CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS

CLASS-XII
EXPERIMENT No. 1
AIM (a) To prepare 100ml of M/20 solution of oxalic acid.
(b)Using this calculate the molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 solution.
APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS REQUIRED- Oxalic acid, weighing bottle, weight
box, volumetric flask, funnel, distilled water, chemical balance, beakers, conical flask,
funnel, burette, pipette, clamp stand, tile, dilute H2SO4, KMnO4 solution.
THEORY- (a) Oxalic acid is a dicarboxylic acid having molar mass 126gmol-1. It is a
primary standard and has the molecular formula COOH-COOH.2H2O. Its equivalent
mass is 126/2 = 63 as its n factor is 2 as per the following reaction:
COOH-COOH 2CO2 + 2H+ + 2e-.
Calculation of amount of oxalic acid to be weighed to prepare 100ml M/20 solution:
wt.

1000

M =
Mol. Wt

V(ml)

PROCEDURE:
1. Weigh a clean dry bottle using a chemical balance.
2. Add
more weights to the pan containing the weights for the weighing
bottle.
3. Add oxalic acid in small amounts to the weighing bottle, so that the pans are
balanced.
4. Remove the weighing bottle from the pan.
5. Using a funnel, transfer the oxalic acid to the volumetric flask.
6. Add a few drops of distilled water to dissolve the oxalic acid.
7. Make up the volume to the required level using distilled water.
8. The standard solution is prepared.

(b) THEORY1. The reaction between KMnO4 and oxalic acid is a redox reaction and the titration
is therefore called a redox titration.
2. Oxalic acid is the reducing agent and KMnO4 is the oxidizing agent.
3. KMnO4 acts as an oxidizing agent in all the mediums; i.e. acidic, basic and neutral
medium.
4. KMnO4 acts as the strongest oxidizing agent in the acidic medium and therefore
dil. H2SO4 is added to the conical flask before starting the titration.
5. The titration between oxalic acid and KMnO4 is a slow reaction, therefore heat the
oxalic acid solution to about 600C to increase the rate of the reaction.
6.
IONIC EQUATIONS INVOLVED:
Reduction Half: MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn2+ + 4H2O] X 2
Oxidation Half: C2O42- 2CO2 + 2e- ] X 5
Overall Equation: 2MnO4- + 16H+ + 5C2O42- 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O
INDICATOR- KMnO4 acts as a self indicator.
END POINT- Colourless to light pink (KMnO4 in the burette)
PROCEDURE1. Fill the burette with KMnO4 solution.
2. Pipette out 10ml. of oxalic acid solution into the conical flask.
3. Add half a test tube of dil. H2SO4 and heat the solution to about 600C to increase
the rate of the reaction.
4. Keep a glazed tile under the burette and place the conical flask on it.
5. Note down the initial reading of the burette.
6. Run down the KMnO4 solution into the conical flask drop wise with shaking.
7. Stop the titration when a permanent pink colour is obtained in the solution.
8. This is the end point. Note down the final burette reading.
9. Repeat the experiment until three concordant values are obtained.
OBSERVATION TABLE: (TO BE PUT UP ON THE BLANK SIDE USING A
PENCIL)
Volume of Oxalic Acid solution taken =
BURETT
S.No

E
INITIAL

1
2
3
4
5

READINGS
FINAL

VOLUME OF
KMnO4
USED (ml)

Concordant Value =
CALCULATIONS: (TO BE PUT UP ON THE BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)
Using formula:
N1M1V1 = N2M2V2
Where N1=5 (for KMnO4), V1=
, M1 =?
N2=2 (for oxalic acid), V2 = 10ml, M2 =

Strength = M X Molar Mass.

RESULT- (ON RULED SIDE)- The Molarity of KMnO4 =

And the strength of KMnO4 =

EXPERIMENT No. 2
AIM (a) To prepare 100ml of M/50 solution of Mohrs salt.
(b) Using this calculate the molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 solution.
APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS REQUIRED- Mohrs salt, weighing bottle, weight
box, volumetric flask, funnel, distilled water, chemical balance, dilute H2SO4, beakers,
conical flask, funnel, burette, pipette, clamp stand, tile, KMnO4 solution.
THEORY- (a) Mohrs salt having the formula FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O has molar mass
392gmol-1. It is a primary standard.
Its equivalent mass is 392/1 = 392 as its n factor is 1 as per the following reaction:
Fe2+ Fe3+ + eCalculation of amount of Mohrs Salt to be weighed to prepare 100ml M/20 solution:
wt.

1000

M =
Mol. Wt

V(ml)

PROCEDURE:
1. Weigh a clean dry bottle using a chemical balance.
2. Add
more weights to the pan containing the weights for the weighing
bottle.
3. Add Mohrs salt in small amounts to the weighing bottle, so that the pans are
balanced.
4. Remove the weighing bottle from the pan.
5. Using a funnel, transfer the Mohrs salt to the volumetric flask.
6. Add about 5ml. of dilute H2SO4 to the flask followed by distilled water and
dissolve the Mohrs salt.
7. Make up the volume to the required level using distilled water.
8. The standard solution is prepared.

(b) THEORY1. The reaction between KMnO4 and Mohrs salt is a redox reaction and the
titration is therefore called a redox titration.
2. Mohrs salt is the reducing agent and KMnO4 is the oxidizing agent.
3. KMnO4 acts as an oxidizing agent in all the mediums; i.e. acidic, basic and neutral
medium.
4. KMnO4 acts as the strongest oxidizing agent in the acidic medium and therefore
dil. H2SO4 is added to the conical flask before starting the titration.
5.
IONIC EQUATIONS INVOLVED:
Reduction Half: MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn2+ + 4H2O
Oxidation Half: 5Fe2+ 5Fe3+ + 5eOverall Equation: MnO4- + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O
INDICATOR- KMnO4 acts as a self indicator.
END POINT- Colourless to light pink (KMnO4 in the burette)
PROCEDURE1. Fill the burette with KMnO4 solution.
2. Pipette out 10ml. of Mohrs salt solution into the conical flask.
3. Add half a test tube of dil. H2SO4.
4. Keep a glazed tile under the burette and place the conical flask on it.
5. Note down the initial reading of the burette.
6. Run down the KMnO4 solution into the conical flask drop wise with shaking.
7. Stop the titration when a permanent pink colour is obtained in the solution.
8. This is the end point. Note down the final burette reading.
9. Repeat the experiment until three concordant values are obtained.
10.
OBSERVATION TABLE: (TO BE PUT UP ON THE BLANK SIDE USING A
PENCIL)
Volume of Mohrs salt solution taken =
BURETT
S.No

E
INITIAL

1
2
3
4
5

READINGS
FINAL

VOLUME OF
KMnO4
USED (ml)

Concordant Value =
CALCULATIONS: (TO BE PUT UP ON THE BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)
Using formula:
N1M1V1 = N2M2V2
Where N1=5 (for KMnO4), V1=
, M1 =?
N2 =1 (for Mohrs salt), V2 = 10ml, M2 =

Strength = M X Molar Mass.

RESULT- (ON RULED SIDE)- The Molarity of KMnO4 =

And the strength of KMnO4 =

EXPERIMENT No.3
AIM: To prepare a colloidal sol of starch.
THEORY: Starch forms a lyophilic sol with water which is the dispersion medium. The
sol of starch can be prepared by water to about 1000C. The sol is quite stable and is not
affected by the presence of an electrolytic impurity.
PROCEDURE:
EXPERIMENT
Take 50 ml of distilled water in a
beaker and heat it to about 1000C.
Add a thin paste of starch to water
with stirring.

OBSERVATION
A colourless, transluscent sol is
obtained

INFERENCE
Sol of starch has been prepared

RESULT- Colloidal sol of starch has been prepared.

EXPERIMENT No.4
AIM: To prepare a colloidal sol of ferric hydroxide.
THEORY: Ferric hydroxide forms a lyophobic sol with water which is the dispersion
medium. It is prepared by the hydrolysis of ferric chloride with boiling distilled water as
per the reaction:
FeCl3 (aq) + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl (aq).
The HCl formed during the reaction tries to destabilize the sol and therefore should be
removed from the sol by dialysis. A wine red sol of ferric hydroxide is obtained.
PROCEDURE:
EXPERIMENT
Take 50 ml of distilled water in a
beaker and heat it to about 1000C.
Add the solution of FeCl3 to water
with stirring.

OBSERVATION
A wine red sol is obtained

RESULT- Colloidal sol of ferric hydroxide has been prepared.

INFERENCE
Sol of ferric hydroxide has been
prepared

EXPERIMENT No.5
AIM: To prepare crystals of Mohrs salt.
THEORY: Mohrs salt i.e. ferrous ammonium sulphate [FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O] is a
double salt. It can be prepared by making equimolar solution of hydrated ferrous sulphate
and ammonium sulphate in minimum amount of water. A few ml of dil. H2SO4 is added
to prevent the hydrolysis of FeSO4.7H2O. Cooling of the hot saturated solution yields
light green crystals of Mohrs salt.
FeSO4.7H2O + (NH4)2 SO4 FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O + H2O
RESULT- Colour of the crystals: Light green
Shape of the crystals: Monoclinic.
NOTE DRY THE CRYSTALS, PUT THEM IN A ZIP POUCH AND PASTE
THEM IN YOUR FILES ON THE BLANK PAGE.
EXPERIMENT No.6
AIM: To prepare crystals of Potash alum.
THEORY: Potash alum, a double salt, commonly known as fitkari has the formula
K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O. It can be prepared by making equimolar solution of potassium
sulphate and aluminium sulphate in minimum amount of water. A few ml of dil. H2SO4 is
added to prevent the hydrolysis of Al2(SO4)3.18H2O. Cooling of the hot saturated solution
yields colourless crystals of Potash alum.
K2SO4 + Al2(SO4)3.18H2O + 6H2O K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
RESULT- Colour of the crystals: Colourless
Shape of the crystals: Octahedral.
NOTE DRY THE CRYSTALS, PUT THEM IN A ZIP POUCH AND PASTE
THEM IN YOUR FILES ON THE BLANK PAGE.

EXPERIMENT No.7
AIM: To separate the coloured components present in a mixture of red and blue ink by
ascending paper chromatography and find their Rf values.
THEORY: In this type of chromatography a special adsorbent paper (Whatman filter
paper) is used. Moisture adsorbed on this Whatman filter paper acts as stationary phase
and the solvent acts as the mobile phase. The mixture to be separated is spotted at one
end of the paper. This paper is then developed in a particular solvent by placing the paper
in a gas jar, taking care that the spot is above the solvent. The solvent rises due to
capillary action and the components get separated out as they rise up with the solvent at
different rates. The developed paper is called a chromatogram.
Rf (retention factor) values are then calculated, which is the ratio of the distance
moved by the component to the distance moved by the solvent front.
Rf = Distance traveled by the component
Distance traveled by the solvent front
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS: (ON THE BLANK PAGE, USING A
PENCIL)
S.No

SUBSTANCE

1
2

RED + BLUE INK

RED + BLUE INK

DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY
DIFFERENT COMPONENTS

DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY
SOLVENT

Rf VALUE

RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE) - Rf of blue ink =

Rf of red ink =

NOTE: PASTE THE CHROMATOGRAM ON THE BLANK SIDE AND MARK THE
DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY THE INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS AND THE
SOLVENT FRONT USING A PENCIL.

EXPERIMENT No.8
AIM: To test the presence of unsaturation in the given organic compound.
PROCEDURE:
S.No
1

EXPERIMENT
BAEYER'S TEST OR alk.KMnO4 TEST
Dissolve organic compound in
water/acetone and add a few drop of
Baeyer's reagent and shake

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

Pink colour of KMnO4

decolorizes.

Unsaturation present in
the organic compound.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

2KMnO4 + H2O 2KOH + 2MnO2 + 3[O]
>C =C< + H2O + [O] >C(OH) (OH)C< + KOH
RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE) Unsaturation is present in the given organic compound.
EXPERIMENT No.9
AIM: To test the presence of alcoholic group in the given organic compound.
PROCEDURE:
S.No
1

EXPERIMENT
CERRIC AMMONIUM NITRATE TEST
Organic compound + few drops of cerric
ammonium nitrate solution. Shake well.

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

A pink or red colour

appears.

Alcoholic OH group
present.

ESTER TEST
Organic compound + few drops of glacial
acetic acid + 1-2 drops of conc. H2SO4 +
warm on water bath for 5 min. Cool and
pour into 15ml of Na2CO3 solution. Smell
the contents.

A fruity smell is
obtained

Alcoholic OH group
present

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. ROH + (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6

(NH4)2[Ce(OR)(NO3)5]
Cerric amm. nitrate
pink or red
2. ROH + CH3COOH
CH3COOR + H2O

HNO3

RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE) - Alcoholic OH present in the given organic

compound.

EXPERIMENT No.10
AIM: To test the presence of phenolic group in the given organic compound.
PROCEDURE:
S.No
1
2

EXPERIMENT
LITMUS TEST
Organic compound + few drops of blue
litmus solution.
NEUTRAL FeCl3 TEST
Organic compound + few drops of neutral
FeCl3 solution.

LIEBERMANN NITROSO TEST

Organic compound + sodium nitrite +
conc. H2SO4

EQUATIONS: (ON
1. HO

OBSERVATION
Blue litmus turns red.

INFERENCE
Phenolic OH group
present.

A violet colouration is
obtained.

Phenolic OH group
present.

A deep blue or
green colouration is
obtained which
turns red on the
addition of water.
The blue or green
colour reappears on
the addition of
NaOH.

Phenolic OH group
present.

BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

(PHENOL)
+ FeCl3

2.

Phenol (structure)

O=

[HO
(Deep Blue)

NaNO2 + H2SO4

- NOH

N=

HO

conc. H2SO4 / PHENOL(structure)

= OH+] HSO4-

H2O

N=O

[HO

N=

= O] NaOH

Phenol indophenol (red)

Sodium salt of phenol indophenol

(blue)

RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE) Phenolic OH present in the given organic compound.

{ equations are incomplete}

EXPERIMENT No.11
AIM: To test the presence of aldehydic group in the given organic compound.

PROCEDURE:
S.No
1
2

EXPERIMENT
2,4-DNP TEST
Organic compound + 2,4-DNP
TOLLENS TEST
Organic compound + Tollens
reagent (amm. silver nitrate
solution). Heat on water bath.
BENEDICTS / FEHLINGS TEST
Organic compound + Benedicts
reagent/ Fehlings reagent (A
mixture of equal amounts of
Fehlings A and Fehlings B). Heat.
SCHIFFS TEST
Organic compound + Schiffs
reagent

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

Crystalline orange
ppt. obtained

Carbonyl group
present.

A silver mirror is
obtained the walls
of the test tube.

Aldehydic group
present.

A brick red ppt. is

obtained.

Aldehydic group
present.

A red/ pink/violet
colouration is
obtained.

Aldehydic group
present.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. RCHO + NH2NH =
(equation 1 is incomplete)
2. RCHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 3OH- RCOO- + 4NH3 + 2Ag + 2H2O
3. RCHO + 2Cu2+ + 5OH- RCOO- + Cu2O + 3H2O
RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE ) Aldehyde present in the given organic compound.

EXPERIMENT No.12

AIM: To test the presence of ketonic group in the given organic compound.
PROCEDURE:
S.No
1
2
3

EXPERIMENT
2,4-DNP TEST
Organic compound + 2,4-DNP
m-DINITROBENZENE TEST
Organic compound + mdinitrobenzene + NaOH
SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE TEST
Organic compound + sodium
nitroprusside + NaOH

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

Crystalline orange
ppt. obtained

Carbonyl group
present.

A violet colouration
is obtained.

Ketonic group
present.

A red colouration is
obtained.

Ketonic group
present.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. CH3COCH3 + OH- CH3COCH2- + H2O
[Fe(CN)5NO]2 - + CH3COCH2- [Fe(CN)5NO(CH2COCH3)]3 Nitroprusside ion
Red complex
RESULT: : (ON RULED SIDE ) Ketone present in the given organic compound.

EXPERIMENT No.13

AIM: To test the presence of carboxylic acid group in the given organic compound.
PROCEDURE:
S.No
1
2
3

EXPERIMENT
LITMUS TEST
Organic compound + blue litmus
SODIUM BICARBONATE TEST
Organic compound + aq. NaHCO3
ESTER TEST
Organic compound + few drops of
alcohol + 2-3 drops of conc. H2SO4
+ heat on a water bath. Cool the
contents and pour them into cold
water.

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

Blue litmus turns red

Carboxylic acid
may be present.

Brisk effervescence
is obtained.

Carboxylic acid
group present.

A fruity smell is
obtained.

Carboxylic acid
group present.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. RCOOH + NaHCO3 RCOONa + H2O + CO2
2. RCOOH + CH3CH2OH

conc. H SO
2 4

RCOO CH2CH3

RESULT: : (ON RULED SIDE ) Carboxylic acid present in the given organic
compound.

EXPERIMENT No.14

AIM: To test the presence of amino group in the given organic compound.
PROCEDURE:
S.No
1
2
3
4

EXPERIMENT
LITMUS TEST
Organic compound + few drops of red
litmus solution.

OBSERVATION
Red litmus turns
blue

SOLUBILITY TEST
Organic compound + 1-2 ml of
Organic compound
dil.HCl. Shake well.
dissolves.
CARBYLAMINE TEST
Organic compound + CHCl3 +
An obnoxious smell
Alc.KOH. Heat
is obtained.
AZO DYE TEST
Dissolve organic compound in
A red or orange dye
dil.HCl and cool in ice. Add ice
is obtained.
cold NaNO2 solution to it. Mix well.
Add ice cold solution of - naphthol
+ NaOH.

INFERENCE
Amino group
present.
Amino group
present
Primary amine
present.
Primary aromatic
amino group
present.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. R-NH2 + HCl R- NH3+Clamine
amine salt
2. R-NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH R- N C + 3KCl + 3H2O
Isocyanide
or carbylamine
3. NaNO2 + HCl HNO2 + NaCl
ArNH2 + HNO2 + HCl Ar- N+ N-Cl + 2H2O
Aromatic
Aryldiazonium chloride
0
1 amine
(stable between 0- 50C)
- naphthol (draw structure) + Ar- N+ N-Cl (draw structure of the azo dye
obtained) + NaCl + H2O
RESULT: : (ON RULED SIDE ) Amino present in the given organic compound.
NOTE: After performing the carbylamine test add 1ml conc.HCl to the reaction
mixture and heat to decompose the isocyanide formed and throw the reaction
mixture into running water.
EXPERIMENT No.15

AIM: To test the presence of carbohydrate in the given food sample.

PROCEDURE:
S.No
1
2

EXPERIMENT
CONC H2SO4 TEST
Food sample + conc. H2SO4. Heat

OBSERVATION
Charring occurs
with smell of burnt
sugar

MOLISCHS TEST
Food sample + Molischs reagent (1%
A purple ring is
alcoholic solution of naphthol) +
obtained at the
conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the
junction of the two
test tube.
layers.
BENEDICTS / FEHLINGS TEST
Food sample + Benedicts reagent/
A red ppt. is
Fehlings reagent (A mixture of
obtained.
equal amounts of Fehlings A and
Fehlings B). Heat.
TOLLENS TEST
Food sample + Tollens reagent
A silver mirror is
(amm. silver nitrate solution). Heat obtained the walls
on water bath.
of the test tube.

INFERENCE
Carbohydrate
present.
Carbohydrate
present.

Carbohydrate
present.

Carbohydrate
present.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. CHO(CHOH)4CH2OH + 2Cu2+ + 5OH- COOH(CHOH)4CH2OH + Cu2O + 3H2O
Glucose
Gluconic acid
+
2. CHO(CHOH)4CH2OH + 2[Ag(NH3)2] + 3OH COOH(CHOH)4CH2OH + 4NH3
Glucose
(Gluconic acid) + 2Ag + 2H2O
RESULT: : (ON RULED SIDE ) The food sample has been tested for carbohydrate.

EXPERIMENT No.16

AIM: To test the presence of oil or fat in the given food sample.
PROCEDURE:
S.No
1

EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION

SOLUBILITY TEST
Food sample + water
Food sample + chloroform(CHCl3)

INFERENCE

Does not dissolve

Miscible

Oil / fat present.

A translucent spot is
observed.

Oil / fat present.

An irritating odour
is obtained.

Oil / fat present.

SPOT TEST
Smear the food sample on paper.

ACROLEIN TEST
Heat

Food sample + KHSO4.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

Oil/ fat

heat

CH2 (OH)CH(OH) CH2 (OH)

glycerol + fatty acid

KHSO4, Heat

CH2CHCHO (acrolein) + 2H2O

RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE ) The food sample has been tested for oil/fat
NOTE THE PARER OBTAINED IN SPOT TEST TO BE PUT IN A ZIP POUCH
AND PASTED ON THE BLANK SIDE.

EXPERIMENT No.17
AIM: To test the presence of protein in the given food sample.

PROCEDURE:
S.No
1

f
BIURET TEST
Food sample + few drops of NaOH +
CuSO4 solution.

INFERENCE

A violet colouration
is obtained.

Protein present.

A yellow ppt. is
obtained.

Protein present.

A blue colour is
obtained.

Protein present.

XANTHOPROTEIC TEST
Food sample + few drops of conc.
HNO3. Heat.

OBSERVATION

NINHYDRIN TEST
Food sample + few drops of 0.15
ninhydrin solution. Boil the contents.

RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE ) The food sample has been tested for proteins.