Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sumer
Sumer
- 4 . millenium, kezdenek el agyagra rni, elszr piktografikus, ksbb fonetikus- fleg gazdasgi,
stb szvegek
-2. millenium, sok tbla sumr irodalommal, Nippur himnuszok, mtoszok, kzmondsok, esszk.
-ismer mr a sumr nyelvtan,szemantika nem annyira Hugo radau, L.w. King kezdtk msolni s kiadni a sumr mveket
Sumr iskola
- els rott dokumentumokat Erechben talltk (URUK) kicsi darabkk, gazdasgi s
adminisztratv infval, listk tanulni s gyakorlsra tants, mr Kr.e. 3000 krl
talltak tanknyveket Shuruppakban B.C. 2500
-harmadik millennium vge- virgzik az iskola, klnbz rnokok, fleg adminisztratv,
palotknak, templomoknak, rnokok ksbb kormnyzk lettek
-msodik millenium,msodik fele tblk melyek msolst a dikoknak tartalmaztk
iskola clja, profi rnokokat kiadni, gazdasgi s adminisztratv clokra ksbb ms tantrgyak is
megjelentek, botanika, zoolgia, stb.
- kibontakozik a kreatv rs
- a tanrokat a dikok fizettk ki, volt aki rnok lett, volt a ki tanr.
- gazdagok voltak a dikok s csak frfiak
-az iskola feje az ummia volt iskola apa, dik- iskola fi. Tanrsegd nagytestvr
rajzrt, jelenltrt s bntetsrt felels tanrok is voltak
rarend- kt csoport - semiscientific and scholarly the second as literary and creative, szavakat
csoportostotak kategrik szerint s a dikoknak gy kellett megtanulni lerni ket:
vrosok,llatok,fk, nvnyek, falvak, svnyok, stb.
- matek, matekproblmk jelenlte
-nyelvtan tantsa Akkd jelenlt hatsra megjelennek az els sztrak
kreatv rs irodalmi mvek msolsa, rs mtoszok, himnuszok isteneknek s kirlyoknak, stb.
a dik msolt, a nagytestvr s az ummia tnzte s j anyagot adott
-memoralizls s fontos szerepet jtszott
a dikokat vertk, de btortottk is. Nepkelttl napnyugtig tanultak.
Nippurban, Urban is talltak iskolapletek? Felttelezheten Mariban talltak iskolapletet mivel
tgla padjai voltak a teremnek, de nem talltak tblkat
I.e. 2000 egy tanr rt egy esszt
-fl a ksstl a dik, hogy a tanr nehogy megverje, ksbb a tanr vlaszaknt elmondja
mitcsinl: felmondtam a tblmat, ebdeltem, megkaptam a j tblmat, lemsoltam, befejeztem,
megkaptam az j szbeli feladatom s dlutn az rsbelit is. Hazamentem, apmnak felmondtam a
tblt rvendett, reggel
-meghvtk a tanrt, hogy kiengeszteljk, j ruht, gyrt adtak
azzal vgzdik az essz, hogy a tanr megldja a dikot, legfbb testvre s bartai kztt,
elsajttja az rs mvszett stb. -21 msolat kszlt az esszrl
Radau kezdte msolni, ksbb msok is toldtak hozz, Langdon, az r. Thorkild Jacobsen
.Adam Falkenstein fordtottk Journal of the American Oriental Society jelent meg
elszr
Fiatalkori rosszalkods?
- egy summr esszbl derl ki fiatalok akik utltk az iskolt, apjuknak panaszkodtak,bandkba
jrtak
-egy rnokrl s a rossz firl szl menjen iskolba, dolgozzon rendesen, ne lgjon
monolg az apa rszrl, hogy legyen rendes frfi a fia ne jrjon az utckon, legyen szerny az
iskolai vezetjvel szemben, tanuljon. Az apnak elege a fia hltlansgbl, hiszen annak nem kell
szntfldeken dolgoznia, a fi nem akarja t kvetni. Enlil, az istenek kirlya is azt akarja, hogy
fia kvesse. Az essz vge viszont boldog, az apa megldja fit s a szemlyes istene Nanna s
felesge Ningal (in favor)
Nemzetkzi Kapcsolatok
"Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta." - vers
Enmerkar egy hres sumr hs, Erech fltt uralkodott, Perzsiban volt tallhat Aratta, egy msik
vrosllam. Aratta gazdag vros volt, ht hegy vlasztotta el Uruktl. Gazdag volt fmben,kben s
Erechnek meg pont ez nem volt. Terrorba hozva a vrost, a vers vgn vgl is Enmerkar
megkaparintotta magnak Arattt.
A vers kezddik Erech s Kullab dicstsvel, mivel Inanna istenn azt jobban kedvelte. Enmerkar
Utu napisten fia. Inanna a szerelem s hbor istennje. Megkri hozzason az arattiakkal aranyat,
ezstt s rtkes kveket, hogy Enkinek Abzu-templomnak. Enmerkar kldjn egy lovagot
Arattaba s az emberek megteszik. Meg is fenyegeti Aratta uralkodjt, s Enki mondst is
elmondatja a lovaggal. Nem akarja megteni az uralkod, arra hivatkozva, hogy Inanna protgja,
de akkor a lovag elmondja, hogy Inanna kldette. Az uralkod akkor egyezik bele,ha kld gabont,
a np boldog lesz a gabona ltvnyn s akarja kldeni az kkveket, de az uralkod hisztrikusan
elkezdi kvetelni, hogy Enmerkar kldjn inkbb neki. Ezutn kr, kldjn egy frfit akivel
szolgja megbirkzhat, Enmerkar belemegy s elkldi a frfi de megfenyegeti jbl. A vers szerint
enmerkar volt az els frfi aki agyagtblkra rt, mert a lovagja nem tudta megjegyezni a hossz
szveget. Megkapva a szveget Aratta uralkodjt megldja Ishku isten, az es s vihar istene, sok
bzval, babbal, stb. Vglis Arattabl hoznak mindent.
Az els ktkamars kongresszus
-vrosllamok, kztk Kis, ami znvz utn kapott isteni kirlysgot ?
Kistl dlre Erech kezdett megersdni, Kis emiatt megfenyegette, hogy hdoljon be neki, vagy
lesjtanak r. Ekkor jelent meg Erechben a ktkamars kongresszus ami az regekbl s
fegyverthord frfiakbl llt. A kirly megvtozhatta az regek bkektst tmogat dntsd s
akkor fordult az fegyverhordozkhoz.
Sumr trtnet Aggarl a Kis els dinasztijnak utols uralkodjrl s Gilgmesrl, Erech
kirlyrl. Agga kvetek kld, mieltt Gilgames vlaszolni, beszl az regekkel, k bkt akarnak,
de ez neki nem tetszik, azutn a frfiakkal, k meg harcolni. Harcolnak, kikapnak, de Gilgames
megbartkozik Aggaval s vgl megegyeznek harc nlkl.
Polgrhbor Sumrban, az els trtnszek
- a sumr ember azt hitte , hogy minden krltte mindig ugyanolyan volt, amita az istenek
megteremtettk
- a templomok s palotk levltrsai jegyeztek le fontosabb esemnyeket
- a sumr rstudk, nem a modern trtnetrs alapjn ismertk a trtnelmet
- az els trtnszek Lagasban ltek, mely i. e. 2500-at kveten, 100 vig erss politikai s katonai
hatalom volt. Az Ur-NANSHE ltal ltrehozott dinasztia uralkodott itt
-The dynasty included UrNanshe's
conquering grandson, Eannatum,
who succeeded for a brief period in making himself ruler of practically all Sumer Eannatum's brother,
Enannatum and the latter's son, Entemena. It was not until the
reign of Urukagina, the eighth ruler following UrNanshe,
that Lagash's star finally set. Urukagina was defeated by Lugalzaggisi of Umma, who was conquered in turn
by the great Sargon of Akkad. It is the political history of this period, from the days of UrNanshe
to those of Urukagina, that is known to us from a varied group of
contemporary records prepared by anonymous "historians" who, presumably as palace and temple archivists,
had access to firsthand information on the events they
described.
- egy levltros Entemena idejn, az egyik hatrvonal restaurlst akarta lerni ami az Umma s
Lagas kzti hbor sorn tnkrement, leta a trtnelmi httert is. Kezdte a konfliktus elejrl mg
Mesilim korbl aki akkd s sumr vezetje volt i. e. 2600.sajtsan rta le, bele keverve az iteneket
is pl.
In the days when Mesilim was king of Kish, and at least the nominal suzerain of Sumer, there arose a border
dispute between Lagash and Umma, two Sumerian citystates
which evidently acknowledged Mesilim as their overlord. He proceeded to arbitrate the controversy by
measuring off a boundary line between the two cities in
accordance with what was given out to be an oracle of Sataran, a deity in charge of settling complaints, and he
erected an inscribed stele to mark the spot and prevent
future disputes.
However, the decision, which was presumably accepted by both parties, seemed to favor Lagash rather than
Umma. Not long afterward Ush, an ishakku of Umma,
violated the terms of the decision (the time is not stated, but there are indications that this violation took place
not long before UrNanshe
founded his dynasty at
Lagash). Ush ripped out Mesilim's stele to indicate that he was not bound by its terms, and then crossed the
border and seized the northernmost territory belonging to
Lagash, known as the Guedinna.
This land remained in the hands of the Ummaites until the days of Eannatum, the grandson of UrNanshe,
a military leader whose conquests had made him so powerful
that he dared assume, at least for a brief period, the title "King of Kish," and thus claim the overlordship of all
Sumer. It was this Eannatum, according to our
document, who attacked and defeated the Ummaites made a new border treaty with Enakalli, then the ishakku
of Umma dug a ditch in line with the new boundary
which would help insure the fertility of the Guedinna erected there for purposes of future record the old Mesilim
stele, as well as several steles of
his own and constructed a number of buildings and shrines to several of the important Sumerian deities. To
help minimize the possible source of future conflict
between Umma and Lagash, he set aside a strip of fallow land on the Umma side of the boundary ditch, as a
kind of "noman's
land." Finally, Eannatum, probably in
an effort to alleviate the feelings of the Ummaites to some extent, since he was eager to expand his conquests
in other directions, agreed to let them farm the fields lying
in the Guedinna and even further south. But he granted this only under the condition that the Ummaites pay the
Lagash rulers a share of the crops for the use of the
land, thus assuring himself and his successors of a considerable revenue.
By and large, the inhabitants of Lagash were farmers and cattle breeders, boatmen and fishermen, merchants
and craftsmen. Its economy was mixedpartly
socialistic and statecontrolled,
and partly capitalistic and free. In theory, the soil belonged to the city god, and therefore, presumably, to his
temple, which held it in
trust for all the citizens. In actual practice, while the temple corporation owned a good deal of land, which it
rented out to some of the people as sharecroppers, much
of the soil was the private property of the individual citizen. Even the poor owned farms and gardens, houses
and cattle. Moreover, because of Lagash's hot, rainless
climate, the supervision of the irrigation projects and waterworks, which were essential to the life and welfare of
the entire community, necessarily had to be
communally administered. But in many other respects the economy was relatively free and unhampered. Riches
and poverty, success and failure, were, at least to
some extent, the result of private enterprise and individual drive. The more industrious of the artisans and
craftsmen sold their handmade products in the free town
market. Traveling merchants carried on a thriving trade with the surrounding states by land and sea, and it is
not unlikely that some of these merchants were private
individuals rather than temple representatives. The citizens of Lagash were conscious of their civil rights and
wary of any government action tending to abridge their
economic and personal freedom, which they cherished as a heritage essential to their way of life. It was this
"freedom" that the Lagash citizens had lost, according to
our ancient reform document, in the days before Urukagina's reign. It was restored by Urukagina when he came
to power.
land Sumer and of the city Ur (the Biblical Ur of the Chaldees) had been decided, An and Enlil, the two leading
deities of the Sumerian pantheon, appointed the
moongod
Nanna as the King of Ur. One day, UrNammu
was selected by the god to rule over Sumer and Ur as his earthly representative. The new king's first acts
had to do with the political and military safety of Ur and Sumer. In particular he found it necessary to do battle
with the bordering citystate
of Lagash, which was
expanding at Ur's expense. He defeated and put to death its ruler, Namhani, and then, ''with the power of
Nanna, the king of the city,'' he reestablished Ur's former
boundaries.
Now came the time to turn to internal affairs, and to institute social and moral reforms. He removed the
"chiselers" and the grafters, or, as the code itself describes
them, the "grabbers" of the citizens' oxen, sheep, and donkeys. He then established and regulated honest and
unchangeable weights and measures. He saw to it that
"the orphan did not fall a prey to the wealthy" "the widow did not fall a prey to the powerful" "the man of one
shekel did not fall a prey to the man of one mina (sixty
shekels)." Although the relevant passage is destroyed on the tablet, it was no doubt to ensure justice in the land
and to promote the welfare of its citizens that he
promulgated the laws which followed.
Inanna nvelni akarja vrosa gazdasgt s megakar szerezni prat a trvnyekbl, melyeket enki
riz, eriduba megy, az apjval megrszegedik, az neki adja a trvnyeket, elindul haza a mennyek
hajjn, enki viszont szrnyeket kld utna. Ninshubur viszont megmenti a hajt 7x is a odar
Erekbe.
Etika
-nincs szabad dnts az emberek azrt vannak, hogy az isteneket kiszolgljk
Utunak is kellett vigyzni az ernyessgre a fldn, pl. tbb istennel egytt.
Nanshe, Lagasi istenn is igazsg, megbocsts, stb. jv napjn vizsglta az embereket. Az
istennek teremtettk a rosszat is viszont, a me-ben meg is tallhat. Voltak szemlyes istennek, akik
meghallgattk az embereket, mert a fistenekkel csak kzbenjrssal lehetett beszlni.
Mtosz istenneknek nincs elg kaja, ezen vitatkoznak, Enki nem halljar mert alszik, Nammu az
anyja felszltja., mire Enki utastja, hogy agyagbl ksztsen embereket. Rszegen Nimmah tbb
emberi alakot is megforml, melyek abnormlisak. Enki is forml egy gyenge embert. Nimmah
prbl segteni de nem sikerl s ezrt megtkozza Enkit.
Msik mtosz tehn isten Lahar, testvre a gabona istenn Asnan, azrt teremtettk ket hogy
Anak legyen mit enni s viselni, de emberek nlkl ez nem jtt ltre. Elkezdenek veszekedni, s
Ashnan lesz a gyztes Enki s Enlil szerint.
A szerencstlensg az ember hibjbl szletik.
Szenveds
Aesopica - Fabulk
-Thus speaks the bitch with pride: Whether I have fawncolored
(puppies) or whether I have brindled ones, I love my young.
The fox could not build his own house, and so he went to the house of his friend as a conqueror!
The fox gnashes its teeth, but its head is trembling!
-majmok szrakoztatsra
Irodalmi vitk
-vszakok, llatok, nvnyek fontossga
- ketten vitznak, sajtjukat altmasztjk, msikat lehordjk
- Emesh-nyr s Enten tl Enlil osztotta ki feladataikat, Nippurba mennek megksznni
Enlilnek, Emesh llatokat visz s nvnyeket, Enten drga kveket,stb. Enten megirigyeli Emesht s
vitatkozni kezdenek. Enten gyz -vzek.
Inanna udvarls
-Utu azt akarja hogy Inanna a psztor isten, Dumuzi felesge legyen, viszont a farmer istent,
Enkimdut akarja frjl. Dumuzi meggyzi Inannat, s utna veszekedni kezd Enkimduval. Enkimdu
nem akar veszekedni s megengedi hogy Dumizu brhol legeljen terletn. Elmegy Enkimdu
Dumuzi s az istenn eskvjre s ajndkokat i visz.
Paradicsom bibliai prhuzamok.
- biblia szletse, rgebbi civilizcik, ms fldekrl tvett trtnetek
a sumr irodalom nyomot hagyott a hber irodalomban
Enki s Ninhursag Dilmun a tkletes fld volt csak nem volt vz, Enki megkri Utut hogy
hozzon vizet a fldrl, megteszi, ezltal Ninhursag nvnyeket termeszt, amelyeket megesz Enki,
hogy be fog menni az lk fldjre, Enkidu prblja meggyzni forduljanak vissza, az nem akar, 7
ft levg, gy jut a szrny kamrjba. Megtmadja, a szrny megijed, kri ne lje meg, Eleakarja
engedni, de vgl elvgjk a nyakt.
Gilgmes msols
-Gilgmes a babiloniaknl is, 12 nek
Gilgames ktharmad isten egyharmad emberalak
emberi problmk, bartsg, hsg, stb.
Gilgames Erek ura, de nagyon kegyetlen, az emberek imdkoznak az istenekhez miatta, Arurut,
anyaistennt krik meg segtsen. Elkszti Enkidut agyagbl, s emberr teszi. Szex miatt elveszti
fizikai erejt, de okos lesz. Gilgames tud Enkidurl s meghvja egy orgiba, de az undorodik ettl.
Vgl bartok lesznek. Enkidunak nem tetszik Erek, Elindulnak Gilgamessel.. Huwawa trtnete.
Ishtar, szerelem s lust istennje megkvnja Gilgamest, de az nem akar semmit. Az megfenyegeti
Anut hogy a menny bikjval tegye tnkre a vrost. Meglik a szrnyet, de Enkidut hallra tlik az
istenek. Visszaakarja hozni bartjt Gilgames, s elmegy Utanapistimhez, a halhatatlan kirlyhoz
segtsgrt. Az let nvnye a tenger alatt van, megszerzi de egy kgy ellopja, szomoran megy
haza.
- sumr keletkezs tbb Gilgames szveg
tvettk a babiloniaiak, de belevittk a sajt elemeiket, tnevezve isteneket, kirlyokat, stb.