UNIT 2: SETTLEMENT

1.- HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS AND SERVICES

1.1.- Definitions: settlement, city, town, village. Differences between urban and rural
1.2.- Hierarchy of services. Sphere of influence. Threshold population. Range
2.- RURAL SETTLEMENTS
2.1.- Settlement patterns: Nucleated, dispersed and linear.
2.2.- Factors influencing the sites and development of rural settlements
-Agricultural land use.
- Relief: altitude, gradient, aspect
- Soil
- Water supply
- Drainage and flooding
- Accessibility
3. URBAN SETTLEMENTS
3.1.- Urbanisation. Counter urbanisation. Mega-cities.
3.2.- Factors influencing the size, growth and functions of urban settlements
- Nodal points (route centres)
- Agricultural centres
- Ports
- Administrative towns and cities
4.- URBAN LAND USE
4.1.- CBD: Features. Reasons for the development of the CBD
4.2.- Residential areas:
- High-density housing
- Low- density housing
- Flats (Apartments)
- Shanty houses
4.3.- Open spaces
4.4.- Industrial areas
4.5.- Transport routes
5.- PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE GROWTH OF URBAN AREAS
5.1.- Problems of the CBD and solutions to the problems to the CBD.
5.2.- Crime and ratial conflict
5.3.- Housing shortages
5.4.- Squatter settlements
6.- THE EFFECTS OF URBANISATION ON THE ENVIROMENT
6.1.- Air pollution / 6.2.- Water pollution
6.3.- Visual pollution / 6.4.- Noise pollution.