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Velocity of Approach
Velocity of Approach
Q
A
(1)
where Q is the discharge over the notch/weir and A is the cross-sectional area of
channel on the upstream side of the weir/notch. Additional head corresponding to the
velocity of approach will be,
Ha
.Va2
2g
(2)
and being the kinetic energy correction factor to allow for the non-uniformity of
velocity in the cross-section of the channel.
For example, the discharge over a rectangular notch/weir of width B
3
2
Q Cd .B. 2 g .H 2
....without velocity of approach
3
3
3
2
2
Cd .B. 2 g . H H a H a2 ....with velocity of approach
3
(3)
3
2
a
3
2
Q 1.84 B 0.1n H H a H H a H
(4)
Q m. 2 g .B. H H a 2
(5)
0.003
where m 0.405
is the Bazin coefficient
H H a
(c) Rehbocks formula: Based on the experiments conducted by Rehbock, the following
empirical formula is proposed;
2
H 0.001
32
Q 0.605 0.08
. 2 g .B.H
3
Z
H
(6)
velocity as it flows down the hill formed by the nappe. Although viscous and surface
tension effects are usually of secondary importance, such effects cannot be entirely
neglected. Generally, appropriate experimentally determined coefficients such as
Francis, Bazins and Rehbocks formulae are used to account for these effects.
Nappe
Weir plate
(1)
(2)
V1
z
B
Lw
A broad-crested weir is a structure in an open channel that has a crest above which
the fluid pressure may be considered hydrostatic. The typical configuration is shown in
Fig. 2. Broad-crested weirs are operated in the range, 0.08 H Lw 0.5 so that nearly
uniform critical flow is achieved in the short reach above the weir block. For long weir
blocks H Lw 0.08 , head losses across the weir can not be neglected. On the other
hand, for short weir blocks H Lw 0.5 , the streamlines of the flow over the weir
block are not horizontal. Although, broad-crested weirs can be used in channels of any
cross-sectional shape, but our attention will be limited to rectangular channels.
Consider a broad-crested weir with length, width and height of crest as Lw , B and z
. Referring to the Fig. 2, Bernoullis equation can be applied between sections a-a
upstream of the weir and section b-b over the weir i.e.
H z
Va2
v2
h z
2g
2g
(7)
v2
2g
or v 2 g H h
(8)
(9)
In order to measure the discharge over the broad-crested weir, two heads
i.e. H and h
adjusts itself to have maximum discharge for the available head H . The downstream
head over the weir can be computed mathematically by differentiating Eq. (9) with
respect to h and equating it to zero i.e.
dQ
Cd .Lw . 2 g
dh
2
or, h H
3
H h
h
0
2 H h
(10)
This value of h is known as critical depth. In other words, the discharge over the broadcrested weir is maximum when the critical depth of flow occurs over the surface of the
weir crest. The maximum discharge over the weir corresponding to critical depth will be,
Qmax
2
1
Cd Lw . H . 2 g .
H
3
3
1
2
1.7Cd Lw .H
3
2
(11)
If the velocity of approach Va is considered, then the above equation can be modified
as,
Qmax
V 2 2
1.7Cd Lw . H a
2 g
(12)
Submerged Weirs
When the water level on the downstream of the weir is above the crest of the weir, then
the weir is said to be submerged weir as shown in the Fig. 3. These weirs, constructed
across the rivers have larger discharging capacity compared with freely discharging weirs
and hence become more useful in discharging water during floods.
Water level
(1)
H1
(2)
H2
Va
Lw
the portion between the upstream and downstream water surfaces is treated as a
free weir Q1
the portion between the downstream water surface and crest of the weir is treated
as drowned orifice Q2
If Va is the velocity of approach, H1 and H 2 are the heads on the upstream and
downstream of the weir and Lw is the length of the weir, then
V 2
2
Q1 Cd 1 2 g .Lw H1 H 2 a
3
2 g
Q2 Cd 2 . Lw H 2
a2 2
V
2 g
(13)
2 g H1 H 2 Va2
(14)
3
2
where Cd 1 and Cd 2 are the discharge coefficients for the free and drowned portion
respectively.
Submergence ratio (SR) and Modular limit
Submergence ratio may be defined as the ratio of heads available on the downstream side
of the weir to the head available in the upstream side. Mathematically,
H2
Va2
H1 2 g
SR
(15)
Both sharp and broad crested weirs are susceptible to submergence depending on the
values of SR. The sharp crested weirs behave, as a free weir only up to SR value of
0.66 and the corresponding values for broad crested weirs are 0.85. This is because of the
fact that the flow conditions are such that the downstream water level is held away from
the crest and hence it does not affect the upstream flow conditions. The limiting value of
SR up to which any submerged weir may behave, as free weir is known as Modular
Limit.
Ogee spillway, Siphon spillway and Proportional/Sutro weirs
Ogee spillway
A spillway is a portion of a dam over which the excess water, which cannot be stored in
the reservoir formed on the upstream of the dam, flows to the downstream side. The
profile of an ogee spillway conforms to the shape of the nappe of the sharp-crested weir
of the same height as spillway and under the same head as shown in Fig. 4. The main
advantage of providing such a shape for the spillway is that the flowing sheet of water
remains in contact with the surface of the spillway and thereby preventing negative
pressure being developed on the downstream side. This condition will be fulfilled as long
as the head over the crest of the spillway is equal to or less than the designed head. In the
Fig. 4, if H W is less than 0.75, the discharge can be taken as that of a rectangular
weir.
Siphon spillway
It is essentially an Ogee weir provided with an airtight cover and large rectangular section
pipe connecting the upstream and downstream water surfaces. It allows the discharge of
water at a controlled rate. It has the following advantages over Ogee spillway;
Since the crest of a siphon spillway can be raised, so it allows a greater amount of
water to be stored in the reservoir.
Water level
a
L
Q Cd .L. 2 g .a 2 H
3
(16)
where Cd is coefficient of discharge (0.6 to 0.65), L and a are the width and height of
the rectangular shaped aperture that forms the base of the weir.
Example 1
It is proposed to use a notch for measuring the water flow from a reservoir. It is estimated
that the error in measuring the head above the bottom of the notch could be 1.5mm. For a
discharge of 0.3m3/s, determine the percentage error, which may occur, using a rightangled triangular notch with coefficient of discharge of 0.6.
Solution:
For a V-notch,
5
8
Cd .H 2 2 g tan
15
5
5
8
90
2
Taking Cd 0.6 and 90 , Q 0.6 H 2 9.81 tan 1.417 H 2
15
2
0
When
Q 0.3m3 s H 0.5374m
Now
3
Q 5
2.5Q
1.417 H 2
H 2
H
Or,
100 0.7%
Q
H
0.5374
Example 2
The stream of water from a waterfall of height 40m approaches a weir where the
measured head is recorded as 0.3m. The length of the weir is 3m and the velocity of
approach is 1.2m/s. Determine, the power available at the waterfall. Use Bazins formula
with 1.5 for the flow over the weir.
Solution:
3
Q m. 2 g .B. H H a 2
where
0.003
m 0.405
H H a
Now,
So,
0.003
m 0.405
0.496
0.3 0.11
.g .Q.H
1000 9.811.7 40
kW
667kW
1000
1000
Example 3
A rectangular channel 6m wide carries 168 lits/min at a depth of 0.9m. What height of a
rectangular weir must be installed to double the depth? Discharge coefficient of weir may
be taken as 0.85.
Solution:
The discharge for a broad crested weir is given by,
V 2 2
Q 1.7Cd Lw . H a
2 g
Va2
Q 3
2.8
3
H
0.47m
2 g 1.7Cd Lw
1.7 0.85 6
The depth of the flow required = 2 0.9 = 1.8m
The velocity of approach is given by,
Q
2.8
0.26 m s
6 1.8 6 1.8
V2
ha a 0.0034m
2g
H 0.47 0.0034 0.4666m
Va
10
Water level
H1
y1 = 1.5m
H2
W=1m
y2 = 1.2m
10. A river 30m wide and 3m deep has a mean velocity of 1.2m/s. Find the height of a
weir to raise the water level by 1m.
11. A spillway 40m long having discharge coefficient 1.8 permits a maximum discharge
90m3/s from a storage reservoir. It is proposed to replace the spillway by a siphon
spillway of section 0.75m1.5m with operating head 8m and discharge coefficient 0.64.
Find the number of siphons required and the amount of extra water stored, if the siphons
have a priming depth of 0.15m. Take the average surface area of the reservoir as 5105m2.
11
12. Determine the discharge over an ogee spillway of 150m length under a head of 1.5m.
What will be the depth of the flow at the toe of the dam if the height of the dam is 50m.
13. What will be the head required to carry a discharge of 2.75m 3/s through a 2m wide
gate at 0.3m opening under free flow conditions?
12