Lecture # 12

Drilling
Dr. N. VENKAIAH
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
NIT Warangal 506 004
Disclaimer
The content presented here is not entirely my own. Some portions are taken from different sources with
great regard. This content is solely for class room teaching and not for any commercial use.

"If you can find a path with no obstacles, it probably doesnt lead
anywhere."

~ Frank A. Clark

Fig. Drill press

Fig.: Drilling

(a) Through hole

(a) Blind hole

Figure: Two types of hole

Drilling machines are generally used to originate through

or blind straight cylindrical holes

Drilling
Boring
Reaming
Tapping
Counterboring
Countersinking
Spot-facing

Tool is called a reamer

Fig.: Reaming

Fig.: Tapping

Fig.: Counterboring

FIGURE: Special purpose subland drill (above), and

some of the operations possible with other combination drills (below)

Can be operated with ease any

where and in any position which
cannot be drilled in a standard
drilling machine
Driven by high speed electric motor
The maximum size of the drill it can
accommodate is not more than 12 to
18 mm.
In fire hazardous areas the drill is
often powered by compressed air.

Small machine, designed for drilling

small holes at high speed in light jobs.
The base of the machine may be
mounted on a bench or on a floor.
Capable of holding drills of size from
1.5 to 15.5 mm rotating at 20,000 rpm.

Fig. Table top sensitive drilling machine

For handling
medium sized
workpieces.
Similar to a
sensitive drilling
machine but larger
and heavier in size
with power feed
arrangement.
More no. of feeds
and speeds

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

Bevel gear drive to spindle

Spindle
Overhead shaft
Back stay
Counter shaft cone pulley
Fast and loose pulley
Foot pedal
Base
Table elevating handle
Rack on column
Table elevating clamp handle
Table clamp
Table
Column
Hand wheel for quick feed
Hand wheel for sensitive feed.

Intended for drilling medium to large and

heavy workpieces.
Movements:
Radial arm - up and down, radial motion
Drill head - horizontal motion
These movements permit the drill to be
located at any desired point on a large
workpiece for drilling number of holes
without disturbing the workpiece set up.
Fig.: Radial Drill Press

Number of single spindle drilling machine

columns are placed side by side on a
common base and have a common work table
The speeds and feeds of the spindles are
controlled independently.
Specially adapted for production work. A
series of operations may be performed on the
work by simply shifting the work from one
position to the other on the work table.
Each spindle may be setup properly with
different tools for different operations.

Structurally rigid column type and are more

productive like gang drill by having a
pentagon or hexagon turret
The turret bearing a number of drills and
similar tools is indexed and moved up and
down to perform quickly the desired series
of operations progressively.
These drilling machines are available with
varying degree of automation both fixed
and flexible type.

Large number of drills work

simultaneously on a blank
through a jig specially made
for the particular job.
The entire drilling head
works repeatedly using the
same jig for batch or lot
production of a particular
job.
Drills are driven by a main
spindle and the central gear
through a number of
planetary gears and the
corresponding flexible
shafts.

The spindle speed with back gears in position:

Speed of the spindle 8 Z1 Z3
=
x
Speed of the pulley 16 Z 2 Z 4

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
25.
26.
27.
30.

Sensitive feed hand wheel

Pinion
Quill
Quick feed hand wheel
Worm gear
Feed gears on worm gear shaft
Keyway on drill spindle
Drill spindle
Bevel gear
Top shaft
Worm and worm gear for automatic feed
14 Gear s Z4 and Z1
Sliding clutch
Hollow shaft
Top shaft cone pulley
Belt
Countershaft cone pulley
Fast and loose pulley
Foot pedal
Lever
24. Back gears Z3 and Z2
Lever fulcrum
Back gear sleeve
Feed gears on driven shaft
Bevel gears; 28 Shaft; 29 Clutch
Worm; 31 Rack; 32 Sliding key

Lecture # 13

Dont expect your friend to be a perfect person but, help your friend to
become a perfect person. That is true friendship.

~ Mother Teresa

FIG. Chisel-point drill

Cutting Diameter:
Largest diameter measured across the top of the lands behind the point
Back Taper
The diameter reduces slightly towards the shank end of the drill
Back taper provides clearance between the drill and workpiece preventing
friction and heat

Flute length: Length of flute measured from the drill point to the end of the flute runout.
Determines the maximum depth of drilling
Cutting Lips:
Cutting edges that extend from the center of the drill to the
outer diameter
On most standard drills, the cutting edge forms a straight
line
Some special and high performance drills have curved
cutting lips

Flute Construction

Conventional
Has J shaped flute geometry
Used in a wide variety of soft and hard drilling applications
Most drills in the industry have this type of construction
Chip breaker
Has special tight radius J shaped flute
Tight radius helps to breakup chips
Heel is rolled for increased chip space
Used in equipment with fixed feeds where long stingy chips are
produced
Parabolic
Cleared heel flute shape
Substantially increase available flute space for chips

Land: The part of the drill body between the flutes

The land provides torsional strength for the drill
Reducing the land width increases chip space, but reduces strength

Web:

The thickness measured across the base of the flutes

Contributes to the torsional strength of the drill

Helix Angle:
Angle formed between the axis of the drill
and the edge of the land
High helix angle
Provides greater lifting power for chips,
but drill becomes weak
Generally used in deep holes
Small helix angle:
Generally limited to shallow holes

Margins:
Provide clearance

D r ill B o d y

Remaining land is reduced in diameter (cleared diameter

or body clearance)
R ake
or
W id th o f
e l i x A n and
g l e friction
LBody
a n d clearance prevents excessiveH rubbing

Body
C le a r a n c e
W id th o f la n d

F lu te s

H eel
L e a d in g E d g e

B ack Taper

Point angle:
Angle included between the cutting lips
projected upon a plane parallel to the drill axis and parallel to the two cutting lips
High Point Angle (Flatter Point)
Provides stronger cutting edges
Recommend for harder and tougher materials
Point angle greater than 130 is generally used in hardened or extremely
tough materials
Low Point Angle (Sharper Point)
- For softer materials
Points sharper than 118 are generally used for soft non-ferrous and nonmetallic materials

Lip Relief Angle: Measured across the margin width

Varies with the diameter of the drill and hardness of the material
On larger diameters and drills for harder materials, lip relief is decreased to as low as 8
Drills for soft materials and small diameters have high relief angles up to 24
Preferred Lip Relief Angles

Chisel Edge:
The chisel edge connects the cutting lips
It does not cut
It penetrates displacing the workpiece material
The chisel edge consumes 60% to 70% of the
thrust required!
Chisel Edge Angle:
The angle formed between the chisel edge and
the cutting lip
The chisel edge angle is generally 125 to 135
Chisel edge angle is an indication of lip relief

Note: Always use the shortest drill possible!

Fig. Use of step block

Tapered
shank
drills
held in
Morse
taper of the
machine
spindle

(a) 3-jaw Jacobs chuck

(b) Collet chuck with synthetic

rubber support for jaws.

Fig. Types of drill chucks

Tc =

Lc
Nf

where,
Lc = length of cut
= Lw + A + O + C
A, O = approach and over run

D = Diameter of hole (i.e., drill)

= Half of the drill point angle

D
C = cot
2
Speed, N and feed, f are selected in the same way
as in the case of turning.
Tc =

DLc
1000Vc f

Fig. Drilling

Fig. Boring
In the same way TC is determined in boring also but C is not included.
For blind hole, over run O is excluded.

Determine the time required to drill a blind hole of diameter 25

mm and depth 40 mm in a mild steel solid block by a HSS drill
of 1180 cone angle. Assume VC = 25 m/min and f = 0.16
mm/rev.
Ans.
Tc = 1 min.