Chng 10

B TNG CT THEP NG LC TRC.

1. KHI NIM CHUNG:
Xet mt dm nhp n: t vao lc nen trc N va tai trong s
N
N
dung P.
Di tac dung cua tai P mep di cua dm xut hin ng sut keo.
P
P
Ngc lai, do lc nen N mep di co ng sut nen, lam giam hoc
Rn
trit tiu ng sut keo do tai trong gy ra. dm khng b nt th ng
sut tng cng mep di Rk.
tao ra va duy tr lc nen trc N, ngi ta cng ct thep ri gn cht
RH FH
vao BT (nh lc dnh hoc neo). Nh vy trc khi chu tai, ct thep a
l
c cng con trong BT a co nen trc.
* u, nhc im cua BTCT LT:
- u im:
Dung c thep co cng cao: Trong BTCT thng, khe nt u tin xut hin khi ng sut trong ct
thep mi at khoang 200-300 KG/cm2. Khi dung thep co cng cao R = 10.000-12.000 KG/cm2 tn dung ht kha
nng chu lc cua ct thep b rng khe nt se rt ln.
S dung thep cng cao se tit kim t 10-80% lng thep (cac cu kin nhp ln 50-80%, cu kin nhp nho do ct
thep cu tao chim t l ln nn t hiu qua, khoang 15%).
Kha nng chng nt cao hn (do o kha nng chng thm tt hn): Vi BTCT LT co th ch tao cac cu
kin khng xut hin vt nt hoc han ch b rng khe nt khi chu tai trong s dung. BTCT LT c s dung trong
cac kt cu chng nt cao: ng co ap, b cha cht long, cha kh..
Co cng ln hn (do o vong, bin dang be): thch hp cho cac kt cu nhp ln. Nh kha nng chng
nt va cng ln nn tnh chng moi cao, chu tai trong ng tt.
M rng pham vi s dung kt cu BTCT lp ghep va na lp ghep.
- Nhc im:
ng lc trc co th gy ng sut keo pha i din lam nt BT.
oi hoi thit b c bit, cng nhn lanh ngh, co s kim soat chc che v ky thut, phai am bao an toan lao
ng cao..

2. CC PHNG PHP GY NG LC TRC:

2.1. PP cng trc (cng trn b):
Ct thep LT c neo mt u c nh vao b,
u kia c keo cng vi lc N. Ct thep c
keo trong gii han an hi, gian dai la l.
Khi o u con lai se c c nh vao b.
Ghep van khun, t ct thep thng ri BT.
i BT at cng cn thit R0 th bung
ct
thep: ct thep LT se co xu hng co lai, thng
qua lc dnh hoc cac neo BT se b nen vi lc
N bng lc a dung cng ct thep.
Phng phap cng trc thun li vi cac cu
kin va va nho c san xut hang loat.

KHOA XY DNG DN DUNG & CNG NGHIP

6
5

e0
1

l
e0

N
S PP cng trc:
1. Ct thep LT
2. B cng
3. Van khun

4. Th.b keo thep

5. Th.b c nh (neo)
6. Truc trung hoa

2.2. Phng php cng sau (cng trn BT):

t ct thep thng va cac ng tao ranh (bng tole, kem hoc
vt liu khac) ri BT. Khi BT at cng cn thit R0
tin hanh cng ct thep LT vi tr s ng sut quy nh, sau
khi cng ct thep c neo vao u cu kin, bm va vao lp
kn cac ng ranh tao lc dnh va bao v ct thep.
Phng phap cng sau thch hp vi cac cu kin ln hoc
phai tai ch.

Chng 10
4

e0
1

l
5

N
S PP cng sau:
1. Ct thep LT
2. C.kin BTCT
3. ng ranh

2.3. Vt liu:
a) B tng va va:

4. Th.b keo thep

5. Th.b neo
6. Truc trung hoa

- B tng nng mac 200. Chon mac BT phu thuc dang, loai va ng knh ct thep LT, co dung neo hay khng
dung neo, phu thuc cng cn thit khi bt u gy LT, phu thuc loai va mc tai trong tac dung ln cu kin.
- Va dung lp kn cac khe thi cng, cac mi ni cac cu kin lp ghep, lam lp bao v ct thep va neo: mac 150.
- Va dung bm vao cac ng ranh: mac 300 va phai co linh ng cao (d chay..), t co ngot.
b) Ct thep:
Dung thep cng cao. Tt nht la dung si thep cng cao. Thng dung cac bo si 3 si, 7 si.. co th bn hoc
khng bn.
Co th dung ct thep thanh co g cng cao nh thep can nong A-IV, thep gia cng nhit AT-IV tr ln.
Chon loai thep cho cu kin phu thuc vao loai kt cu va iu kin lam vic cua ct thep di tac dung cua tai trong,
mi trng, nhit ..
Khi chiu dai 12m nn dung thep thanh, 12m dung loai dy cap hoc bo si thep cng cao.

2.4. Cc loi thit b neo:

a. Thit b neo trong PP cng trc:
Trong PP cng trc, s truyn lc gia BT va ct thep chu yu thng qua lc dnh. tng thm lc dnh 2 u co
cu tao cac mu neo c bit:
- Vi thep thanh co th han thm cac oan thep ngn hay vong m, hoc tao ren cac g xon c.

- Vi thep si thng dung neo loai vong hoc loai ng.

b. Thit b neo trong PP cng sau:

- Nu dung kch 2 chiu cng cac bo si thep khng ln lm (khoang 12-24 si 5) th dung loai neo Freyssinet:
Neo gm 2 b phn chnh la khi neo va chm. Khi neo bng thep hoc BTCT. Chm hnh cn bng thep cng
cao xung quanh co g xon c tng ma sat, co ranh gia bm va.

- Nu dung kch 1 chiu th dung neo kiu cc: bn ngoai la mt cc thung ay bng thep, bn trong
la khi BT vi cac si thep LT c bo cht nh cht hnh cn va vong kep.
d
3d

d1

4d
2.5d

d2 5
2d

1.5d+2d1+3mm

2d20d
4d

10

1ng d=35-50mm

6d

=3 - 4

200

KHOA XY DNG DN DUNG & CNG NGHIP

Neo Freyssinet

6
Neo kiu cc

Chng 10

3. C IM CU TO:
Trong cu kin BTCT LT s lin kt tt gia BT va ct thep la rt quan trong. Do o vic b tr ct thep cn tun thu
cac qui nh sau:
- PP cng trc:
Khng c dung thep khng co g, khng co vin hoc khng gia cng b mt lam BTCT LT.
Nu dung thep co g, thep tron hoc thep ban xon lai.. th khng cn thit co neo, nhng phai cach u mut mt oan
truyn lc ltr ct thep mi phat huy tac dung:

01

R0

ltr = m tr
Trong o:

+ n d ;

0 - ng sut trong ct thep sau khi k n cac hao hut xay ra trc khi bung CT.
R0 - Cng chu nen cua BT luc bung ct thep.
d - ng knh ct thep ULT.
mtr, n - Cac h s ly theo bang sau:

Dang va loai ct thep

Thep thanh co g
Si thep co g d=5
4
3

H
mtr
0.3
1.8
1.8
1.8

Dang va loai ct thep

n
10
40
50
60

H
mtr
1.25
1.4
1.6
1.8

Thep bn 7 si d=15
12
9
7.5; 6; 4.5

s
n
25
25
30
40

- PP cng sau: Nht thit phai dung cac loai neo c bit.
ng sut nen tai u cu kin rt ln thng > cng chu nen cua BT, tranh pha hoai cuc b cn phai tng TD
tai u cu kin, hoc gia c bng ct ai day kn, cac li thep phu trn oan 2 ln chiu dai thit b neo ( 10 ln
ng knh ct doc va 200). B tr 5-8 li cach nhau 50-70 ng knh thep cua li 5 va 1/4 ng knh ct
doc.
Co th cu tao cac tm thep m di cac neo hoc un bt ct thep neo ln mep trn gia s tp trung ng sut. (tai
v tr un ct doc cn b tr ct ai phu gia cng)

80

Khoang cach gia cac ct thep va lp BT bao v:

- Trong pp cng trc, cu tao tng t BTCT thng.
60
b/2
KHOA XY DNG DN DUNG & CNG NGHIP

Chng 10
- Trong pp cng sau:
Nu ct thep ng lc trc t trong cac ranh th chiu day lp BT bao v
k t mt ngoai cua cu kin n mt trong ranh (20 va 1/2 ng knh
ranh), khi ng knh ranh > 32 th lp bao v ng knh ranh.
Khi trong ranh b tr mt s bo si hoc thep thanh th lp BT bao v 80 vi thanh bn, (60 va 1/2 b rng ranh) vi mt ay.
Khoang cach gia cac ranh (ng knh ranh va 50), ng thi sao cho vic cng ct thep c d dang, khng b pha hoai cuc b khi bung ct
thep.

4. CC CH DN C BN V TNH TON:
4.1. Tr s ng sut trong BT v ct thp:
- Tr s ng sut gii han 0 & 0 trong ct thep FH & FH theo qui pham khi cng thep bng phng phap c hoc:
(10 - 1)
i vi thep thanh:
0.35RHC 0 0.95 RHC ;
(10 - 2)
i vi thep si cng cao:
0.25RHC 0 0.75 RHC ;
- Tr s ng sut khng ch: kim tra ng sut trong ct thep thi im kt thuc vic cng trn b hoc tai v tr t
lc cng khi cng trn BT.
Khi cng trn b: Tr s ng sut khng ch ly bng tr s ng sut gii han 0 & 0 sau khi a k n cac tn hao do
bin dang cua neo va cua ma sat (neo & ms):
HK = 0 - neo - ms ;
(10 - 3)
HK = 0 - neo - ms ;
HK = 0 - nH.BH ;
(10 - 4)
Khi cng trn BT: HK = 0 - nH.BH ;
Trong o
BH & BH la ng sut trc trong BT ngang mc trong tm FH & FH (co k n cac tn hao trc
khi ep BT).
nH la t s gia m un an hi cua ct thep ULT EH va m un an hi cua BT:
nH = EH / Ea;
- H s chnh xac khi cng mt: Xet n cac sai s cua cac dung cu o, do cac nguyn nhn khac cha c xet n mt
cach chnh xac khi tinh toan..
mt = 0.9 hoc 1.1 nu vic giam hoc tng ng sut trc trong ct thep la bt li i vi kt cu.
mt = 1 khi tnh toan cac hao tn ng sut trong ct thep hoc khi tnh toan s m rng khe nt, bin dang.
R0 0.8 Rtk;
- Cng cua BT luc bung ct thep LT R0:
R0 140 KG/cm2;
Va nu dung ct thep thanh loai AT-IV va dy cap: R0 200 KG/cm2;
Trang thai ng sut cua TD
ng sut nen tng khi ngoai lc tac dung
ng sut nen giam khi ngoai lc tac dung

Phng phap cng

Cng trc
Cng sau
Cng trc
Cng sau

T s bH / R0
ung tm
0.50
0.45
0.65
0.55

Khi nen:
Lch tm
0.55
0.50
0.75
0.65

4.2. S tn hao ng sut trong ct thp LT:

a. Do tnh chng ng sut ca ct thp (ch):
- Hin tng chung ng sut la hin tng ng sut ban u trong ct thep LT giam bt theo thi
gian trong khi chiu dai cua ct thep khng i.

0
Khi cng bng PP c hoc, i vi thep si: ch = 0.22
(10 - 5)
0.1 .0 ;
R HC

i vi thep thanh:
ch = 0,1.0 - 200 ;
Tr s 0 khng k n cac hao tn ng sut. Nu tnh c ch < 0 th ly ch = 0;

KHOA XY DNG DN DUNG & CNG NGHIP

(10 - 6)

Chng 10

b. Do chnh lch nhit gia ct thp v b cng (nh):

Tn hao nh xay ra khi BT ng cng trong iu kin dng h nhit:
nh = 12.5t;
Trong o t la chnh lch nhit gia ct thep va b cng (tnh = 0C).
Khi khng co s liu chnh xac th ly t = 65 0C;

(10 - 7)

c. Do bin dng ca neo v s p st cc tm m (neo):

neo =

Trong o

.EH ;

(10 - 8)

L
L - Chiu dai cua ct thep cng (trong PP cng trc la khoang cach gia 2 b cng,
trong PP cng sau la chiu dai cua ct thep nm trong cu kin).
- Tng cac bin dang cua ban thn neo, cua cac khe h, s ep sat cac tm m.. Ly
theo thc nghim . Nu khng co s liu thc nghim th ly = 2mm;

d. Do ma st gia ct thp v thnh ng (ms):

1

;
(10 - 9)
kx +
e

Trong o
e - H s logarit t nhin.
k - H s xet n s sai lch v tr t ng so vi v tr thit k. (Tra bang)
x - Chiu dai oan ng (tnh = m) k t thit b cng gn nht n TD tnh toan.
- H s ma sat gia ct thep va thanh ng;
- Tng goc xoay cua truc ct thep (tnh = radian);
Trong PP cng trc nu co ga cac thit b c bit tao cong tnh ms theo cng thc trn vi x
= 0 & = 0.25;
Loai ng ranh
Tr s k
Tr s khi ct thep la
Bo si thep
Thanh co g
ng co b mt kim loai
0.003
0.35
0.40
ng co b mt BT - tao nn bng loi cng
0
0.55
0.65
- tao nn bng loi mm
0.0015
0.55
0.65
ms = 0. 1

Trong PP cng sau:

e. Do t bin nhanh ban u ca BT (tbn):

Trong PP cng trc, hao tn nay xay ra ngay sau khi bung ct thep ep BT.
i vi BT kh cng t nhin:
tbn = 500.

bH
R0

khi

bH
R0

(10 - 10)

bH

(10 - 11)
a ; khi bH > a
R0
R0

Trong o
a,b - H s phu thuc vao mac BT, vi BT mac 300: a = 0.6; b = 1.5
bH - ng sut nen trc trong BT ngang mc trong tm cua ct thep cng, co k n
cac hao tn: ch, ms, neo va nh.
Nu BT ng cng trong iu kin c dng h nhit th tbn c tnh theo cng thc trn co
nhn thm h s 0.85;
tbn = 500.a.1000.b

KHOA XY DNG DN DUNG & CNG NGHIP

Chng 10

f. Do co ngt cu BT (co):
i vi BT nng, ng cng trong iu kin t nhin ly co theo bang sau (tnh = KG/cm2):
Trong PP cng sau co be hn v trc khi
bung ct thep, BT a co ngot c 1 phn

Mac B tng

M400
M500
M600

Phng phap cng

Cng trc
Cng sau
400
300
500
350
600
500

g. Do t bin ca BT (tb):
Hao tn do t bin xay ra trong qua trnh BT chu nen lu dai. i vi BT nng:
tb = 2000.k.

bH
R0

bH
0.3

R0

tb = 4000.k.
Trong o

khi

khi

bH
R0

bH
R0

0.6;

> 0.6; (10 - 12)

k =1 i vi BT ng cng t nhin;
k =0.85 i vi BT c dng h nhit;
bH c ly nh khi tnh hao tn do t bin nhanh.

h. Do BT b p lm (el) (ct thp vng, ct thp xon c):

Mt s cu kin tron nh: b cha, ng dn.. ct thep LT vong se ep lom mt BT.
Nu ng knh cua cu kin < 3m:
el = 300 KG/cm2;
Nu ng knh cua cu kin > 3m th co th bo qua.
Ngoai cac hao tn c ban trn y, trong mt s trng hp cn xet n cac ng sut hao do bin dang cua khun thep,
do ep sat cac khi lp ghep, do tai trong chu tai trong rung ng..
Cac ng sut hao tn c chia lam 2 nhom: ng sut hao xay ra trong qua trnh ch tao cung nh khi ep BT (h1), va
ng sut hao xay ra sau khi kt thuc ep BT (h2).
- Trong PP cng trc:
h1 = ch + nh + neo + ms + tbn ;
h2 = co + tb ;
- Trong PP cng sau:
h1 = neo + ms ;
h2 = ch + co + tb + el ;
Tng hao tn h = h1 + h2 1000KG/cm2 ;

5. CU KIN CHU KO TRUNG TM:

- Cu kin chu keo bng BTCT LT thng gp nh: thanh canh ha cua dan, thanh cng cua vom, ng dn co ap, b
cha tron..

5.1. Cc giai on ca trng thi S-BD:

a. Cu kin cng trc:
Trang thai ng sut-bin dang cua cu kin cung gm 3 giai oan nh BTCT thng, nhng giai oan I c chia lam 6
giai oan trung gian:
Giai oan I1: Ct thep LT t vao khun nhng cha cng, ng sut trong ct thep H = 0 ;
Giai oan I2: Ct thep LT c cng n ng sut khng ch H = HK = 0 - neo - ms ri c nh vao b, BT;
Giai oan I3: Trong thi gian ch BT at cng R0, xay ra cac hao tn lam giam ng sut cng trc trong ct thep
LT H = HK - (ch + nh);
Giai oan I4: Khi BT at cng R0 th bung ct thep ep BT.
ng sut hao tn sau khi bung ct thep la h1 = ch + nh + neo + ms + tbn ;
ng sut trong ct thep LT la
H = 0 - h1 - nH.b ;

KHOA XY DNG DN DUNG & CNG NGHIP