Continuation of tissues:

Free Surfaces

Microvilli increase the free

surface area

Found on:
Lining the small intestines
Cilia propel materials along
the free surface of the cells
Pseudostratified columnar
epithelium nasal cavity and
trachea
Intermixed with ciliated
cells are Goblet cells
specialized mucus
producing cells
Cell Connections

Tight junction bind adjacent

cells together
Permeability barrier
Prevent the passage of
materials in epithelial cells
Desmosomes bind cells
together
Hemidosmosomes ->
modified desmosomes
Anchor cells to basement mem.
Found on areas subjected to
stress (stratified squamous
epithelium)
Gap Junction allow small
molecules and ions to pass
from one epithelium to
adjacen one.
Communication signals

GLANDS

Secretes subs onto a surface,

into a cavity, into the blood
Types of Glands
1. Exocrine
- Glands with ducts
Base on the ducts
a. Simple exocrine ducts with no
branches
b. Compound ducts with many
branches
The ends of ducts could be:
a. Tubular could be straight or
coiled
b. Acinus ends that are
expanded into a saclike
structure
c. Alveolus small cavity
d. Tubuloacinar or tubuloalveolar
glands both have acini and
tubles.
Types of secretion of exocrine gland
A. Merocrine secretion
products released, no actual
cellular material is lost
Secretion either active
transport or packed in vesicle
- Released by exocytosis
- Occurs on sweat and digestive
enzymes
B. Apocrine products are
released as fragments of the
gland cell
- Occurs in milk secretion
( mammary gland)
C. Holocrine shedding o entire
cells

Occurs in sebaceous (oil) glands

2. Endocrine glands have no

ducts
- Empty their secretion into blood
Hormone secretions in
blood
Ex: thyroid glands, insulin secreting
pancreas

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
-

Found throughout the body

Extracellular matrix major
components:
Protein fibers
Ground subs(non fibrous
protein)
Fluid

Names of connective tissue cells

accdng to function

Fibrocytes cells that maintain it

Osteoblasts form bone
Osteocytes maintain bone
Osteoclasts break down bone

a. Collagen resembles
microscopic ropes
- Flexible, resist stretching

c. Elastic coiled metal bed

springs; after being stretched
goes back to original shape

Ground subs shapeless

background
Collagen fibers seen in
microscope

-blast
Produce the matrix
- cyte
Maintenance
-clast
Breaks down for
remodeling

Ex: Fibroblasts form fibers and

ground subs

Types of protein fiber:

b. Reticular very fine, short

collagen fibers that branch to
form supporting network

Proteoglycans resemble te
limb of pine trees

Macrophages large white

blood cells capable of moving
about and ingestion foreign
subs
Mast cells non motile cells,
release chemicals

Functions of Connective tissue

1. Enclosing and separating
other tissues
2. Connecting tissues to one
another
3. Souring and moving parts of
body
4. Storing compounds
5. Cushioning and insulating
6. Transporting
7. Protecting

CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE
TISSUE

2. Dense Connective Tissue

Large number of
protein fibers that form
thick bundles
Protein fibers produced
by fibroblasts

2 main categories

Embryonic
Adult connective tissue

Connective Tissue Paper

1. Loose connective tissue
- Relatively few protein fibers
that form lacy network with
numerous spaces, filled with
ground subs and fluid
- Widely distributed in the body
- Loose packing materials
Kinds
a. Areolar
- Consist of collagen fibers
- Few elastic fibers
Fibroblast common cells in
loose connective
Basement mem of epithelia
rest on loose connective
tissue

2 categories of Dense
Connective tissue

1. Dense Connective
tissue
Extracellular matrix made of
collagen fibers
Found on:
Tendons
Ligaments
Dermis
Many capsules surround the
organs like liver and kidneys

In tendons and ligaments

oriented in same direction so called
Dense regular

b. adipose consist of adipocytes

(fat cells)
- Large amount of lipid for energy
storage
- Consist of collagen and reticular
fiber with elastic
- Pads and thermal insulator

c. Reticular tissue framework of

lymphatic tissue
Ex: spleen, lymph nodes, bone
marrow, liver

Dense irregular oriented in

many directions

2. Dense Elastic
connective tissue
- Abundant in elastic fibers
Elastic fibers allows tissue
to stretch and recoil.
Found on:
Vocal chords, elastic
ligaments oriented in same
directions (dense regular)

 Walls of large arteriesoriented many directions

( dense irregular)

c. Elastic cartilage elastic

fibers in addition to collagen
and proteoglycans
Elastic fibers coiled fibers
Found on
External ear
Epiglottis
Auditory tube

Supporting Connective Tissue

1. Cartilage
Composed of chondrocytes
located in lacunae
Collagen gives cartilage the
flexibility and strength
Cartilage resilient because
of proteoglycans(trap water)
- Provides support
- Heals slowly on injury
-

BONE

3 types of Cartilage
a. Hyaline most abundant
type of cartilage
- Covers end bones
- In joints forms smooth,
resilient surfaces that withstand
repeated compression
- Forms cartilage ring to
respiratory tract, nasal
cartilages, costal cartilages
which attach ribs to sternum
b. Fibrocartilage more
collagen than hyaline
cartilage
- Resist pulling and tearing forces

Hard connective tissue

consists of living cells
and mineralized matrix
Osteocytes bone cells,
located in lacunae
2 types of bones
1. Compact
2. Spongy

Fluid Connective tissue

1. Blood
- Matrix is liquid, enabling the
blood cells to move thru blood
vessels

Muscle connective
tissue
Ability to contract or shorten
Muscle contractions
contractile proteins located
within the muscle cells
Muscle cells called Muscle
Fibers (resemble tiny
threads)

Found on
Disks between the vertebrae
Joints of knee and
temporamandibular

3 types of muscle tissue

-

1. Skeletal
Meat of animals

Constitutes about 40% of a

person body weight
Voluntary
Reflex movements, maintain
muscle tone
Long, cylindrical with several
nulei per cell
Striated or banded

2. Cardiac Muscle muscle of

heart
Responsible of pumping blood
Involuntary
Cylindrical, shorter than skeletal
muscle
Striated, one nucleus cell
Branched and connected by
intercalated disks contain
specialized gap junctions,
important in coordinating the
contractions of the cardiac
muscle cells

3. Smooth muscle
- Walls hollow organs
Found on:
Skin and eyes
Responsible for moving food
thru the digestive tract and
emptying bladder.
- Involuntary
- Tapered at the end
- Single nucleus
-

Not striated

Nervous tissue
-

Forms brain, spinal cord and

nerves
- Responsible for coordinating
and controlling many body
activities.
Action potentials electrical
signals
Parts of Nervous tissue
1. Neuron
Nerve cell
Conducting action
potential
3 parts of neuron
a. Cell body contains he
nucleus and site of general
cell functions.
b. Dendrites and axons nerve
cell process
Dendrites receive stimli
leading to electrical changes.
2. Neuroglia
- Support cells
- Nourish, protect and insulate
the neuron