
Mahabharata, mot tac pham thien anh hung ca (epopee)
noi tieng cua An o ma vng quoc Champa khong con
nhac en cau th cua no na ke t au the ky th XIII,
ngoai tr tac pham thien anh hung ca Ramayana ma noi
dung cua no ch con ton tai di hnh dang cua mot cau
chuyen ngan gon viet bang bang van xuoi lu truyen en
hom nay vi nhan e Pram Dit Pram Lak. Sau the ky th
XV, nen van minh cua Champa An Hoa cang ngay cang
tan lui i e nhng bc cho s ra i cua mot nen van
minh mi ma ngi ta goi la nen van hoa ban a Champa.
Khi lanh tho Champa b thu hep vao hai tieu vng
quoc Kauthara va Panduranga ke t the ky th XVI, toan
bo di san tn ngng cua An Giao b sup o e roi khong
con ai ton th na, ngoai tr mot nghi le duy nhat o la
Sati, tc la le tuc danh cho hoang hau Champa t thieu
89

Vng quoc Champa

tren dan hoa e cung chet chung vi ngi chong cua
mnh. Le tuc Sati tai vng quoc Champa a xay ra lan
au tien vao luc am tang cua Harivarman IV vao nam
1081. Nhan dp nay, 14 n hoang Champa quyet nh t
thieu tren dan hoa cua chong e bay to long trung thanh
oi vi nha vua (L. Finot, Les inscriptions de M-sn XII
C trong BEFEO IV, 1904, trg. 936, 939). Le Sati cung
dien ra trc mat cua Linh Muc Odoric de Pordenone
nhan dp ong ta vieng tham Champa vao au the ky th
XIV va con ap dung cho en the ky th XVII vao luc le
hoa tang cua vua Po Rome (1627-1651). Cung v n hoang
Champa khong chap nhan len dan hoa cua quoc vng Po
Rome, ngi ta phai khac tren bc tng cua v n hoang
nay e anh dau s t choi cua ba chong lai nghi le Sati
cua hoang gia Champa thi o. ieu nay a chng minh
rang le tuc Sati ch bien mat sau the ky th XVII e thay
the vao o bang mot hnh thc khac, o la le dang hien
cac di san vat chat thuoc ve ngi qua co tren dan hoa ma
phu nhan cua ho thng thc hien e chung i theo ngi
chong vao coi khac. Nghi le nay a lam bien mat nhieu
kho tang van hoc co ien Cham e roi hom nay ngi ta
ch con nh en ten cua tac pham ma thoi (Po Dharma,
Nicolas Weber, Abdullah Zakaria Bin Ghazali, Akayet Um
Marup, KKKW &EFEO, 2006, trg. 9). Chnh v the, dan
toc Cham hom nay ch con lu lai mot vai tac pham mang
noi dung phap ly phong tuc ma dan toc nay thng da
90

Dan c

vao o e lam khuon mau cho he thong to chc xa hoi
hom nay. Ke t o, moi yeu to van hoa co ien cua
Champa t bien mat e thay the vao o mot he thong van
hoa mi mang tnh cach dan gian hn, tc la s ket hp
gia van hoa ban a cua mien nam Champa va van hoa
cua dan toc a ao (Nam Dng va Ma Lai), tc la mot
tap the toc ngi co moi quan he thng trc t lau vi
dan toc Cham song ven bien va rat gan gui vi nhau ve
mat nhan chung, ngon ng va van hoa.
Nh va nhac qua phan tren, nen van minh cua
mien nam Champa ch la mot di san van hoa co s tien
hoa ve mat tn ngng va le nghi trong o co hang tram
nhan vat sieu hnh (yang) a phng tr thanh cac bac
than linh cua vng quoc ma tat ca cac tang lp xa hoi
Cham eu ton th qua cac nghi le cung te gia suc, cha
noi en cac ai le nh Kate, Ca-mbur (CAM 125) hoac le
cung au mua cay cay ma muc ch ch nham tay ue ma ta
ra khoi am ruong bo hoang vao mua kho can trc khi
bat au viec trong trot tr lai.
Vao cuoi the ky XVI va au the ky XVII, cac
thng thuyen Hoi Giao Ma Lai a mang lai cho ngi
Cham song ven bien mot so yeu to van hoa a ao cua
ho. ang ly ra ho a bien ngi Cham thi o thanh mot
cong ong theo ao Hoi that s, nhng s viec xay ra
khong phai la nh the. V rang, dan toc Cham, mac du a
91

Vng quoc Champa

chap nhan mot so tn ieu cua kinh thanh Koran, khong
bao gi t bo yeu to tn ngng dan gian cua ho. Chnh v
the, tn ngng cua nhom ngi Cham Awal ch la mot s
pha tron gia yeu to vay mn t Hoi Giao va tap tuc a
phng. Cung v dan toc Cham cua mien nam Champa,
nhat la Cham Ahier, thng hay cai bien mot so thien s
cua Hoi Giao thanh nhom than linh a phng cua ho,
thanh ra ngi ta rat kho ma phan biet au la bien gii cua
s tra tron nay. Chnh v the moi nhan xet ve nguon goc
tn ngng cua dan toc Cham khong bao gi phu hp vi
nhau. Mot th du ien hnh, o la ang Allah viet thanh Po
Uvalvah (CM 27-27) c xem nh mot v vua huyen s
au tien ghi trong bien nien s cua tieu vng quoc
Panduranga- Champa. Thien s Muhammad ma ngi
Cham goi la Po Rasulak (CM 39-1) c xep vao danh
sach ben canh cac thien s Hoi Giao khac trong bang
phong than cua dan toc nay.
Viec cong sinh gia hai tn ngng nay a tao ra
nhng anh hng trc tiep en mot so quan niem van hoa
cua ngi Cham tai mien trung Viet Nam. Chnh v the, ke
t the ky XVII, ngi Cham Bani (Hoi Giao khong chnh
thong) co mot khai niem ve vu tru hoan toan khac han vi
ngi Cham Ahier va khong nhn he thong tao hoa the
gian nh trc thi nhap ao Hoi Giao na (CAM 97-2 va
CAM 143-2). Mac du cong viec tnh toan thi gian hoan
toan da vao mot phng phap chung, nh viec ghi chep
92

Dan c

ngay thang trong nien lch da vao ten cua 12 con giap,
ngi Cham Ahier va Bani hien nay van dung hai nien
lch khac nhau va ngay thang khong trung hp vi nhau
(CAM 138-4). Chnh v the, cac chc sac ton giao nam
quyen thng t quyet nh thay oi ngay le thng nien
mang tnh co nh c thc hien bi hai cong ong Cham
Ahier va Bani, th du nh le rija nagar, mot khi le tuc nay
ri nham vao ngay ai le cua ngi Cham Bani nhat la
trung vao thang an chay (Ramadan) cua ho.
Mot so yeu to van hoa khac cung bat au hnh
thanh tai mien nam Champa, ac biet nhat la s ra i cua
mot he thong ngon ng ch viet mi. Ke t au the ky
XVI, ch viet Cham thi co ai bat au nhng bc cho
ch viet Cham thi trung ai va mot so loai ch viet khac,
cau thanh mot phng tien dung e dien at t tng. Ke
t o, cac tac pham van chng cua mien nam Champa ch
viet bang tieng Cham ma thoi, du o la tac pham van hoc
co chung mot nguon goc cua cac quoc gia An Giao tai khu
vc ong Nam A ma noi dung luc nao cung nham ton
vinh mot nhan vat chnh yeu tren san khau cua kch
trng, thng ong vai hoang t, luc nao cung tng trai
qua cac cuoc song phieu lu d thng e roi cuoi cung,
ong ta tr ve que hng sau ngay chien thang ve vang
chong lai oi tng cua mnh va len ngai vang e noi ngoi
93

Vng quoc Champa

cua vua cha. Tac pham Inra Sri Bikan la mot kieu mau
ien hnh nam trong the loai van chng nay (CAM
microfilm 11-2). Ke ca tac pham vay mn t the gii Ma
Lai, mac du ngi Cham ban a van xem o nh la mot
kho tang van hoc co gia tr chung, nhng ho phai chnh ly
lai noi dung cho phu hp vi he thong cau truc tam linh va
yeu to van hoa Cham trc khi du nhap tac pham nay vao
vng quoc Champa. Chnh v the, a so ngi Cham cha
quen thuoc vi van hoc nc ngoai, khong bao gi ngh
rang cac thien anh hung ca (akayet) cua ho, ac biet nhat
la Akayet Inra Patra va Akayet Deva Mano ch la tac pham
co nguon goc xuat phat t kho tang van hoc cua Ma Lai
(Po Dharma, G. Moussay, Abdul Karim, Akayet Dowa
Mano, Kuala Lumpur, PNM va EFEO, 1998).
a tien hoa nay cung phat trien khong ngng trong
nen nghe thuat Champa thi o. Ve mat am nhac ma mot
so nhac cu thng c dung vao thi ky Champa An
Giao nh an vina (n tranh An o), an thu cam (harpe)
hay trong vo, thng xuat hien tren cac phu ieu cua en
M Sn va Phong Le a bien mat, e nhng cho lai cho
cac nhac cu khac, ngoai tr gong chieng co ien la con ton
tai cho en ngay nay. Nhng hau het cac nhac cu ma
ngi Cham ang s dung hom nay ch la nhng vat the
vay mn t the gii Ma Lai. Ve mat ieu mua cung the.
Ke t the ky th XV ve sau, cac ieu vu khong con la
nghe thuat oc quyen cua than thanh na. Cac tng Siva
94

Dan c

nhay mua cua en Phong Le hay Khng My va cac tng
vu n (apsara) cua en Chanh Lo hay Tra Kieu ma cac
nha ieu khac thng trang iem cho nhng chiec be cua
tng Linga, khong con xuat hien na. Cac tng vu cong
ma ngi ta thng dang hien cho cac en thap trong viec
th cung cung bien mat luon theo thi gian (BEFEO IV,
1904, trg. 942, 943). Ke t o, ieu mua ch la mot chuoi
nhp ieu cua cac bc chan va ong tac cua vu n uon eo
nhp nhang theo ieu nhac, chang han nh ieu mua goi la
patra. Con ve ieu mua mang tach cach tap the cua oan
vu n va vu cong ma ngi ta trnh dien ngay nay tren cac
en thap ch la phong cach nghe thuat c che tao vao
cuoi the ky XX nham vao muc ch cho kinh te du lch ma
thoi.
Ngi ta hoan toan khong biet g ve nen van hoa
cua ngi Tay Nguyen vao thi ky An Giao, bi v khong
co mot bia ky nao noi en. Ngc lai, ngi ta biet ro the
nao la yeu to van hoa cua dan toc mien cao vao gia the
ky th XX, tc la trc ngay hien dien cua hang van ngi
Viet di c t mien Bac vao mien trung va mien nam en
nh c tren Tay Nguyen ke t nam 1955, tao thanh mot
cong ong ngi Kinh a so lan ap vao a ban dan c cua
dan toc ban a thieu so va tan pha i nen van minh cua
ho.

95

Vng quoc Champa

oi vi dan toc ban a Tay Nguyen (ProtoIndochinois), s chuyen van cua vu tru hoan toan nam
trong tay cua vo so ang vo hnh cau thanh mot tap the
than linh co quyen lc e lam sinh ong bau tri, trai at,
thien nhien ngay ca van vat va tiep tuc ng tr tren trai at
ma ho a tao ra. ieu nay a giai thch rang tn ngng
cua dan toc Tay Nguyen luc nao cung lien ket chat che
vao i song va cac sinh hoat hang ngay cua ho. Do o
dan toc Tay Nguyen thng xuyen phai ngh en viec
cung quay than linh v ho tin rang nhng li cau nguyen
trong le tuc nay co the tao ra mot anh hng tren quyen
lc cua ang vo hnh nay bang cach vo hieu hoa nhng
than linh hung d hoac ton vinh nhng than linh co c o
t bi (xem P-B. Lafont, Prieres Jarai, Paris, EFEO Textes
et Documents sur lIndo-chine VIII, 1963). Nen van hoa
ton giao nay con phat trien trong cac luat tuc con goi la
cham ngon phap ly (coutumier) cua tng sac dan. Ngoai
viec ieu hoa cac qui c sinh hoat trong xa hoi, luat tuc
con co muc tieu giao huan con ngi ve cung cach c x
oi vi chnh ban than cua mnh va oi vi cac ang vo
hnh ang chu tr van menh cua vu tru. Luat tuc thng oi
hoi moi dan toc Tay Nguyen phai biet hoan thien, cau
thanh mot qui c oi hoi moi ca nhan phai ton trong s
tng quan trong cac cuoc sinh hoat hang ngay va bo buoc
ho phai phuc tung cac v than linh t t tng cho en
hanh ong. Luat tuc va luan ly cau thanh mot chu e
96

Dan c

chung va thng chong chat len nhau. Theo dan toc ban
a Tay Nguyen, luat tuc va luan ly ao c eu phat xuat
t mot nguon goc chung, v ca hai yeu to o hoan toan do
ang than linh cai quan vu tru ban cho ho ma thoi.
Dan toc Tay Nguyen la cong ong toc ngi khong
co ch viet. Chnh v the, moi kien thc cua ho eu phat
sinh t van hoa truyen khau, du o la li cau nguyen, luat
tuc hay cac tac pham van hoc. Nham giup tap the quan
chung biet en noi dung cua van ban nay, van chng dan
gian hay luat tuc thng c trnh bay theo the th, e
moi khi c xng len th am tiet gieo van co phan nhp
nhang co tnh lam noi bat len cac ieu khuc cua tac pham.
Nhp ieu va s hoa hp am ieu cau thanh yeu to nham
ong gop vao viec tiep thu nhanh vao tr nh. Cung nh
o ma mot so tac pham van chng nh tuc ng, co tch,
truyen thuyet, chuyen ke va thien anh hung ca cua dan toc
Tay Nguyen a c lu truyen cho en hom nay (D.
Antomarchi, Le chant epique de Kdam Yi, trong BEFEO
XLVII-2,1955, trg.590-615). Va nen van hoc nay con co
muc tieu nham phat trien s hai hoa cua xa hoi, duy tr
nhng yeu to kinh te co truyen va nhat la nham xac nhan
quyen lc toi cao va tnh xuat chung cua cac ang vo hnh
oi vi the gii cua cac sinh vat.

97

Vng quoc Champa

To chc chnh tr
Cung giong nh cac quoc gia nam trong khu vc
vao thi ky An Giao va nhng giai oan tiep theo,
Champa la mot vng quoc da vao quan chu chuyen che
e lam mo hnh to chc chnh tr cua mnh. Nhng Champa
khong phai la mot quoc gia trung ng tap quyen nh mot
so nha khoa hoc thng hieu lam, ma la mot quoc gia lien
bang tap trung nhieu tieu vng quoc (principaute) gom
co : Indrapura, Amaravati, Vijaya, Kauthara va
Panduranga. Moi tieu vng quoc c chia thanh cac n
v hanh chanh at di quyen quan ly chung cua tieu
vng.
ng au cua lien bang Champa la v thu lanh
ong o tai Vijaya t the ky XI en the ky XV mang danh
hieu la rajadiraja (vua cua cac vua), tc la nhan vat duy
nhat co quyen nhan le ang quang (abhiseka) e len ngoi
vua cua lien bang ma bia ky thng ghi lai. Nghi le nay
c to chc tai thu phu Vijaya, mot a iem nam lan can
thanh pho Qui Nhn hien nay. ay la mot qui che chnh tr
khong phu hp cho lam vi c vong cua Panduranga, mot
tieu vng quoc mien nam luc nao cung tm cach tach
ri ra khoi lien bang Champa e tao dng cho mnh mot
quoc gia oc lap rieng.
98

Dan c

Tat ca cac v vua Champa eu la nhng ngi xuat

than t giai cap Ksatriya (giai cap qu toc, tng lanh quan
s) hay la nhng Brahman-Ksatriya (tu s-qu toc). Khi a
len ngoi, ho thng at mot tam mc quan trong vao viec
than thanh hoa ban than cua mnh. Moi v thu lanh t xng
mnh la vua cua vng quoc Champa, nhng ong thi la
hien than cua mot v than, thong thng nhat la hien than
cua ang Siva. Chnh v the, vua Champa thng ra lenh
tac tng mang hnh the ca nhan cua mnh nhng lai eo
cac o trang sc cua v than linh. Moi v vua thng at
cho mnh mot ten goi mang tnh cach ton giao ben canh
danh xng chnh thc cua trieu ai (L. Finot, Stele de
Cambhuvarman a M-sn, trong BEFEO III, 1903, trg.
210-211). Vua chua Champa la bieu tng cho quyen lc
va vinh quang trong mot quoc gia ma cac bia ky thng
ton vinh qua nhng li tang boc oi khi rat la qua ang.
Nhng mo hnh chnh tr nay cung khong ngan cam c
vao the ky XII va XIV mot so hoang t thng ng ra
chong lai uy quyen cua nha vua hoac tm cach lat o chnh
quyen Champa, nh trng hp Indravarman V va Maha
Qu o a tng nhung tay vao cuoc ao chanh nham
chiem quyen ngoi vua tai vng quoc nay. Cac cuoc tranh
chap quyen hanh gia cac v hoang t cong them s khung
hoang chnh tr trien mien gia mien bac va mien nam
Champa cung la nguyen nhan a lam suy yeu i y thc he
99

Vng quoc Champa

oan ket cua vng quoc nay. ieu nay a giai thch rang
quyen lc cua vua chua phai nam tren phap ly cua mot
quoc gia ma lch s cua Champa thng chng minh ieu
o. Vao nhng giai oan xao tron va giao thi, cac nha
vua thng chon sc manh cua quyen lc nh la chnh
sach u tien e tran ap oi phng va cung co ngai vang.
Ho ch ban tam en nhng bien co chnh tr mang tch cach
thi s co the lam lung lay oai quyen cua trieu nh hn la
lo ngh en van e xay dng mot the che chnh tr da vao
hien phap cua mot quoc gia. Vao nhng giai oan yen
bnh, cac vua chua Champa thng lo am bao trat t va
an ninh trong nc hau ne tranh nhng viec tranh chap
chong lai uy quyen cua nha vua.
Nham am bao viec ieu hanh quoc gia va tang
cng quyen lc cua mnh, cac v quoc vng Champa
thng thanh lap mot noi cac chnh phu tap trung mot so
quan than cao cap (hauts dignitaires) ch khong phai cac
v bo trng trong ngha rong cua no. Ben canh o, vua
chua Champa con co mot he thong khue phong gom co
cac ba hoang hau va nhieu cung phi my n. Cac quan lai
trong noi cac thng la nhng nhan vat xuat than t giai
cap thng lu co anh hng ln trong quoc gia, vi muc
ch nham bien ho thanh mot tap the luon luon trung thanh
vi vua.
Cho en hom nay, ngi ta khong biet the nao la
danh xng va quyen han cua cac v quan lai cao cap trong
100

Dan c

noi cac Champa. Ngc lai, nhiem vu chnh yeu cua ho la
quan tr nganh thu thue, huan luyen bo binh va thuy binh
e chuan b cho viec chinh chien. Moi u t ln nhat cua
moi v quoc vng Champa la nguon kinh ph quoc gia.
Chnh v the thue ma la yeu to can thiet trong viec phat
trien ngan kho cua hoang gia hau nang cao cuoc song cua
cac quan ai than trong vng quoc, nuoi dng quan oi,
xay dng cac cong trnh dan thuy nhap ien, thiet ke cac
cung ien hoac xay dng cac en ai ton giao e lam nen
mong cho uy quyen cua mnh. Tiec rang, cac nhu cau chi
ph thng vt qua kha nang cung ng cua quoc gia, bi
do s ngheo kho cua dan chung va s mien thue danh cho
cac trung tam ton giao ma mot so bia ky cua ong Dng
thng neu ra (L. Finot va E. Huber, BEFEO IV, 1904, trg.
89 va 95; BEFEO V, 1905, trg. 280, 281). e phuc hoi
ngan kho nha nc, mot so quoc vng Champa phai ngh
en cac chien dch anh pha cac nuc lang gieng, nhat la
vng quoc ai Viet, hoac ap dung vu lc e anh thue
cac tau be di chuyen trong hai phan cua mnh. V nhu cau
can thiet trong chnh sach phong thu quoc gia, vua chua
Champa thng at moi trong tam vao van e xay dng
mot oi ngu luc quan va hai quan hung manh ma hnh anh
cua cac binh s, cac ong vat tham chien va cac chien cu
van con lu lai tren cac bc phu ieu tai en Angkor Vat,
Bayon (Angkor) va Banteay Chmar cua vng quoc
101


Campuchia

Vng quoc Champa

(M.

Jacq-

Hergoualch,

Larmement

et

lorganisation de larmee khmere aux XII et XIII siecles,

Paris, PUF, 1979).
Sau ngay sup o nen van minh An Giao mien bac
vao nam 1471, vng quoc Champa mien nam van tiep
tuc hien hu, nhng lai t bo moi the che chnh tr vay
mn t An o rat co hieu lc cho en the ky th XV, e
thay the vao o mot he thong to chc quoc gia hoan toan
mi me, da vao truyen thong ban a cua Kauthara va
Panduranga, pha lan vi mot so yeu to cua the gii Ma
Lai, mot khu vc ma vng quoc Champa a hoa nhap
vao ke t cuoi the ky th XV qua cac mang li thng
mai hang hai noi lien vi cac hai cang nam tren b bien
Nam Hai cua Trung Hoa (D. Lombard, Le Carrefour
javanais. Essai dhistoire globale: II. Les reseaux
asiatiques, Paris, Editions de lEHESS, 1990). Ke t o,
cac quoc vng Champa mien nam t bo hoan toan quan
niem than thanh hoa ban than cua mnh nh thi xa xa e
tr thanh cac nha lanh tu chnh tr ieu hanh quoc gia
trong ngha rong cua no. ay cung la thi iem anh dau
cho s ra i cua mot khai niem chnh tr rat mi me trong
o quyen lc cua mot chnh quyen ch da vao s giau co
va thnh vng cua mot quoc gia ma thoi. Ke t o,
Champa khong con chu tam nhieu en viec phat trien
nong nghiep co truyen nh vao thi An Giao na ma la
tm cach lam chu he thong trao oi kinh te gia nhng hai
102

Dan c

cang ln nam trong khu vc. Chnh v the, cac quoc vng
Champa a bien he thong thng mai hang hai thanh mot
to chc oc quyen cua nha vua va a nhieu lan tr thanh
cac ai thng gia giong nh cac quoc vng Ma Lai
thng ap dung.
Nham phat trien manh he thong kinh te mi nay,
cac quoc vng Champa sau the ky th XV thng tuyen
chon vao giai cap ieu hanh quoc gia cua mnh mot so
nhan vat goc ngi a ao nham nam gi cac chc vu co
van kinh te cho hoang gia Champa cung nh viec thiet lap
va phat trien cac moi quan he vi cac thng gia, cac
ngi lai tau, cac ai dien chu hang va nhat la moi quan
he vi nc ngoai ma cac tai lieu Champa cung nh cac
li tng thuat cua cac nha thng thuyen Tay Phng
thng ke lai. Cung nen nh rang, vao gia the ky XVI va
XVIII tieng Ma Lai la ngon ng ngoai giao rat thong dung
vung ong Nam A Chau. V rang tat ca cac cuoc trao
oi kinh te chnh tr qua cac cuoc oi thoai hay viet thanh
van ban chnh thc gia cac quoc gia nam trong khu vc
hay vi nhng ngi Tay Phng eu thc hien bang ngon
ng Ma Lai. Hiep c gia vng quoc Campuchia va
Hoa Lan ky vao nam 1656 nhng viet bang tieng Ma Lai
la mot th du ien hnh. Chnh v the, trong trieu nh cua
cac quoc gia nam trong khu vc ong Nam A Chau thi
o thng co nhng ngi noi tieng Ma Lai rat thong thao.
103

Vng quoc Champa

Ho phai la nhng ngi Ma Lai chnh thong mi co the
noi ranh tieng me e cua ho va co kha nang e oc ca van
ban viet bang tieng A Rap. Ben canh nhng ngi Ma Lai
gi vai tro co van, vua chua Champa thng tuyen chon
vao trieu nh cua mnh nhng quan lai goc ngi Cham
Ahier (tam goi la Ba La Mon) va bat au t the ky XVII
ca ngi Cham Bani (Hoi Giao khong chnh thong) va ke
ca ngi Tay Nguyen nh sac dan Ee, Churu va Raglai,
tc la dan toc noi tieng noi a ao. Moi sac dan phuc vu
trong trieu nh Champa thng ong vai tro rieng biet
trong to chc ton giao, quan s, tai chanh (kiem soat viec
thu thue, v.v..), kinh te (kiem soat viec ai vang, v.v..) va
hanh chanh.
He thong to chc chnh tr mi nay a dien ra tai
mien nam Champa cho en gia the ky th XVII. Ke t
o, vua chua nha Nguyen, sau khi at quyen bao ho tren
lanh tho Panduranga, ng ra chon la nhng nha cam
quyen Champa rat than can vi mnh hau kiem soat ho
chat che hn bang cach ban cho ho nhng vng hieu toi
cao vi muc ch do danh ho phai phuc tung oai quyen cua
trieu nh Hue. Tnh trang nay keo dai trong suot cuoc noi
chien gia Nguyen Anh va Tay Sn t nam 1771 cho en
nam 1802. Trong khoang thi gian nay, cac quoc vng
Champa nam quyen cai tr at nc mat het tat ca quyen
hanh va ch hanh ong nh ke mua roi theo chieu bai cua
nha Nguyen, nhng ho van con ton tai tren ngai vang cho
104

Dan c

en khi hoang e Minh Menh quyet nh khai tr ho va
xoa bo danh xng Panduranga-Champa ra khoi ban o vao
nam 1832.

Kinh te
Cac tai lieu lch s t khi ban en mot cach sau
am ve tnh hnh to chc kinh te Champa trc hay sau the
ky XV. Mac du nh the, ngi ta cung biet rang vng
quoc nay co hai nen kinh te song phng vi nhau trong
qua kh, o la nen kinh te t cung t cap (eonomie de
subsistance) cua ai a so quan chung tap trung hau het
cac nong dan va ng dan doc theo b bien va nen kinh te
li nhuan (eonomie de profit) ma trieu nh Champa
thng ap dung vi cac nha buon nc ngoai.
Hau het cac dan c Champa song vung ong
bang cung nh toan the ngi Tay Nguyen chuyen song
ve nong nghiep. Nghe trong lua von la sinh hoat chnh cua
ho. Chnh v the, an cm tr thanh cum t rat pho thong
trong cac quoc gia thuoc ve khu vc ong Nam A. Cung
nh cac van bia co noi dung lien quan en viec dang hien
hoa mau cho cac en thap ma ngi ta biet rang c dan
Champa sinh song vung ong bang la tap the chuyen
khai thac ruong lua qua he thong dan thuy nhap ien
(BEFEO IV, 1904, trg.959, 962). Ngc lai, dan toc song
105

Vng quoc Champa

vung cao th khai thac canh ong at trung (champs de
depressions) doc theo ngon oi. V kh hau kho han
thng dien ra tai mot so vung pha nam, thanh ra cac
khu vc canh tac cua Champa can phai co he thong dan
thuy nhap ien bat nguon t cac mng ap. Ke t o,
cum t cap nc tr thanh cong trnh chnh yeu cua cac
nha vua danh cho tap the nong dan (BEFEO IV, 1904, trg.
942,943). ng nhien ngi ta khong biet ro cho lam, du
la phong chng i na, ve so lng san xuat lua gao vao
thi ky Champa An Giao, bi v san pham nong nghiep
thng nh gia bang jak. Ngoai san pham lua gao, cac tai
lieu Cham co khong bao gi cho biet cac loai giong hoa
qua va cay coi dung trong nganh trong trot tai vng quoc
nay, ma ch nhac en cac loai thc pham, hat giong va cac
phng tien kinh te t cung tc cap ma thoi. Cung nh t
lieu viet bang tieng Ma Lai, ngi ta biet rang vng quoc
Champa co mot so loai cay trong tren cac manh at khong
can dan thuy nhap ien nh cay me, cay au, cay chuoi,
cay ma, cay da ma ngi ta dung lam ru da nh tai
lieu Trung Hoa ghi lai. Theo nhat ky cua Linh Muc Odoric
de Pordenone lien quan en chuyen cong du cua ong ta tai
khu vc A Chau vao the ky XIV, ngi dan Champa vao
thi ky o co u lng thc e sinh song. Ngi ta cung
khong biet nhieu hn ve nganh nong nghiep Champa sau
the ky XV mac dau cac thng thuyen Au Chau co mat
tren hai phan cua vng quoc nay ke t nam 1540 a
106

Dan c

thng xuyen lap bang ke khai cac loai hang hoa va thc
pham ma ho co the dung vao viec buon ban. Trong so cac
loai hang hoa nay, ngi ta cung khong biet en cac loai
san pham cong kenh san xuat tai Champa ma ngi nc
ngoai khong dung en. Lua la mot loai giong thnh hanh
nhat trong nganh nong nghiep cua vng quoc nay, nhng
ngi ta cung khong biet san lng trong trot la bao nhieu,
trong luc o lua gao la lng thc chnh yeu dung vao viec
oi chac, vay mn hoac tra gop. V rang dan toc Cham
sinh song tai ong bang thi o khong trong cau va trau,
thanh vay ho dung lua gao e oi chac san pham nay vi
ngi Viet Nam. Ngoai loai ngu coc nay, ngi dan
Champa thng trong khoai lang (Convolvulus Batatas
Linne) dung lam lng thc thay gao vao luc that mua.
Bong vai (Gossypium hirsutum) la san pham rat phat trien
trong khu vc Bnh Thuan trong khi o thuoc la rat thnh
hanh tai vung Phan Rang. Ho cung trong cay da va cac
loai cay trong khac t quan trong hn. Song song vi viec
canh tac cac loai cay coi dung e tieu thu, ngi dan
Champa con chuyen lam nghe thu nhap nhng san pham
thien nhien do nui rng cung cap, nhat la rau cai va hoa
qua ma ho thng s dung e lam mon an hang ngay. Ho
cung lam nghe san ban cac loai thu nho, nh tho rng, ga
rng, con te te (pangolin), chim rng, con cong (BEFEO
XI, 1911, trg. 291, 296). Nghe san ban cua ho thng dien
107

Vng quoc Champa

ra hang ngay, nhat la nhan dp ong an, a em lai cho
ba cm cua ho co tht, v viec chan nuoi mang tnh cach
gia nh khong the cung cap cho ho nhng mon tht thng
xuyen, mot phan do benh dch suc vat, ac biet la cum bo
thng hay tan pha nganh chan nuoi gia suc va phan khac
th xuat phat t le te thng s dung qua nhieu thu vat gay
ra nan thieu thieu thon ve gia suc, gia cam ma ho chan
nuoi trong gia nh. Cuoi cung cac nong dan nay cung lam
nghe cau ca song va ca ho nham tang cng them thc
pham e dung trong gia nh.
Cac ng dan Champa song ven bien Nam Hai chay
dai hn 800 cay so cung co mot cuoc song kinh te rat gan
gui vi tang lp nong dan, nhng ch co mot s khac biet
hn o la ng dan dung hai san cua mnh e oi lay gao
cua nong dan. Chnh v the ca va gao la thc pham c ban
cua vng quoc Champa thi o, nhat la pha nam
Champa, mot hai phan rat nhieu ca ma Linh Muc Odoric
de Pordenone a ghi nhan vao the ky XIV.
Hau het nhan dan Champa ch chuyen song ve
nghe nong nghiep va ng nghiep. Ngc lai, vua chua va
quan than Champa thng at trong tam vao nen kinh te
co li nhuan qua cac viec buon ban vi cac thng thuyen
An o, Trung Hoa, Ma Lai, A Rap, va ke t the ky th
XVI vi ngi Au Chau. Cac thng thuyen nay thng
mua cac san pham co hng thm, da thu rng va kim loai
108

Dan c

qu theo s oi hoi cua th trng. Quoc vng Champa la
ngi chiem oc quyen e cung cap nhng san pham cho
th trng nay.
Vao nhng nam au cua Tay Lch, vng quoc
Champa dng nh a bat au tham gia vao viec trao oi
kinh te vi mot so quoc gia lan can. Mot so manh v cua
hien vat goc Trung Hoa va An o c tm thay tai Tra
Kieu a chng minh ieu o. Ke t cac nam au cua the
ky th V, tai lieu Trung Hoa thng ghi rang Champa la
quoc gia a co mot oi ngu hang hai quan trong thng
dung vao viec anh pha cac b bien ai Viet pha bac
va chuyen ve nganh di chuyen hang hoa tren ai dng.
Chnh v the, mot so tai lieu lch s thng cao buoc rang
nganh hang hai cua Champa thi o ch la n v chuyen
lam nghe cp bien. Mac dau ngi ta khong biet so
lng tau be thuoc n v hang hai cua vng quoc nay,
nhng ngi ta co the ngh rang Champa phat trien rat
manh nganh thng thuyen cua mnh vao au the ky th
IX, khi khu vc Tay A va Trung A, v tnh hnh an ninh
khong cho phep, khong dung c ng bo xuyen luc a
Chau A con goi la con ng t lua, e lam he thong giao
thong na. Ke t o, cac nha thng gia buon ban phai
chon ng bien e ch hang hoa cua ho.
Phai noi rang nganh thng mai hang hai a em
lai cho Champa mot nguon t li vo cung ln lao, bi v
109

Vng quoc Champa

cac tau be quoc te phai dng chan tai b be cua vng
quoc nay e tiep te lng thc va nhat la Champa co
nhieu hai cang noi tieng nh Turan (a nang hien nay),
Kam-ran (Cam Ranh), Sri Banoy (hai cang cua Vijayapura
trong vnh Qui Nhn hien nay), Malithit (Phan Thiet), v.v.
Va cac v vua au tien cua Champa a tng hng nen tru
phu cua nganh thng mai nay la trieu ai cua Indrapura
(ong Dng) ma cac t lieu khao co hoc a tng chng
minh. Ke t o, Champa tr thanh mot quoc gia hung
manh ve nganh hang hai. Nam 1177, ham oi Champa a
chuyen ch nguyen oan quan cua mnh e anh pha
Angkor va vao nam 1203, co hn hai tram chiec tau buom
a thap tung v vua Champa ong o Vijaya e vt
bien lanh nan (Viet S Lc III). Lc lng hang hai nay
cau thanh nhng n v hai quan a giup vng quoc
Champa gia tang manh me nganh trao oi thng mai cua
mnh vi Trung Hoa, An o va cac nc Trung ong
chuyen ve nghe buon ban cac san pham.
S sup o cua thu o Vijaya vao nam 1471 khong
lam can tr nen thng mai cua Champa b thu hep lai
mien nam, v vng quoc nay tr thanh mot quoc gia a
hoi nhap rat nhanh vao vong cau kinh te cua tieu vng
quoc Malacca (Ma Lai), tc la trung tam thng mai quoc
te thi o. Ke t o, Champa tm cach a nganh thng
thuyen cua mnh vao cac mang li thng mai hang hai
noi lien cac hai cang cua tau be va cac kho cha hang hoa
110

Dan c

nam tren cac b bien Nam Hai. Va tnh hnh thng mai
nay keo dai en gia the ky XVII, tc la thi iem ma vua
chua nha Nguyen a ngan cam cac tau be nc ngoai cap
ben Champa va mua ban vi vng quoc nay, mot nganh
thng mai a mang lai nhieu li nhuan cho vua chua va
quan than Champa thi o.
Trong so cac mon hang oi chac chnh yeu trong
nganh hang hai a em lai nguon li nhuan quan trong cho
trieu nh Champa vao thi ky An Giao hay sau the ky th
XV, ngi ta phai ke en mot loai san pham cua Champa
a tng gay bao tieng vang t Nhat Ban cho en Trung
ong o la go tram (gahlau), toa hng thm rat la ac
biet ma cac nha thc vat hoc (botaniste) van cha tm ra
nhng b an trong tinh chat hng thm cua no. ay la mot
loai cay oi hoi bao kien nhan va nghi le phien phc trc
khi khi cong i tm, no va cung la san pham rat qu trong
danh sach hang hoa t thu xa xa. Tram hng Champa
c xem nh la loai tram qu gia nhat bi ngi An o
vao au ky nguyen ; bi ngi Trung Hoa ke t thi ky
Lam Ap (Lin Yi), v go nay c liet ke vao danh sach
cua san pham ma Champa phai trieu cong hoang e cua
ho ; bi cac tac gia A Rap nh Al-Masudi vao the ky th
X va Al-Idrisi vao the ky XII e roi ho goi tram hng
Champa la sanf ( tieng A Rap: sanf = Campa) ; bi cac tac
gia Bo ao Nha di ten goi cua go nay la calambac ke t
111

Vng quoc Champa

gia the ky th XVI va vao the ky ke tiep bi cac thng
gia Hoa Lan. Tram hng Champa la chu e ma ngi ta
tm thay hau het trong nhng hoi ky cua ngi thng gia
thi o, v th trng cua go qu nay a mang lai mot
nguon li nhuan ln lao nhat. Bi v the, vao the ky th
XV ngi Trung Hoa cho biet gia tram hng mua tai
Champa, neu tnh theo trong lng, th bang gia bac kim
vao the ky th XVII. Ngi Au Chau con ghi rang gia tr
cua tram hng co the gia tang gap 15 lan gia gia mua tai
Champa va gia ban lai tai Nhat Ban hay tai Trung ong.
Theo ngi Au Chau, co s khac biet gia tram hng
mang ten la bois d'aloes hay calambac vi tram hng ten
la bois daigle ma cac nha thc vat hoc van khong biet ro
nguon goc cua no. Ngc lai nhieu tac gia hien ai van
thng ngh rang tram hng (bois d'aloes) va tram hng
(bois daigle) co gia tr ngang nhau, trong khi o cac nha
buon Au Chau vao the ky XVII tr gia tram hng bois
daigle re hn 20 lan so vi tram hng mang ten la bois
d'aloes hay calambac.
Neu ngi ta biet ro ve th trng cua go tram
hng (bois d'aloes) th ngc lai ngi ta t biet ve gia ca
cua cac san pham lam nghiep khac ma cac tai lieu Trung
Hoa va Bo ao Nha thng ghi lai t au the ky th XVI.
Mot so san pham lam nghiep a tr thanh mon hang
thng mai oc quyen cua nha vua hay quan lai Champa
thi o la vo cay que rng cua mien trung Viet Nam
112

Dan c

thng gi sang Nhat Ban cho en khi quoc gia nay quyet
nh be mon toa cang vi the gii ben ngoai vao the ky
XVII. Ben canh que rng la cay an hng (santal) va au
khau (cardamom) thng moc tren vung cao ma ngi ta
hai hat e xuat khau sang Trung Hoa.
Trong so cac san pham khac ma cac nha thng
thuyen thng at mua tai Champa gom co cac loai da
thu, sng thu, go qu va mot so noi tang (viscere) thu vat
ma vien bao che thuoc men cua Trung Hoa thng yeu
cau o la noi tang cua trau rng, bo rng Nam A
(banteng), con hu, te giac cau thanh mot an ong vat rat
ong ao tren vung cao nguyen. Theo tai lieu Trung Hoa,
vua Champa a chieu cong vao nam 995 cho hoang e cua
quoc gia nay mi chiec sng te giac, hn ba tram chiec
nga voi. Ngi ta cung khong quen nhng loai da cua thu
d khac, nh cop va beo, va song vung ong bang va
tren cao nguyen, thng c xuat khau en cac hai cang
co kho d tr hang hoa ch ngay chuyen ch sang Au
Chau. Sau cung, mot san pham khac cung nam trong danh
sach hang hoa xuat cang o la nga voi rng ma cac ngi
Tay Nguyen phai nop mot phan nao cho trieu nh
Champa thi o nh mot loai thue co ky han ma cac vua
chua cua vng quoc nay thng s dung vao cac the ky
XVI va XVII e oi chac di hnh thc mon hang da long

113

Vng quoc Champa

thu (pelleterie) vi cac thng thuyen nc ngoai tren
ng sang Trung Hoa.
Cac v vua Champa cung kiem soat viec khai thac
mo kim loai qu va nam oc quyen thng mai ve san
pham nay ke t cuoi the ky XV. Kim loai qu quan trong
nhat trong th trng thi o la vang lan lon trong cat cua
song rach. Viec khai thac mo vang tai Champa tr thanh
mot ky nghe ang ke v so lng va trong lng cua
nhng bao vat lam bang vang ma cac v vua Champa An
Hoa a tng dang hien cho cac v than cua ho la mot th
du ien hnh. Chang han vua Harivarman V, ch rieng nam
1114, a dang hien cho than Sri Sanabhadresvara chn
mon vat bang vang vi trong lng hn 20 kilogram
(BEFEO IV, 1904, trg. 951, 952). Mon th hai la bac co
khoi lng rat ln nam trong cac mo mien nam cua
Indrapura, Amaravati va pha bac cua Vijaya, ma quoc
vng Champa thi An Giao a dang cung mot cach rong
rai cho cac ien th ton giao. Vao nam 1174, vua Jaya
Indravarman V a dang hien gan 60 kilogram bac cho than
Sri Sanabhadresvara nham trang tr mot can ien th nho
va cong trnh xay dng phan phu thuoc cua en nay nham
ca ngi s quang vinh cua ong ta (BEFEO IV, 1904, trg.
971, 974. Sau ngay Vijaya sup o, Champa khong con lam
chu mot so con song co mo vang va toan bo cac mo bac.
Tuy nhien, Champa van tiep tuc san xuat vang mac du so
lng t hn ma cac v vua cua vng quoc nay nam oc
114

Dan c

quyen buon ban vi cac thng thuyen Bo ao Nha, Hoa
Lan va Viet Nam. Cung trong thi gian o, ngi ta cung
khong biet Champa co khai thac mo bac hay khong, bi v
cac tai lieu ke t au the ky XVI khong nhac en ten cua
kim loai qu nay.

Nghe thuat
Cac en ai nam rai rac tren lanh tho cua Champa
An Hoa xa kia a thu hut rat nhieu s lu y cua nhng
nha nghien cu ngi Phap khi ho at chan en cac vung
ong bang cua mien trung Viet Nam thi o. Ve sau, viec
kham pha quan the di tch lch s nam trong thung lung
cua M Sn vi 70 en ai cua no b chon vui di co cay
hoang phe cha noi en cac di tch trang nghiem trong khu
vc ong Dng ma H. Parmentier va C. Carpeaux a ra
cong khai quat t au the ky th XX a giup cho ngi ta
co mot cach khai quat ve tam mc quan trong cua nen
nghe thuat en ai Champa (Missions archeologiques
francaises au Champa, Photographies et itineraires 19021904, Paris, Les Indes savants, 2005). Viec cap nhat hang
loat cac bc tng va cac tac pham ieu khac Champa
nam trong chng trnh bao ton di san lch s do cac nha
khoa hoc va kien truc s cua Vien Vien ong Phap
(EFEO) thc hien a xac nhan mot lan na gia tr cua cac
115

Vng quoc Champa

di tch nay. Mot so hien vat khao co c kiem ke mot
cach co he thong va mot so khac c a vao Vien Bao
Tang do ong H. Parmentier thanh lap tai Tourane (a
Nang). Ke t cuoi nam 1969, mot so en thap nam trong
quan the M Sn va khu vc ong Dng cung nh cac
cao a khao co va van hoa khac cua ong Dng a b
tan pha di bom an cua khong lc Hoa Ky e roi cac c
quan van hoa cua Cong hoa Xa hoi Viet nam phai ra cong
thao mn va trung tu ca chuc ngoi en nam trong khu vc
nay sau ngay cham dt chien tranh vao nam 1975.
Neu hom nay ngi ta tiep thu c mot cach khai
quat ve ky thuat kien truc en thap Champa mien trung
Viet Nam du di tch nay van con hien hu hay a b tan
pha i na cung la nh cac hnh ve va ban in ma cac
nghien cu chuyen ve Champa a lu lai. Ve phng dien
cau truc, cac en thap Champa ch la cong trnh kien truc
mang tnh cach tn ngng cua An Giao va Phat Giao do
gia nh hoang gia thc hien va luon luon rap theo mot
khuon mau ong nhat. Trong mot quan the en thap luc
nao cung co mot ngoi thap chnh ien mang ten la Kalan,
ben trong co mot bc tng than linh, thng la linga.
Chung quanh thap chnh dien la cac en phu thuoc (thong
thng la hai en) co dien tch khong ln cho lam. Cac
ngoi thap nay thng la hnh vuong xay bang gach nung,
mot nganh ky nghe rat noi tieng cua vng quoc nay.
116

Dan c

Trong suot chieu dai lch s cua Champa An Hoa, nghe
thuat kien truc en thap khong thoat khoi s tien hoa trong
khong gian. Chnh v the cac chuyen gia phai he thong hoa
lai cac the loai phong cach kien truc va nien ai cua no
da vao cac yeu to rat thuyet phuc ma moi ngi eu nhat
tr chap nhan cho en hom nay (P. Stern, Lart du Champa
(ancient Annam) et son evolution, Toulouse, Douladoure,
1942).
Mac du cac t lieu Trung Hoa thng cho rang dan
c Champa la nhng nghe nhan co nang khieu bac thay
chuyen ve nghe thuat xay cat en thap bang gach nung.
Cac van bia cung khong ngng noi en s phat trien nghe
thuat rat la manh me tren lanh tho cua Champa, nhng
vng quoc nay khong e lai cho hau the t the ky th III
cho en the ky th VII, mot di san nghe thuat nao ngoai
mot vai mon hien vat co nguon goc cua nc ngoai, nh
bc tng Phat ong Dng lam bang ong tuyet ep,
nhng nhap cang t An o.
Ke t the ky th VII, nghe thuat kien truc tai
Champa mi bat au i vao mot ky nguyen mi. Viec
kham pha nhng di tch trang le xay dng vao gia the ky
th VII va au the ky th VIII a cho phep cho ngi ta
a ra ket luan rang Champa la vng quoc co mot nen
kien truc cao o thng mang mot phong cach nghe thuat
117

Vng quoc Champa

rieng biet, khi au bang phong cach kien truc goi la M
Sn E 1 (mau t A, B, C, D, E, v.v. ch nh cho nhom en
ai nam trong quan the cua M Sn va con so 1, 2, 3. v.v.
ch nh so ien th cua tng nhom). Phong cach M Sn E
1 ma ong J. Boisselier a phan tach la mot quan the di tch
co mot sac net rat la oc ao, mac dau no pha lan mot
phan anh hng nghe thuat t nc ngoai, ac biet la nghe
thuat cua An o, Mon (Dvaravati), Nam Dng va tien
Angkor (J. Boisselier, Arts du Champa et du Cambodge
Preang korien. La date de Mi-sn E 1, trong Arts
Asiatiques XIX-3-4, 1956, trg.197-202). Phong cach nay co
mot net ac trng cua no, o la cac chan tng cua en
thap thng c trang tr mot cach long lay. Cac o tran
(tympan), m nha (frontons ) va ca chiec be (piedestal) cua
tng a cung co nhng phu ieu cham tro. ieu ang chu
y them, o la moi hnh tng eu co phong cach xep nep
quan ao rieng, chieu hng c ong, o trang sc, bui toc
va mu mao tren au cua no.
T gia the ky th VIII cho en gia the ky th IX,
thu o chnh tr va quyen lc cua Champa c di vao
mien nam, nam trong khu vc cua Panduranga (xem phan
lch s). Ke t au cua the ky th IX, ngi a ang chng
kien r ra i cua mot phong cach kien truc mi goi la
phong cach Hoa Lai thuoc tnh Ninh Thuan, tap trung ba
ngon thap, nay ch con co hai. Cac en ai Hoa Lai xay
dng theo kieu hnh khoi (cubique) vi chieu cao khoang
118

Dan c

hai mi met va chong chat len nhau bi cac bc tang thu
nho lai. ac trng cua thap nay la cac vom kien truc nho
ra nam tren ca, c trang tr theo kieu canh la ln
(rinceau). Canh ca ra vao cua thap nay co khuon hnh
chiec tru lam a thach (gres) va nhng cho nao co mo
hnh ca gia tao (fausses portes) thng co nhng than linh
gac ca (Dvarapala) ng hai ben. ay la phong cach
rieng biet cua mien nam Champa. Ke t cuoi tam thap
nien cua the ky th IX, phong cach Hoa Lai bien mat e
nhng bc cho mot nghe thuat kien truc mi rat ac biet
va uy nghi hn ma ngi ta goi la phong cach ong
Dng, tc la vao thi iem ma thu o chnh tr c di
sang Vijaya cua mien bac Champa.
Mac du b tan pha bi quan oi Hoa Ky trong cuoc
chien tai Viet Nam, ong Dng van la mot quan the di
tch Phat Giao ln nhat va oc ao nhat cua Champa.
Theo tac pham Le Musee de sculpture cham de a-nang
(Paris, AFAO, 1997, trg. 68-69), tu vien Phat Giao ai
Tha tai ong Dng c xay dng t nam 875 cho en
au the ky th X chiem mot chu vi rong ln, dai mot cay
so ba tram thc, tap trung nhieu canh lau ai xay bang
gach chn, phan chia thanh nhieu khu vc. Tat ca cac ien
th nay c trang tr bi cac bc phu ieu khac tren
tng. Phan ln dien tch con lai cua bc tng thng
c cham khac qua mo hnh la cay cau thanh nhng net
119

Vng quoc Champa

c ban trong phong cach kien truc cua ong Dng, tc la
loi trang tr co hoa van la cay bao phu khoang trong cua
mat thap. Phong cach nay cung c ap dung vao hai ien
th Phat Giao khac co cung nien ai cua no, o la en ai
Hu va M c.
Bc vao them cua ky th X, nghe thuat kien truc
Champa c chuyen sang mot phong cach mi na goi
phong cach M-sn A 1 va c chia thanh hai giai oan ro
ret. Giai oan au goi la phong cach Khng M va giai
oan th hai la phong cach Tra-Kieu.
Giai oan th nhat bieu tng cho ba ngon thap rat
ac biet qua phong cach cau truc rat hai hoa cua no.
Nhng canh trang tr cua nhng en nay anh dau mot s
chuyen tiep gia phong cach cua ong-dng va nhng
giai oan ke tiep. Phong cach cua M-sn A 1 anh dau
cho s phat trien cao o ve nghe thuat kien truc en thap
cua vng quoc Champa. Thap chnh dien A 1 nam trong
khu vc nay la bieu tng cho nen nghe thuat cua di tch
M-sn ma bom an cua quan lc Hoa Ky a tan pha
thanh tro bui. ay la en ai xay bang gach nung c
cong nhan nh la ky quang cua vng quoc Champa. My
Sn A 1 tap trung rat nhieu en nam trong khu vc A, B,
C, D ma ngi ta co the tham khao tren ban o do AFAOEFEO (op. cit., trg. 72-73) thc hien. Phong cach My Sn
A 1 anh dau cho s can oi hai hoa cua nen kien truc vi
nhng ng net rat trong sang. Bc tng cua no thng
120

Dan c

chia thanh nhng tam khuon mang ng ch noi va ben
tren cua ngon thap thng co nhng mieng tam tham nhoi
ra co cham khac vi mo hnh ngon la, gan lien vao cac
goc cua cac mai tang lau gia, cang len cao th kch thc
cua no cang giam dan. Giai oan th hai cua My Sn A 1
khi au bang nhng kien truc t chan tng cua thap A 1
vi nhng o tran (tympan) cham tro, noi lien vi cac chan
tng cua cac en ai khac. Cac ien th hnh bat giac
cua khu vc Chanh Lo cung thuoc ve ac trng cua giai
oan nay ma bieu tng phong cach cuoi cung cua no la
mot ien th Po Nagar Nha Trang xay dng vao au the
ky th XI.
Sau thi ky vang son cua the ky th X, nghe thuat
Champa bat au trai qua mot giai oan chuyen hoa lau dai
ke t au t the ky XII qua phong cach kien truc ngheo
nan va cang ngheo nan ro net hn trong suot the ky th
XIII. Bieu tng cho nghe thuat nam trong giai oan
chuyen hoa nay la phong cach cua cac en ai nam trong
khu vc Bnh nh va Thap Mam. o la Thap Bac (5 en)
vi cac khung ca vom nho co hnh mui nhon ; Thap Nga
(3 en) con goi la thap Dng Long, co he thong rui keo
(linteau) rap khuon theo ky thuat xay dng cua thi Bayon
Angkor; Thap ong con goi la thap Canh Tien va Thap
Vang con goi la Thoc Loc. ac trng cua phong cach nay
la s xuat hien cac day ca vom nho (arcature) chung
121

Vng quoc Champa

quanh cac ngoi thap va lan quan (frise) cua nhng tru cot
co nhng hnh ong vat mang tnh huyen thoai. Theo ong
P. Stern, cach trang tr qua cong kenh nay thng bieu
tng qua mo hnh ieu khac cua phong cach Thap Mam,
tc la theo mo hnh nep cuon cua con oc sen, thng cham
dt bang mot cai moc.
Ke the ky th XIV, nghe thuat kien truc Champa
bat au suy tan va ngay cang gia tang. Trc het no bieu
lo qua ng net nghe thuat qua loi thi roi dan dan mat
i ve tinh khiet va thanh lch cua no. Phong cach cua giai
oan suy oi nay bat au vi cach xay dng cua thap Po
Klaong Garai co than hnh cua ngoi en rat phat trien va
o so, nhng cac bc tng dung vao khung trang tr
phan tren cua thap ch la nhng hien vat qua nho va s
sai. Phong cach nay van con tiep dien vi ngon thap nam
ve pha nam cua en Po Nagar Nha Trang ma nghe thuat
ieu khac rat la n s va tam thng, cha noi en cac
en Yang Praong va en Yang Mum tren mien cao
nguyen. en thap cuoi cung bieu tng cho s suy oi nay
la thap Po Rome. Mac du truyen thuyet thng reu rao cho
s cao nien huyen b cua no, thap Po Rome ch la mot
cong trnh xay dng vao cuoi the ky XV hay vao au the
ky th XVI ma thoi. Thap nay la phong cach kien truc
cuoi cung cua vng quoc Champa xay bang vat lieu
cng, nhng o ch la cai en co hnh dang cua mot khoi
gach tran truong chong chat len nhau.
122

Dan c

Cung nh s kham pha ke t cuoi the ky th XIX

rat nhieu hien vat khao co nh bc tng, tam uc, be lot,
a ngang, phu ieu, v.v. ma mot so c cap nhat hoa va
chuyen ve vien bao tang a Nang hoac vien bao tang
Guimet Paris hau tranh khoi s tan pha cua chien tranh,
nghe thuat ieu khac hnh tng Champa tr thanh mot e
tai c ang tai tren nhieu tap ch khoa hoc, cu the nhat
la tac pham cua tac gia J. Boisselier (La statuaire du
Champa. Racherches sur les cultes iet liconographie, Paris,
Publications de lEFEO, vol LIV, 1963) nham trnh bay va
phan tch mot so hien vat nghe thuat cua vng quoc nay.
ay la mot tac pham nghe thuat Champa co gia tr khoa
hoc rat cao ma ngi ta khong the bo qua nhng phan
chnh yeu cua no.
Trong so cac hien vat thuoc phong cach M Sn E
1, ngi ta phai nhac en mot chiec be rat ep va hoan m
nam ben trong cua thap nay c phat hien vao nam 1903.
Chiec be nay la mot hien vat co mo hnh trang tr rat tuyet
vi tren moi khung mat cua no, qua cac ieu mua cua vu
nam, cac nhac s cung vi mot so nhan vat khac. Ngi ta
cung khong the bo qua mot tran tng (fronton) bieu tng
cho nen nghe thuat ieu khac rat trang nha, nham trnh
bay than Vishnu t the ang nam ngu co chiec bong sen

123

Vng quoc Champa

moc t run cua v than nay e anh dau s khai sinh cua
ang Brahma.
Ngoai hai bc tng than gac ca (Dvarapala), cac
hien vat thuoc phong cach Hoa Lai (gia the ky VIII- gia
the ky IX) co so lng rat la t oi, ac biet la nhng tng
Phat nho bieu tng cho Avalokitesvara (Quan The Am)
lam bang ong mang anh hng nghe thuat Nam Dng.
Phong cach ong Dng cung e lai nhieu hien vat
nghe thuat cua Champa. No bao gom nhng hien vat bieu
tng cua c Phat cung nh nhng hoat canh i song
cua ngai ; cac v tang l ; cac v thanh du mot so b t
au, van con khoac ao thay tu ; mot vai nhan vat khac ;
cac v Dvarapala (than gac ca) khoac len mnh mot chiec
sampot (vay an ong) ; nhng hnh tng co net mat khac
han vi ngi thong thng ; nhng ong vat that s hay
mang tnh cach huyen thoai (cac con voi, naga, makara
v.v..). Nhng khuon mat cua phai nam trong phong cach
ong Dng thng co mui tet va moi tre vi mep rau
day nam ben tren. Cac hnh tng cua phai n thng co
khuon mat khong bao gi co nu ci, vi bo ngc tran
truong nham pho trng cap vu ban cau va thng mac
chiec sarong thong xuong tan mat ca cua chan. Mot trong
nhng hien vat, co le la bc tng ep nhat cua phong
cach nay, la mot bc tng ln lam bang ong cao gan
120 cm c khai quat tai ong Dng vao nam 1978 va
a c ong J. Boisselier nghien cu ( Un bronze de Tara
124

Dan c

du musee de a-nang et son importance pour lhistoire de
lart cu Champa, trong BEFEO LXXII, 1948, trg. 319337, 5 ban khac). ay la tng Tara (Quan The Am phai
n) co mot bo mat vi nhng net hi nghiem khac, vi cap
vu to va mac hai chiec vay chong len nhau phu xuong tren
ban chan. Tng nay cung la mot tac pham ang lu y
nhat, v no bieu tng cho s lien hp gia phong cach
thuan tuy cua vng quoc Champa vi nen nghe thuat cua
An o va Trung hoa.
Phong cach M Sn A 1 c xep vao nien ai cua
the ky th X cung cap vao nhng giai oan au cua no con
goi la giai oan cua en Khng M, nhieu nhan vat co
nhng net ti ep hn so vi thi ky trc va thng eo
nhieu o trang sc hn, nh cac si vong co, cac si eo
tai thong xuong, v.v... Nhan vat nam thng mac tam
sampot phu ti au goi. Mot trong nhng tac pham nghe
thuat ep nhat vao giai oan nay la bc tng na than
lam bang a goi la tng Devi tai Hng Que ma bui toc
c to iem bang mot manh trang li liem, bieu tng
cho Sakti (phu nhan) cua than Siva, tc la mot bc tng
ma tren o ngi ta trang iem bang nhng o n trang di
ong bang vang tren tai va tren mai toc, nhan cac cuoc le
nghi nao o. Giai oan nay cung la giai oan anh dau cho
s chuyen tiep sang phong cach cua Tra Kieu. Nghe thuat
ieu khac cua giai oan nay cung cap mot s thong nhat
125

Vng quoc Champa

thc s ve phong cach, vi nhng nhan vat that s thng
co bui toc tron c bao phu lai va mot chiec mu mien
(diademe) ; nhng nhan vat huyen thoai c trnh bay
tren nhng phu ieu gan phan tren hay phan di cua
bc tng ; nhng hnh vu n (apsara) dng nh eo cac
o n trang rieng cua ho va nhng con vat thc s hay
than thoai nh garuda, nandin, s t, gala ; nhng con voi,
v.v., co nhng bo ieu rat la khac biet. Mot trong nhng
kiet tac cua phong cach Tra Kieu la chiec be vu n ma
moi cot tru pha tren eu c trang tr bang mot dang
ieu cua co vu n co mot net rat oc ao va mot ve ep
tuyet vi, tieu bieu cho mot tac pham nghe thuat that s
cua vng quoc Champa.
Tiep theo phong cach cua Tra Kieu la phong cach
Thap Mam bieu tng cho mot nen nghe thuat cao hn,
khong cha ng mot anh hng nao cua nghe thuat An
o va Java nh thi trc na. Cac hnh tng cua than
linh, nha tu kho hanh va vu n (apsara) luon luon da lng
vao cac ien th, thng co bui toc va sac phuc (sampot
ngan va ao bo sat vao than) va thng eo n trang, ac
biet la o vat eo tai thong xuong va si day that lng cau
thanh ac thu cua phong cach Thap Mam. Cac loai ong
vat trong phong cach nay noi chung la hnh tng cua cac
con vat than thoai (gajasimha, makara, con rong, v.v..)
mang nhieu ng net cham tro rat phong phu. Bieu tng
cho phong cach nay la loai vu ban cau trang tr tren
126

Dan c

nhng chiec be dung e lam e cho tng Linga. ay la
hnh the oc ao nhat trong nen nghe thuat ieu khac cua
khu vc ong Nam A.
Trong suot hai the ky XIV va XV, nghe thuat
Champa cung cap t tac pham ieu khac hn, va n gian
hn. ai a so cac nhan vat trong giai oan nay ch hien
dien tren cac phu ieu phan tren cua bc tng. Nhng
bc tng nay t khi trnh bay ban chan cua nhan vat va
tren au cua no thng co vng mien hoac la cai mu co
chop cao (mitre). Bo mat th co mieng kha rong va cap
mat ban nguyet. Trong so nhng bc tng thuoc giai
oan cuoi cung cua An Giao nay, ngi ta phai noi en
bc tng Shiva cua thap Drang Lai (Dak Lak) va cua
Yang Mum (Cong Tum).
Ngoai nhng bc tng bang a, ngi ta khong
the bo quen mot so hien vat ma cac v vua chua Champa
thng cong hien cho cac than linh tren en thap, o la
cac mon n trang bang vang hay bac dung e trang iem
cac tng than, cac bnh chau, bnh cha nc co quai va
nhng o vat khac dung vao cac le nghi. Hau het nhng
tac pham bang vang, bac, ong thau (laiton), ong (cuivre)
ma cac th kim hoan hay th bac Champa a thc hien,
khong con hien hu na. Trong suot chieu dai cua nhng
cuoc chien do ngoai bang gay ra, nhng kim loai qu va n
127

Vng quoc Champa

trang nay cau thanh nhng hien vat lam cho quan ch
them thuong nhat. anh cap cac hien vat ma vua chua
Champa a dang hien cho than linh cung la muc tieu chnh
yeu nham tieu diet i s che ch cua cac than linh o oi
vi vng quoc nay. Du sao i na, ngi ta van biet ro
nguon goc mot so tac pham nghe thuat o, bi v cac van
bia Champa chang nhng cho biet ten tuoi cua nhan vat a
dang hien nhng tac pham nay ma con liet ke vao danh
sach nhng ten than linh a nhan mon qua, ong thi mo
ta mot cach chi tiet lien quan en trong lng va so lng
cua no. ay la oan van ma bia k ghi lai lien quan en
cai chen (kosa) c dung lam hien vat e dang hien cho
than linh vao nam 1010 cua lch Sakaraja, (Les
inscriptions de M-sn XVI B, trong BEFEO IV, 1904, trg.
948, 950-951) do L. Finot dch:
Ngai Cri Jaya Indravarmadeva y thc rang than
Bhadresvara la v chu te cua van vat hu hnh ni the
gian, a at lam mot kosa luc dien (sanmukha) bang
vang c trang tr hnh con rong thien (nagabhusana)
va nhng hoa van cua chau bau co mau sac nam tren
mui nhon cua nhng vng mien. Va cai ma ngi ta
goi la urdhvakosa lam bang vang tuyet vi. Va ngi ta
lam mot be (adhara) nam ben di cua Kosa nay vi
mot mieng a cua mat tri (suryakanti) nam tren nh
cua vng mien. Dien hng (?) ve pha ong co mot
128

Dan c

hong ngoc (rubis)... tren nh cua chiec vng mien va

trang tr hnh con rong thien cua vua chua (nagaraja).
Cac dien hng ve ong-bac va ong-nam co mot ngoc
sa phia (saphir)...trong con mat cua con rong thien [va]
tren nh cua chiec vng mien. [Dien] hng ve pha
nam co mot hong ngoc (rubis) ... tren nh cua vng
mien. [Dien] hng ve pha tay co mot hoang ngoc
(topaze) ... tren nh cua chiec vng mien. [Dien]
hng ve pha bac co mot hat trai (uttaratna ?). Chiec
kosa bang vang nay co 314 thil 9 dram ... vang; sau mat
cua kosa, vi vng mien, con rong thien [nam] ben
tren, va cai adhara urdhvamukha can 136 thil; tat ca la
450 thil 9 dram.

Viec phat hien vao nam 1995 mot chiec tau ch

hang b chm pha nam cua hon ao Palawan
(Philippines) cung cho phep cho ngi ta biet c vao
khoang the ky XV, cac vung lan can cua Vijaya tc la thu
o Champa, a san xuat va xuat khau en cac nc lan
bang va co the xa hn, nhng o gom xuat x t khu vc
Go Sanh va vung lan can cua no (K. Morimura, Ceramics
Salvaged from a Sunken Vessel of Pandanan Island in
Philip- pines, trong Trade Ceramics Studies so 16, 1996,
trg. 111-125). Theo e ngh cua mot gia thuyet du khong
thuyet phuc cho lam, viec san xuat o gom tai Champa
129

Vng quoc Champa

van con tiep dien trong suot the ky th XVI. Co chang ay
la san pham nghe thuat duy nhat con ton tai cho en luc
Champa An Giao b sup o.
Ke t nam 1471 tr i, Champa khong con tiem lc
va nang lc e xay dng cac en thap, sang tac cac tac
pham nghe thuat hay lam cac o n trang na, v nang
khieu a tng a nghe thuat Champa len nh cao cua s
sang choi a bien mat i. Chnh v the, nhng tng Kut
c sang tac vao thi ky Champa ban a e lam dau
hieu cua nhng ngoi mo thuoc ve gia nh mau he, khong
phai la yeu to thuyet phuc nham chng minh rang nen
nghe thuat Champa van cha suy tan. (Nghiem Tham,
Ton giao cua ngi Cham tai Viet Nam trong Que
Hng 34, 4-1962, trg. 108-123). Kut ch la mot khoi a
nho co hnh dang cua mot tam bia mo. Mot so Kut thng
co hnh dang cua mot bong ngi hay co bo mat c
cham tro t nhieu. Nhng a so con lai ch co mot ng
vien gian d, khong bieu tng cho s tham my cua mot
nen nghe thuat. Chnh v the, cac nha chuyen ve nghe
thuat Champa khong bao gi quan tam en cho lam.

130

Cho en hom nay, lch s Champa van con la mot

chu e can c nghien cu them mot cach sau rong, v a
so t lieu cua vng quoc nay b bien mat theo thi gian
va van ban con lu lai th co so lng qua t, nhng thng
cha ng mot noi dung rat kho hieu. Chnh o la nguyen
nhan giai thch tai sao nhieu nha nghien cu thng da
vao nhng li tng thuat s sai va ngan gon trong bien
nien s cua Trung Hoa e thiet ke lai lch s thi co ai
cua vng quoc nay.
Ai cung biet, nhng chi tiet cua s kien nam trong
bien nien s Trung Hoa thng c chep lai sau mot thi
gian dai cua bien co a xay ra, co phan them bt e phu
hp vi quan iem cua chnh quyen thi o, bat chap moi
hau qua co the xay ra. Them vao o, bien nien s cua
quoc gia nay ch ban en nhng g co s lien he gia
Champa va Trung Hoa ma thoi. Rieng ve bia ky viet bang
tieng Phan va Cham co ma ngi ta thng da vao o e
nghien cu ve Champa vao nhng thi ai ke tiep th
khong c doi dao cho lam so vi so lng bia ky xuat
hien Campuchia. Hn na, noi dung cua nhng bia ky
nay thng b gian oan trong khong gian cua nien ai, v
mot phan b tan pha theo hoach nh cua chnh sach Nam
Tien cua dan toc Viet. Tren tong so 206 tam bia Champa

Vng quoc Champa

con ton tai va a c kiem ke, ch co 81 tam bia a c
nghien cu va phien dch. Chnh o cung la nguyen nhan
khong cho phep cac nha khoa hoc i sau vao chi tiet cua
lch s Champa. V qua quan tam en van e ton giao, cac
bia ky Champa thng hay bo qua nhng bien co chnh tr
quan trong a xay ra tai vng quoc nay. Hn na, mot so
bia ky a mat i ngay thang va nien ai, cho nen viec s
dung nguon t lieu bia a oi hoi nhieu phan khach quan
va luon luon de dat. Ben canh bia ky, ngi ta con co mot
nguon t lieu lch s na o la cac bien nien s viet bang
ch Cham trung ai (cham moyen) va can ai (cham
modern). Tiec rang, nhng van ban nay ch e cap en
Champa sau the ky th XV, tc la ch chu tam vao lch s
cua tieu vng quoc Panduranga ma thoi, chung toi cha
noi en nhng kho tang t lieu khac a bien mat theo moi
trng t nhien cua kh hau va tnh v vun cua phng
phap bao tr. Rieng ve nguon t lieu Viet Nam vao giai
oan can ai (periode moderne) va hien ai (periode
contemporaine), van ban nay ch chu trong en Champa
trong giai oan cua cuoc Nam Tien hoac ch noi en cac
bien co a xay ra co s lien he trc tiep en trieu nh
Viet Nam ma thoi.
Du viec phan ky nien ai co he thong en au i
na, lch s Champa van la tong the cua nhng bien co
chia thanh 3 thi ky ro ret.
134

Lch s

Thi ky au tien la giai oan lap quoc va s ra

i cua vng quoc Lin Yi (Lam Ap), danh xng
lch s ma cac s gia Trung Hoa thng s dung
e am ch Champa.

Thi ky th hai goi la thi ky Champa An Hoa

(Champa indianise), keo dai qua nhieu the ky,
trong o van hoa Phan ng, Siva Giao, Phat Giao
ai tha (du la ngan ngui) va nhat la truyen thong
Ba La Mon du nhap t mien nam nuc An cau
thanh nen tang c ban cua moi c cau to chc
chnh tr va xa hoi cua vng quoc Champa. Giai
oan nay la giai oan anh dau cho mot cuoc
chien lau dai gia hai nen van minh oi nghch
nhau, o la nen van minh An Giao ma vng
quoc Champa da vao o e xay dng di san van
hoa tinh than cua mnh nham gay tieng vang sang
pha bac, chong lai nen van minh Trung Hoa, tc
la noi sinh van hoa cua dan toc Viet luc nao cung
tm cach tran xuong pha nam.

Thi ky th ba goi la thi ky Champa Ban a ra

i sau ngay sup o cua Champa An Hoa, nhat la
sau ngay lanh tho mien bac cua Champa b ri
vao tay cua ai Viet vao the ky th XV. Ke t
ngay lanh tho Champa b thu hep lai vao hai tieu
135

Vng quoc Champa

vng quoc Kauthara va Panduranga cho en luc

danh xng cua quoc gia nay b xoa bo tren ban o
vao au the ky XIX, vng quoc Champa khong
ngng da vao yeu to van hoa ban a cua tieu
vng quoc mien nam e xay dng cho mnh mot
nen van minh mi va mot he thong to chc xa hoi
hoan toan mi me.

Nguon goc cua Champa: Lin Yi

Noi en nguon goc cua vng quoc Champa, t
lieu lch s Trung Hoa cho rang vao cuoi the ky th II sau
Cong Nguyen, quan Nhat Nam (Rinan) la mot n v hanh
chanh (commanderie) nam ve pha nam cua Trung Hoa, co
lanh tho, chay dai t mui Ron (mui Hoanh Sn) cho en
eo Hai Van cua mien trung Viet Nam. Mac du v tr a
d va qui che chnh tr nh the, nhng t lieu Trung Hoa
van cho rang a so dan c cua quan Nhat Nam la ngi
dan ban a; phan con lai la dan c ngi Hoa co so lng
rat la t oi. Vao cuoi the ky th II, mot n v hanh chanh
nam trong quan Nhat Nam mang ten la phu (prefecture)
Xianglin li dung tnh hnh suy yeu cua Trung Hoa e tm
cach thoat ra khoi ach thong tr cua quoc gia nay. Sau khi
nghien cu va phan tch nhng van ban Trung Hoa lien
quan en quan Nhat Nam, hoc gia R. A. Stein ( Le Lin136

Lch s

Yi. Sa localisation, sa contribution a la formation du
Champa et ses liens avec la Chine in Han-Hiue, Pekin,
volume II, Fascicules 1-3, 1947, 335 trang) cho rang vao
khoang cuoi nam 192 Tay Lch, mot nhan vat goc ngi
ban a a giet chet v thu trng goc ngi Trung Hoa
nam quyen phu Xianglin roi t xng la quoc vng cua
quoc gia nay ma lanh tho at ai bao gom ca khu vc cua
tnh l Hue hien nay chay dai cho en bien gii mien nam
cua nui Bach Ma.
Vao nhng nam 220-230, nhan cuoc trao oi ai s
vi cac nc lan bang, t lieu Trung Hoa lan au tien dung
ten goi Lin Yi e am ch cho mot vung quoc va mi oc
lap nay. Chnh v the, mot so nha khoa hoc tin rang Linyi
co the la ten a danh xuat phat t cum t cua phu
Xianglin. Ngay khi ra i, Lin Yi bat au m rong at ai
bang cach sat nhap mot phan at pha bac cua quan Nhat
Nam vao lanh tho cua mnh va chap nhan tiep thu mot so
anh hng van hoa cua Trung Hoa. Tai lieu Trung Hoa la
nguon s lieu duy nhat noi ve Champa cho en the ky th
VII, nhng khong bao gi e cap en Lin Yi chu anh
hng cua Trung Hoa trong khoang thi gian la bao lau va
ke t luc nao Lin Yi lai tiep thu cac anh hng cua nen
van minh An Giao,
Ke t the ky th III, Lin Yi a that chat cac moi
bang giao vi Phu Nam (Campuchia), mot vng quoc a
chu anh hng An Giao ke t ngay lap quoc vao the ky
137

Vng quoc Champa

th nhat sau Tay Lch. Them vao o, tai lieu Trung Hoa
cho rang 16 v quoc vng cua Lin Yi len nam chnh
quyen gia the ky th III va th VII eu mang danh hieu
bat au bang ch Fan, tc la cach phien am t ch brahma
cua Phan ng. T hai yeu to va neu ra, ngi ta co the
ket luan rang vng quoc Lin Yi a tiep thu nen van minh
An Giao rat sm so vi ly thuyet ma mot so nha khoa hoc
a tng a ra cho en hom nay, mac du ngi ta khong
biet Lin Yi b An Hoa vao nam nao. ay la mot chu e
trong ai can nghien cu them v qua trnh An Hoa cua
vng quoc Lin Yi cau thanh ong c a lam thay oi ten
goi Lin Yi thanh danh xng Champa ma hoc gia R. A.
Stein a tng chng minh, da vao nhieu nguon t lieu
lch s, ngon ng va dan toc hoc.
Trong suot chieu dai cua lch s, Lin Yi a trai qua
bao i vua tiep tuc thay the nhau len nam chnh quyen,
trong so o co mot vai thu lanh dung quyen lc e chiem
oat ngoi bau. Cho en the ky th VI, hau het ten tuoi vua
chua cua Lin Yi eu do ngi Trung Hoa bien chep, rat
kho ma khoi phuc lai ten that cua ho. Nhng a ra danh
sach vua chua cua Lin Yi ra ay, chac khong phai la viec
can thiet cho lam, bi v quyen noi ngoi cua ho van con la
mot chu e tranh cai, cha tm ra cau tra li thch ang.
Mot khi Trung Hoa nam trong t the hung manh, Lin Yi
thng gi cac phai oan ngoai giao va le vat sang trieu
138

Lch s

cong. Li dung cac c hoi bang giao tot ep vi Trung
Hoa, Lin Yi khong ngan ngai xo quan anh pha vung ven
bien cua Giao Ch (Jiaozhou), tc la mien bac Viet Nam
hom nay. Cung v ly do o ma Trung Hoa phai xua quan
chinh phat Lin Yi, keo theo cac cuoc chien lien hoi gia
Lin Yi va cac thong oc ngi Han nam quyen cai tr Giao
Ch, mot thuoc a cua Trung Hoa nam pha cc nam, ke
t the ky th III.
Theo tai lieu Trung Hoa, Linyi co ranh gii pha
nam giap vi mot so quoc gia hay tieu vng quoc co hnh
thai to chc chnh tr va xa hoi hoan toan biet lap, nam
tren vung ong bang ven bien va cac chau tho nho thuoc
ve pha cc nam cua ban ao ong Dng, chay dai t nui
Bach Ma (Hue) cho en Funan (Campuchia). ay la khu
vc cua nhng ngi man r (barbare) v ho co nep song
hoan toan khac biet vi van hoa cua ngi Trung Hoa.
Hoan toan khac han vi vng quoc Linyi, nhng tieu
vng quoc nay a tiep thu am net nen van minh An
Giao t au ky nguyen. Cac bia ky tm thay vung lan
can cua thanh a M Sn (a Nang-Hoi An) va khu vc
Nha Trang a chng minh rang tieng Phan a tr thanh
mot ngon ng thong dung ke t the ky th III trong phan
at nam ve pha nam cua mien trung Viet Nam hom nay,
trong khi o tieng Cham ch c s dung ke t ban the ky
th IV trong khu vc Quang Nam-a Nang, tc la tieu
139

Vng quoc Champa

vng quoc Amaravati (K. Bhattacharya Precisions sur
la paleographie de l'inscription de Vo-canh trong Artibus
Asiae XXIV - 3-4, 1961, trg. 219-224). Cac bia ky ay cung
cho biet ve s phat trien cua mon phai Siva Giao cung nh
tam mc thnh hanh cua no tai khu vc Quang Nam trong
thi iem o. Cung nh bon bia ky bang Phan ng viet
vao i vua Bhadravarman I, thu lanh cua mot quoc vng
au tien thuoc ve giai oan lch s cua mot quoc gia (sau
nay la Champa) nam ve pha nam cua nui Bach Ma (Hue)
va cung la nhan vat sang lap ra ien th than Siva trong
quan the M Sn, mot thanh a ton giao cua vng quoc
nay. Cac bia ky Phan ng va nhac en cung nh cac bia
ky viet bang tieng Cham co, tc la ngon ng a c s
dung tai khu vc M Sn nam ngay pha nam cua Linyi
va co the trong nhng khu vc khac na, khong bao gi e
cap en cac moi lien he gia Linyi vi cac tieu vng
quoc nam ve pha nam cua eo Hai Van (pha nam Hue).
Tam bia Phan ng goi la bia cua Vat Luong Kau tm thay
tai Champassak (mien nam nuc Lao) la t lieu duy nhat
viet vao cuoi the ky th V, tc la vao thi ai cua Lin Yi,
nhng tam bia nay cung khong ban en mot chi tiet g ve
vng quoc nay. Mot khi khong tm ra cac bia ky khac viet
vao the ky th V va th VI, v b tan pha trong chien tranh,
ngi ta buoc phai da vao tai lieu Trung Hoa e tm hieu
them nhng bien co a dien ra tai Lin Yi trong hai the ky
o. Tiec rang, cac tai lieu Trung Hoa ch cung cap mot so
140

Lch s

tin tc rat la s sai ve vng quoc nay e roi t o ngi
ta t at ra bao cau nghi van, co chang vao the ky th V
va vao au the ky th VI, bien gii pha nam cua Lin Yi
a nam ben kia eo Hai Van (pha nam Hue) nhng thu o
cua no van toa lac trong khu vc cua thanh pho Hue hien
tai? Ch can bang qua ngon eo Hai Van, ngui ta co cam
tng rang Lin Yi co the chiem tron ca tnh Quang Nam
e thong tr cac dan c song pha nam cua nui Bach Ma
(Hue) va di chuyen thu o cua mnh t thanh pho Hue
sang mien nam cua eo Hai Van e tao cho mnh mot
quoc gia ln manh hn goi la vng quoc Champa sau
nay. ay ch la mot gia thuyet khong thuyet phuc cho lam
lien quan en chu e tai sao vng quoc Lin Yi lai tr
thanh ten goi Champa! V rang, s lien he ve ten goi gia
Lin Yi va Champa ch c xac nhan vao cuoi the ky th
VI bi mot t lieu Trung Hoa ghi lai lo trnh vien chinh
cua Liu Fang, mac du ngi ta khong the biet ro ngay
thang chnh xac cua van ban nay (Suizhou, K. 53, 4b). ay
la lan au tien ma Liu Fang nhac en thu o cua Lin Yi
vao au nam 605 nam tai Simhapura (Tra Kieu), tc la
pha nam cua eo Hai van. Them vao o, danh xng
Champa lai xuat hien lan au tien tren mot bia ky Phan
ng vao nam 658 tm thay M Sn (xem L. Finot, Stele
de Cambhuvarman a M-sn trong BEFEO III, nam
1903, trg. 209-210). Va danh xng Champa nay cung tm
thay trong bia ky Campuchia ke t nam 667 va trong cac
141

Vng quoc Champa

ban van Trung Hoa phien am thanh Zhancheng ke t nam
877.

Champa An Hoa
Thi ky au cua Champa
V quoc vng au tien cua quoc gia mang ten
Champa, am ch cho vng quoc Lin Yi co lanh tho ni
rong ve pha nam cua eo Hai Van, co the la vua
Sambhuvarman (?-629) hay than phu cua ong ta ten la
Rudravarman I (530 - ?) va cung co the la Vijayavarman
(? - 529), tc la ngi a len ngoi trc vua Rudravarman
I. Lan au tien, ngi ta nhac en vua Sambhuvarman
cung mot luc vi s ra i cua danh xng Champa. Ong ta
la v vua chu trng m rong chnh sach bang giao than
thien vi Zhenla (Campuchia). Di thi tr v cua ong,
Champa cung b nhieu lan tan cong bi oan quan Trung
Hoa do Liu Fang ch huy. Sau o, con trai cua ong ta ten la
Kandarpadharma len noi ngoi vua cha va tiep tuc duy tr
moi bang giao chat che vi Campuchia. Vua
Kandarpadharma nhng ngoi lai cho a con cua mnh la
hoang t Prabhasadharma. Cac quoc vng ke tiep cua
vua Prabhasadharma a gay ra mot khuc quanh trong bien
nien s Champa thi o. Bi v bia ky Champa va
142

Vng quoc Champa

ban van Trung Hoa phien am thanh Zhancheng ke t nam
877.

Champa An Hoa
Thi ky au cua Champa
V quoc vng au tien cua quoc gia mang ten
Champa, am ch cho vng quoc Lin Yi co lanh tho ni
rong ve pha nam cua eo Hai Van, co the la vua
Sambhuvarman (?-629) hay than phu cua ong ta ten la
Rudravarman I (530 - ?) va cung co the la Vijayavarman
(? - 529), tc la ngi a len ngoi trc vua Rudravarman
I. Lan au tien, ngi ta nhac en vua Sambhuvarman
cung mot luc vi s ra i cua danh xng Champa. Ong ta
la v vua chu trng m rong chnh sach bang giao than
thien vi Zhenla (Campuchia). Di thi tr v cua ong,
Champa cung b nhieu lan tan cong bi oan quan Trung
Hoa do Liu Fang ch huy. Sau o, con trai cua ong ta ten la
Kandarpadharma len noi ngoi vua cha va tiep tuc duy tr
moi bang giao chat che vi Campuchia. Vua
Kandarpadharma nhng ngoi lai cho a con cua mnh la
hoang t Prabhasadharma. Cac quoc vng ke tiep cua
vua Prabhasadharma a gay ra mot khuc quanh trong bien
nien s Champa thi o. Bi v bia ky Champa va
142

Lch s

Campuchia cung nh t lieu Trung Hoa khong ong quan
iem ve ten tuoi cung nh tong so quoc vng cai tr
Champa cho en ngay len ngoi cua vua Prakasadharma
vao nam 653. Prakasadharma la ngi con trai cua giong
toc Kandarpadharma. Me cua ong ta xuat than t gia nh
hoang gia Campuchia, tc la mot trong nhng a con gai
cua Isanavarman I, quoc vng Campuchia thi o.
Prakasadharma len ngoi qua s bieu quyet cua hoi ong
hoang gia Champa, mot qui che thng dien ra tai vng
quoc nay. Sau ngay len ngoi, ong ta lay ten vung hieu la
Vikrantavarman va nhan chc phong la Po Tana Raya
Champa (v vua toi cao cua at ai Champa). Trong nhng
nam tr v, ong ta gia tang cong trnh xay dng nhieu en
ai ton giao tai M Sn va tai nhieu ni khac trong khu vc
Amaravati. Vikrantavarman la v vua au tien a sang tao
ra phong cach nghe thuat cua nen ieu khac Champa, va
a e lai mot so bia ky, nhat la bia nam ve pha bac cua
khu vc Nha Trang. S hien dien cua bia ky nay a chng
minh rang vua Vikrantavarman co mot anh hung chnh tr
ln lao mien nam Champa, nhat la tieu vng quoc
Kauthara. Mac du co anh hng nh the, nhng cha chac
ong ta a nam tron trong tay quyen cai tr tren tieu vng
quoc Panduranga nam trong hai tnh Ninh Thuan va Bnh
Thuan hien nay. V vua noi ngoi cua Vikrantavarman cung
mang ten la Vikrantavarman, a gi nhieu phai oan
ngoai giao sang Trung Hoa cho en nam 731. Sau o, tai
143

Vng quoc Champa

lieu Trung Hoa tiep tuc noi en s hien dien tai quoc gia
nay vao nam 749 mot phai oan ngoai giao Champa do
vua Rudravarman II gi sang, mot thu lanh Champa ma
ngi ta cung khong biet g nhieu ve lai lch cua ong ta.
Va sau o, cac tai lieu Trung Hoa van tiep tuc dung cum
t Lin Yi e am ch cho Champa, nhng ot nhien danh
xng Lin Yi b bien mat vao nam 757-758, e thay vao o
bang mot ten goi mi, o la Huan Wang (Hoang Vng).
Thi ky Hoang Vng
Ten goi vng quoc Hoang Vng ma cac nha s
quan (historiographe) Trung Hoa thng x dung cho en
nam 859 tng ng vi giai oan ma trung tam chnh tr
cua Champa a di ve pha nam nam trong tieu vng
quoc Kauthara va Panduranga. Bang chng cu the o la
sau ngay di thu o Champa sang mien nam, ngui ta
khong tm thay bia ky Phan ng va Cham co mien bac
Champa na, trong khi o so lng bia ky nay lai tang
them rat nhieu mien nam. Them vao o, v quoc vng
Champa ma hoi ong hoang gia a chon la e thay the
vua Rudravarman II la hoang t Prthivindravarman, ngi
goc mien nam. Thay v at trung tam chnh tr tai pha bac,
vua Prthivindravarman va nhng v vua ke tiep cua ong ta
co quyen chon tieu vng quoc cua mnh mien nam e
lam thu o cua Champa thi o, keo dai trong suot mot
144

Vng quoc Champa

lieu Trung Hoa tiep tuc noi en s hien dien tai quoc gia
nay vao nam 749 mot phai oan ngoai giao Champa do
vua Rudravarman II gi sang, mot thu lanh Champa ma
ngi ta cung khong biet g nhieu ve lai lch cua ong ta.
Va sau o, cac tai lieu Trung Hoa van tiep tuc dung cum
t Lin Yi e am ch cho Champa, nhng ot nhien danh
xng Lin Yi b bien mat vao nam 757-758, e thay vao o
bang mot ten goi mi, o la Huan Wang (Hoang Vng).
Thi ky Hoang Vng
Ten goi vng quoc Hoang Vng ma cac nha s
quan (historiographe) Trung Hoa thng x dung cho en
nam 859 tng ng vi giai oan ma trung tam chnh tr
cua Champa a di ve pha nam nam trong tieu vng
quoc Kauthara va Panduranga. Bang chng cu the o la
sau ngay di thu o Champa sang mien nam, ngui ta
khong tm thay bia ky Phan ng va Cham co mien bac
Champa na, trong khi o so lng bia ky nay lai tang
them rat nhieu mien nam. Them vao o, v quoc vng
Champa ma hoi ong hoang gia a chon la e thay the
vua Rudravarman II la hoang t Prthivindravarman, ngi
goc mien nam. Thay v at trung tam chnh tr tai pha bac,
vua Prthivindravarman va nhng v vua ke tiep cua ong ta
co quyen chon tieu vng quoc cua mnh mien nam e
lam thu o cua Champa thi o, keo dai trong suot mot
144

Lch s

the ky. Vua Prthivindravarman dng nh la ngi xuat
than t tieu vng quoc Kauthara, v en Po Nagar (Nha
Trang) la ni tap trung hau het nhng bia ky thuoc trieu
ai cua ong ta cho en nam 854, trong luc o cac bia ky
lien quan en quan chc thuoc ve trieu nh cua ong ta
cung nam rai rac pha nam cua thanh a Po Nagar Nha
Trang va trong tieu vng quoc Panduranga ma thoi. Cac
bia ky nay a cung cap rat nhieu tin tc, nhat la chu trong
en viec ton vinh cac v vua mien nam va e cao dong toc
cua ho, ch khong bao gi nhac en cong lao cua cac vua
chua ng tr pha bac cua Champa. Nhng bia ky nay
cung quan tam rat nhieu en viec th phung Bhagavati
(phu nhan cua Siva) co en th mang ten la en Po Nagar
tai Nha Trang, mot v n than quan trong nhat cua tieu
vng quoc Kauthara va co nguon goc xuat x lau i
nhat tai Champa, e roi quen i Bhadresvara cua thanh
a M Sn, mot v nam than va cung la v vua Champa
au tien ghi tren bia ky, c ton th nhat khu vc mien
bac.
Trieu ai Champa cua mien nam dng nh co thu
o at tai Virapura, tc la khu vc Phan Rang, mot a
iem ma cac nha khoa hoc van con tranh luan ve ly thuyet
cua no. V thu lanh au tien ong o tai Virapura la vua
Prthivindravrman. Ong ta va cac v vua noi nghiep la
nhng ngi co cong a cac truyen thong ban a mien
nam vao he thong nghi le cua trieu nh Champa mien
145

Vng quoc Champa

bac. Ong ta cung sang che ra viec s dung danh xng
thanh hieu (nom posthume) sau ngay bang ha cua vua
chua. Ten thanh hieu cua ong ta la Rudraloka. Cac v vua
mien nam cung tiep tuc dung ten thanh hieu nay sau khi
cham dt viec cai tr cua ho. Chau cua vua
Prthivindravrman ten la Satyavarman la ngui c ton
len lam vua ke v ong ta. Va mi len ngoi, Satyavarman
phai ng au vao nam 774 vi nhng cuoc quay nhieu
bang ng bien bi mot nhom ngi om yeu va en thui
en t Java (quoc gia a ao) e anh cap tng Linga
en Po Nagar (Nha Trang) va ot pha ien th nay. Mot
bia ky tai en Po Nagar Nha Trang cung ghi rang vua
Satyavarman a xua quan anh bai oan quan cp bien
Java va ra lenh xay dng lai mot ien th mi vao nam
784 thanh a Po Nagar Nha Trang (Barth va A.
Bergaigne, Inscriptions sanskrites du Cambodge et du
Campa, Paris, 1885, trg. 252-253). Sau khi bang ha, vua
Satyavarman nhan ten thanh hieu la Isvaraloka va nhng
ngoi lai cho con trai cua mnh ten la Indravarman. Trong
thi gian tr v, vua Indravarman cung b nhng oan quan
Java ot kch mot lan na bang ng bien vao nam 787
e tan pha mot ien th gan Virapura (Phan Rang), thu o
cua Champa thi o. Mi hai nam sau, Indravarman ra
cong xay dng lai en nay, b tan pha vao nam 787. Ong
ta tr v t nhat en nam 801 va nhng ngoi lai cho
Harivarman I, dng nh la anh re cua ong ta. Harivarman
146

Lch s

I la v vua hieu chien. Cung v trung thanh vi truyen
thong gay chien cua Lin Yi, vua Harivarman I to chc hai
cuoc vien chinh vao nam 803 va 809 tan cong bien gii
quoc gia lang gieng mien bac, luc o la thuoc a cua
Trung Hoa. Sau khi xoa bo chnh sach bang giao than
thien vi Campuchia ke t au the ky th VII, vua
Harivarman I ra lenh cho ch huy trng quan oi
(Senapati) ten la Par xua quan tan cong vng quoc nay.
Chnh v the, mot bia ky cua vua Harivarman I lu lai tai
en Po Nagar Nha Trang co ghi lai cuoc chien thang cua
oan quan Champa chong lai vng quoc Campuchia vao
thi buoi o, nhng khong a ra mot ly do nao e giai
thch cho cuoc tan cong nay. Sau khi vua Harivarman I
bang ha, ngi con trai cua ong ta ten Vikrantavarman III
len noi ngoi vao gia nam 813 va 817. Trc khi len ngoi,
bia ky cho biet vua cha a trao cho Vikrantavarman III
quyen cai tr Panduranga, mot tieu vng quoc ma cac tai
lieu Trung Hoa thng ghi rang Panduranga khong phai la
mot quoc gia oc lap co chu quyen trong ngha rong cua
no va cung khong phai la mot tnh cua vng quoc
Champa. Cung theo tai lieu Trung Hoa, Panduranga la mot
x s co bien gii chung vi Champa, thng trieu cong
vng quoc nay va san sang chap nhan cac v thong oc
do trieu nh trung ng cua Champa phai en e cai tr
ho, nhng luc nao Panduranga cung tm cach e bao ve
nen t tr cua mnh. Chnh o la nguyen nhan a giup L.
147

Vng quoc Champa

Finot ( Panduranga , trong Album Kern, Leide, E. J.
Brill, 1903, trg. 386) a ra ket luan rang ke t the ky th
IX, Panduranga co mot qui che to chc chnh tr nh la mot
quoc gia ch hau (feudataire) cua vng quoc Champa,
c cai tr bi mot pho vng (Adhipati), thng la mot
tng lanh cao cap nhat (Senapani) va mang pham tc
Pandurangesvara, tc la vng hau cua Panduranga. Lanh
tho cua Panduranga thng c xem nh la at phong
(apanage) danh cho nhng v thai t tha ke ngoi vua
(Yuvaraja). Cac bia ky ma vua Vikrantavarman III a lu
lai, co noi dung rat la ngan ngui, ot nhien ngng bat vao
nam 854 khong biet v ly do g, e roi khong ai biet en
cuoc i cua ong ket lieu nh the nao, cung nh v vua noi
ngoi cua ong ta la ai. Them vao o, sau ngay tr v cua vua
Vikrantavarman III, tat ca cac bia ky mien nam Champa
t nhien ngng lai, giong nh viec bia ky Phan ng a
bien mat mot the ky trc mien bac.
Cung trong thi ky nay, ngi ta nhan thay rang
nen thng mai hang hai noi lien the gii A Rap, An o
vi mien nam Trung Hoa cang ngay cang phat trien manh
me keo dai trong suot mot the ky, v ly do bat an vung
Trung A a lam gian oan truc giao thong tren luc a ma
ngi ta thng goi la con ng t lua. Thong thng, cac
thuyen buom di chuyen tren ai dng co toc o rat la
cham chap, cho nen cac thuy thu buoc phai dng chan e
148

Lch s

lay tiep lieu, nhat la nc uong. Them vao o, ngoai khi
cua bien Nam Hai la khu vc co a ngam buoc cac thuyen
buom di chuyen tren con ng noi lien An o Dng vi
Trung Hoa phai lai doc theo b bien cua Champa, bien
quoc gia nay tr thanh nhng hai cang dng chan hau nh
bat buoc cua tat ca thng thuyen quoc te (xem them P.
Pelliot, Textes chinois sur Panduranga trong BEFEO
III, 1903, trg. 630-654, va Relation de la Chine et de l'Inde
redigee en 851. Texte etabli, traduit et commente par J.
Sauvaget, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1948, trg. 8-9). Vao
gia the ky th VIII va gia the ky th IX, he thong giao
lu hang hai nay a a ay Champa va Panduranga - tai
lieu A Rap thng phan biet ro ret hai a danh nay - vao
chu trnh giao lu quoc te. Viec phat trien he thong hang
hai cua vng quoc Champa la ieu tat nhien, v ngi
Cham la dan toc chuyen ve nghe thuy thu. Ve phng
dien kinh te, Champa cung la quoc gia a tng xuat cang
rat nhieu san pham lam nghiep ma cac thng thuyen
quoc te rat can mua. ng tren kha canh van hoa,
Champa cung la vng quoc a tng on nhan nhieu nen
van minh. Bang chng cu the la Phat Giao a tng nam
gi mot vi tr quan trong trong trieu nh va s hien dien
rat sm cua nhng thng thuyen Hoi Giao tai vng quoc
nay mac du ngi ta khong biet ho sang Champa e
truyen ao hay khong.
149

Vng quoc Champa

Vng trieu Indrapura

Ai cung biet, t lieu Champa khac tren bia ky t
nhien bien mat vao nam 854. Hai mi nam sau, tc la
vao nam 875, ngi ta mi tm thay lai cac van ban nay,
nhng hau het nam trong lanh tho cua tieu vng quoc
Amaravati. ieu nay chng to rang tnh hnh chnh tr
Champa di danh ngha la mot quoc gia thong nhat a
tng xay ra trc ban the ky th VIII c phuc hoi tr lai.
Vao thi ky nay, cac bia ky thng e cap en s ra i
cua mot trieu ai mi cua Champa at thu o tai
Indrapura. Sang lap vien cua vng trieu Indrapura la vua
Indravarman II, xuat than t mot gia nh trong o vua cha
cua ong ta la Bhadravarman, tc la ngi ch nhan tc
vua nhng cha chac ong ta len ngoi e tr v. Vua
Indravarman II t cho mnh la ngi xuat than t mot dong
toc mang tnh cach huyen thoai (genealogie fictive) c
ghi lai tren bia ky vao nam 875, c tm thay tai ong
Dng, khoang 20 cay so ve pha ong nam cua M Sn.
Bia ky nay nhan manh rang vng quyen cua vua
Indravarman II khong phai do ong noi hay than phu truyen
lai ma la do thanh qua cua cong trnh tu luyen ma ong ta
a thc hien trong nhieu kiep song, cho nen nh menh a
a ay ong ta tr thanh v thu lanh cua vng quoc
Champao (xem L. Finot, Inscriptions du Quang nam I,
Premiere stele de Dong-duong , trong BEFEO IV, 1904,
150

Lch s

trg. 92 va 94). Indravarman II la v vua rat ton sung Phat
Giao. Chnh o la nguyen nhan giai thch cho s ra i cua
nhieu cong trnh xay dng cac en Phat Giao ong
Dng. Mac du a tng ng ra thc hien nhng trung tam
Phat Giao ai tha rat la o so co chu vi ln hn mot cay
so cong them c tin cua ong oi vi ao Phat, nhng vua
Indravarman II van con gi nguyen truyen thong Siva
Giao cua cac v vua tien boi a tng cai tr mien bac cua
Champa trc o. Sau khi bang ha, Indravarman II nhan
them thanh hieu la Paramabuddhaloka.
Sau may nam tr v, Indravarman II nhng ngoi lai
dng nh vao nam 898 cho chau trai ten la Jaya
Simhavarman I, mot v vua ch e lai hai cong trnh duy
nhat, o la xay dng mot so en Shiva Giao va Visnu
Giao. V thu lanh ke tha cua Jaya Simhavarman I chnh
la ngi con trai cua ong ta, ten la Jaya Saktivarman ma
ngi ta ch biet en ten tuoi c ghi tren mot tam bia ky
do mot v quan chc xuat than t gia nh hoang toc khac
lai. Jaya Saktivarman cung la nhan vat a tng phuc vu
cho 4 v quoc vng ke tha vua Indravarman II (xem E.
Huber, La stele de Nhan-bieu , trong BEFEO XI3,1911, trg. 309). V vua ke tiep ten la Bhadravarman II
ma ngi ta khong biet the nao la moi quan he than toc
cua ong ta oi vi gia nh cua vua Jaya Saktivarman. Noi
got chnh sach cua bac tien nhan a e lai, Bhadravarman
II tiep tuc phat trien cac moi lien he ton giao vi Java
151

Vng quoc Champa

(quoc gia a ao). ieu nay khong co g ang ngac nhien
cho lam, bi v dan toc a ao (Nam Dng va Ma Lai)
va dan toc Cham a co cac moi quan he than thiet t lau
i, nhat la cac oan thuy thu cua hai dan toc nay, ngoai
viec am trach cac cong tac thng mai hang hai, thng
xuyen cau ket vi nhau trong cac cuoc tan cong anh pha
b bien cua cac nuc lang gieng, cang lam tang them uy
quyen va sc manh nganh hai quan cua Champa thi o.
Ngi len ke v e thay the vua Bhadravarman II chnh la
con trai cua ong ta ten la Indravarman II, tr v t nam 916
en nam 960. Vua Indravarman II la ngi a cong hien
mot bc tng lam bang vang cua n than Bhagavati (phu
nhan Siva) cho en Po Nagar Aya Trang (Nha Trang).
Hanh ong cua mot v vua Champa goc mien bac a dang
hien mot pham vat cho n than Bhagavati nam tren at
thanh Kauthara pha nam, a boc lo mot y ngha mang
mau sac chnh tr hn la long tin vao ton giao. V rang, vua
Indravarman II muon da vao the ton giao e xay dng lai
mot quoc gia Champa thong nhat, mot chu thuyet ma cac
tieu vng quoc mien nam, v qua e cao nen t tr cua ho,
khong bao gi chap nhan. Ben canh o, Indravarman II
con phai oi pho trc moi bang giao vi vng trieu
Angkor (Campuchia) cang ngay cang gay gat. Luc ban
au, s khung hoang gia Champa va Campuchia ch la
cuoc tranh chap n thuan gia hai gia nh hoang gia ma
thoi. Sau o, cuoc tranh chap nay bien thanh cac cuoc
152

Lch s

cham tran quan s. Bang chng cu the la vao nam 947,
vua Campuchia ra lenh xua quan ot pha thanh a
Kauthara thanh tro bui ma mot tam bia ky cua Campuchia
a tng xac nhan, sau o chiem lay bc tng bang vang
cua n than Bhagavati (G. Coedes, Stele de Pre-Rup
trong Inscriptions du Cambodge I, Paris, Publications de
l'Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient, Textes et documents
sur l'Indochine III, 1937, trg. 73 sq). Nhng sau o, lc
lng quan s Champa vung day phan cong, anh bai va
ay lui oan quan xam lc Campuchia. Khoang mot nam
sau, vua Indravarman II tm cach tai lap lai moi quan he
ngoai giao vi Trung Hoa a b gian oan ke t nam 877.
Nam 960, vua Indravarman II bang ha va nhng lai ngai
vang cho Jaya Indravarman I e cai tr Champa cho en
nam 971 hay 972. V vua nay la ngi co cong trung tu lai
ien th Po Nagar Nha Trang vao nam 965 va thiet ke lai
bc tng cua n than Bhagavati, lan nay lam bang a ch
khong phai la kim qu na hau ne tranh long tham lam cua
ke cp. Tng t nh vua cha va cac vua ke nghiep, Jaya
Indravarman I thng xuyen gi cac phai bo sang Trung
Hoa e tang cng chnh sach bang giao gia hai quoc gia.
V vua noi ngoi ke tiep ten la Paramesvaravarman
I, mot thu lanh au tien cua vng quoc Champa bat au
oi dien trc tiep vi quoc gia lang gieng mien bac va
mi giai phong ra khoi ach o ho cua Trung Hoa e hnh
thanh mot quoc gia oc lap mang ten la ai Co Viet tc la
153

Vng quoc Champa

ai Viet sau nay, nam trong vung chau tho song Hong Ha
va tnh Thanh Hoa. Ke t o, moi bang giao gia Champa
va ai Viet a tr thanh moi quan he gia hai oi tng
thu ch. Sau cuoc anh pha lan au tien cua quan oi
Champa tren lanh tho cua ai Viet vao nam 979, vua Le
ai Hanh, ngi sang lap trieu ai Tien Le, tra li ngay
cho s quay nhieu nay bang cach c mot oan binh sang
anh pha Champa, giet chet vua Paramesvaravarman I
ngay t au cua cuoc chien vao nam 981 hay la 982. V
vua Champa ke tha ten la Indravarman IV, v khong
khang c noi vi oan quan cua Le ai Hanh, phai bo
chay ve mien nam lanh nan, trong luc o oi phng tha
ho ot pha thu o Indrapura cua Champa cho en nam
983. Mot nam sau, Lu Ky Tong, nhan vat goc dan toc
Viet, li dung tnh hnh roi ren tai Indrapura, vung day
cp lay chnh quyen. Ch khi vua Indravarman IV bang
ha vao nam 986, Lu Ky Tong t phong cho mnh la quoc
vng Champa va trnh bao vi hoang e Trung Hoa ve
trieu ai mi nay. e phan lai cuoc tiem quyen cua Lu
Ky Tong, cac quan lai cua trieu nh Champa a chay vao
mien nam lanh nan bon nam ve trc, quyet nh ton mot
nhan vat goc Champa len ngoi vao nam 988 tai Vijaya
(tnh Bnh nh hien nay) mang vng hieu la Harivarman
II. Sau ngay t tran cua Lu Ky Tong vao nam 989,
Harivarman II di thu o Champa ve Indrapura lai. Mot
nam sau, ai Viet xua quan tan cong mien bac cua
154

Lch s

Champa vao nam 995 va nam 997 nham tra ua cho cac
cuoc quay roi cua quan Champa tren lanh tho cua mnh.
Ke t e tam nien the ky th X, hau het cac bia ky
Champa b bien mat v s pha huy cua chien tranh. Trong
khoang thi gian nay, ngi ta ch tm thay mot tang a
viet bang tieng Cham co co noi dung ch noi ve ton giao
ma thoi, khien cho viec nghien cu ve lch s Champa cho
en ban the ky th XI hoan toan tuy thuoc vao cac t lieu
Trung Hoa va cac bien nien s Viet Nam. Cung v the ma
ngi ta khong biet ai la ngi ke tha vua Harivarman II,
cung nh ten tuoi cua cac v quoc vng Champa ke tiep
cho en nam 1044.
Vng trieu Vijaya
Mac du khiem khuyet t lieu, nhng ngi ta biet
sau khi vua Harivarman II bang ha vao nam 998, v tan
vng Champa vi ten thc thu la Yang Po Ku Vijaya Sri
a di thu o Indrapura vao nam 1000, v qua gan bien
gii cua ai Viet, ve pha nam tai Vijaya. Ke t o,
Vijaya c xem nh trung tam chnh tr cua Champa, mac
du vng quoc nay a thanh cong may lan thu hoi lai lanh
tho mien bac b nc lang gieng xam chiem. Nam 1000,
anh dau s nhng bc cua Champa trc sc ep cua
dan toc Viet, tc la mot s thoai lui dan dan ve phng
155

Lch s

Champa vao nam 995 va nam 997 nham tra ua cho cac
cuoc quay roi cua quan Champa tren lanh tho cua mnh.
Ke t e tam nien the ky th X, hau het cac bia ky
Champa b bien mat v s pha huy cua chien tranh. Trong
khoang thi gian nay, ngi ta ch tm thay mot tang a
viet bang tieng Cham co co noi dung ch noi ve ton giao
ma thoi, khien cho viec nghien cu ve lch s Champa cho
en ban the ky th XI hoan toan tuy thuoc vao cac t lieu
Trung Hoa va cac bien nien s Viet Nam. Cung v the ma
ngi ta khong biet ai la ngi ke tha vua Harivarman II,
cung nh ten tuoi cua cac v quoc vng Champa ke tiep
cho en nam 1044.
Vng trieu Vijaya
Mac du khiem khuyet t lieu, nhng ngi ta biet
sau khi vua Harivarman II bang ha vao nam 998, v tan
vng Champa vi ten thc thu la Yang Po Ku Vijaya Sri
a di thu o Indrapura vao nam 1000, v qua gan bien
gii cua ai Viet, ve pha nam tai Vijaya. Ke t o,
Vijaya c xem nh trung tam chnh tr cua Champa, mac
du vng quoc nay a thanh cong may lan thu hoi lai lanh
tho mien bac b nc lang gieng xam chiem. Nam 1000,
anh dau s nhng bc cua Champa trc sc ep cua
dan toc Viet, tc la mot s thoai lui dan dan ve phng
155

Vng quoc Champa

nam cho en luc vng quoc nay cao chung vao 800 nam
sau.
Sau cuoc bang ha cua Yang Po Ku Vijaya Sri, co le
trc nam 1010, cac t lieu co noi en bon i vua ke tiep
len nam chnh quyen ma ngi ta khong biet ro ten tuoi
cua ho. Ngoai viec gi phai oan ngoai giao thng xuyen
sang Trung Hoa e xin hau thuan va sang ai Viet e ne
tranh moi s e doa, th ngi ta c biet vng quoc
Champa, trong suot thi gian tr v cua 4 v vua nay, a
chuot lay bao lan that bai trc s tan cong cua cac v vua
au tien thuoc trieu ai nha Ly va len thay the nha Le
vao nam 1009. Nam 1021, con cua Ly Thai To xua quan
tan cong mien bac Champa. Nam 1026 ong ta tr lai quay
nhieu Champa. Sau khi len noi ngoi vua cha vao nam
1028 vi danh xng Ly Thai Tong ke t nam 1039, ong ta
bat au nhung tay vao viec tranh gianh quyen hanh gia
cac v hoang t Champa. Roi vien c mot tan vng
Champa c tan phong vao nam 1042 anh pha b bien
ai Viet, Ly Thai Tong cam au mot oan quan o bo len
b bien Champa trong vung Tha Thien vao nam 1044.
Thanh o Ban b that thu va cp pha. Quan oi Champa
b anh tan va vua Champa b giet trong khi o mot phan
dan chung cua thu o Champa b quan ai Viet tan sat ma
Viet S Lc a tng ghi lai.
Sau cuoc tham hoa nay, mot v quoc vng mi cua
Champa ma ngi ta khong biet ro nguon goc, a len ngoi
156

Lch s

tai Vijaya vao nam 1044. V vua au tien cua trieu ai nay
la Jaya Paramesvaravarman I. Ngay t luc nhan vng
phong la Rajadiraja (vua cua cac vua), Jaya
Paramesvaravarman I phai ng au vi s chong oi
cua Panduranga khong cong nhan ong ta la thu lanh cua
lien bang Champa, v tieu vng quoc nay a chon mot
hoang t xuat than t mien nam len lam vua vng quoc
nay. V hoang t noi ngoi (Yuvaraja), tc la chau cua quoc
vng Jaya Paramesvaravarman I nhan lenh em quan
sang mien nam dep loan vao nam 1050. o la nhng bien
co ma 3 bia ky a ghi lai trong o co tam bia ghi tren tang
a gan en Po Klaung Garai (Ninh Thuan) cho rang dan
c cua Panrang (Phan Rang) la nhng ngi h hong,
hung d, ngu dot, luon luon noi loan chong lai cac nha vua
a b quan oi Champa anh bai. Nhng quan phan
loan mien nam b bat va chia ra thanh hai nhom. Mot
nhom gi lai tai cho e tai thiet thanh pho, nhom con lai
e phuc vu cho cac ien th va cac tu vien (L. Finot,
Inscriptions inedites de Panrang , trong BEFEO III,
1903, trg. 645-646). Vua Paramesvaravarman I cung la
ngi co cong tai thiet nhieu cong trnh xay dng cho en
Po Nagar tai Nha Trang vao nam 1050 va 1055 ma cac bia
ky bang Phan ng va Cham ng ghi lai. V vua noi ngoi ke
tiep la Bhadravarman III ma ngi ta khong biet g nhieu
ve tieu s cua ong ta. Tiep theo la ngi em trai cua
Bhadravarman III len ngoi vao nam 1061 tai Vijaya lay
157

Vng quoc Champa

vng hieu la Rudravarman III. Ong ta a xay dng nhieu
cong trnh vao nam 1064 trong khu vc cua en Po Nagar
tai Nha Trang. Nam 1068, Rudravarman III xua quan tan
cong ai Viet. Vua Ly Thanh Tong phan cong tc khac
bang cach tien quan theo ng bien, o bo gan khu vc
Vijaya, anh tan quan oi Champa, trong luc o vua
Rudravarman III phai chay sang Campuchia lanh nan va
a b oi quan ai Viet uoi theo bat c vao nam 1069.
Sau khi pha huy thu o Vijaya, Ly Thanh Tong a vua
Rudravarman III ve thu o Thang Long vao nam 1069. e
chuoc mang cua mnh, vua Rudravarman III chap nhan
dang hien cho ai Viet phan at pha bac cua Champa
nam gia ca Hoanh Sn va eo Lao Bao, tc la khu vc
Quang Bnh va Quang Tr, sau nay ai Viet sat nhap vao
n v hanh chanh cua mnh mang ten la a Ly, Ma Linh
va Bo Chnh.
Sau ngay c tra t do, Rudravarman III phai
ng au vi tnh hnh chnh tr Champa ang lam vao
con ng suy sup, chia nam xe bay thanh hang chuc khu
vc t tr, nhat la oi au vi Panduranga, mot tieu vng
quoc co qui che oc lap trong lieng bang Champa cho en
1084 (E. Aymonier, Premiere etude sur les inscriptions
tchames trong Journal Asiatique XVII-1, 1891, trg. 33 va
tiep theo). Ngi ta khong biet vng trieu cua
Rudravarman III cao chung nh the nao va co phai ong ta
hay v vua ke tiep la ngi ng ra trieu cong nha Ly vao
158

Lch s

nam 1071 va 1074 nh la mot quoc gia ch hau cua ai
Viet. Cho en hom nay, khong co mot tai lieu nao a ra
giai ap cho van e o. Ngc lai, nh mot bia ky M Sn
bang Phan ng va Cham ng ma ngi ta c biet co hai
v hoang t khong biet thuoc ve dong toc nao, ten la
Thang va Pang tm cach cham dt tnh trang hon loan va
thieu thong nhat do che o phong kien gay ra t ngay
ra i cua vng quoc nay bang cach chia cat at ai
Champa thanh 5 tieu quoc : Indrapura pha bac roi
xuong dan ve pha nam la Amravati, Vijaya, Kauthara va
Panduranga, cha ke en nhieu khu vc hanh chanh khac
nam trong mot tieu vng quoc cung vung day au tranh
oi quyen t tr co nhieu quyen han hn, mot khi cha at
en qui che oc lap.
Nam 1074, hoang t Thang len nam chnh quyen.
Sau khi trung tu lai en Bhadresvara tai M Sn, tc la v
nam than che ch Champa, ong ta t phong vng cho
mnh vi danh hieu la Harivarman IV. Mot nam sau,
Harivarman IV a ay lui mot cuoc tan cong cua ai Viet
va tiep tuc khai tr cac v hoang t Champa tm cach ly
khai vi trieu nh. Tiep o, ong ta tien quan xam chiem
Campuchia nhng khong neu ra v ly do g bang cach pha
huy cac ien th Sambor nam tren b song Mekong va di
tan dan chung Campuchia ra khoi khu vc nay. Mot khi
phuc hng lai Champa thanh mot quoc gia huy hoang
nh xa, Harivarman IV quyet nh ve hu tr bang cach
159

Vng quoc Champa

a con trai cua mnh ten Vak va mi 9 tuoi, len noi ngoi
vao nam 1080 di danh hieu la Jaya Indravarman II.
Nam sau, Harivarman IV bang ha. Nhieu ngi v (hoang
hau va th phi) cua ong ta cung len dan hoa tang theo nghi
le Sati ma mot bia ky a tng xac nhan. Sau ngay hoa
tang cua vua Harivarman IV, cac quan than trong trieu
nh nhan thay rang Jaya Indravarman II, v tuoi cha
trng thanh, khong u kha nang e ieu hanh quoc gia,
thanh ra phai a ngi chu cua ong ta, tc la hoang t
Pang len thay the e lanh ao quoc gia vao nam 1081, lay
vng hieu la Pamarabodhisattva, mot ten goi mang anh
hng Phat Giao. Pamarabodhisattva tiep tuc trieu cong
ai Viet va dep tan nhng v hoang t nam quyen t tr
cua tieu vng quoc Panduranga t 16 nam qua e phuc
hng lai vng quoc Champa thong nhat va oc lap vao
nam 1084. Sau o ong ta nhng ngoi lai cho ngi chau
la Jaya Indravarman II vao nam 1086. Sau ngay len ngoi,
vua Jaya Indravarman II tiep tuc trieu cong Thang Long
(Ha Noi) nhng van chuan b cuoc chien vao nam 1103
nham thu hoi lai phan at pha bac cua Champa a lot vao
tay cua ai Viet vao nam 1069, nhng bat thanh. Sau o,
ong mat vao nam 1113 va c phong chc thanh hieu la
Paramabuddhaloka. Chau cua ong ta la ngi len noi ngoi
vua vi danh hieu la Harivarman V. Ngi ta ch biet ve
lai lch cua Harivarman V qua cac cong trnh kien truc tai
160

Lch s

M Sn va cac phai oan ngoai giao ma ong ta c sang ai
Viet va Trung Hoa.
Champa oi au vi Angkor
Ngi ke tha vua Harivarman V la mot v thai t
(Yuvaraja) len ngoi vao nam 1139 vi danh hieu la Jaya
Indravarman III. Cha ay 2 nam, sau khi hoan tat cac
cong trnh xay dng mot so en ai ton giao tai thanh a
M Sn vao nam 1140 va tai khu vc Po Nagar Nha
Trang vao nam 1143, Jaya Indravarman III phai oi pho
vi cuoc tan cong cua Campuchia ma ngi ta khong tm
ra ly do tai sao. The la thu o Vijaya cua Champa lai lot
vao tay cua quan oi Khmer va vua Jaya Indravarman III
b t tran trong cuoc chien.
Trong khi thu o Vijaya b chiem ong bi quan
vien chinh Campuchia, Jaya Rudravarman IV c tan
phong lam vua Champa, nhng sau o ong ta vi oan tuy
tung phai bo Vijaya e chay sang Panduranga lanh nan.
ay la cuoc tham hoa a a en cuoc chien gia
Champa va Campuchia keo dai trong suot 75 nam. Cho
en hom nay, ngui ta khong tm thay mot t lieu nao noi
ve tnh hnh Champa ngoai tr li ke ma con trai cua vua
Jaya Rudravarman IV ghi lai trong bia ky tm thay pha
nam Champa va M Sn cho rang quoc vng nay bang
ha vao nam 1147, mang thanh hieu la Paramabrahmaloka.
161

Lch s

M Sn va cac phai oan ngoai giao ma ong ta c sang ai
Viet va Trung Hoa.
Champa oi au vi Angkor
Ngi ke tha vua Harivarman V la mot v thai t
(Yuvaraja) len ngoi vao nam 1139 vi danh hieu la Jaya
Indravarman III. Cha ay 2 nam, sau khi hoan tat cac
cong trnh xay dng mot so en ai ton giao tai thanh a
M Sn vao nam 1140 va tai khu vc Po Nagar Nha
Trang vao nam 1143, Jaya Indravarman III phai oi pho
vi cuoc tan cong cua Campuchia ma ngi ta khong tm
ra ly do tai sao. The la thu o Vijaya cua Champa lai lot
vao tay cua quan oi Khmer va vua Jaya Indravarman III
b t tran trong cuoc chien.
Trong khi thu o Vijaya b chiem ong bi quan
vien chinh Campuchia, Jaya Rudravarman IV c tan
phong lam vua Champa, nhng sau o ong ta vi oan tuy
tung phai bo Vijaya e chay sang Panduranga lanh nan.
ay la cuoc tham hoa a a en cuoc chien gia
Champa va Campuchia keo dai trong suot 75 nam. Cho
en hom nay, ngui ta khong tm thay mot t lieu nao noi
ve tnh hnh Champa ngoai tr li ke ma con trai cua vua
Jaya Rudravarman IV ghi lai trong bia ky tm thay pha
nam Champa va M Sn cho rang quoc vng nay bang
ha vao nam 1147, mang thanh hieu la Paramabrahmaloka.
161

Vng quoc Champa

Sau o, cac quan chc Champa ang lanh nan tai tieu
vng quoc Panduranga ton ngi con trai cua ong len noi
ngoi lay danh hieu la Jaya Harivarman I. e tra li cho
thai o nay, vua Campuchia ra lenh cho oan quan vien
chinh Campuchia Vijaya (thanh o Ban) co s ho tr
cua quan oi Champa mien bac keo quan sang mien
nam tan cong vua Jaya Harivarman I, nhng khong at
c ket qua. Cuoc tan cong lan th hai cung b that bai.
Trc tnh the nay, vua Campuchia la Suryavarman II t
phong cho hoang t Harideva, tc la ngi em v cua
mnh, len lam vua Champa mien bac, ong o tai
Vijaya. Va nghe tin nay, vua Jaya Harivarman I ang
lanh nan mien nam, xuat quan tan cong mien bac, giet
chet hoang t Campuchia la Harideva va lam chu tnh
hnh Vijaya. Sau o Jaya Harivarman I t xng la vua
Champa vao 1149 va cung la nam ket thuc cuoc chien
gia Champa va Campuchia (L. Finot, Les inscriptions
de M-sn XXI , trong BEFEO IV, 1904, trg. 964-965).
Mac du a thanh cong anh uoi quan Campphuchia, Jaya
Harivarman I phai ng au vi mot ngi anh re tm
cach tranh quyen chiem ngoi, bang cach keu goi dan toc
Cao Nguyen vung day chong lai ong ta. B anh bai vao
nam 1150, anh re cua vua Jaya Harivarman I phai chay
sang ai Viet e xin cau cu. Mac du co s giup quan cua
ai Viet, anh re nay van b anh bai va bien mat tren ban
c chnh tr. Sau bien co nay, vua Jaya Harivarman I xua
162

Lch s

quan chinh phat tieu vng quoc Amaravati ve toi vung
day chong lai uy quyen cua ong ta vao nam 1151, sau o
tr lai mien nam e dep nhng cuoc noi loan
Panduranga. Mai cho en nam 1160, tieu vng quoc
Panduranga mi chap nhan phuc tung uy quyen cua Jaya
Harivarman I nh mot v lanh tu toi cao cua lieng bang
Champa. Jaya Harivarman I la v vua dung cam va cung la
nhan vat a thc hien nhieu cong trnh xay dng en ai
tai M Sn va tai Po Nagar Nha Trang va bang ha co the
vao nhng nam 1162-1166. Theo bia ky do chau cua vua
Jaya Harivarman I e lai, con trai cua ong ta a nhan
vng hieu la Jaya Harivarman II, nhng ngi ta cung
khong biet v tan quoc vng nay co len ngoi tr v hay
khong? Vao nam 1167, Jaya Indravarman IV to chc cuoc
ao chanh e chiem quyen ngoi vua va gi phai oan sang
Trung Hoa e xin phong chc. Jaya Indravarman IV la mot
v quan lai a tng phuc vu trong trieu nh cua Jaya
Harivarman I trc kia va cung la v vua a tng cong
hien nhieu cong trnh xay dng en ai tai M Sn va Po
Nagar Nha Trang. Ong ta cung la ngi ma cac bia ky
a tng ca tung c o, s hieu biet va am tng ve nhieu
lanh vc. Neu Jaya Indravarman IV len nam chnh quyen,
la v ong muon tra thu cho s that bai cua Champa vao
nam 1145, keo theo s chiem ong Champa cua
Campuchia. Trong suot mi nam au cua vng trieu,
Jaya Indravarman IV tap trung moi no lc vao viec chien
163

Vng quoc Champa

au chong lai vng quoc Campuchia, mac du khong
mang lai ket qua. V khong the tien quan en thu phu
Angkor bang ng bo, vua Jaya Indravarman IV thay oi
chien thuat bang cach di chuyen quan oi Champa tren
cac chien thuyen chay doc theo b bien tien vao vung
chau tho song Mekong. Nh s giup cua mot vien
thuyen trng ngi Trung Hoa, vua Jaya Indravarman IV
a quan i ngc giong song Mekong va Tonle Sap e
tien en Bien Ho vao nam 1177. Cuoc tan cong bat ng
nay a giup cho quan oi Champa thanh cong ot pha
thanh Angkor ay vang bac va chau bau va giet luon nha
vua Campuchia, cung la mot v vua tiem quyen tai vng
quoc nay (M. Giteau, Histoire d'Angkor, Paris, Ed. Kailash,
1966, trg. 77-78).
Sau ngay anh pha Angkor, mot v hoang t
Campuchia thuoc dong hoang gia chnh thong va cung la
v vua tng lai mang vng hieu la Jayavarman VII, xua
quan phan chien, nhat la tran thuy chien chong lai oan
quan vien chinh Champa tren Bien Ho va Tonle Sap, va
mot tran chien khac, co le la bai chien trng quyet liet
nhat, tai en Preah Khan cung nam trong khu vc Angkor.
Tran chien nay a giup ngi Campuchia giai phong hoan
toan at nc cua ho ra khoi ach thong tr cua Champa
vao nam 1180-1181 va cung la nam ma Jayavarman VII
a nhan tan phong tai Angkor.
164

Lch s

Ngi ta khong biet ngay thang bang ha cua Jaya

Indravarman IV, mot v vua chien thang tai en Angkor,
mac du s hien hu cua ong ta van con c xac nhan vao
nam 1183 va nhat la vao luc Jaya Indravarman Ong Vatuv
len ngoi e ke v thay the ong ta. Sau ngay len ngoi, Jaya
Indravarman Ong Vatuv lai m tran chien tan cong vao
Campuchia vao nam 1190. Ke t o, vua khmer la
Jayavarman VII buoc phai ra tay giai quyet van e bang
giao vi Champa. e thc hien d an nay, Jayavarman
VII trao quyen ch huy quan oi Campuchia cho mot v
hoang t tre tuoi goc Champa ten la Vidhyanandana a
tng sinh song tai trieu nh Angkor t thu thieu thi.
Hoang t nay la ngi rat ton sung ao Phat ai tha, mot
tn ngng hoan toan mi la oi vi vua chua Campuchia
thi o va a tng tuyen the trung thanh vi vua
Jayavarman VII. Mot khi a nhan lenh, Hoang t
Vidhyanandana dan au mot oan quan Campuchia sang
anh chiem Vijaya vao nam 1191 va bat song v vua
Champa Jaya Indravarman Ong Vatuv lam tu binh a ve
Angkor.
Ke t nam 1191, Champa b chia cat thanh hai
quoc gia rieng biet. Champa mien bac at di quyen cai
tr cua mot v hoang t ten la In, goc ngi Campuchia, tc
la anh re cua vua Jayavarman VII. Khi len ngoi, hoang t
In lay danh hieu la Suryajayavarmadeva. Champa pha
nam at di quyen ieu hanh cua hoang t
165

Vng quoc Champa

Vidhyanandana, goc Champa nhng a tng lanh nan
Campuchia. Khi len ngoi, Vidhyanandana lay vng hieu
la Suryavarmadeva, at thu o cua mnh tai Panrang (tc
Phan Rang hien nay) va a e lai nhieu tin tc thi s cho
en nam 1194 tren mot tam bia viet bang Cham ng co
tm thay tai M Sn do L. Finot nghien cu. Theo noi dung
cua tam bia nay, trong khoang 2 nam sau ngay chia oi at
nc, dan toc Champa mien bac vung day chong lai
hoang t In, goc ngui Campuchia nam quyen ieu hanh
thu o Vijaya, buoc ong ta phai thao chay ve nc e ton
mot v hoang t goc Champa ten la Rasupati len ngoi vua
mien bac lay danh hieu la Jaya Indravarmadeva. V
muon tai lap quyen thong tr tren Champa, vua Campuchia
la Jayavarman VII gi mot oan quan sang Vijaya cung
vi Jaya Indravarman Ong Vatuv, tc la v vua Champa a
b bat lam tu binh a ve Campuchia. Vi s hp tac cua
Vidhyanandana-Suryavarmadeva, tc la thu lanh cua tieu
vng quoc Panduranga, Jaya Indravarman Ong Vatuv tien
quan anh chiem Vijaya va giet chet Rasupati. Li dung
c hoi thang tran nay, Vidhyanandana-Suryavarmadeva
loai bo Jaya Indravarman Ong Vatuv ra khoi ban c chnh
tr va t ton mnh la quoc vng Champa tai Vijaya, thong
nhat lai hai mien nam bac cua vng quoc. Trc tnh the
nay, Jaya Indravarman Ong Vatuv tm cach chay sang tieu
vng quoc Amaravati nham day quan tr lai anh chiem
Vijaya. Vidhyanandana-Suryavarmadeva xua quan phan
166

Lch s

chien, giet chet Jaya Indravarman Ong Vatuv. e tra li
cho bien co nay, vua Campuchia gi quan sang Champa
vao nam 1193 va 1194 e chinh phat hoang t
Vidhyanandana-Suryavarmadeva, nhng ca hai lan eu b
that bai. Theo tai lieu Trung Hoa, VidhyanandanaSuryavarmadeva xin Trung Hoa tan phong vao nam 1198
va c trieu nh cua quoc gia nay phong vng vao nam
1199. Nam 1203, ong ta b truat phe bi mot v thai t
(Yuvaraja) Champa khac ten la Ong Dhanapatigrama,
cung la mot nhan vat a tng sinh song trong trieu nh
Angkor va rat trung thanh vi vua Campuchia. Ke t o,
vng quoc Champa at dui quyen cai tr cua hoang t
Ong Dhanapatigrama va tr thanh mot tnh l cua
Campuchia.
Viec sat nhap Champa vao lanh tho cua
Campuchia keo dai 17 nam a bien vng quoc nay tr
thanh mot quoc gia ngheo oi va suy sup. Trong khoang
thi gian nay, tai lieu lch s lai nhac en mot v hoang t
Champa thuoc dong hoang toc Ansaraja, nhng sinh
trng trong trieu nh Angkor va a tng ch huy quan oi
Campuchia sang tan cong ai Viet. Tai Campuchia, hoang
t dong Ansaraja nay a nhan nhieu chc ham ben canh
thai t (Yuvaraja) Ong Dhanapatigrama, cung la nhan vat
a tng trng thanh tai Campuchia. Chnh sach chiem
ong Champa va chu ngha banh trng at ai cua
Campuchia thi o a lam suy yeu tram trong vng quoc
167

Vng quoc Champa

nay, v khong u tiem nang e kiem soat qua nhieu thuoc
a cung nh viec duy tr an ninh tren lanh tho qua rong
ln nay. o cung la nguyen nhan co the giai thch mot
phan nao ly do tai sao Campuchia t ong rut quan ra khoi
Champa vao nam 1220, nhng luc nao cung tm cach duy
tr uy quyen cua mnh tai Champa bang cach giao cho
hoang t thuoc dong hoang toc Ansaraja a tng sinh
trng trong trieu Angkor, quyen cai tr Champa vi niem
hy vong rang Campuchia van tiep tuc gi mot vai tro anh
hng tren ban c chnh tr tai quoc gia nay.
Len ngoi vao nam 1226, hoang t dong Ansaraja
lay vng hieu la Jaya Paramesvaravarman II. Trong suot
nhng nam tr v, ong ta trung tu lai cac di tch en ai b
tan pha bi chien tranh di thi o ho cua Campuchia.
Jaya Paramesvaravarman II cung la v vua co mot chnh
sach rat u ai oi vi tieu vng quoc Panduranga
mien nam ni ma ong ta a e lai hau nh toan bo bia ky
noi ve cuoc i cua ong. Sau ngay t tran ma ngi ta
khong biet ro ngay thang, ngi em cua ong len noi ngoi,
co the vao khoang gia nam 1230 va 1243, lay danh hieu
la Jaya Indravarman VI.
Champa vao e nh ban the ky XIII
Sau ngay len ngoi, Jaya Indravarman VI a thc
hien nhieu cong trnh xay dng tai M Sn, nhng lai gap
168

Vng quoc Champa

nay, v khong u tiem nang e kiem soat qua nhieu thuoc
a cung nh viec duy tr an ninh tren lanh tho qua rong
ln nay. o cung la nguyen nhan co the giai thch mot
phan nao ly do tai sao Campuchia t ong rut quan ra khoi
Champa vao nam 1220, nhng luc nao cung tm cach duy
tr uy quyen cua mnh tai Champa bang cach giao cho
hoang t thuoc dong hoang toc Ansaraja a tng sinh
trng trong trieu Angkor, quyen cai tr Champa vi niem
hy vong rang Campuchia van tiep tuc gi mot vai tro anh
hng tren ban c chnh tr tai quoc gia nay.
Len ngoi vao nam 1226, hoang t dong Ansaraja
lay vng hieu la Jaya Paramesvaravarman II. Trong suot
nhng nam tr v, ong ta trung tu lai cac di tch en ai b
tan pha bi chien tranh di thi o ho cua Campuchia.
Jaya Paramesvaravarman II cung la v vua co mot chnh
sach rat u ai oi vi tieu vng quoc Panduranga
mien nam ni ma ong ta a e lai hau nh toan bo bia ky
noi ve cuoc i cua ong. Sau ngay t tran ma ngi ta
khong biet ro ngay thang, ngi em cua ong len noi ngoi,
co the vao khoang gia nam 1230 va 1243, lay danh hieu
la Jaya Indravarman VI.
Champa vao e nh ban the ky XIII
Sau ngay len ngoi, Jaya Indravarman VI a thc
hien nhieu cong trnh xay dng tai M Sn, nhng lai gap
168

Lch s

phai bao cuoc vung day tai Panduranga ma ong ta phai c
mot ngi chau ten la hoang t Harideva dan oan quan
sang mien nam dep loan vao nam 1249. Them vao o, ong
ta khong ngng ng au vi mot trieu ai mi cua ai
Viet, o la nha Tran va mi len thay the nha Ly vao nam
1225.
Ai cung biet, Champa la quoc gia thng gia tang
cac cuoc anh pha tau be tren b bien cua Bac Viet va
vung chau tho song Hong. a may lan, vua Tran Thai
Tong yeu cau vng quoc nay phai ngng cac cuoc ot
kch o. Vua Champa ap li bang viec yeu cau nha Tran
phai tra lai cac phan at ai pha bac cua Champa a b
chiem ong vao nam 1069. Trc s tra li khieu khch
nay, vua Tran Thai Tong ch than dan mot oan quan
chinh phat Champa vao nam 1252, tch thu rat nhieu cua
cai, bo buoc vng quoc nay phai phuc tung va chap nhan
trieu cong nh mot nc ch hau cua ai Viet. Nam
nam sau, tc la 1257, Jaya Indravarman VI b am sat bi
ngi chau cua ngai ten la Harideva (Yuanchi, XX, 55a).
Sau vu an thanh cong, Harideva len nam chnh quyen, gi
o vat sang trieu cong ai Viet vao nam 1262 va dan
oan quan e pha tan s vung day cua Panduranga vao
nam 1265, sau o ong c tan phong len lam vua
Champa nam 1266 vi vng hieu la Indravarman V. Nam
1277, Panduranga lai tiep tuc vung day na. Va anh dep
xong cuoc phien loan nay, vua Indravarman V nhan lenh
169

Vng quoc Champa

phai i trnh dien trc mat thu lanh cua Mong Co ten la
Kubilai Khan vao nam 1278 e dang cong le vat cua mot
nc ch hau nh ong ta a tng thi hanh oi vi trieu ai
nha Tong cua Trung Hoa trc kia. Cung nh chien lc
tr hoan thi hanh menh lenh va bay to long trung thanh cua
mnh bang cach gi cac phai oan va nhieu le vat sang
Mong Co, vua Indravarman V a tranh c nhng yeu
sach cua Kubilai Khan cho en nam 1281. V khong ch
i c na, Kubilai Khan c hai v s than quan trong
en Champa e ap at nen hanh chanh Mong Co tai
vng quoc nay. Neu vua Indravarman V to ve chap nhan
s hien dien cua Mong Co tren lanh tho cua mnh, th
ngi con trai cua ong ten la Harijit t choi ieu o. Vao
nam 1282 hoang t Harijit to chc mot cuoc vung day
nham anh uoi cac s than Mong Co ve nc. e tra li
cho thai o bat qui phuc cua hoang t Harijit, Kubilai
Khan quyet nh bien Champa thanh mot thuoc a cua
Mong Co bang cach xua quan tan cong vng quoc nay
bang ng bien va ng bo t thang chap 1282 cho en
thang gieng 1283. Sau khi thu o Vijaya lot vao tay quan
Mong Co, Indravarman V cung vi con trai chay len vung
Tay Nguyen e lap chien khu. Nh s ho tr cua dan c
mien nui, Indravarman V cam c chong quan ngoai xam
keo dai cho en nam 1285, nam ma nha du hanh Tay
Phng ten la Marco Polo co mat tai Champa. Cung vao
nam 1285 nay, Mong Co rut quan ra khoi Champa e tan
170

Lch s

cong ai Viet, nhng b ay lui bi lc lng quan s cua
vua Tran Nhn Tong va mi len ngoi vao nam 1278. Ke
t o, Champa a thoat ra khoi moi e doa cua Mong Co.
Tuy nhien, s xam chiem trong vong hai nam cua quan
Mong Co a lam suy yeu tiem nang Champa mot cach
manh liet, mot vng quoc va mi tm ra loi thoat sau 75
nam chien tranh lien tuc vi Campuchia. Cuoc chien
chong quan Mong Co cang tan pha Champa nhanh hn, v
luc o nen van hoa Phan ng bat au suy sup (nam 1253
anh dau bia ky cuoi cung bang Phan ng tai Champa)
keo theo s phai m dan dan triet ly An Giao va Phat
Giao ai tha ma Champa thng da vao o e lam c s
cho cac he thong to chc chnh tr va xa hoi cua mnh.
Sau khi Indravarman V bang ha vao nam 1287,
ngi con trai cua ong ta la hoang t Harijit len ngoi vua
vi danh hieu Jaya simhavarman III (Che Man). V vua
nay la ngi co cong xay dng thap Po Klaung Garai
Phan Rang va ngoi en Yang Prong cc bac cua Darlac
(H. Parmentier, Inventaire descriptif des monuments cams
de l'Annam, tome I, Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, Ernest
Leroux, 1909, trg. 81-95 va 557-559). ieu nay a chng
minh rang dan c khu vc Tay Nguyen thi o nam trong
bien gii chnh tr cua vng quoc Champa. Jaya
simhavarman III cung la v vua a ket hon vi cong chua
cua vng quoc Java. Cuoc tnh nay cang lam tang them
171

Vng quoc Champa

moi quan he than thien gia gia nh hoang toc Champa
va vng quoc a ao vao cuoi the ky XIII.
Ben canh cong chua cua vng quoc Java, Jaya
simhavarman III con ket hon vi cong chua cua ai Viet.
Sau khi thoai v e nhng ngoi lai cho ngi con trai la
Tran Anh Tong, vua cha Tran Nhn Tong ha ga con gai
cua ong ta ten la Huyen Tran cho vua Che Man, tc la
Jaya simhavarman III, vao nam 1301. S kien nay a gay
bao phan ng trong trieu nh va ngi dan ai Viet thi
o. Chnh v the, cuoc hon nhan cua cong chua Huyen
Tran ma lch s Viet Nam thng nhac en, a trai qua
mot cuoc thng thuyet lau dai. e c ket hon vi cong
chua Huyen Tran, vua Jaya Simhavarman III ong y dang
cho ai Viet hai chau O va Ly tc la phan at nam gia
eo Lao Bao va eo Hai Van (Quang Tr va Tha Thien
hien nay). o cung la nguyen nhan e giai thch tai sao
hon nhan nay ch c c hanh vao nam 1306.
Viec quyet nh dang hien lanh tho cho nc lang
gieng vao nam 1069 a chng minh rang giai cap lanh ao
di thi phong kien Champa ch xem lanh tho quoc gia
nh mot tai san rieng t cua mnh, hoan toan tuy thuoc vao
y muon rieng t cua nha vua. Chnh v the, ngi ta khong
the ket toi ai Viet thi o a co y nh xam chiem at
ai Champa, bi v quoc gia nay ch bat au ap dung chnh
sach e quoc ke t cuoi the ky XV hau m rong b coi ve
pha Nam. Nh ngi ta a thay va con thay na ve sau,
172

Lch s

trc the ky th XV, ai Viet ch li dung vao cac cuoc
chien thang quan s nham buoc cac nc thua tran phai
chap nhan lam ch hau, nhng cha ngh en viec xam
chiem lanh tho cua cac quoc gia nay.
Jaya Simhavarman III t tran vao nam 1307, v tuoi
gia. Vua Tran Anh Tong tha c hoi tm cach a Huyen
Tran ve Thang Long, nhng van tiep tuc chiem gi hai
Chau O va Ly. Ke t o, nui Bach Ma (Hue) tr thanh
ranh gii pha bac cua Champa. The la lanh tho Champa
b lot vao tay cua ai Viet vao nam 1069 va nam 1306
chnh la at ai nguyen thuy cua vng quoc Lin Yi (Lam
Ap) thi trc.
Champa oi au vi ai Viet
Cung v khong con bia ky ban ve Champa ke t
cuoi the ky XIII, ngi ta khong nam vng cho lam nhng
chi tiet lien quan en vng trieu cua ngi con trai len
ngoi thay the vua Jaya Simhavarman III. Ngi ta cung
khong biet danh xng vng hieu cua cac v vua ke tiep
hay nhng yeu to nham chng minh rang ho co c tan
phong len lam thu lanh Champa hay khong. Do o, ngi
ta buoc phai goi cac v vua noi ngoi thay the Jaya
Simhavarman III hay nhng v vua ke tiep khac bang
nhng ten goi nh Che, Chi, v.v. ma cac bien nien s Viet
Nam at ra ma thoi.
173

Lch s

trc the ky th XV, ai Viet ch li dung vao cac cuoc
chien thang quan s nham buoc cac nc thua tran phai
chap nhan lam ch hau, nhng cha ngh en viec xam
chiem lanh tho cua cac quoc gia nay.
Jaya Simhavarman III t tran vao nam 1307, v tuoi
gia. Vua Tran Anh Tong tha c hoi tm cach a Huyen
Tran ve Thang Long, nhng van tiep tuc chiem gi hai
Chau O va Ly. Ke t o, nui Bach Ma (Hue) tr thanh
ranh gii pha bac cua Champa. The la lanh tho Champa
b lot vao tay cua ai Viet vao nam 1069 va nam 1306
chnh la at ai nguyen thuy cua vng quoc Lin Yi (Lam
Ap) thi trc.
Champa oi au vi ai Viet
Cung v khong con bia ky ban ve Champa ke t
cuoi the ky XIII, ngi ta khong nam vng cho lam nhng
chi tiet lien quan en vng trieu cua ngi con trai len
ngoi thay the vua Jaya Simhavarman III. Ngi ta cung
khong biet danh xng vng hieu cua cac v vua ke tiep
hay nhng yeu to nham chng minh rang ho co c tan
phong len lam thu lanh Champa hay khong. Do o, ngi
ta buoc phai goi cac v vua noi ngoi thay the Jaya
Simhavarman III hay nhng v vua ke tiep khac bang
nhng ten goi nh Che, Chi, v.v. ma cac bien nien s Viet
Nam at ra ma thoi.
173

Vng quoc Champa

Viec dang hien hai Chau O va Ly cho ai Viet a

a ay dan c Champa song tren lanh tho b chiem ong
vao nhng cuoc vung day mot cach lien tuc. Them vao o,
trieu nh Champa cung khong quen khuyen khch them
nhng phong trao bai tr ai Viet. Chnh o la nguyen
nhan buoc vua Tran Anh Tong phai ng ra ieu hanh mot
cuoc chinh phat Champa vao nam 1312, bat c thu lanh
cua vng quoc nay lam tu binh e a ve Thang Long,
ni ma ong vua nay t tran vao nam 1313.
Sau cuoc chinh phat vao nam 1312, Tran Anh Tong
e c ngi em cua vua Champa ma bien nien s ai Viet
goi la Che Nang len ngoi cai tr vng quoc nay nh la
mot v vua ch hau cua ai Viet. ieu nay a chng minh
rang Champa a tr thanh mot vng quoc at di quyen
o ho cua ai Viet thi o. Li dung ngay ang quang cua
vua Tran Minh Tong vao nam 1314, Che Nang toan tnh
thau hoi lai nhng at ai a mat cung nh xay dng lai
chu quyen cua mot quoc gia Champa oc lap, nhng
khong thanh. Chnh v the, ong ta phai chay sang vng
quoc Java t nan vao nam 1318.
Li dung tnh hnh bat on Champa, ai Viet gia
tang chnh sach nhung tay vao noi bo cua nc lang gieng
bang cach e ngh mot v tng lanh cua Champa len nam
chnh quyen nh mot pho vng ma bien nien s ai Viet
goi la Che A Nan. Noi got cac cuoc au tranh cua cac v
vua tien boi, Che A Nan cung tm cach giai phong
174

Lch s

Champa ra khoi ach o ho cua ai Viet. e thc hien
chnh sach nay, ong ta phai trong cay vao s yem tr cua
trieu nh Mong Co ke t nam 1322. Ket qua la Che A
Nan a anh bai quan ai Viet tan cong Champa vao nam
1326. Cuoc chien thang nay a giup Champa xay dng lai
chu quyen quoc gia oc lap cua mnh va cham dt moi
chnh sach le thuoc cua Champa vao nc lang gieng. Ke
t o Champa khong con gi nhng le vat va cac phai
oan ngoai giao sang ai Viet na.
Trieu ai ke tha vua Che A Nan anh au mot
thi ky rat la yen bnh. Trc het, vua Champa thng c
cac phai oan ngoai giao sang Trung Hoa cho en nam
1331 va co dp tiep on cuoc tham vieng cua Franciscan
Odoric de Pardenone, mot nha tu s Au Chau a e lai cho
hau the mot cuon hoi ky trong o ong ta cho rang Champa
la mot x s co ve ep hon nhien. Nhng ay khong phai
la iem bao hieu nham cho rang vng quoc Champa ang
bc vao mot trang s yen bnh va thnh vng. V t mot
the ky qua, Champa khong ngng trai qua bao s khung
hoang tram trong ve cac gia tr tinh than ma vng quoc
nay thng da vao o e lam nen tang cua xa hoi mnh.
Chnh o la yeu to a a ay Champa vao con ng suy
yeu mot cac nghiem trong. Cac nghi le An Giao bieu
tng cho uy quyen thieng lieng cua vng trieu a bat
au suy thoai. Cac cuoc tranh gianh quyen lc gia cac
hoang t trong cung nh cung nh s noi tiep trien mien
175

Vng quoc Champa

cua nhng cuoc noi chien gia mien bac va mien nam a
xe nat vng quoc nay mot cach lien tuc. Chnh o cung la
yeu to giup ngi ta ta hieu rang vao gia the ky XIV,
Champa ang bc vao thi ky bat on tram trong.
Mot khi Che A Nan bang ha vao nam 1342, cuoc
tranh chap quyen hanh gia cac thanh vien trong gia nh
hoang gia bat au bung no. Ngi con re cua vua Che A
Nan ten la Tra Hoa lai ng ra tiem ngoi cua Che Mo, tc
la con trai cua Che A Nan. Chnh v the, Che Mo phai tm
cach loai tr ke cp ngoi, nhng a that bai e roi phai
chay sang ai Viet t nan va xin cau cu. Vua Tran Du
Tong cua ai Viet san sang giup Che Mo vi ieu kien
la Champa phai chap nhan tai lap lai qui che trieu cong.
Nam 1353 mot oan quan ai Viet thap tung Che Mo tien
en Champa, nhng cha kp tan cong Vijaya th phai
quay ngc tr ve cung vi Che Mo va khong bao lau
hoang t nay t tran tren lanh tho cua nc lang gieng.
Luc o Tra Hoa la v vua Champa ang tr v, tng rang
co the thu hoi lai hai Chau O va Ly bang bao lc, nhng
ong ta phai chuot bao that bai. Ke t o ngi ta khong
biet the nao la tiem nang va the lc quan oi cua Champa
na cho en khi ong ta bang ha, dng nh vao nam 1360.
Sau nam 1360, lch s Champa ang trai qua mot
khoang trong ve nien ai, v cac t lieu Trung Hoa ch noi
en hoang e au tien cua nha Minh a tan phong cho
mot v vua Champa vao nam 1369 ma bien nien s Viet
176

Lch s

Nam goi la Che Bong Nga ke t nam 1376, nhng khong
bao gi e cap en nguon goc dong toc cung nh ngay
thang len ngoi cua ong ta. Che Bong Nga la mot chien
lc gia quan s a gay bao kinh hoang cho ai Viet trong
suot 30 nam lien. V vua nay a chien thang trong nhng
tran chien chong quan ai Viet vao cac nam 1361, 1362,
1365, 1368, 1377, 1378, 1383, 1386 va a ba lan ot pha
thu o Thang Long vao nam 1371, 1377, 1378. Che Bong
Nga la v vua a thanh cong thu hoi lai cac phan at ai a
lot vao tay cua ai Viet vao nam 1069 va 1306, sau o
a bien gii pha bac cua Champa tr lai Ca An Nam
(Hoanh Sn), tc la v tr nguyen thuy cua vng quoc nay
vao gia the ky th IV. Trong luc ai Viet ang trong
tnh trang hoan toan roi loan, th nha chien lc quan s
Che Bong Nga b phan boi bi mot so ngui nam trong
vng trieu Champa va b giet chet tren chien thuyen cua
ong ta vao nam 1390 (G. Maspero, Le royaume de
Champa, Leide, E. J. Brill, 1914, trg. 275-298).
Che Bong Nga la v vua a a vng quoc
Champa len nh cao cua thi ky huy hoang va sang choi
nhat. Nhng giai oan huy hoang nay ch da vao nhan
cach, ngh lc va tai nang quan s cua Che Bong Nga, mot
nhan vat a biet khai thac s suy tan cua nha Tran e phat
trien sc manh va tiem nang Champa cua mnh. Chnh v
the, cai chet cua Che Bong Nga tren bai chien trng a
a ay Champa vao khuc quanh cua bao s nguy c khac
177

Vng quoc Champa

ma ngi ta thng quen lang i, o la thc trang cua mot
vng quoc va mot nen van minh ang trong thi ky hap
hoi va suy sup.
La Khai la v vua ke tha cua Che Bong Nga. Moi
lan xua quan nham quay nhieu ai Viet, La Khai buoc
phai anh thao lui e chay ve Champa. Ong ta cung la v
vua len nam chnh quyen qua vu lc bang cach loai tr cac
a con trai cua Che Bong Nga ra khoi vng quyen va bo
ri cho ai Viet cac phan at nam ve pha bac cua nui
Bach Ma (Hue) ma Che Bong Nga a day cong thu hoi.
Mot bia ky tm thay trc ca cua thanh luy Bnh nh
cho biet La Khai len ngoi lay vung hieu la Jaya
Simhavarman, tr v 12 nam. o la nhng g ma ngi ta
biet ve ong ta.
S cao chung cua Champa An Hoa
Jaya Simhavarman (La Khai) mat vao nam 1401.
Ngi con trai cua ong ta ten la Virabhadravarman (hay
Ba ch Lai goi theo bien nien s Viet Nam) len ngoi ke
v. Li dung ngay bang ha cua vua La Khai, Ho Qu Ly, v
vua au tien cua nha Ho thay the nha Tran vao nam 1394,
xua quan tan cong Champa, nhng that bai. Vua Ho lai m
tran tan cong th hai vao nam 1402. ng trc lc lng
quan s qua hung manh cua oi phng, vua
Virabhadravarman (Ba ch Lai) phai tra lai cho Ho Qu
178

Vng quoc Champa

ma ngi ta thng quen lang i, o la thc trang cua mot
vng quoc va mot nen van minh ang trong thi ky hap
hoi va suy sup.
La Khai la v vua ke tha cua Che Bong Nga. Moi
lan xua quan nham quay nhieu ai Viet, La Khai buoc
phai anh thao lui e chay ve Champa. Ong ta cung la v
vua len nam chnh quyen qua vu lc bang cach loai tr cac
a con trai cua Che Bong Nga ra khoi vng quyen va bo
ri cho ai Viet cac phan at nam ve pha bac cua nui
Bach Ma (Hue) ma Che Bong Nga a day cong thu hoi.
Mot bia ky tm thay trc ca cua thanh luy Bnh nh
cho biet La Khai len ngoi lay vung hieu la Jaya
Simhavarman, tr v 12 nam. o la nhng g ma ngi ta
biet ve ong ta.
S cao chung cua Champa An Hoa
Jaya Simhavarman (La Khai) mat vao nam 1401.
Ngi con trai cua ong ta ten la Virabhadravarman (hay
Ba ch Lai goi theo bien nien s Viet Nam) len ngoi ke
v. Li dung ngay bang ha cua vua La Khai, Ho Qu Ly, v
vua au tien cua nha Ho thay the nha Tran vao nam 1394,
xua quan tan cong Champa, nhng that bai. Vua Ho lai m
tran tan cong th hai vao nam 1402. ng trc lc lng
quan s qua hung manh cua oi phng, vua
Virabhadravarman (Ba ch Lai) phai tra lai cho Ho Qu
178

Lch s

Ly tieu vung quoc Amaravati b mat vao nam 1306 e
oi lay viec rut quan ai Viet ra khoi Champa. V tng
rang co the chiem them at ai Champa mot cach de
dang, vua ai Viet m tran tan cong Vijaya lan th ba vao
nam 1403-1404. Nhng s can thiep cua nha Minh (Trung
Hoa) buoc quan oi vien chinh cua ai Viet phai quay
au tr ve. Roi lay c viec nha Ho tiem ngoi nha Tran,
hoang e nha Minh xua quan tan cong ai Viet vao nam
1407. Chien tranh gia Trung Hoa va ai Viet a giup
Champa thoat ra khoi s e doa cua lan bang mien bac va
thu hoi lai tieu vng quoc Amaravati. Li dung tnh hnh
bat on ai Viet, vua Virabhadravarman (Ba ch Lai)
xua quan tan cong Campuchia, mot quoc gia rat suy yeu v
phai oi pho vi chien tranh lien mien chong lai vng
quoc Ayudhya (Thai Lan) ke t gia the ky XIV. Mac du
Trung Hoa a hai lan khien trach vao nam 1408 va 1414,
vua Virabhadravarman (Ba ch Lai) van tiep tuc tan
cong Campuchia e chiem vung Bien Hoa (A. Cabaton,
L'inscription de Bien-hoa , trong BEFEO IV, 1904, trg
687 va tiep theo). Cung nh tran chien nay, Champa di
bien gii pha nam cua mnh en nui But, ngon nui ma nha
thng thuyen Bo ao Nha cho biet no la bien gii pha
ong chia cach Champa va vng quoc Campuchia ke t
au the ky XVII. Nam 1427, Virabhadravarman (Ba ch
Lai) c mot phai oan sang Thang Long e tiep kien vi
vua Le Li, nhan vat a giai phong ai Viet ra khoi s o
179

Vng quoc Champa

ho cua Trung Hoa vao nam 1428 e thiet lap trieu ai nha
Le. Sau 32 nam phuc vu cho vng quoc,
Virabhadravarman (Ba ch Lai) c nhan tan phong vao
nam 1432 vi ten vng hieu la Vrasu Indravarman.
Nam 1441, Vrasu Indravarman bang ha va c
thay the bi mot v vua ma bien nien s Viet Nam goi la
Maha B Cai. Ke t nam 1444, Maha B Cai gia tang cac
cuoc chien anh pha lang gieng mien bac. Sau khi a
chinh phuc c thai o trung lap cua nha Ming, vua ai
Viet xua quan chinh phat Champa vao nam 1446, chiem
Vijaya va bat c Maha B Cai lam tu binh a ve Thang
Long, sau o a ngi chau cua ong ta ten la Maha Qu
Lai len nam chnh quyen. Va mi len ngoi, Maha Qu Lai
tc thi dang le vat len vua Le Nhan Tong vao nam 1447.
Hai nam sau tc la nam 1449, Maha Qu Lai a b ngi
em ten Maha Qu o truat phe. Sau ngay lat o chnh
quyen, Maha Qu o xin Trung Hoa tan phong vao nam
1457. Len ngoi cha ay mot nam, Maha Qu o b am sat
vao nam 1458. Ngi ke ngoi cua ong ta ma bien nien s
ai Viet goi la Tra Duyet ch tr v mot thi gian rat ngan
ngui, v nam 1460, ong vua nay buoc phai thoai v nhng
khong cho biet ly do, e nhng ngoi lai cho ngi em la
Tra Toan tc la v vua cuoi cung cua Champa ong o
Vijaya.
Mac du vua Le Thanh Tong a may lan yeu cau
Champa phai dang them cong vat, nhng Tra Toan t choi
180

Lch s

tuan lenh va con xua quan tan cong vao ai Viet vao nam
1468 va nam 1469. e tra li cho thai o cua Tra Toan,
vua Le Thanh Tong xua quan phan cong, anh chiem
Champa nam ke tiep. Nam 1471, Vijaya b that thu va b
san bang. Khoang 20 000 ngi dan cua Vijaya b bat lam
tu binh va di ay sang ni khac va mot phan con lai co so
lng vao khoang 40 000 cho en 60 000 ngi b tan sat.
Tra Toan b bat va t tran tren ng ve Thang Long (Bui
Quang Tung, Le ai Viet et ses voisins, Paris, L'Harmattan,
1990, trg. 73-86).
S that thu Vijaya vao nam 1471 anh dau cho s
cao chung cua mot nen van minh va mot vng quoc
Champa tren bc ng suy tan. Nhng ay cung la thi
iem suy oi cua mot nen van minh An Giao trc a tien
quan cua Hoi Giao e xam chiem An o ke t cuoi the ky
XII, e roi Champa khong con nhan them anh hng van
hoa An Giao na. S xup o cua nen van minh An Giao
tai Champa a gay ra s tan v cua cac c cau to chc xa
hoi va tn ngng ma vung quoc nay a co gang gay
dng gan 15 the ky. Va no phat sinh t s that bai quan s
don dap ke t the ky XI a lam mat i nhng niem tin vao
An Giao ma Champa thng da vao o e lam nen tang
di san tinh than cua mnh, mot di san thieng lieng do cac v
than linh sang tao, nhng chnh con ngi a ng ra pha
hong no. Ke t o, dan chung Champa khong con at
niem tin vao An Giao na. S that thu cua Vijaya vao nam
181

Vng quoc Champa

1471 la ket qua cua mot cuoc au tranh dai dang gia nen
van minh An Giao cua Champa chong lai nen van minh
Trung Hoa cua dan toc Viet. Mot khi ai Viet khong u
sc e tien quan sang pha bac v b Trung Hoa ngan chan
lai, th ho phai tm cach ap dung chnh sach Nam Tien.
ay la cuoc chien gia hai oi tng thu ch Champa va
ai Viet nham bao ve s sinh ton cua mnh. Tiec rang van
bai a dien ra ke t cuoi the ky th X a anh dau bang
nhng cuoc thoai lui lien tuc cua Champa. Chnh v the,
nam 1471 a tr thanh bieu tng cho cuoc chien thang ve
vang cua nen van minh Hoa-Viet chong lai di san An Giao
tai Champa a tng thong tr khu vc mien ong cua ban
ao ong Dng ke t the ky th IV. Cung nham bieu
dng cho cuoc chien thang nay ma ai Viet a tan pha
thanh Vijaya (o Ban) va chiem oat at ai cua Champa
bat c luc nao ma quoc gia nay cam thay co the thc hien
c e ap at nen van hoa Hoa-Viet len dan toc Champa
thua tran. Lanh tho a lot vao tay ai Viet la cac tieu
vng quoc nam pha bac cua Champa, von la trung tam
quyen lc cua nen van minh An Giao, ni con ton tai toan
bo di san tinh than cua no. Neu M Sn la bieu tng cho
cong trnh kien truc va nghe thuat An Giao, ong Dng
bieu tng cho trung tam Phat Giao ai tha th Tra Kieu
cung la trung tam truyen ba va phat trien triet ly An Giao
qua cac thi ai.
182

Lch s

Champa ban a
Sau ngay chiem ong Vijaya (o Ban), Le Thanh
Tong xua quan xuong mien nam Champa en ngon oi oi
dien vi mui Varella va dng mot cot moc tren nui a Bia
(cung goi la Thach Bi) e anh dau bien gii cua ai Viet
ma ai Nam Nhat Thong Ch a ghi lai. Bien co nay a
gay bao s hieu lam, v a so cac nha nghien cu cho rang
ke t nam 1471, Thach Bi nam trong khu vc tnh Phu
Yen la ranh gii pha nam cua ai Viet. Cung theo ai
Nam Nhat Thong Ch, phan noi ve d a ch cua tnh Bnh
nh lai cho rang di thi Le Thanh Tong, bien gii pha
nam cua ai Viet nam eo Cu mong tc la hn mot
tram cay so ve pha bac cua tnh Phu Yen. Cac bien nien
s khac cung xac nhan ieu nay bi v tnh Phu Yen di
thi Le Thanh Tong bao gom cac vung at trai dai gia
eo Cu Mong va nui a Bia ch lot vao tay nha Nguyen
vao nam 1611.
Van e ve bien gii pha nam cua ai Viet vao
cuoi the ky XV a tr thanh mot chu e tranh luan lau dai.
Theo ai Viet S Ky Toan Th (tap III, ban dch bang
quoc ng, Hanoi, 1972), sau khi thanh o Ban b that thu,
vua Le Thanh Tong chia lanh tho nam ve pha nam cua
thu o nay thanh ba vng quoc ch hau: vng quoc
183

Vng quoc Champa

Chiem Thanh, tc la phan pha nam cua Champa, vng
quoc Hoa Anh va vng quoc Nam Ban. Tiec rang van
ban nay ch nhac en vng quoc Hoa Anh mot lan duy
nhat va ch noi en vng quoc Nam Ban gan 3 the ky sau
va cung khong cho biet ten tuoi cua cac v vua cua Hoa
Anh va Nam Ban. Chnh v the ngi ta co quyen neu ra
bao cau hoi: s hien dien cua hai vng quoc Hoa Anh va
Nam Ban co that s hay khong? Ngoai ra bien nien s
Viet Nam cung khong xac nhan v tr cua Hoa Anh va
Nam Ban au. ieu nay a a mot so tac gia e ra ly
thuyet cho rang vng quoc Hoa Anh nam gia eo Cu
Mong va nui a Bia; vng quoc Nam Ban nam tren
vung cao nguyen Cong Tum-Gia Lai. Trong khi o, cac tac
gia khac ngh rang hai vng quoc nay eu nam pha tay
cua day Trng Sn, nhng ho khong a ra nhng yeu to
thuyet phuc nao nham chng minh cho gia thuyet.
Giai oan chuyen tiep
Neu bien gii pha nam cua ai Viet vao cuoi the
ky th XV van con la e tai tranh luan th ngi ta biet
chac chan rang s sup o cua vng trieu Champa An
Giao mien bac sau ngay that thu Vijaya vao nam 1471
khong co ngha la s sup o toan dien cua vng quoc
Champa nh mot so nha nghien cu thng neu ra. Mot
khi mien bac b ri vao tay cua ai Viet, vng quoc
184

Lch s

Champa van con tiep tuc hien hu nhng b thu hep lai
mien nam nam tren lanh tho cua tieu vng quoc
Kauthara va Panduranga, ni ma ngi dan co ban chat rat
la hieu ong, luon luon oi t tr va oi luc con tm cach
tach ri ra khoi lien bang Champa e tao cho mnh mot
quoc gia oc lap.
Sau ngay that thu thanh o Ban vao nam 1471,
mot tng lanh quan s Champa ma bien nien Viet Nam
goi la Bo Tr Tr a chay thoat ve Panduranga, t xng la
vua Champa va c Trung Hoa va ai Viet phong chc.
Vng quoc cua Bo Tr Tr ma cac t lieu lch s thng
nhac en mang ten la Chiem Thanh mi. Ngi ta khong
biet nhieu ve Bo Tr Tr. Tai lieu Mingshi (CCCXXV-15a)
ch ghi rang s t tran cua Bo Tr Tr vao nam 1478 co the
do mot trong so cac ngi em cua ong ta ten la Gulai gay
ra.
Gulai len noi ngoi vua cung vao nam 1478 va t
hng dan mot phai oan sang Trung Hoa e xin tan
phong. Theo bien nien s Viet Nam, Gulai tr v en 1505
sau o nhng ngoi lai cho con trai ten la Tra Toai. V vua
mi nay cung gi ngi con trai cua ong ta ten la Tra Phuc
sang Trung Hoa e xin hoang e nha Minh tan phong vao
nam 1509 va mot phai oan ngoai giao khac sang Trung
Hoa vao nam 1543. ay la phai bo ngoai giao cuoi cung
ma vng quoc Champa gi sang Trung Hoa, v cac t lieu
bang tieng Han khong con noi en quoc gia nay na. Ke
185

Vng quoc Champa

t o, Champa tr thanh mot vng quoc b co lap, khong
con ai che ch e ng au vi cuoc Nam Tien cua nha
Nguyen. Mac du tnh hnh quan s cang ngay cang lam
vao con ng suy yeu, nhng vng quoc Champa van
con hien hu nh mot quoc gia co chu quyen trai qua mot
thi gian an bnh cho en gia the ky XVII.
Bo Tr Tr, Gulai va Tra Toai la ba v vua Champa
chu anh hng cua hai the gii ro ret. The gii th nhat t
cho mnh ke t the ky th XIV la the gii An Giao, mac
du he thong tn ngng nay khong con ton tai na. The
gii th hai la the gii cua nen van minh ban a xuat phat
t truyen thong cua mien nam Champa pha tron vi sac
thai cua ngi dan ban x Panduranga va Kauthara, cau
thanh mot yeu to van hoa rat song ong va lu truyen
trong moi tang lp dan gian cho en hom nay. T cuoi the
ky XV cho en the ky XVI, cac gia tr tinh than va he
thong to chc xa hoi mien nam bat au phat trien kha
nhanh ma tan Champa da vao o e xay dng cho mnh
mot nen van minh rieng biet. Ke t o, van hoa Champa
An Giao a i vao con ng phoi thai cung mot luc vi
s bien mat cua giai cap qu toc Ba La Mon e nhng
cho cho cac nghi le ban a thng gan lien vi yeu to at
ai va khu vc a d. Chnh o la he thong tn ngng co
mot ac trng rieng biet ma quan chung mien nam
Champa xem nh la di san tinh than cua ho. Moi ly thuyet
ve s sinh ton cua vu tru An Giao khong con thch hp na
186

Lch s

e thay the vao o bi mot he thong triet ly mang tnh
chat ban a cua mien nam Champa pha lan vi yeu to van
hoa Hoi Giao ke t the ky XVII cang lam phong phu them
cho nen van minh mi cua vng quoc nay. Cac giai cap
thng lu khong con quan tam en An Giao na, tc la
he thong tn ngng qua chu trong en cac nghi le hoang
gia va hnh thc ton th ca nhan cua giai cap lanh ao,
nhng lai tin vao tuc th hnh tng thng hay lan lon vi
cac hnh thai cua tn ngng dan gian a phng. Cac vua
chua Champa thi o khong con t phong cho mnh la
nhan vat xuat than t the gii sieu hnh e ieu hanh mot
vng quoc nh thi An Giao, ma la mot nha mot nha lanh
ao thong thng co chc nang quan ly quoc gia. Ho
khong con s dung ten va ho cua vua chua viet theo Phan
ng na va khong con ra lenh khac tng cua ho vi bao
phong cach trang iem mang yeu to An Giao na. Hay noi
mot cach khac, vua chua Champa sau the ky th XVII ch
la mot ngi pham tuc nh nhng ngi cong dan khac.
Nhng ieu o khong ngan can ho tiep thu nhng di san
tinh than t xa ma cac vua chua Champa mien nam a e
lai cho ho.
Tnh hnh vao cuoi the ky XVI va XVII
T the ky XVI en gia the ky XVII, cac tin tc
ma bien nien s Viet Nam cung cap ve vng quoc
187

Lch s

e thay the vao o bi mot he thong triet ly mang tnh
chat ban a cua mien nam Champa pha lan vi yeu to van
hoa Hoi Giao ke t the ky XVII cang lam phong phu them
cho nen van minh mi cua vng quoc nay. Cac giai cap
thng lu khong con quan tam en An Giao na, tc la
he thong tn ngng qua chu trong en cac nghi le hoang
gia va hnh thc ton th ca nhan cua giai cap lanh ao,
nhng lai tin vao tuc th hnh tng thng hay lan lon vi
cac hnh thai cua tn ngng dan gian a phng. Cac vua
chua Champa thi o khong con t phong cho mnh la
nhan vat xuat than t the gii sieu hnh e ieu hanh mot
vng quoc nh thi An Giao, ma la mot nha mot nha lanh
ao thong thng co chc nang quan ly quoc gia. Ho
khong con s dung ten va ho cua vua chua viet theo Phan
ng na va khong con ra lenh khac tng cua ho vi bao
phong cach trang iem mang yeu to An Giao na. Hay noi
mot cach khac, vua chua Champa sau the ky th XVII ch
la mot ngi pham tuc nh nhng ngi cong dan khac.
Nhng ieu o khong ngan can ho tiep thu nhng di san
tinh than t xa ma cac vua chua Champa mien nam a e
lai cho ho.
Tnh hnh vao cuoi the ky XVI va XVII
T the ky XVI en gia the ky XVII, cac tin tc
ma bien nien s Viet Nam cung cap ve vng quoc
187

Vng quoc Champa

Champa, tc la Chiem Thanh, rat hiem hoi, v cac t lieu
nay ch chu tam en cuoc noi chien cua ai Viet, het nha
hau Le chong nha Mac en cuoc gay chien cua chua Trnh
mien bac chong lai chua Nguyen mien nam. Cac thong
tin do cac nha thng thuyen Tay Phng cung cap ve
Champa cung khong ang ke. Them vao o, cac bien nien
s viet bang ch Cham noi en Champa cho en cuoi the
ky XVII khong con cha ng nhng d kien chnh xac
cho lam, nhat la v tr a d va nien ai cua bien co. Mai
cho en sau the ky th XVII, nhng tai lieu viet bang
tieng Cham tr thanh mot kho tang s lieu qu gia va ang
tin cay hn (P-B. Lafont, Pour une rehabilitation des
chroniques redigees en cam moderne , trong BEFEO
LXVIII, 1980, trg. 105-111).
Cac nguon t lieu va neu ra, mac du khong phong
phu cho lam, nhng a giup cho ngui ta biet rang vao
nam 1578, li dung tnh trang noi chien cua nc lang
gieng mien bac, Champa xua quan chiem lai thanh cu
nam trong vung Tuy Hoa (Phu Yen). Theo ky s cua ngi
Hoa Lan ke lai, mot v vua Champa ma ho khong neu ra
danh tanh, a gi mot oi binh en giup vua cua tieu
vng quoc Johor (Ma Lai) vao nam 1594 e chong lai
ngi Bo ao Nha. Ngoai ra, nhng thng thuyen Tay
Ban Nha en Nam Vang vao nam 1596 cung nhac en
nhng ngi Cham phuc vu trong trieu nh cua vua
Campuchia va con cho biet vao nam 1602 vua Champa,
188

Lch s

dng nh la Po Klaong Halau, a gi mot phai bo sang
trieu nh cua nha Nguyen. Cung theo tai lieu nay, vao
nam 1603, ngi con trai cua Po Klaong Halau ten la Po
Nit a at thu o Champa tai vung Phan Rang ma cac
nguon t lieu cua Tay Ban Nha va Bo ao Nha a tng
xac nhan. Cuoi cung, cac bien nien s hoang gia
Campuchia cung khong quen ghi rang di thi vua
Paramaraja VII tc la gia nam 1602 va 1619, hoang t
Jayajettha a thu hoi lai cac tnh Baria va Daung Nay, tc
la vung Bien Hoa hien tai, ma Champa a chiem ong
vao au the ky XV.
Cung vao thi ky o, chua Nguyen Hoang vien c
Champa thng quay pha bien gii ben kia song a Rang
(Phu Yen) e xua quan chiem at ai Champa nam gia
eo Cu Mong va nui a Bia vao nam 1611 va m rong
bien gii mien nam cua nha Nguyen en nh cao cua
ngon nui nay. Ke t o, Nguyen Hoang va ngi ke v la
Nguyen Phuc Nguyen bat au ap dung chnh sach di dan
vao lanh tho Champa b chiem ong vao nam 1611. Ho la
nhom quan ien (va lam lnh phong thu lanh tho va lam
nghe nong), tap the dan c ngi Kinh b lu ay, nhat la
nhng ngi pham toi. Theo li ke cua linh muc A. de
Rhodes, ngi Cham trong khu vc b chiem ong khong
bao gi muon phuc tung chnh quyen mi cua nha
Nguyen. Li dung tnh hnh cang thang ke t nam 1620
gia chua Trnh va chua Nguyen keo theo s ly khai cua
189

Vng quoc Champa

nha Nguyen e thanh lap mot vng quoc rieng, ngi
Cham khi s nhng cuoc vung day mot cach thng trc
trong khu vc Phu Yen ke t nam 1620 nham chong lai
trieu nh nha Nguyen va dan c ngi Kinh. Mac du
Nguyen Phuc Nguyen a bien khu vc Phu Yen cua
Champa thanh mot n v hanh chanh cua mnh vao nam
1629, nhng ieu o khong ngan chan c s phan oi
cua ngi Cham, buoc nha Nguyen phai duy tr mot cach
thng trc quan oi cua ho tai bien gii mien nam trong
suot 25 nam trng.
Ke t the ky XV, Champa von la quoc gia nam
tren a cau kinh te at di quyen kiem soat cua vng
quoc Malacca (Ma Lai). Ke t o, Champa khong ngng
hoi nhap vao mang li thng mai cua Ma Lai noi lien
cac quoc gia nam tren b bien Nam Hai. ieu nay a giai
thch cho s hien dien cua thng thuyen Champa tai tieu
vng quoc Malacca ma bien nien s Ma Lai (Sejarah
Melayu) a tng nhac en vao the ky XV va XVI; tren b
be cua lanh tho nha Nguyen vao cac thi yen bnh; tai tieu
vng quoc Pattani (mien bac Ma Lai); tai ca Menam
Chao Praya, tc la con song ln cua Thai Lan ma ngi
Bo ao Nha a ghi lai vao the ky XVI; tai quan ao Nam
Dng va tai tieu vng quoc Johor (Ma Lai) ma ngi
Hoa Lan thng noi en vao the ky XVII. ieu o cung
giai thch cho s hien dien mot cach thng trc cua cac
190

Lch s

tau be Nam Dng va Ma Lai trong hai cang Malithit
(Phan Thiet), Parik (Phan R), Panrang (Phan Rang) va
Kam-ran (Cam Ranh) cua Panduranga, cha noi en cac
tau be cua Trung Hoa, Nhat Ban (cho en thi ky be mon
toa cang vao nam 1636), cua A Rap sang buon ban vi
Champa. Va ke t the ky XVI, ngi Au Chau cung thi
ua nhau vao th trng Champa va bien cuoc canh tranh
thng mai trong khu vc nay thanh nhng cuoc tranh
chap ve quyen buon ban vi Champa, mot quoc gia
chuyen san xuat nhng mon hang gia v va xa x pham ma
th trng Au Chau a oi hoi cang ngay cang nhieu.
Trong so cac loai hang nay, Champa a cung cap hang
lng vang ma Suma Oriental cua T. Pires a noi en.
Mot phan ln cua so lng vang nay a c xuat cang
sang Malacca e roi t o c chuyen i ni khac.
Champa cung la vng quoc ng hang au trong nganh
cung cap go hng goi la go tram (bois d'aloes) hay
Calambac e xuat cang sang An o, A Rap, Au Chau va
Trung Hoa, cha noi en go bach an (bois de santal), nga
voi, cac loai da thu d va sng te giac. Cho en gia the
ky XVII, nen thng mai nay phat trien nhanh chong a
em lai nguon li nhuan quan trong cho trieu nh
Champa. Chnh v the, vng quoc nay a bien nganh
nghe buon ban bang ng bien thanh mot cong ty oc
quyen cua vua chua thi o. Ke t o, chnh quyen
Champa thng co chnh sach bao ve cac thng thuyen
191

Vng quoc Champa

nc ngoai co moi lien he trc tiep vi trieu nh. Th du
ien hnh nhat o la vua Champa, co the la vua Po Rame
(1627-1651), a chap thuan vao nam 1644 cho cac thng
thuyen ngi Hoa Lan c phep buon ban vi Champa,
vi ieu kien la khong c tan cong cac thng thuyen
ngi Bo ao Nha trong cac hai cang cua quoc gia nay.
Phai cong nhan rang tnh hnh kinh te cua Champa
phat trien rat thuan li cho en 1653, nam ma bien nien s
Viet Nam cho rang vua Champa ten la Ba Tham, co the la
Po Nraop trong cac van ban Cham, a xua quan tan cong
Phu Yen. Tiec rang khong co tai lieu nao noi en bien co
nay. Chnh v the ma ngi ta co quyen a ra cau nghi
van ve tnh xac thc cua no. Ai cung biet, chua Nguyen
Phc Tan co mot oan quan hung manh e ng au
vi chua Trnh. Trong suot thi gian hoa bnh kha lau t
nam 1649 en nam 1655, neu nha Nguyen khong muon
nuoi dng mot oan quan ch biet an khong ngoi roi ch
ngay sang mien bac tan cong chua Trnh, th nha Nguyen
ch con cach la s dung oan quan nay tran xuong mien
nam e thong tr Champa. Du trong hoan canh nao i na,
Nguyen Phc Tan khong quen eo uoi chnh sach e
quoc do cac bac tien nhan cua ai Viet a khi xng,
bang cach tan cong Kauthara vao nam 1653, bat song Ba
Tham va xua quan en tan song Phan Rang ma ong ta t
an nh la bien gii mien nam cua nha Nguyen. Cuoc
chien nay a lam mat them phan at ai cua Champa
192

Lch s

pha bac ma trieu nh Phu Xuan (Hue) a tc khac bien
thanh hai n v hanh chanh cua nha Nguyen goi la Thai
Khang va Dien Khanh. Ke t o, lanh tho cua Champa b
thu hep lai vao tieu vng quoc cua Panduranga ma t lieu
viet bang tieng Cham goi la Pangdarang. The la sau nam
1653, Champa a mat i phan na b bien cua no vi cac
hai cang rat tot co bien sau cho tau be cap ben. Mot khi
nha Nguyen a nam quyen kiem soat tat ca mang li tau
be en Champa, cac thng thuyen nc ngoai khong con
ghe ben Champa na, mot quoc gia a tng lam chu cac
hai cang nam tren b bien Nam Hai t may the ky qua.
Cac thng thuyen nay cung cham dt luon moi lien he
buon ban vi Champa, mot nganh thng mai a em lai
phan li tc kha ln cho vng quoc nay.
V nha Nguyen khong ngan cam cong dan cua ho
vt bien giong nh trong qua thi kh, mot so lng
ngi Kinh rat la ong ao ma phan ong la nhng ngi
khong co at ai, ngheo oi, du ang, toi pham, tm cach
tran xuong mien nam, ke t cuoi the ky XVI cho en the
ky XVII, e nh c trong vng quoc Champa va nhat la
trong cac khu vc tha tht dan c cua Campuchia nh
Barea (Ba Ra) va Daung Nay (ong Nai). Li dung s
hien dien cua dan c Viet va vi ly do la e bao ve cho
ho, trieu nh Phu Xuan (Hue) bat au can thiep vao noi
bo Campuchia mot cach trang trn, tao ra cac cuoc noi
day bai tr ngi Kinh, a lam lung lay tnh hnh chnh tr
193

Vng quoc Champa

cua vng quoc nay. Sau khi lam chu khu vc hai quan
Prei Nokor (Sai Gon) cua Campuchia vao nam 1623, nha
Nguyen xua quan chiem Bien Hoa vao nam 1658. Sau
bien co a a ay Champa co bien gii chung vi lanh
tho cua nha Nguyen khong nhng rieng pha bac (tc la
Cam Ranh) ma con pha nam na, tc la Bien Hoa. Ke
t o, Champa tr thanh mot quoc gia hoan toan co lap,
khong con ca bien e lien he vi Campuchia qua Prei
Nokor va at ai Champa hoan toan nam trong gong km
cua nha Nguyen.
Neu nha Nguyen khong muon xam chiem Champa
ngay t luc ban au, bi v trieu nh Phu Xuan con qua
ban ron vao viec m rong anh hng cua ho tren chau tho
song Mekong va ap at chu quyen cua mnh tren vng
quoc Campuchia. Them vao o, vng quoc Champa
khong ngng trieu cong Phu Xuan hang nam ma giao s
Choisy a ghi lai trong nhat ky cua mnh vao nam 1686
(Journal du voyage de Siam fait en 1685 et 1686 par
Monsieur l'abbe de Choisy, Paris, Mabre-Cramoisy, 1687)
va vua chua Champa a chap nhan lam quoc gia ch hau
cua nha Nguyen. Chnh o la nguyen nhan giai thch tai
sao nha Nguyen khong muon nuot tron vng quoc
Champa vao thi iem o.
Vao nam 1692, vua Champa la Po Saut ma cac van
ban Viet Nam goi la Ba Tranh xua quan tan cong tnh
Dien Khanh (Kauthra). Bien co nay a giup cho Nguyen
194

Lch s

Phc Chu co ly do chnh ang e xoa bo Champa tren
ban o, v chua Nguyen co u the lc e lam ieu o va
nhat la t khi x Viet a b phan chia thanh hai mien nam
bac, nha Nguyen co san trong tay mot oan quan ong ao
va hung manh trong khi o Champa nam trong v tr a d
hoan toan bat li cho mnh. Nam 1692, Nguyen Phc Chu
tien quan anh chiem Parik (Phan R), tc la thu o cua
Champa ke t nam 1653, bat song vua Po Saut. Sau ngay
thang tran, nha Nguyen cai ten danh xng vng quoc
Chiem Thanh (Champa) thanh Tran Thuan Thanh, giao
cho ba v tng ngi Viet ch huy oi quan vien chinh cua
Phu Xuan nam quyen cai tr cua ba vung, o la vung
Panrang oi ten thanh Phan Rang, Parik thanh Phan R va
Pajai thanh Pho Hai. Mot nam sau, tc la nam 1693, nha
Nguyen sat nhap lanh tho Champa vao phu Bnh Thuan,
va mi thanh lap tren lanh tho cua vng quoc nay.
V khong chap nhan chnh sach xam lc cua nha
Nguyen va lam toi t cho dan toc Kinh thng hay khinh
miet dan toc ban a, mot so ong ngi Cham phai chap
ri bo que hng ra i giong nh trng hp cua bien co
a xay ra vao nam 1471. Nhng lan nay, ho chay sang
Campuchia lanh nan. Theo bien nien s Campuchia, co
khoang 5 000 gia nh ngi Cham di s hng dan cua
cac quan chc cao cap thuoc trieu nh Champa a vt
day Trng Sn en Campuchia vao nam 1692-1693. Vua
Campuchia la Jayajetta III cung la nan nhan cua chnh
195

Vng quoc Champa

sach e quoc xam lc Viet Nam a on tiep ho mot cach
niem n va ban cap cho ho at ai xung quanh thu o hay
tai cac tnh khac e ho sinh song (Mak Phoeun, Histoire du
Cambodge de la fin du XVI siecle au debut du XVIII siecle,
Paris, Presses de l'EFEO, Monographie 176, 1995, trg.
397-398).
Trong thi gian o, Nguyen Phc Chu a hoang
t Po Saktiraydapatih (Ke Ba T cua tai lieu Viet Nam),
tc la ngi em trai cua co vng Po Saut len nam quyen
ieu hanh dan chung Champa trong phu Bnh Thuan, vi
niem hy vong rang ngi dan hieu ong cua Panduranga
chap nhan qui che mi cua x s ho. Theo bien nien s
Viet Nam, chien lc cua Nguyen Phc Chu chang em
lai hieu qua g, v dan toc Champa thi o khong bao gi
chap nhan chnh sach xam lc cua nha Nguyen. Cuoc
chong oi cua nhan dan Champa ke t nam 1693 a nhanh
chong tr thanh mot cuoc noi day au tranh vu trang
chong lai quan oi xam lc cua nha Nguyen va bai tr
ngi Kinh nh c tren lanh tho Champa thng hay tiep
tay cho nha Nguyen. Sc manh cua s vung day nay a
lam cho trieu nh Phu Xuan ngac nhien va buoc nha
Nguyen phai thoai lui mot bc. Nam 1694, Phu Xuan
chap thuan huy bo chnh sach xam chiem Champa va tai
lap lai nen oc lap cua vng quoc nay, nhng van duy tr
ten goi Champa la Tran Thuan Thanh (tam goi la
Champa-Panduranga) ma Phu Xuan a at cho no lan au
196

Lch s

tien vao nam 1692 va thay ten danh xng quoc vng
Champa thanh Tran Vng Thuan Thanh.
Po Saktiraydapatih (Ke Ba T) la ngi au tien
ma trieu nh Hue a phong cho chc vu e cai tr vng
quoc Champa vao nam 1694. Ong la ngi duy nhat co
quyen thu thue tren dan c champa va tuyen chon quan lai
e ieu hanh vng quoc di danh ngha la mot quoc gia
ch hau, phai trieu cong nha Nguyen hang nam (ai Nam
Thc Luc Chnh Bien I, Ban dch quoc ng, Hanoi, 1962,
trg. 147-151). Ba nam sau, tc nam 1697, trieu nh Phu
Xuan tm cach g gac phan nao s that bai cua mnh e
roi nuot tron vng quoc Champa. e tien en muc tieu,
Phu Xuan thanh lap tren lanh tho Champa mot Phu Bnh
Thuan co qui che rat la ac biet. Qui che cua Phu Bnh
Thuan ra i vao nam 1697 khong lien he g vi qui che
cua Phu Bnh Thuan hnh thanh vao nam 1693 nh mot so
chuyen gia ve Viet Nam thng hieu lam. Phu Bnh Thuan
nay tap trung tat ca thon xom ngi Kinh nam trong khu
vc Ham Thuan ni dung lam tru s hanh chanh cua Phu,
cung nh tat ca thon xom ngi Kinh thuoc khu vc Hoa
a (Phan R) va An Phc (Phan Rang), sau nay tr thanh
hai huyen Hoa a va An Phuc. Sau o, Nguyen Phc
Chu cho sat nhap tat ca cac lang ap ngi Kinh cung nh
at ai cua ho vao n v chnh tr va hanh chanh cua phu
Bnh Thuan. Ke t luc o, cac dan c ngui Kinh sinh
song tren lanh tho Champa khong con la cong dan ngoai
197

Vng quoc Champa

kieu at di quyen kiem soat cua Champa na ma la
than dan cua nha Nguyen. Trc bien co nay, vua Po
Saktiraydapatih (Ke Ba T) khong dam phan oi va cung
khong noi c li nao. S hien dien cua cac thon ap va
at ai cua ngi Kinh nam khap ni tren lanh tho
Champa thi o a bien vng quoc nay tr thanh mot
quoc gia co bien gii hnh trai on, tap trung nhieu khu
vc co thon xom ngi Kinh at di quyen kiem soat trc
tiep cua trieu nh Phu Xuan. Hn na, Nguyen Phc
Chu a quyet nh rang tat ca lang xa va at ai thuoc ve
ngi Kinh phai trc thuoc vao phu Bnh Thuan nham
giup nha Nguyen nam tron trong tay mot lc lng a
phng rat la hu hieu e nuot tron vng quoc Champa
luc nao cung c ma khong can can thiep trc tiep. Lc
lng nay chnh la dan c ngi Kinh sinh song tren lanh
tho Champa thi o. Nha Nguyen bat au ap dung chien
lc nay bang cach khuyen khch dan c ngi Kinh en
Champa nh c cang nhieu cang tot.
Tnh hnh vao the ky XVIII
Trong suot 60 nam au tien cua the ky XVIII,
ngi ta khong biet nhieu ve tnh hnh chnh tr a xay ra
trong vng quoc Champa-Pandurang. Ngc lai, cac tai
lieu viet bang tieng Cham va mot vai oan nam trong bien
nien s Viet Nam thng neu ra hang loat cac cuoc xung
198

Vng quoc Champa

kieu at di quyen kiem soat cua Champa na ma la
than dan cua nha Nguyen. Trc bien co nay, vua Po
Saktiraydapatih (Ke Ba T) khong dam phan oi va cung
khong noi c li nao. S hien dien cua cac thon ap va
at ai cua ngi Kinh nam khap ni tren lanh tho
Champa thi o a bien vng quoc nay tr thanh mot
quoc gia co bien gii hnh trai on, tap trung nhieu khu
vc co thon xom ngi Kinh at di quyen kiem soat trc
tiep cua trieu nh Phu Xuan. Hn na, Nguyen Phc
Chu a quyet nh rang tat ca lang xa va at ai thuoc ve
ngi Kinh phai trc thuoc vao phu Bnh Thuan nham
giup nha Nguyen nam tron trong tay mot lc lng a
phng rat la hu hieu e nuot tron vng quoc Champa
luc nao cung c ma khong can can thiep trc tiep. Lc
lng nay chnh la dan c ngi Kinh sinh song tren lanh
tho Champa thi o. Nha Nguyen bat au ap dung chien
lc nay bang cach khuyen khch dan c ngi Kinh en
Champa nh c cang nhieu cang tot.
Tnh hnh vao the ky XVIII
Trong suot 60 nam au tien cua the ky XVIII,
ngi ta khong biet nhieu ve tnh hnh chnh tr a xay ra
trong vng quoc Champa-Pandurang. Ngc lai, cac tai
lieu viet bang tieng Cham va mot vai oan nam trong bien
nien s Viet Nam thng neu ra hang loat cac cuoc xung
198

Lch s

ot gia ngi Kinh va Cham trong quoc gia nay, nhat la
nhng ni co a ban dan c cua dan toc Kinh va Cham
nam xen ke vi nhau. Nguyen nhan phat sinh t dan c
ngi Kinh, da vao quyen the cua cac quan lai cua trieu
nh Phu Xuan phuc vu trong phu Bnh Thuan, khong ngan
ngai boc lot lao ong ngi Cham, nhat la tm cach cho
ngi Cham vay mn tien bac vi so lai qua nang ne e
tch thu tai san hay ban nhng con cai cua ho, mot khi
dan toc nay khong the tra noi von n a vay mn.
Cung v chnh sach boc lot nay ngay cang gia tang
va chong chat len nhau, nong dan Viet Nam cung phai
vung day vao nam 1771 chong lai cac ai ien chu va giai
cap lanh ao cua nha Nguyen. Cuoc noi day cua dan toc
Viet mang ten la phong trao Tay Sn a keo dai cho en
nam 1802 (ai Nam Chnh Bien Liet Truyen, Nha Tay Sn,
Ban dch quoc ng, Saigon, 1970) va lam nguy c en s
song con cua Champa-Panduranga thi o. ay la cuoc
noi chien gia Tay Sn va Nguyen Anh, tc la chien tranh
noi bo gia ngi Viet, nhng lai dien ra mot cach thng
trc tren lanh tho cua Champa-Panduranga trong suot ba
mi nam (1771-1802). Vao buoi ban au cua cuoc noi
chien, anh em Tay Sn chiem tron phan lanh tho cua chua
Nguyen nam pha bac Champa-Panduranga, trong khi o,
Nguyen Anh tran gi phan at ai Gia nh tc la mien
nam cua vng quoc nay. Ke t o Champa tr thanh mot
quoc gia nam gia gong km cua hai oi tng thu ch, o
199

Vng quoc Champa

la Nguyen Anh va Tay Sn. Muon tan cong oi thu cua
mnh, Tay Sn hay Nguyen Anh bat buoc phai bang qua
bien gii Champa-Panduranga, bien lanh tho cua vng
quoc nay (Bnh Thuan va Ninh Thuan) thanh bai chien
trng lien tuc. Cung v Champa-Panduranga nam ngay
tren v tr chien lc quan s cua cuoc noi chien, thanh ra
Tay Sn va Nguyen Anh, moi ben eu tm cach chup lay
manh at cua Champa ngay t luc khi au cua s xung
ot, e lam iem ta va at can c quan s cua mnh.
Nam 1773 Tay Sn xua quan vao Champa-Panduranga
trc khi tien quan anh pha Nguyen Anh Sai Gon. Mot
nam sau, tc la nam 1774-1775, Nguyen Anh anh uoi
quan Tay Sn e chiem lai Champa. Nam 1776-1777, Tay
Sn tai chiem lai Champa, sau o Nguyen Anh tm moi
phng cach e lam chu tnh hnh tai Champa ke t nam
1779. Cha ay ba nam sau, tc la vao nam 1782, Tay Sn
tai chiem mien bac Champa (Ninh Thuan), trong khi o
Nguyen Anh tran gi phan at pha nam cua Champa tc
la vung Phan R t nam 1790 cho en nam 1793. Sau nam
1793-1794, Tay Sn rut quan ra khoi vung Phan Rang va
giao lanh tho Champa cho Nguyen Anh.
Nhng cuoc chiem ong lien tuc cua quan oi Tay
Sn va Nguyen Anh tren lanh tho Champa-Panduranga a
bien vng quoc nay thanh mot quoc gia khong con bien
gii na trong suot chieu dai cua cuoc noi chien gia
ngi Viet va a ay dan toc Cham vao mot khuc quanh
200

Lch s

mi, v ho phai chap nhan oi dien trc tiep vi quan oi
ngi Kinh, luc nao cung xem ngi Cham la nhng ke
man r (ngi Man), co van hoa khac biet vi van hoa cua
ho. Mot khi a thanh cong chiem c Champa-Panduranga,
phe thang tran, du Tay Sn hay Nguyen Anh, thng hay
bat buoc ngi dan Champa phai qui phuc phe mnh va
trng tr nhng ngui Cham nao a lien minh vi ke thu
cua ho. Cung v muon tra thu cho nhng s ngc ai cua
chnh quyen Champa ma ho a tng trai qua, hoac khong
muon tr thanh nhng nan nhan vo toi cua phe ngi Viet
thang tran hoac b mac mu trong cn bien ong chnh tr,
mot so ngi Cham phai chap nhan theo Tay Sn hay
Nguyen Anh va ho con tham gia vao cuoc chien ben canh
cua hai phe nay. Hien tng nay a gay ra bao s chia re
tram trong trong noi bo ngi Cham, keo theo nhng
phong trao chong oi lan nhau trong mot xa hoi a tng
gan bo chat che vi nhau. Ben canh cua thc trang xa hoi
ang lam vao con ng thoai hoa, nhng phe thang tran
du la Tay Sn hay Nguyen Anh ch ngh en chien lc
lam chu tnh hnh quan s tai Champa, bang cach ch nh
mot nhan vat theo phe mnh len nam quyen e cai tr
vng quoc nay. Chnh v the, ngi ta thay ro vao nam
1790 pha nam cua Champa (vung Phan R) th at di
quyen cai tr cua Po Ladhuenpughuh (Nguyen Van Tha
theo bien nien s Viet Nam) mot nhan vat do Nguyen Anh
ch nh, trong khi o pha bac Champa (khu vc Phan
201

Vng quoc Champa

Rang) th at di s giam ho cua Po Tisuntiraydapuran do
Tay Sn bo nhiem. Po Tisuntiraydapuran la mot nhan vat
rat than can vi Tay Sn a tng cham tran quan s vi Po
Ladhuenpughuh, tc la ngi nam trong phe cua Nguyen
Anh (ai Nam Thc Luc Chnh Bien II-1, Ban dch quoc
ng, Hanoi, 1963, trg. 58, 125).
Nhng cung khong nen tin rang hai oi tng thu
ch Tay Sn va Nguyen Anh co y nh bo nhiem nhng
nhan vat goc Champa e nam quyen cai tr vng quoc
nay. Tren thc te, du la Nguyen Anh hay Tay Sn, ho
khong bao gi ban cho giai cap lanh ao Champa nhng
quyen lc chnh tr that s e ieu hanh mot quoc gia, ma
ch cap cho ho nhng chc ham e hp thc hoa oai quyen
cua ho trc quan chung Champa vi niem hy vong la
nhng gii lanh ao nay co the loi keo nhan dan Champa
theo phe mnh. Nhng g va neu ra la s that cua lch s
thi o, bi v trong suot chieu dai cua cuoc noi chien hay
sau cuoc noi chien, Nguyen Anh cung nh Tay Sn khong
bao gi phong vng cho nhng nha lanh ao Champa thi
o vi danh ngha that s la Tran Vng Thuan Thanh, tc
la vua Champa, ma ch ban cho ho mot chc Chng C,
tc la ch huy trng cua mot trung oan trong he thong
quan oi thi o. Va ca Nguyen Anh cung nh Tay Sn
thng oi x vi nhng nha lanh ao Champa rat la toi
te. Chnh Tay Sn la ngi a ch nh Po Cei Brei (tc la
Nguyen Van Chieu trong bien nien s Viet Nam), lam
202

Lch s

Chng C cua Tran Thuan Thanh (tc la thu lanh
Champa) vao nam 1783/1784 e thay the Po
Tisuntiraydapuran a tng cai tr vng quoc nay vao nam
1780/1781, nhng Tay Sn lai truat phe Po Cei Brei e
a Po Tisuntiraydapuran tr lai nam chc vu vao nam
1786/1787 ma chang bao gi cho biet ly do tai sao.
Ke t nam 1794/1795, Champa-Panduranga hoan
toan nam trong bien gii thuoc quyen quan tr cua Nguyen
Anh. o cung la nam anh dau cuoc cham dt chien tranh
tren lanh tho Champa, ngoai tr cuoc noi day ngan ngui
cua dan toc mien cao ma bien nien s Viet Nam a noi
qua vao nam 1796 nham tan cong khu vc Phan R. Nhng
bien co nay khong co mot hau qua nghiem trong nao oi
vi tnh hnh chnh tr cua Champa-Panduranga thi o.
Ngc lai, vng quoc nay phai ng au vi lan song di
dan cua nhng ngi Kinh ngheo kho va khon cung vao
lanh tho Champa. Da vao quyen lc quan vien chinh cua
nha Nguyen, dan c ngi Kinh tm cach xam chiem at
ai cua ngi dan ban a Champa b chet trong cac cuoc
noi chien gia Nguyen Anh va Tay Sn, hoac at ai cua
nhng ngi Cham chay sang Campuchia lanh nan e
thoat khoi nhng canh tng tan ma ho a tng ganh chu.

203

Vng quoc Champa

Tnh hnh vao the ky XIX

Sau ngay chien thang chong quan Tay Sn vao
nam 1802, Nguyen Anh len ngoi lay vng hieu la Gia
Long va tr thanh thu lanh toi cao cua mot quoc gia thong
nhat ma ong ta at ten la Viet Nam. Ke t o, Gia Long
phuc hng lai vng quoc Champa nhng khong cong
nhan quyen oc lap va qui che chnh tr cua no. V rang
Gia Long ch ban cho vng quoc nay mot the che t tr, v
ly do ac thu cua mot dan toc a tng nam trong phe cua
Nguyen Anh e chong lai vi quan Tay Sn hn la ly do
mang tnh chat phap ly chnh tr. Da vao the che t tr
nay, trieu nh Hue thang chc Chng C cho Po Saong
Nhung Ceng (Nguyen Van Chan theo tai lieu Viet Nam),
mot v tng lanh goc ngi Cham a tng chien au ben
canh Nguyen Anh Gia nh va bo nhiem ong ta quyen
cai tr Champa-Panduranga thi o. Po Saong Nhung Ceng
la ngi rat trung thanh vi Nguyen Anh, a tng ieu
hanh khu vc giai phong nam tren lanh tho Champa sau
khi Po Ladhvenpughuh qua i vao nam 1799.
ieu ma ngi ta thng neu ra cau hoi co chang
viec phuc hng lai vng quoc Champa thi o, tc la mot
quoc gia khong con quyen lc na va viec bo nhiem mot
v tng lanh goc ngi Cham len lam v lanh ao cua
vng quoc nay du co s ong y cua hoi ong hoang gia
Champa i na, ch la chien lc cua hoang e Gia Long
204

Lch s

nham am bao nen an ninh trat t tren khu vc ChampaPanduranga, rat noi tieng la que hng cua nhng phong
trao vung day au tranh chong ngoai xam. Gia thuyet nay
rat co ly oi vi tnh hnh vng quoc Champa thi o. Sau
khi a trai qua mot thi ky phan hoa nghiem trong vao
nhng nam cuoi cung cua the ky XVIII, dan toc Champa
ch con giai phap la ngh en s trung tu lai x s cua
mnh b o nat va thc hien giac m phuc hng lai c che
xa hoi-chnh tr e bao ton gia tr truyen thong cua quoc
gia nay. Cung nh chnh sach u ai cua Gia Long, vng
quoc Champa a trai qua mot giai oan an bnh, cac bien
nien s Viet Nam va Cham khong con noi en nhng s
bien ong quan s cung nh moi bat hoa chnh tr nao a
xay ra tai vng quoc nay, nhat la trong khu vc bien gii
pha tay cua Bnh Thuan, t 1802 cho en 1820.
S t tran cua Gia Long vao nam 1820 e nhng
ngoi lai cho hoanng e Minh Menh a a vng quoc
Champa vao mot khuc quanh mi (Minh Menh Chnh Yeu
I-VI, Ban dch quoc-ng, Saigon, 1972-1974). Va mi len
ngoi vao nam 1820, Minh Menh bat au ap dung chnh
sach chong lai uy quyen cua pho vng Gia nh Thanh
ten la Le Van Duyet, mot nhan vat rat than can vi hoang
e Gia Long a tng nam trong tay moi quyen hanh tren 6
tnh mien nam cua x Viet. S tranh chap gia Minh
Menh va Le Van Duyet a a ay Champa vao con
205

Vng quoc Champa

ng rat kho x, nhat la ke t nam 1822 khi vua Minh
Menh quyet nh tach phu Bnh Thuan ra khoi Gia nh
Thanh e sat nhap no vao quyen ch ao cua trieu nh
Hue. ng tren mat a d, tnh Bnh Thuan la n v
hanh chanh cua Viet Nam nam tren lanh tho Champa. S
quyet nh cua Minh Menh lien quan en qui che cua phu
Bnh Thuan cung la chnh sach nham tach ri Champa ra
khoi quyen kiem soat cua Le Van Duyet, mot nha bao tr
cho vng quoc nay ngay t buoi ban au. Ke t o,
Champa a tr thanh mot con c chnh tr ma trieu nh
Hue va Gia nh Thanh phai tm cach s dung vi bat c
gia nao e giai quyet van e noi bo cua Viet Nam gia
Minh Menh va Le Van Duyet thi o.
Tnh the chnh tr bat on Gia nh Thanh va s t
tran cua Po Saong Nhung Ceng vao nam 1822 ma bien
nien s Cham xem o nh la v lanh ao cuoi cung cua
Champa-Panduranga, a a ra bao nghi van co chang
mot vng quoc Champa khong con nam gi trong tay
nh menh song con cua mnh, co con ton tai nh la mot
quoc gia co chu quyen hay khong ? ng tren kha canh
a d cua Champa ma phan tch, cau tra li chac chan la
khong. Neu nhn qua bnh dien chnh tr, th cau tra li
cang kho khan hn na. Them vao o, chnh sach cua
trieu nh Hue nham a ngi len ke v ngoi vua tai
Champa-Panduranga va phong cach c x cua Minh Menh
oi vi nhng thu lanh ngi Cham ke tha vua Po Saong
206

Lch s

Nhung Ceng cung nh ten goi cua cac chc ham Viet Nam
ma trieu nh Hue danh cho vua chua Champa thi o,
cang gay them bao nghi ng na. Bang chng cu the,
hoang e Minh Menh xoa bo i qui che noi ngoi cua
Champa theo truyen thong a co san bang cach khong
chon v phu ta cua vua Po Saong Nhung Ceng, ten la Po
Klan Thu (Nguyen Van Vnh), e noi nghiep ong ta.
Khong can hoi y kien cua hoi ong hoang gia Champa,
Minh Menh t ch nh mot quan chc trong trieu nh
Champa thi o ten la Bait Lang len nam chnh quyen vi
ly do la nham bnh thng hoa moi lien he gia dan c
Champa va ngi Kinh sinh song tai phu Bnh Thuan. S
quyet nh cua Minh Menh ve quyen noi ngoi tai Champa
va qui che cua v tan lanh tu nay a gay ra cuoc noi day
tai khu vc co bien gii chung gia Champa va Gia nh
Thanh vao nam 1822 ma ngi ta c nghi ng la co s ch
ao cua Le van Duyet. Cung v khong u sc e dep tan
cuoc vung day nay, vua Champa va mi len ngoi la Bait
Lang b Minh Menh cach chc e thay the vao o Po Klan
Thu (Nguyen Van Vnh), nhan vat ma hoang e Minh
Menh a t choi trc o. Nhng Minh Menh khong ban
cho Po Klan Thu chc Chng C ma trieu nh Hue
thng ap dung cho vua chua Champa trc kia, ma la
quyen quan ly vng quoc Champa, tc la mot nhan vat
ch co vai tro ieu hanh c cau hanh chanh ma thoi. Nh
s yem tr cua trieu nh Hue, Po Klan Thu a thanh cong
207

Vng quoc Champa

ay lui phong trao noi loan vao nam 1823 va buoc ho phai
rut ve pha tay trong vung rng nui cua Champa. Nhng
phai nh s can thiep trc tiep cua Le Van Duyet ma
phong trao noi loan nay chap nhan ngng chien. Ke t o,
nhng thanh vien cua phong trao nay khong bao gi tuan
lenh trieu nh Hue na, ma ch phuc tung oai quyen cua
Le Van Duyet, tc la pho vng cua Gia nh Thanh.
Vao nam 1826, dan toc Champa vung day mot lan
na cung tai bien gii gia Champa va Gia nh Thanh.
Muc tieu cua phong trao nay nham len an Po Klan Thu ve
toi ch biet phuc vu cho ngui Kinh, mot tap the va mi
en nh c nhng luc nao cung tm cach cp oat at ai
cua ngi Cham va phuc tung cho trieu nh Hue, mot che
o chuyen e bep dan chung Champa e thu hut thue ma.
Va phong trao vung day nay con co muc tieu khac na, o
la bai tr ngi Kinh sinh song tai Champa va phu Bnh
Thuan, bat au lan tran en tnh Khanh Hoa va Phu Yen.
V Po Klan Thu (Nguyen Van Vnh) khong u kha nang
chong lai cuoc noi day nay, hoang e Minh Menh ra lenh
cho oan quan cua trieu nh Hue phai dep tan cho bang
c phong trao au tranh cua dan toc Champa va bat
song v ch huy cua to chc nay vao nam 1827.
Nam 1828, Po Klan Thu qua i. Pho vng Le
Van Duyet phan oi cong khai v vua Champa ke tha do
hoang e Minh Menh e ra. V rang Le Van Duyet va
Minh Menh, moi ngi eu muon e c ngi cung phe
208

Lch s

phai cua mnh len nam chnh quyen Champa thi o. Sau
cuoc tranh chap nay, Le Van Duyet thanh cong a mot
ngi than can cua mnh len lam vua Champa vao nam
1828 o la Po Phauk The (Nguyen Van Tha), tc la con
trai cua Po Saong Nhung Ceng va cung la v phu ta cua Po
Klan Thu (Po Dharma, Le Panduranga (Campa) 18021835, Ses rapports avec Le Vietnam, I, Paris, Publications
de L'EFEO, Vol. CXLIX, 1987, trg. 105-118). Cho en
hom nay, ngi ta khong biet s chon la nay co s ong
y cua Minh Menh hay khong. Va ngi ta cung khong biet
Po Phauk The co xin hoang e Minh Menh phong cho ong
ta vng chc hay khong? Du sao i na, Le Van Duyet
a thanh cong chiem lai quyen kiem soat vng quoc
Champa thi o va ca phu Bnh Thuan, mot n v hanh
chanh khong con nam trong tay cua ong ta ke t nam
1822. Ke t o, quan lai va dan chung Champa hoan toan
nga ve pha Le Van Duyet va vua Champa la Po Phauk
The ch nop thue cho Gia nh Thanh thay v phai nop cho
trieu nh Hue nh trc kia
S cao chung cua Champa-Panduranga
Mot khi a nga ve phe cua Le Van Duyet, keo
theo s cat t moi moi lien he vi trieu nh Hue, vng
quoc Champa chang thu c mot moi li g trong chien
lc lien minh vi Le Van Duyet. Theo cac t lieu Cham
209

Lch s

phai cua mnh len nam chnh quyen Champa thi o. Sau
cuoc tranh chap nay, Le Van Duyet thanh cong a mot
ngi than can cua mnh len lam vua Champa vao nam
1828 o la Po Phauk The (Nguyen Van Tha), tc la con
trai cua Po Saong Nhung Ceng va cung la v phu ta cua Po
Klan Thu (Po Dharma, Le Panduranga (Campa) 18021835, Ses rapports avec Le Vietnam, I, Paris, Publications
de L'EFEO, Vol. CXLIX, 1987, trg. 105-118). Cho en
hom nay, ngi ta khong biet s chon la nay co s ong
y cua Minh Menh hay khong. Va ngi ta cung khong biet
Po Phauk The co xin hoang e Minh Menh phong cho ong
ta vng chc hay khong? Du sao i na, Le Van Duyet
a thanh cong chiem lai quyen kiem soat vng quoc
Champa thi o va ca phu Bnh Thuan, mot n v hanh
chanh khong con nam trong tay cua ong ta ke t nam
1822. Ke t o, quan lai va dan chung Champa hoan toan
nga ve pha Le Van Duyet va vua Champa la Po Phauk
The ch nop thue cho Gia nh Thanh thay v phai nop cho
trieu nh Hue nh trc kia
S cao chung cua Champa-Panduranga
Mot khi a nga ve phe cua Le Van Duyet, keo
theo s cat t moi moi lien he vi trieu nh Hue, vng
quoc Champa chang thu c mot moi li g trong chien
lc lien minh vi Le Van Duyet. Theo cac t lieu Cham
209

Vng quoc Champa

cho biet, Le Van Duyet van eo uoi chnh sach Viet Nam
Hoa oi vi dan toc Champa ma Minh Menh a tng ap
dung. ieu nay a giai thch tai sao mot so quan lai cua
Champa thi o khong chap nhan chnh sach tach ri
Champa ra khoi quyen kiem soat cua trieu nh Hue ma
moi lien he a cau thanh mot qui che chnh tr t lau.
Chnh v the, nhng thanh phan quan lai nay khong ong
tnh vi chnh sach ma Po Phauk The ang theo uoi ke t
cuoi nam 1831. Li dung c hoi quan chung Champa
khong tan thanh vi chnh sach cua Le Van Duyet, hoang
e Minh Menh ra lenh bat giam v thu lanh Champa la Po
Phaok The va buoc vng quoc Champa phai nop cho
trieu nh Hue cac loai thue ma Po Phaok The cha thc
hien.
Nam 1832, Le Van Duyet t tran Gia nh
Thanh. Li dung c hoi nay, hoang e Minh Menh thu hoi
lai toan lanh tho mien nam cua Gia nh Thanh, ra lenh
bat giam Po Phauk The va trng phat vng quoc Champa
ve toi phan nghch dam chong lai oai quyen cua ong ta.
Cac bien nien s Viet Nam va Cham (CAM 30-8) ghi rang
Minh Menh quyet nh vao nam 1832 huy bo qui che t tr
cua Champa, bien than dan cua vng quoc nay thanh
cong dan cua quoc gia Viet Nam thong nhat, xoa bo danh
xng Champa tren ban o va chia cat lanh tho Champa
thanh n v huyen va tong theo mo hnh to chc hanh
210

Lch s

chanh Viet Nam nam trong hai tnh Bnh Thuan va Ninh
Thuan.
Ke t nam 1832, vng quoc Champa khong con
hien hu na, t qui che chnh tr cho en he thong to chc
kinh te va xa hoi ma ban van Cham ng CM 30-15 (trg.
116) a ghi lai nh sau :
Vua chua b truat phe. Vng trieu th tieu tan. Cac
bac an em khong con tin vao the he cua nhng ngi
anh trng. The he an chau cat t cac moi quan he
gia nh vi bac an cau. Cac thanh vien xuat than t
mot gia nh ch biet c x vi nhau nh s c x gia
ngi Cham va Kinh, khong ngan ngai truy to gia nh
cua mnh trc phap ly. Cac quan chc va than dan
khong phan biet chc v hay gia toc, eu phai mac quan
theo kieu ngi Viet. Dan chung Champa thi o het
sc khon on va khong biet the nao la nh menh cua
ho trong tng lai.

Champa sau ngay sup o

Mot khi Champa b xoa bo tren ban o, than dan
cua vng quoc nay phai ganh chu bao thong kho trc s
ap che cua trieu nh Hue. Ho phai ong thue gap oi
bang hien vat va hien kim the theo li yeu cau cua quan
211

Lch s

chanh Viet Nam nam trong hai tnh Bnh Thuan va Ninh
Thuan.
Ke t nam 1832, vng quoc Champa khong con
hien hu na, t qui che chnh tr cho en he thong to chc
kinh te va xa hoi ma ban van Cham ng CM 30-15 (trg.
116) a ghi lai nh sau :
Vua chua b truat phe. Vng trieu th tieu tan. Cac
bac an em khong con tin vao the he cua nhng ngi
anh trng. The he an chau cat t cac moi quan he
gia nh vi bac an cau. Cac thanh vien xuat than t
mot gia nh ch biet c x vi nhau nh s c x gia
ngi Cham va Kinh, khong ngan ngai truy to gia nh
cua mnh trc phap ly. Cac quan chc va than dan
khong phan biet chc v hay gia toc, eu phai mac quan
theo kieu ngi Viet. Dan chung Champa thi o het
sc khon on va khong biet the nao la nh menh cua
ho trong tng lai.

Champa sau ngay sup o

Mot khi Champa b xoa bo tren ban o, than dan
cua vng quoc nay phai ganh chu bao thong kho trc s
ap che cua trieu nh Hue. Ho phai ong thue gap oi
bang hien vat va hien kim the theo li yeu cau cua quan
211

Vng quoc Champa

lai Viet Nam e ho co c hoi bo vao tui rieng. Ben canh
s ap che ve thue vu, dan toc Champa thi o phai ganh
chu bao qui che lao dch chnh thc hay khong chnh thc,
khong co quyen len tieng chong lai chnh sach tch thu at
ai cua ho do chnh quyen a phng e ra. Trc thc
trang xa hoi nay, trieu nh Hue phai tm cach giai quyet
van e bang cach trng phat thang tay nhng quan lai
ngi Kinh a tng boc lot dan toc Champa, nh trng
hp a xay ra tai Bnh Thuan vao nam 1835 (ai nam
Thc Luc Chnh Bien XVI, Ban dch quoc ng, Hanoi,
1966, trg. 289). Het oi pho vi s hiep ap va thc trang
thoi nat trong giai cap quan lai cua trieu nh Hue, dan toc
Champa con ganh chu them nhng s boc lot va tc oat
tai san cua ho bi nhng dan c ngi Kinh. Trc tham
trang cua xa hoi ang dien ra thi o, rat nhieu ngi
Cham buoc phai bo ri thon xom e thoat than ra khoi the
che lam no le cho ngi Kinh (CM 29-1) bang cach chay
len khu vc cao nguyen an nau hau chuan b cho cac cuoc
vung day trong tng lai.
Nam 1833 anh dau nhng cuoc vung day nhieu
ni tren lanh tho Champa b chiem ong. ang ke nhat la
cuoc khi ngha trong khu vc Panduranga mang mo hnh
to chc rat la mi la, at di quyen lanh ao cua mot
ngi Hoi Giao goc Campuchia ma ngi ta khong biet
ong ta la ngi Ma Lai hay Cham, mac du a nhieu nam
212

Lch s

c tru tai Makah, tc la tieu bang Kelantan, Ma Lai hom
nay. Lanh tu cua phong trao khi ngha nay la mot v ca s
Katip (chc sac Hoi Giao) ten la Sumat. Sau khi thanh lap
xong mat khu trong vung ong Nai, Katip Sumat tap hop
xung quanh ong ta nhng thanh vien ngi Cham va ngi
Tay Nguyen tnh nguyen gia nhap phong trao giai phong
Champa ra khoi ach thong tr va s ap bc cua trieu nh
Hue. Li dung long nhiet huyet cua cac thanh vien oi vi
muc tieu giai phong Champa, Katip Sumat, mot nhan vat
co tai thuyet phuc, a chuyen hng tinh than yeu nc
cua ho sang mot chu thuyet mi cua cuoc au tranh da
vao ton giao Islam e lam ban ap cho moi d an giai
phong Champa. e thc hien viec nay, ong ta ra lenh cho
nhng nha truyen giao i thuyet phuc ngi Churu va
ngi Raglai cai ao e theo tn ngng Islam, nhng
ong thi cung buoc nhng ngi Cham Bani (tc la Islam
khong chnh thong) cung phai theo truyen thong va nghi le
cua Islam chnh thong. S hien dien cua Katip Sumat
nham tuyen truyen cho giao ly Islam tren lanh tho
Champa b chiem ong hoan toan i ngc vi chnh sach
bai ao cua Minh Menh, v no se gay ra phng hai en y
thc he oan ket dan toc trong mot quoc gia Viet Nam a
chung toc thi o. Chnh v the ma hoang e Minh Menh
phai co mot thai o cng ran oi vi phong trao Islam nay
(CAM 167-6).
213

Vng quoc Champa

e tra li cho chnh sach bai ao cua Minh Menh,

Katip Sumat ra lenh cho oan quan cua mnh vung day
chong lai trieu nh Hue ve toi ph bang Islam va Thng
e Allah. Sau o ong ng ra ho hao cho cuoc thanh chien
(jihad) chong Viet Nam nham giai phong Champa va ha
hen vi oan quan thanh chien rang Thng e Allah va
sc manh phap thuat cua rieng ong se giup cho oan quan
at moi chien thang. Cuoc noi day nay co mot tam anh
hng rat quan trong, bi v trieu nh Hue buoc phai gi
them oan quan e tiep vien va trang b vu kh cho nhng
ngi Kinh sinh song Bnh Thuan e ho tham gia trc
tiep vao cuoc chien. Trong luc dan c ngi Kinh gi vai
tro bao vay cac thon lang ngi Cham du ho co tham gia
vi Katip Sumat hay khong, quan oi chnh qui cua Minh
Menh khi au tan cong mat khu cua phong trao noi loan.
V nhan thay khong co than linh hay sc manh than ky nao
en tr giup, oan quan cua Katip mat het nhiet tam va b
anh tan vao nam sau nam 1833, bat buoc phai lan tron
trong vung rng nui ma ngi ta khong biet the nao la so
menh cua nhng ngi con song sot. Ke t o, khong co
mot tai lieu nao con e cap en Katip Sumat na.
Trc cuoc that bai nay, dan toc Champa thi o
van con gi niem tin vao nhng cuoc au tranh ke tiep.
Ho ch qui toi cho Katib Sumat a chon la sai lam muc
tieu. V cuoc thanh chien cua ong chong lai trieu nh Hue
214

Lch s

khong the thu hut ong ao thanh vien so vi cac cuoc noi
day khac a dien ra. Sau ngay that bai cua Katip Sumat,
mot ong ca s ngi Cham Bani ten la Ja Thak Wa hay la
ong Bien S theo t lieu Viet Nam, da vao boi canh cua
xa hoi Cham ang chu bao cam kho di quyen thong tr
cua ngi Kinh thi o, ng ra keu goi tat ca than dan
Champa, khong phan biet tn ngng va chung toc, phai
gia nhap vao phong trao cua ong ta nham giai phong
vng quoc nay ra khoi ach thong tr cua trieu nh Hue.
Vao nam 1834, sau khi trieu tap mot hoi ong trong khu
vc mien nui nam ve pha tay cua tnh Ninh Thuan, Katip
Ja Thak Wa e ngh tai lap lai quoc vng Champa, bau
luon mot v hoang t ke tha va e c them mot thu lanh
quan s, cau thanh mot hoi ong noi cac Champa ma ong
ta muon phuc hng lai nen oc lap. Hoi ong nay a ong
y a mot nhan vat goc dan toc Raglai, tc la em re cua
vua Po Phoak The len lam quoc trng Champa. Theo ai
Nam Thc Luc Chnh Bien XVI (Hanoi, 1966), Ja Thak Wa
la ngi a ch nh v vua nay. Theo t lieu Cham, hoang
t Raglai ten la Po Var Palei va bien nien s Viet Nam goi
la La Bong. Tiep o hoi ong ch nh mot ngi goc dan
toc Churu lam v hoang t tha ke va mot ngi Cham ten
Ja Yok Ai lam v thu lanh quan s.
Cuoi nam 1834 anh dau cho cac cuoc noi loan en
cc iem cua dan toc Viet tren lanh tho Viet Nam keo
215

Vng quoc Champa

theo s e doa cua oan quan Xiem La (Thai Lan) xua
quan quay pha mien nam Viet Nam. Li dung c hoi nay,
Ja Thak Wa m rong nhng tran tan cong vao cac vung
duyen hai cua Ninh Thuan va Bnh Thuan (CM 32-6), tieu
diet cac can c quan s cua trieu nh Hue tren lanh tho
Champa. Mac du Ja Thak Wa co u tai nang quan s
nhng ong ta khong u ieu kien e van ong quan chung
Champa vung day tham gia vao cuoc chien, v trieu nh
Hue ap dung mot chnh sach khung bo vo cung da man
bang cach ra lenh hanh ha va tan sat nhng thanh vien
nao tham gia vao cuoc noi loan cua Ja Thak Wa. Sau tran
chien nay, Ja Thak Wa rut ra kinh nghiem rang moi s
thang li cua mot cuoc vung day ch tuy thuoc vao y thc
he oan ket au tranh cua quan chung Cham va Thng,
tc la than dan cua Champa thi trc. Chnh v the ong ta
truyen lenh trng tr nghiem khac nhng ai khong theo
chnh ngha cua cuoc cach mang at dui quyen ch ao
cua ong ta.
au nam 1835, Ja Thak Wa vi oan quan cua
Churu va Raglai tan cong khu quan s cua Viet Nam nam
trong vung duyen hai (CAM 30-17) cua Bnh Thuan va m
rong chien dch trng tr nhng ngui Cham nao khong gia
nhap phong trao cua ong ta (Minh Menh Chnh Yeu V,
Saigon, 1974, trg. 180). Cuoc tan cong lan nay mang lai
mot thanh cong ve vang. Ke t o, Ja Thak Wa dng nh
lam chu tnh hnh quan s tren lanh tho Champa b chiem
216

Lch s

ong. Truc bien co nay, trieu nh Hue phai gi nhng
oan quan chnh qui sang Champa e tieu diet phong trao
noi loan va ha se ban thng xng ang cho nhng ai bat
c hay giet chet mot thanh vien tham gia phong trao cua
Ja Thak Wa. ong thi, hoang e Minh Menh ra lenh cho
cac quan lai Viet Nam khong c quyen ha hiep va boc
lot dan chung Champa na e loi keo ho hng ve chnh
ngha cua trieu nh Hue va ly khai vi mat tran Ja Thak
Wa. Va mi khai trng chien dch cua Minh Menh, bien
nien s Viet Nam cho rang Po Var Palei, v quoc vng
Champa goc Raglai b giet vao thang 5 nam 1835 tren bai
chien trng trong khi o Ja Thak Wa th b thng gan
Phan Rang va b quan oi Viet Nam bat gi va chat au
ngay sau o.
Sau ngay t tran cua hai nha cach mang nay, phong
trao Ja Thak Wa van tiep tuc hoat ong, nhng b dap tat
i mot cach nhanh chong va hau het nhng thanh vien
tham gia phong trao quyet nh au hang e tr ve xum
hop vi gia nh. Tiec rang Minh Menh van khong khoan
hong cho ho bang cach a ra chnh sach vo cung tan bao
e trng tr ho. Ke t gia nam 1835, Minh Menh a ra
lenh giet ngay mot so thanh vien cua Ja Thak Wa sau
ngay ve chieu hoi, va mot so khac th b lu ay i ni
khac hoac b bat e lam no le, cha noi en chnh sach
truy quet va ot pha lang mac cua ngi Cham. Nham
kiem soat hu hieu moi hanh ong cua ngi Cham co
217

Vng quoc Champa

mu o vung day, trieu nh Hue ra lenh chia cat lang mac
cua ho thanh nhng thon xom le loi nam xen ke vi thon
xom ngi Kinh. Them vao o, trieu nh Hue con cam
tuyet moi s lien he gia dan toc mien nui va ngi sinh
song ong bang hau khong cho phep ngi Cham co c
hoi chay len mien thng du c xem nh la khu vc
chien lc dung lam can c cho nhng cuoc noi loan
chong lai trieu nh Hue.
Vao nhng nam ke tiep, cac quan lai cua trieu nh
Hue va nhat la cac c dan ngi Kinh c s che ch cua
chnh quyen a phng tiep tuc theo uoi viec boc lot
ngi Cham va bien ho thanh mot tap the no le ma cac t
lieu Cham thi o thng hay e cap. V khong cam chu
noi chnh sach nay, dan toc Cham lai vung day mot lan
na vao cuoi the ky XX di thi Phap thuoc, dng nh
ch gii han trong khu vc Phan Rang va Phan R ma s
lieu viet bang tieng Cham (CM 37-29) cho ay la cuoc noi
day chong lai phong trao Bieng Theng, tc la Van Than
(Can Vng). Cuoc vung day nay xay ra vao luc co s
hien dien cua ngi Phap, ac biet nhat la ong E.
Aymonier c bo nhiem vao nam 1866 lam cong s Phap
cua tnh Bnh Thuan, mot khu vc co s hoat ong manh
me cua phong trao Can Vng (1885-1895).
Sau khi phac hoa cac cuoc hanh quan chong lai
Can Vng, E. Aymonier a thanh cong bnh nh ch
218

Lch s

trong vong 5 tuan le nhng khu vc t Bnh Thuan cho en
Khanh Hoa (C. Fourniau, Annam-Tonkin 1885-1896.
Lettres et paysans vietnamiens face a la conquete coloniale,
Paris, L'Harmattan, 1989, trg. 63-67). Cung v ngi Kinh
khong ngng ap bc ho, dan toc Cham phai nga theo phe
ong E. Aymonier e chong lai phong trao Can Vng. Ke
t o, chnh quyen Phap trang b vu kh cho cac lang mac
ngi Cham, a ra chnh sach xay dng lai thon ap cua
nhom ngi thieu so nay va ban cho ho nen t tr hanh
chanh nham giup ho t giai phong ra khoi s km kep cua
che o Viet Nam (CM 60). Ke t o, dan toc Cham khong
con lo au en s khung hoang gia ho va trieu nh Hue
na.
Sau cuoc chia oi Viet Nam thanh hai quoc gia co
chu quyen vao nam 1955, ngi ta lai chng kien them
nhng cuoc vung day tai mien trung Viet Nam. Cac phong
trao vung day nay khong nhng tap trung nhng thanh
vien goc ngi Cham ma ca ngi Thng, nhat la dan toc
E e (Rhade), tc la chu at ai cua khu vc Tay Nguyen
ma chnh phu Viet Nam Cong Hoa a trng dung e lam
khu nh c cho nhng ngi Viet t nan, t khi mien bac
b ri vao tay cua cong san. Ngay t luc mi en nh c,
nhng ngi Kinh di c nay bat au tc oat at ai cua
ngi Thng va xem ho nh la nhom ngi thieu van
minh, mot thai o tng t nh nha Nguyen a tng ap
219

Vng quoc Champa

dung cho ngi Cham tai vung duyen hai vao cac the ky
XVII, XVIII va XIX. e tra li cho chnh sach cua chnh
quyen Sai Gon oi vi dan toc thieu so, nhng ngi
Thng ng ra to chc Mat Tran Giai Phong Ngi
Thng (Front de Liberation des Montangards - FLM), sau
nay la Bajaraka vao nam 1958, mot phong trao au tranh
e bao ve quyen li va oi lai viec trao tra at ai cua ho.
Thay v giai quyet mot cach thch ang nhng
nguyen vong cua ngi Thng, chnh quyen Sai Gon lai
s dung sc manh cua quyen lc e oi x vi ho cang
ngay cang te hn, khien mot so thanh vien cua Bajaraka
phai gia nhap vao Mat Tran Giai Phong Mien Nam (FNL)
than Cong va mot so khac tham gia Mat Tran Giai Phong
Champa, sau nay la Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen
Champa (Front de Liberation du Champa / Front de
Liberation des Hauts Plateaux du Champa - FLC/FLHPC),
tc la mot trong 3 thanh vien cua Mat Tran Thong Nhat
Giai Phong Dan Toc B Ap Bc (Front Unifie de Lutte des
Races Opprimees) viet tat la FULRO. Phong trao nay at
di quyen ieu hanh bi mot v lanh tu co uy tn ln, o
la Y Bham Enuol. Nam 1964, Fulro chiem tnh Darlac
(ak Lak) va sau o tm cach thng thuyet vi phnh phu
Sai Gon e i en mot thoa hiep nham bao am s song
con cua ngi Thng, nhng b that bai (Po Dharma va
Mak Phoeun, Du FLM au FULRO, Paris, Les Indes
Savantes, 2006). Ke t nam 1968, mat tran nay khong con
220

Lch s

sc manh quan s nh luc ban au v co s nhung tay cua
nc ngoai.

221

Thay li ket
Ngi ta khong the ket thuc mot tac pham khai
lc ve lch s Champa ma khong noi en thc trang dan
so cua vng quoc nay. Trong qua trnh lch s, v co s
tac ong cua yeu to a d, dan so Champa khu vc
ong bang hay cao nguyen cung khong phat trien nhanh
chong du thi ky An Hoa hay thi ky Champa ban a sau
the ky th XV. ay la mot s thiet thoi ln oi vi dan toc
nay so vi dan toc lang gieng, nhat la dan toc Viet, co dan
so gia tang eu an va nhanh chong hn.
Trong suot giai oan An Hoa, lanh tho va dan so
Champa phat trien rat cham chap, mac du vng quoc nay
ch bat au oi pho vi ai Viet va mi thoat khoi ach
thong tr cua Trung Hoa e gianh chu quyen oc lap ke t
the ky th X. Them vao o, vua chua ai Viet, mot khi a
gianh c chien thang quan s tren lanh tho Champa,
cung cha ngh en chnh sach xam chiem at ai cua
vng quoc An Hoa nay va xua uoi nhan dan Champa ra
khoi lanh tho b chiem ong e a c dan ngi Viet en
thay the ho. Tiec rang chnh sach nhan nhng nay khong
con hieu lc na ke t nam 1471, mot khi nha Le co kha

Vng quoc Champa

nang chiem toan bo lanh tho pha bac cua Champa, keo
theo s tan sat hoac lu ay nhan dan Champa cua vung
Vijaya (o Ban) e thay the vao o dan c goc ngi
Viet. Chnh v the, giai oan tien ve pha nam cua dan toc
Viet ch khi au ke t the ky th XV.
e anh dau cho cuoc Nam Tien nay, nha Nguyen
lan lt xam chiem tat ca cac at ai cua Champa. Mot
khi a thang tran, nha Nguyen khong ngng ap at he
thong to chc xa hoi va chnh tr cua dan toc Viet len tren
dan toc thua tran, buoc dan toc nay phai nap thue vo cung
nang ne, bien ho thanh tap the lao dch kho sai va oi x
vi ho nh nhng ke ban tien ma cac tai lieu viet bang
tieng Cham va bien nien s Viet Nam a ghi lai. Chnh
sach cai tr cua nha Nguyen va thai o cua c dan ngi
Viet a lam tan lui i dan so Champa, e roi hom nay
ngi ta ch biet co khoang 40,000 ngi Cham vao cuoi
the ky XIX. Cung nh s hien dien cua ngi Phap tai
ong Dng, dan toc Cham a thoat ra khoi s diet chung.
V chnh quyen Phap luc o co chnh sach ro rang hn
nham bao ve cho s song con cua dan toc thieu so, giup
dan toc nay gia tang dan so. Chnh v the, vao gia the ky
th XX, ngi ta c lng co khoang 60 000 ngi Cham
con hien dien tai mien duyen hai cua mien trung Viet
Nam.
Sau mot thi gian yen bnh ngan ngui nay, cac dan
toc thieu so cua mien trung Viet Nam lai bat au chu bao
224

Thay li ket

thong kho ve chnh sach ky th chung toc, mot khi Ngo

nh Diem len nam chnh quyen vao nam 1955. Nha lanh
tu oc tai nay tm cach ap dung chng trnh ong hoa dan
toc Cham trc tien. Sau o Ngo nh Diem a chnh
sach Viet Nam Hoa len khu vc Tay Nguyen ni ma ngi
Kinh cha quan tam cho lam, v ho cho ay la khu vc oc
hai. Muc tieu cua Ngo nh Diem la bien cong ong dan
toc Tay Nguyen thanh cong dan ngoai le cua Viet Nam
nham lam giam bt dan so cua ho. e thc hien y o nay,
Ngo nh Diem bat au tc quyen s hu at ai cua dan
toc Tay Nguyen e thanh lap nhng khu nh c danh cho
ngi Kinh theo cong giao a ly khai vi che o cong san
mien bac e di c vao Nam va nhat la giao cho ngi
Kinh va mi nh c quyen thao tung hanh ha va boc lot
dan Tay Nguyen. Cuoc di dan nay rat co li cho ngi
Kinh nhng bat li cho ngi ban a. Hien tng nay
cang ngay cang phat trien sau cuoc chien thang cua mien
bac vao nam 1975 va cang gia tang manh me hn, v trong
cuoc di dan nay con co s hien dien cua ngi Kinh t cac
vung chau tho qua ong dan cua mien trung va mien bac
Viet Nam. Chnh sach di dan o at nay a gay ra nhng
cuoc vung day cua dan toc Tay Nguyen, nhat la cac cuoc
noi day vao nam 2001 va 2004, mac du cac c quan tuyen
truyen chnh thc cua Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Ngha Viet
Nam phu nhan nhng yeu to nay.
225

Vng quoc Champa

T mot na the ky qua, dan toc tay Nguyen ang

trai qua mot qua trnh ap bc tng t nh ngi Cham
thuoc mien duyen hai. Ngi ta cung a ra bao nghi van
the nao la nh menh cua ho trong tng lai va co chang
ho cung khong thoat khoi s diet chung trong mot thi
gian khong xa, giong nh nh menh cua ngui Cham
mien duyen hai Viet Nam.
Lien quan en ngi Cham Campuchia, nhng t
lieu thong ke chnh thc bang tieng Khmer thc hien vao
cuoi the ky XX cho thay co mot s giam thieu rat nhieu ve
dan so ngi Cham tai vng quoc nay. Sau cuoc ieu tra
can ke hn, ngi ta thay rang dan toc Cham khong bien
mat ve mat nhan chung, nhng ho b thay oi ten goi t
ngi Cham thanh nhom Khmer-Islam trong danh sach
chung toc cua vng quoc khmer.
Nhng ngi Cham tai quoc gia nay thng sinh
song hoa lan vi nhng ngi Ma Lai di c sang
Campuchia a t lau e roi t o ho tr thanh tn o Islam
chnh thong thuoc giao phai Sunni. Them vao o, s phat
trien manh me cua phong trao Islam bat au t cuoi the ky
XX tai cac x Hoi Giao thuoc vung Tay-A lan tran en
mien Vien ong qua trung gian cua cac nha truyen giao t
Trung ong, Pakistan va Ma Lai, a gop phan tch cc
vao cuoc van ong cac tn o cua khu vc ong Nam A
hng ve Islam chnh thong. Cac to chc nay co muc ch
226

Thay li ket

chinh phuc ngi Cham phai ton trong giao ly Islam mot
cach nghiem tuc va bien ho tr thanh mot tap the da vao
giao ly Hoi Giao e nh ngha cho ban sac cua dan toc
ma khong can ngh en di san van hoa va lch s Champa
cua ho na. Chien lc cua nhng to chc Hoi Giao nay
cau thanh mot mang li a thanh cong trong mot so
trng hp kha quan trong, o la bien cong ong ngi
Cham tai Campuchia thanh mot tap the quen i nguon goc
va chung toc cua ho. Hien tng nay a gay ra bao nghi
van lien quan en s song con cua ho tai Campuchia, mot
sac dan ang ganh chu bao s ap lc t ben ngoai. Tnh
nang ong cua Islam va s ap lc cua mot so ngi Cham
a gia nhap vao phong trao canh tan Islam a khien ngi
ta at ra bao nghi van chng bao lau na ngi Cham tai
vng quoc Campuchia con duy tr ten goi ngi Cham
cua ho tren danh sach cua dan toc thieu so tai vng quoc
nay, ch khong phai la danh sach cua nhng ngi theo
Hoi Giao.

227

Ban o nhan chung Champa

Trch t tac pham Le Champa : Geographie-Population- Histoire,
Les Indes Savantes, Paris, 2007

a ban dan c Champa noi tieng a ao hom nay

Bien gii Champa qua cac thi ai

Trch t tac pham Le Champa : Geographie-Population- Histoire,
Les Indes Savantes, Paris, 2007

230

Ban o di tch lch s

Trch t tac pham Le Champa : Geographie-Population- Histoire,
Les Indes Savantes, Paris, 2007

231

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