Problems

Section 5-2: Source Transformations

P5.2-1
(a)

 Rt = 2

(b)

(c)

9 4i 2i + (0.5) = 0
9 + (0.5)
i =
= 1.58 A
4+2
v = 9 + 4 i = 9 + 4(1.58) = 2.67 V
ia = i = 1.58 A

vt = 0.5 V

(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

P5.2-2

Finally, apply KVL:

10 + 3 ia + 4 ia

16
=0
3

ia = 2.19 A
(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

P5.2-3

Source transformation at left; equivalent resistor for parallel 6 and 3 resistors:

Equivalents for series resistors, series voltage source at left; series resistors, then source
transformation at top:

Source transformation at left; series resistors at right:

Parallel resistors, then source transformation at left:

Finally, apply KVL to loop

6 + i (9 + 19) 36 vo = 0
i = 5 / 2 vo = 42 + 28 (5 / 2) = 28 V
(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

P5.2-4

4 2000 ia 4000 ia + 10 2000 ia 3 = 0

ia = 375 A

(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

P5.2-5

12 6 ia + 24 3 ia 3 = 0 ia = 1 A
(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)
P5.2-6
A source transformation on the right side of the circuit, followed by replacing series resistors
with an equivalent resistor:

Source transformations on both the right side and the left side of the circuit:

Replacing parallel resistors with an equivalent resistor and also replacing parallel current sources
with an equivalent current source:

Finally,

va =

50 (100 )
100
( 0.21) = ( 0.21) = 7 V
50 + 100
3
(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

P5.2-7
Use source transformations to simplify the circuit:

Label the node voltages.

The 8-V source is connected
between nodes 1 and 3.
Consequently,

v1 v 3 = 8

Apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to the 8-V source to get

v1 24
8

v2
20

v 3 10
50

=0

0.125v1 0.3 + 0.05v 2 + 0.02v 3 0.2 = 0

Apply KCL at node 2 to get

v1 v 2
25

v2
20

v 2 v3

10

=0.04v1 + 0.19v 2 0.1v 3 = 0

Solving, for example using MATLAB

0
1 v1 8
1
0.125 0.05 0.02 v = 0.5

2
0.04 0.19 0.1 v 3 0

v1 4.7873

v 2 = 0.6831
v 3 3.2127

The power supplied by the 8-V source is

4.7873 ( 0.6831) 4.7873 24
+
8
= 4.316 W
25
8

Apply KCL at node 4 of the original circuit to get

v3 v4
30

+ 0.5 =

v4
20

v4 =

2v 3 + 30
5

2 ( 3.2127 ) + 30
= 4.71 V
5

The power supplied by the 0.5 A source is

0.5 ( 4.71) = 2.355 W

(checked: LNAP 5/31/04)

P5.2-8

Replace series and parallel resistors by an

equivalent resistor.
18 & (12 + 24 ) = 12

Do a source transformation, then replace

series voltage sources by an equivalent
voltage source.

Do two more source transformations

Now current division gives
24
8
i =
3 =
8+ R
8+ R
Then Ohms Law gives
24 R
v = Ri =
8+ R

(a )

i=

(b) v =

(c) 1 =

24
=2A
8+ 4
24 ( 8 )
8+8
24
8+ R

(d) 16 =

24 R
8+ R

= 12 V

R = 16

R = 16
(checked: LNAP 6/9/04)

P5.2-9
Use source transformations and equivalent resistances to reduce the circuit as follows

The power supplied by the current source is given by

p = 23.1 + 2 (10.3125) 2 = 87.45 W

Section 5-3 Superposition

P5.31
Consider 6 A source only (open 9 A source)
Use current division:
v1
15
= 6
v1 = 40 V
20
15 + 30

Consider 9 A source only (open 6 A source)

Use current division:

v2
10
= 9
v2 = 40 V
20
10 + 35

v = v1 + v2 = 40 + 40 = 80 V
(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

P5.3-2
Consider 12 V source only (open both current sources)
KVL:

20 i1 + 12 + 4 i1 + 12 i1 = 0
i1 = 1/ 3 mA

Consider 3 mA source only (short 12 V and open 9

mA sources)

Current Division:
4
16
i2 = 3
=
mA

3
16 + 20

Consider 9 mA source only (short 12 V and open 3

mA sources)

Current Division:
12
i3 = 9
= 3 mA
24 + 12

i = i1 + i2 + i3 = 1/ 3 + 4 / 3 3 = 2 mA
(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)
P5.33
Consider 30 mA source only (open 15 mA and short 15 V sources). Let i1 be the part of i due to
the 30 mA current source.

2
ia = 30
= 6 mA
2+8

6
i1 = ia
= 2 mA
6 + 12

Consider 15 mA source only (open 30 mA source and short 15 V source) Let i2 be the part of i
due to the 15 mA current source.

4
ib = 15
= 6 mA
4+6

6
i2 = ib
= 2 mA
6 + 12

Consider 15 V source only (open both current sources). Let i3 be the part of i due to the 15 V
voltage source.

 6 || 6
3
i3 = 2.5
= 10
= 0.5 mA
3 + 12
( 6 || 6 ) + 12

Finally,

i = i1 + i2 + i3 = 2 + 2 0.5 = 3.5 mA
(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

P5.34
Consider 10 V source only (open 30 mA source and
short the 8 V source)

Let v1 be the part of va due to the

10 V voltage source.

100 ||100
(10 )
(100 ||100 ) + 100

v1 =
=

Consider 8 V source only (open 30 mA source and

short the 10 V source)

50
10
(10 ) = V
150
3

Let v2 be the part of va due to the

8 V voltage source.
v1 =
=

Consider 30 mA source only (short both the 10 V

source and the 8 V source)

100 ||100
(8)
(100 ||100 ) + 100
50
8
(8) = V
150
3

Let v2 be the part of va due to the

30 mA current source.

v3 = (100 ||100 ||100)(0.03)

=

va = v1 + v2 + v3 =

Finally,

100
(0.03) = 1 V
3

10 8
+ +1 = 7 V
3 3

(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

P5.3-5
Consider 8 V source only (open the 2 A source)

Let i1 be the part of ix due to the 8 V

voltage source.
Apply KVL to the supermesh:
6 ( i1 ) + 3 ( i 1 ) + 3 ( i 1 ) 8 = 0
8 2
= A
12 3
Let i2 be the part of ix due to the 2 A
current source.
i1 =

Consider 2 A source only (short the 8 V source)

Apply KVL to the supermesh:

6 ( i 2 ) + 3 ( i 2 + 2 ) + 3 i2 = 0
i2 =

Finally,

i x = i1 + i 2 =

2 1 1
= A
3 2 6

P5.3-6

Using superposition i x =

R2
+
i a . Then
R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2
A R2
A
vo =
vs +
ia
R1 + R 2
R1 + R 2

vs

6
1
= A
12
2

The equation of the straight line is v o = 7.5 v s + 30 so we require

A
= 7.5 . For example,
R1 + R 2

we can choose R1 = R 2 = 10 , and A = 150 V/A. Then v o = 7.5 v s + 75 i a so we require

ia =

30
= 0.4 A .
75

(Checked: LNAP 6/22/04)

P5.3-7

ix =

vs va
R1

va vo = A ix = A
va =

vs va
R1

R1 v o + A v s
R1 + A

Apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to the CCVS to get

va vs

R1
R1 + R 2
R1 R 2

va
R2

va

+ ia +

vs
R1

vo
R3

+ ia +

=0

vo
R3

=0

R 1 + R 2 R1 v o + A v s v s
vo
+ ia +
=0

R1 R 2 R1 + A R1
R3

R +R
R1 + R 2 A
1
1
1
2

vo +
vs + ia = 0
+

R 2 R1 + A R 3
R1 R 2 R1 + A R1

) (
R 2 R 3 ( R1 + A )

R 3 R1 + R 2 + R 2 R1 + A

vo =

)v

A R2

R 2 R1 + A

vs + ia = 0

R 2 R 3 ( R1 + A )
)
vs
ia
R 3 ( R1 + R 2 ) + R 2 ( R 1 + A )
R 3 ( R1 + R 2 ) + R 2 ( R1 + A )
R3 R 2 A

When R1 = 6 , R 2 = 12 and R 3 = 6
vo =

12 ( 6 + A )
12 A
ia
vs
24 + A
24 + A

Comparing this equation to v o = 2 v s + 9 , we requires

12 A
=2
24 + A

A = 1 2

V
A

Then 2 v s + 9 = v o = 2v s + 6i a so we require

9 = 6ia

i a = 1.5 A
(checked: LNAP 6/22/04)

P5.3-8

vo1 =

vo2 =

40 ||10
1
1
v1 = v1 a =
8 + 40 ||10
2
2

10
3
3
v1 = v 2 b =
8 || 40 + 10
5
5

vo3 = ( 8 ||10 || 40 ) i 3 = 4 i 3 c = 4

(checked: LNAP 6/22/04)

P5.3-9
Using superposition:

v x = 10 i x
and

v x 12 cos 2t
40

vx
10

vx
10

= 4ix

so
10 i x 12 cos 2t
40

= 2ix

ix =

12
cos 2t
70

Finally,
v o1 = 5 4 i x = 3.429 cos 2t V

( )

v x = 10 i x
and
vx
40

vx 2
10

vx
10

= 4ix

so

0.2 = 1.75 i x
Finally,

i x = 0.11429 A

( )

v o1 = 5 4 i x = 2.286 V

v o = v o1 + v o2 = 3.429 cos 2t + 2.286 V

(checked: LNAP 6/22/04)

P5.3-10
Using superposition:

v o1 = 24 ( 0.3) = 7.2 V
v o2 =

30
20 = 4 V
120 + 30

v o = v o1 + v o 2 = 3.2 V

(checked: LNAP 5/24/04)

P5.3-11
(a)
R 3 = R1 & R 2 and R 2 = nR1

R3 =

nR12

n
=
R
(1 + n ) R1 n + 1 1

n
R1
R1
n +1
n

R1 & R 3 =
=
R1
2n + 1
n

R1 +
R1
n +1
n
n
nR1
R1
+
1
n
n

R 2 & R3 =
= n + 1 R1 =
R1
1
2
+
n
n

nR1 +
R1 1 + n + 1
+
1
n

R1
n
n+2

a=
=
=
R1 + R 2 & R 3
2n + 2
n
R1 +
R1
n+2

R 2 & R3

n
1

R1
1
2n + 1
b=
=
= 2n + 1 =
1
R 2 + R1 & R 3
2n + 2
n
nR1 +
R1 1 + 2n + 1
2n + 1

R1 & R 3

a
=n
b

(b) From (a), we require n =4, i.e. R2 = 4R1 and R 3 = R1 & R 2 =

4
R1 . For example
5

R1 = 10 , R 2 = 40 and R 3 = 8 .

(checked: LNAP 6/22/04)

P5.3-12
Using superposition

R || 4

4
v o = 2
i 2
i1 + 2
6 + ( R || 4 )
2 + ( R || 4 ) + 4

Comparing to v o = 0.5 i1 + 4 , we require

R || 4
2
= 0.5 4 ( R || 4 ) = 6 + ( R || 4 )
6
R
||
4
+
(
)

R || 4 = 2

R=4

and

4
4
2
i 2 = 4 2
i 2 = 4 i 2 = 4 A
2 + ( R || 4 ) + 4
2 + ( 4 || 4 ) + 4

(checked LNAP 6/12/04)

P5.3-13
Use units of mA, k and V.

4 + (5||20) = 8 k
(a) Using superposition
8
8
2=
2 ( R + 8 ) = 48 R = 16 k
7
R +8
R +8

(b) Using superposition again

8 4 2
1
5 16
ia =
= 7 + = 4 mA

7+

8 + 16 5 3
3
5 + 20 8 + 16

P5.3-14

v1
10
10
20

io =
i2
+


10 + 40 20 + 12 + ( 40 & 10 ) 10 + 40 20 + 12 + ( 40 & 10 )

v3
20 + 12
+

40 + ( 20 + 12 ) 10 + 40 & ( 20 + 12 )
1
1
1

io =
v1 + i 2 +
v3
200
10
62.5

So

a = 0.05, b = 0.1 and c = 0.016

(checked: LNAP 6/19/04)

P5.3-15
im =

25
3

( 5) = 5 3 = 2 A
3+ 2 2+3

P5.3-16

3
3
vm = 3
( 5)
(18) = 5 6 = 1 A
3 + (3 + 3) 3 + (3 + 3)

Section 5-4: Thvenins Theorem

P5.4-1

(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

P5.4-2
The circuit from Figure P5.4-2a can be reduced to its Thevenin equivalent circuit in four steps:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Comparing (d) to Figure P5.4-2b shows that the Thevenin resistance is Rt = 16 and the open
circuit voltage, voc = 12 V.

P5.4-3
The circuit from Figure P5.4-3a can be reduced to its Thevenin equivalent circuit in five steps:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Comparing (e) to Figure P5.4-3b shows that the Thevenin resistance is Rt = 4 and the open
circuit voltage, voc = 2 V.
(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

P5.4-4
Find Rt:

Rt =

12 (10 + 2 )
=6
12 + (10 + 2 )

Write mesh equations to find voc:

Mesh equations:
12 i1 + 10 i1 6 ( i2 i1 ) = 0
6 ( i2 i1 ) + 3 i 2 18 = 0

28 i1 = 6 i 2
9 i 2 6 i1 = 18
36 i1 = 18 i1 =
i2 =

Finally,

1
A
2

14 1 7
= A
3 2 3

7
1
voc = 3 i 2 + 10 i1 = 3 + 10 = 12 V
3
2

(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

P5.4-5
Find voc:
Notice that voc is the node voltage at node a. Express
the controlling voltage of the dependent source as a
function of the node voltage:
va = voc
Apply KCL at node a:
6 voc voc 3

+ voc = 0
+
8 4 4

6 + voc + 2 voc 6 voc = 0 voc = 2 V

Find Rt:
Well find isc and use it to calculate Rt. Notice that
the short circuit forces
va = 0
Apply KCL at node a:
60 0 3

+ + 0 + i sc = 0
8 4 4
i sc =

Rt =

6 3
= A
8 4

voc 2
8
=
=
3
i sc 3 4
(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

P5.4-6
Find voc:

2 va va va
= + 3 + 0 va = 18 V
3
6
The voltage across the right-hand 3 resistor is zero so: va = voc = 18 V

Apply KCL at the top, middle node:

Find isc:

2 va va va
v
= + 3 + a va = 18 V
3
6
3
va 18
Apply Ohms law to the right-hand 3 resistor :
= 6 V
i sc = =
3
3
v
18
R t = oc =
= 3
Finally:
i sc 6

Apply KCL at the top, middle node:

(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

P5.4-7
(a)

vs + R1 ia + ( d + 1) R 2 ia = 0
ia =

vs
R1 + ( d + 1) R 2

v oc =

( d + 1) R 2vs
R1 + ( d + 1) R 2
vs
R1

ia =

i sc = ( d + 1) ia =

ia d ia +

( d + 1) vs
R1

vT
iT = 0
R2

R1 ia = vT

iT = ( d + 1)

vT vT R 2 ( d + 1) + R1
+
=
vT
R1 R 2
R1 R 2

Rt =

R1 R 2
vT
=
iT R1 + ( d + 1) R 2

(b) Let R1 = R2 = 1 k. Then

625 = R t =

and
5 = voc =

1000
1000
d=
2 = 0.4 A/A
d +2
625

( d + 1) vs
d +2

vs =

0.4 + 2
5 = 13.33 V
0.4 + 1
(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

P5.4-8
From the given data:

2000

voc
R t + 2000
voc = 1.2 V

4000
R t = 1600
2=
voc
R t + 4000

6=

When R = 8000 ,

v=

R
voc
Rt + R

v=

8000
(1.2 ) = 1.5 V
1600 + 8000

P5.4-9

From the given data:

voc

R t + 2000
voc = 24 V

voc
R t = 4000

0.003 =
R t + 4000

0.004 =

i=

voc
Rt + R

(a) When i = 0.002 A:

24
R = 8000
0.002 =
4000 + R
(b) Maximum i occurs when R = 0:
24
= 0.006 = 6 mA i 6 mA
4000

P5.4-10
The current at the point on the plot where v = 0 is the short circuit current, so isc = 20 mA.
The voltage at the point on the plot where i = 0 is the open circuit voltage, so voc = 3 V.

The slope of the plot is equal to the negative reciprocal of the Thevenin resistance, so
1 0 0.002
=
R t = 150
Rt
3 0

P5.4-11

12 + 6000 ia + 2000 ia + 1000 ia = 0

ia = 4 3000 A
voc = 1000 ia =

4
V
3

ia = 0 due to the short circuit

12 + 6000 isc = 0 isc = 2 mA

4
voc
Rt =
= 3 = 667
isc .002
4
3
ib =
667 + R

ib = 0.002 A requires
4
3 667 = 0
R =
0.002

(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

P5.4-12
10 = i + 0 i = 10 A
voc + 4 i 2 i = 0
voc = 2 i = 20 V

i + i sc = 10 i = 10 i sc
4 i + 0 2 i = 0 i = 0 i sc = 10 A

Rt =

2 = iL =

voc 20
=
= 2
isc
10

20
RL = 12
RL 2

(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

P5.4-13
Replace the part of the circuit that is connected to the variable resistor by its Thevenin equivalent
circuit:

18 k || (12 k + 24 k ) = 18 k || 36 k = 12 k

ia =

36
R
and v a =
36
R + 12000
R + 12000
2

36

p = ia va =
R
R + 12000
36
= 3 mA when R = 0 (a short circuit).
0 + 12000
105
36 = 32.14 V when R is as large as possible, i.e. R = 100 k.
(b) v a = 5
10 + 12000
(c) Maximum power is delivered to the adjustable resistor when R = R t = 12 k . Then

(a) i a =

36

p = ia va =
12000 = 0.027 = 27 mW
12000 + 12000
(checked: LNAP 6/22/04)

P5.4-14
Replace the source by its Thevenin equivalent circuit to get

io =

v oc
R t +R L

Using the given formation

v oc

R t + 4

v oc
0.300 =
R t + 8

0.375 =

So
Rt =

0.375 ( R t + 4 ) = 0.300 ( R t + 8 )

( 0.300 ) 8 ( 0.375) 4 = 12 and v

0.075
6
(a) When R L = 10 , i o =
= 0.2727 A.
12 + 10
(b) 12 = R t = 48 11R

R = 16 .

oc

= 0.3 (12 + 8 ) = 6 V

(checked: LNAP 5/24/04)

P5.4-15
(a)

i 3 i 2 = 0.25 A

Apply KVL to mesh 1 to get

20 ( i1 i 2 ) + 20 ( i1 i 3 ) 40 = 0

Apply KVL to the supermesh corresponding to the unspecified resistance to get

40i 2 + 10i 3 20 ( i1 i 3 ) 20 ( i1 i 2 ) = 0

Solving, for example using MATLAB, gives

1 i1 0.25
1
0
40 20 20 i = 40

40 60 30 i 3 0

Apply KVL to mesh 2 to get

40i 2 + R ( i 2 i 3 ) 20 ( i1 i 2 ) = 0

R=

i1 1.875

i 2 = 0.750
i 3 1.000

20 ( i1 i 2 ) 40i 2
i2 i3

= 30

(b)

20
40
v oc =
40
40 = 12 V
20 + 20
10 + 40

R t = 18

0.25 =

12
18 + R

R = 30

(checked: LNAP 5/25/04)

P5.4-16
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the part of the circuit to the left of the terminals a-b.

Using voltage division twice

v oc =

32
30
20
20 = 5 4 = 1 V
32 + 96
120 + 30

R t = ( 96 || 32 ) + (120 || 30 ) = 24 + 24 = 48

Replacing the part of the circuit to the left of terminals a-b by its Thevenin equivalent circuit
gives

io =

1
= 0.0125 A = 12.5 mA
48 + 32

(checked: LNAP 5/24/04)

P5.4-18
Replace the circuit by its Thevenin equivalent circuit:

Rm
vm =
5
R m + 50

(a)

v mi = lim v m = 5 V
R m

(b) When R m = 1000 , v m = 4.763 V so

% error =

5 4.762
100 = 4.76%
5

(c)
Rm
5
5
R m + 50

0.02
5

Rm
R m + 50

0.98

R m 2450
(checked: LNAP 6/16/04)

P5.4-19

v s v oc

R1
v s R 2 (1 + b )
v oc =
v oc
R1 + R 2 (1 + b )
ia + bia =

R2
ia =

i sc = i a (1 + b ) =

vs
R1

(1 + b )

v s R 2 (1 + b )

Rt =

v oc
i sc

R1 + R 2 (1 + b )
R1 R 2
=
vs
R1 + R 2 (1 + b )
(1 + b )
R1
(checked: LNAP 7/22/04)

Section 5-5: Nortons Theorem

P5.5-1
When the terminals of the boxes are open-circuited, no current flows in Box A, but the resistor in
Box B dissipates 1 watt. Box B is therefore warmer than Box A. If you short the terminals of
each box, the resistor in Box A will draw 1 amp and dissipate 1 watt. The resistor in Box B will
be shorted, draw no current, and dissipate no power. Then Box A will warm up and Box B will
cool off.

P5.5-2

(checked using LNAP 8/16/02)

P5.5-3

P5.5-4
To determine the value of the short circuit current, isc, we connect a short circuit across the
terminals of the circuit and then calculate the value of the current in that short circuit. Figure (a)
shows the circuit from Figure 5.6-4a after adding the short circuit and labeling the short circuit
current. Also, the meshes have been identified and labeled in anticipation of writing mesh
equations. Let i1 and i2 denote the mesh currents in meshes 1 and 2, respectively.
In Figure (a), mesh current i2 is equal to the current in the short circuit. Consequently,
i2 = isc . The controlling current of the CCVS is expressed in terms of the mesh currents as
i a = i1 i 2 = i1 isc
Apply KVL to mesh 1 to get
3 i1 2 ( i1 i 2 ) + 6 ( i1 i 2 ) 10 = 0 7 i1 4 i 2 = 10

Apply KVL to mesh 2 to get

5 i 2 6 ( i1 i 2 ) = 0 6 i1 + 11 i 2 = 0 i1 =

11
i2
6

Substituting into equation 1 gives

11
7 i 2 4 i 2 = 10 i 2 = 1.13 A i sc = 1.13 A
6

(1)

Figure (a) Calculating the short circuit current, isc, using mesh equations.
To determine the value of the Thevenin resistance, Rt, first replace the 10 V voltage
source by a 0 V voltage source, i.e. a short circuit. Next, connect a current source across the
terminals of the circuit and then label the voltage across that current source as shown in Figure
(b). The Thevenin resistance will be calculated from the current and voltage of the current source
as
v
Rt = T
iT
In Figure (b), the meshes have been identified and labeled in anticipation of writing mesh
equations. Let i1 and i2 denote the mesh currents in meshes 1 and 2, respectively.
In Figure (b), mesh current i2 is equal to the negative of the current source current.
Consequently, i2 = i T . The controlling current of the CCVS is expressed in terms of the mesh
currents as
i a = i1 i 2 = i1 + i T

Apply KVL to mesh 1 to get

3 i1 2 ( i1 i 2 ) + 6 ( i1 i 2 ) = 0 7 i1 4 i 2 = 0 i1 =

Apply KVL to mesh 2 to get

5 i 2 + vT 6 ( i1 i 2 ) = 0 6 i1 + 11 i 2 = vT

Substituting for i1 using equation 2 gives

4
6 i 2 + 11 i 2 = vT
7

Finally,
Rt =

7.57 i 2 = vT

vT vT vT
=
=
= 7.57
iT
i2
iT

4
i2
7

(2)

Figure (b) Calculating the Thevenin resistance, R t =

vT
, using mesh equations.
iT

To determine the value of the open circuit voltage, voc, we connect an open circuit across
the terminals of the circuit and then calculate the value of the voltage across that open circuit.
Figure (c) shows the circuit from Figure 4.6-4a after adding the open circuit and labeling the
open circuit voltage. Also, the meshes have been identified and labeled in anticipation of writing
mesh equations. Let i1 and i2 denote the mesh currents in meshes 1 and 2, respectively.
In Figure (c), mesh current i2 is equal to the current in the open circuit. Consequently,
i2 = 0 A . The controlling current of the CCVS is expressed in terms of the mesh currents as
i a = i1 i 2 = i1 0 = i1

Apply KVL to mesh 1 to get

3 i1 2 ( i1 i 2 ) + 6 ( i1 i 2 ) 10 = 0 3 i1 2 ( i1 0 ) + 6 ( i1 0 ) 10 = 0
i1 =

10
= 1.43 A
7

Apply KVL to mesh 2 to get

5 i 2 + voc 6 ( i1 i 2 ) = 0 voc = 6 ( i1 ) = 6 (1.43) = 8.58 V

Figure (c) Calculating the open circuit voltage, voc, using mesh equations.
As a check, notice that R t isc = ( 7.57 )(1.13) = 8.55 voc
(checked using LNAP 8/16/02)

P5.5-5
To determine the value of the short circuit current, Isc, we connect a short circuit across the
terminals of the circuit and then calculate the value of the current in that short circuit. Figure (a)
shows the circuit from Figure 4.6-5a after adding the short circuit and labeling the short circuit
current. Also, the nodes have been identified and labeled in anticipation of writing node
equations. Let v1, v2 and v3 denote the node voltages at nodes 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
In Figure (a), node voltage v1 is equal to the negative of the voltage source voltage.
Consequently, v1 = 24 V . The voltage at node 3 is equal to the voltage across a short, v3 = 0 .
The controlling voltage of the VCCS, va, is equal to the node voltage at node 2, i.e. va = v2 . The
voltage at node 3 is equal to the voltage across a short, i.e. v3 = 0 .
Apply KCL at node 2 to get
v1 v 2
3

v2 v3
6

2 v1 + v 3 = 3 v 2

48 = 3 v a

v a = 16 V

Apply KCL at node 3 to get

v2 v3
6

4
v 2 = isc
3

9
v a = isc
6

isc =

9
( 16 ) = 24 A
6

Figure (a) Calculating the short circuit current, Isc, using mesh equations.
To determine the value of the Thevenin resistance, Rth, first replace the 24 V voltage
source by a 0 V voltage source, i.e. a short circuit. Next, connect a current source circuit across
the terminals of the circuit and then label the voltage across that current source as shown in
Figure (b). The Thevenin resistance will be calculated from the current and voltage of the current
source as
v
R th = T
iT
Also, the nodes have been identified and labeled in anticipation of writing node equations. Let
v1, v2 and v3 denote the node voltages at nodes 1, 2 and 3, respectively.

In Figure (b), node voltage v1 is equal to the across a short circuit, i.e. v1 = 0 . The
controlling voltage of the VCCS, va, is equal to the node voltage at node 2, i.e. va = v2 . The
voltage at node 3 is equal to the voltage across the current source, i.e. v3 = vT .
Apply KCL at node 2 to get
v1 v 2
3

v 2 v3
6

2 v1 + v 3 = 3 v 2

vT = 3 v a

Apply KCL at node 3 to get

v2 v3
6

4
v 2 + iT = 0 9 v 2 v3 + 6 iT = 0
3
9 v a vT + 6 iT = 0
3 v T vT + 6 iT = 0 2 vT = 6 iT

Finally,
Rt =

vT
= 3
iT

Figure (b) Calculating the Thevenin resistance, R th =

vT
, using mesh equations.
iT

To determine the value of the open circuit voltage, voc, we connect an open circuit across
the terminals of the circuit and then calculate the value of the voltage across that open circuit.
Figure (c) shows the circuit from Figure P 4.6-5a after adding the open circuit and labeling the
open circuit voltage. Also, the nodes have been identified and labeled in anticipation of writing
node equations. Let v1, v2 and v3 denote the node voltages at nodes 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
In Figure (c), node voltage v1 is equal to the negative of the voltage source voltage.
Consequently, v1 = 24 V . The controlling voltage of the VCCS, va, is equal to the node voltage
at node 2, i.e. va = v2 . The voltage at node 3 is equal to the open circuit voltage, i.e. v3 = voc .
Apply KCL at node 2 to get
v1 v 2
3

v 2 v3
6

2 v1 + v 3 = 3 v 2

48 + v oc = 3 v a

Apply KCL at node 3 to get

v2 v3
6

4
v 2 = 0 9 v 2 v 3 = 0 9 v a = v oc
3

Combining these equations gives

3 ( 48 + voc ) = 9 v a = voc

voc = 72 V

Figure (c) Calculating the open circuit voltage, voc, using node equations.
As a check, notice that

R th I sc = ( 3)( 24 ) = 72 = Voc
(checked using LNAP 8/16/02)

P5.5-6
(a) Replace the part of the circuit that is connected to the left of terminals a-b by its Norton
equivalent circuit:
Apply KCL at the top node of the dependent
source to see that i b = 0 A . Then

( )

v oc = 25 + 5000 i b = 25 V

Apply KVL to the supermesh corresponding to

the dependent source to get

( )

5000 i b + 10000 3 i b 25 = 0 i b = 1 mA
Apply KCL to get
i sc = 3 i b = 3 mA
Then

Rt =

v oc
i sc

= 8.33 k

Current division gives

0.5 =

(b)

8333
3 R = 41.67 k
R + 8333

Notice that i b and 0.5 mA are the mesh currents.

Apply KCL at the top node of the dependent
source to get
1
i b + 0.5 103 = 4 i b i b = mA
6
Apply KVL to the supermesh corresponding to
the dependent source to get

5000 i b + (10000 + R ) 0.5 103 25 = 0

5000 103 + (10000 + R ) 0.5 103 = 25

6

125
6
= 41.67 k
R=
0.5 103

P5.5-7
Use source transformations to reduce the circuit to

Replace the series voltage sources by an equivalent voltage source, the series resistors by an
equivalent resistance and do a couple more source transformations to reduce the part of the
circuit to the left of the terminals a-b by its Norton equivalent circuit.
Apply KCL at node a to get
v v2
0.4 = +
10 2
so
v=

Choosing the positive value of v, i =

v
v 2 + 0.8 = 0
5

.2 1.8
= 0.8, -1.0 V
2

0.82
= 0.32 A . Choosing the negative value of v,
2

12
i=
= 0.5 . There are two solutions to this problem. Linear circuits are so much simpler than
2
nonlinear circuits.
(checked: LNAP 5/26/04)

P5.5-8
Simplify the circuit using a source transformation:

Identify the open circuit voltage and short circuit current.

Apply KVL to the mesh to get:

(10 + 2 + 3) i x 15 = 0

ix = 1 A

Then
v oc = 3 i x = 3 V

Express the controlling current of the

CCVS in terms of the mesh currents:
i x = i 1 i sc

The mesh equations are

10 i1 + 2 ( i1 i sc ) + 3 ( i1 i sc ) 15 = 0 15 i1 5 i sc = 15

and
i sc 3 ( i1 i sc ) = 0 i1 =

so

4
i sc
3

4
15 i sc 5 i sc = 15 i sc = 1 A
3

The Thevenin resistance is

Rt =

3
=3
1

Finally, the Norton equivalent circuit is

(checked: LNAP 6/21/04)

P5.5-9
Identify the open circuit voltage and short circuit current.
1
v1 = 3 = 1 V
3

Then
v oc = v1 4 ( 2.5 v 1 ) = 9 V

v 1 = 3 i sc = 1 3 i sc
3

4 ( 2.5 v1 + i sc ) + 5 i sc v1 = 0
9 v1 + 9 i sc = 0
9 (1 3 i sc ) + 9 i sc = 0 i sc =

The Thevenin resistance is

Rt =

Finally, the Norton equivalent circuit is

9
= 18
0.5

1
A
2

(checked: LNAP 6/21/04)

P5.5-10
Replace the circuit by its Norton equivalent circuit:

1600
im =
1.5 103 )
1600 + R m (

(a)
i mi = lim

i m = 1.5 mA

R m 0

(b) When Rm = 20 then i m = 1.48 mA so

% error =

1.5 1.48
100 = 1.23%
1.5

(c)
1600
0.015
0.015 )
1600 + R m (

0.02
0.015

1600
0.98 R m 32.65
1600 + R m
(checked: LNAP 6/18/04)

P5.5-11
ia =

2 i a 12

i a = 3 A
6
voc = 2 i a = 6 V

12 + 6 i a = 2 i a
3 i sc = 2 i a

Rt =

i a = 3 A

i sc =

2
( 3 ) = 2 A
3

6
=3
2

P5.5-12
12 24 12 24
=
= 8
12 + 24
36
24
voc =
( 30 ) = 20 V
12 + 24
Rt =

i=

20
8+ R

Section 5-6: Maximum Power Transfer

P5.6-1
a) For maximum power transfer, set RL equal
to the Thevenin resistance:
R L = R t = 100 + 1 = 101

b) To calculate the maximum power, first replace the circuit connected to RL be its Thevenin
equivalent circuit:

The voltage across RL is

vL =

Then

pmax

101
(100 ) = 50 V
101 + 101
2
v
502
= L =
= 24.75 W
R L 101

P5.6-2
Reduce the circuit using source transformations:

Then (a) maximum power will be dissipated in resistor R when: R = Rt = 60 and (b) the value
of that maximum power is
P
= i 2 ( R) = (0.03)2 (60) = 54 mW
max R

P5.6-3

RL
v L = vS

R S + R L
pL =

v L2
RL

v S2 R L
( RS + R L )2

By inspection, pL is max when you reduce RS to get the

smallest denominator.
set RS = 0

P5.6-4
Find Rt by finding isc and voc:

The current in the 3 resistor is zero because of the short circuit. Consequently, isc = 10 ix.
Apply KCL at the top-left node to get
ix + 0.9 = 10 ix

ix =

0.9
= 0.1 A
9

so
isc = 10 ix = 1A
Next

Apply KCL at the top-left node to get

ix + 0.9 = 10 ix

ix =

0.9
= 0.1 A
9

Apply Ohms law to the 3 resistor to get

voc = 3 (10 ix ) = 30 ( 0.1) = 3 V

For maximum power transfer to RL:
R L = Rt =

voc 3
= =3
isc 1

The maximum power delivered to RL is given by

2

pmax =

P5.6-5

voc
32
3
=
= W
4 R t 4 ( 3) 4

30
170
voc =
( 20 ) 10
( 20 ) 50
170 + 30

170 + 30

170(20)(10) 30(20)(50) 4000

=
=
= 20 V
200
200

The required value of R is

R = Rt = 8 +

( 20 + 120 ) (10 + 50 ) = 50
( 20 + 120 ) + (10 + 50 )

The maximum power is given by

2
v
202
pmax = oc =
=2W
4 R t 4 ( 50 )

P5.6-6

iL =

A
vs
Ro +RL

PL = i L R L =
2

A 2v s 2 R L

(R

+RL)

(a) R t =R o so R L =R o = 10 maximizes the power delivered to the load. The corresponding

load power is
2
21
20 10
2
= 2.5 W .
PL =
2
(10 + 10 )

(b) Ro = 0 maximizes PL (The numerator of PL does not depend on Ro so PL can be maximized

by making the denominator as small as possible.) The corresponding load power is
2

1
20
2 = 12.5 W.
=
8
2

PL =

A 2v s 2 R L
R L2

A 2v s 2
RL

(c) PL is proportional to A2 so the load power continues to increase as A increases. The load can
safely receive 15 W. This limit corresponds to

1
A 8
2
15 =
2
(18)
2

A = 36

15
= 49.3 V.
8
(checked: LNAP 6/9/04)

P5.6-7
Replace the part of the circuit connected to the variable resistor by its Thevenin equivalent
circuit. First, replace the left part of the circuit by its Thevenin equivalent:
150
v oc1 =
10 = 4.545 V
150 + 180
R t1 = 180 & 150 = 81.8

Next, replace the right part of the circuit by its Thevenin equivalent:
470
v oc2 =
20 = 15.932 V
470 + 120
R t2 = 120 & 470 = 95.6

Now, combine the two partial Thevenin equivalents:

v oc = v oc1 v oc2 = 10.387 V and R t = R t1 + R t2 = 177.4

So
The power received by the adjustable resistor
will be maximum when R = Rt = 177.4 . The
maximum power received by the adjustable
2
11.387 )
(
resistor will be p =
= 0.183 W .
4 (177.4 )

(checked LNAPDC 7/24/04)

P5.6-8
10 R L

100 R L
p=iv=
10 ) =
(

2
Rt + R L Rt + R L

( R t + R L )

The power increases as Rt decreases so choose Rt = 1 . Then

pmax = i v =

100 ( 5 )

(1 + 5)

= 13.9 W

P5.6-9
From the plot, the maximum power is 5 W when R = 20 . Therefore:

Rt = 20

and
2

pmax

v
= oc
4 Rt

voc =

pmax 4 Rt = 5 ( 4 ) 20 = 20 V

Section 5-8 How Can We Check?

P5.8-1
Use the data in the first two lines of the table to determine voc
and Rt:

voc
R t + 0
voc = 39.9 V

voc
R t = 410
0.0438 =
R t + 500
0.0972 =

Now check the third line of the table. When R= 5000 :

v
39.9
i = oc =
= 7.37 mA
R t + R 410 + 5000
which disagree with the data in the table.
The data is not consistent.

P5.8-2

Use the data in the table to determine voc and isc:

voc = 12 V
(line 1 of the table)

isc = 3 mA
so Rt =

(line 3 of the table)

voc
= 4 k
isc

Next, check line 2 of the table. When R = 10 k:

v
12
i = oc =
= 0.857 mA
3
R t + R 10 (10 ) + 5 (103 )
To cause i = 1 mA requires

which agrees with the data in the table.

v
12
R = 8000
0.001 = i = oc =
R t + R 10 (103 ) + R

I agree with my lab partners claim that R = 8000 causes i = 1 mA.

P5.8-3

1
1 1
1
11
= +
+
=
R t R 2 R 3R 6 R

Rt =

6R
11

and

23
34
65
180
voc =
30 +
20 +
10 =
11
3+ 2 3
2+3 4
1+ 6 5
so the prelab calculation isnt correct.
But then
180
180
voc
11
i=
=
= 11 = 163 mA 54.5 mA
R t + R 6 110 + 40 60 + 40
( )
11
so the measurement does not agree with the corrected prelab calculation.

P5.8-4

6000 & 3000 & ( 500 + 1500 ) = 2000 & 2000 = 1000
i=

12
12

= 12 mA
R + 1000 1000

How about that?! Your lab partner is right.

(checked using LNAP 6/21/05)

P5.8-5
(a)

KVL gives

v oc = ( R t + R ) i

from row 2
from row 3
So

(R

v oc = ( R t + 10 ) (1.333)
v oc = ( R t + 20 ) ( 0.857 )

+ 10 ) (1.333) = ( R t + 20 ) ( 0.857 )
28 ( R t + 10 ) = 18 ( R t + 20 )

Solving gives
10 R t = 360 280 = 80

and

Rt = 8

v oc = ( 8 + 10 )(1.333) = 24 V

(b)

i=

v oc
Rt + R

24
R
24 R
and v =
v oc =
8+ R
R + Rt
R+8

When R = 0, i = 3 A, and v = 0 V.
1
When R = 40 , i = A .
2
24 ( 80 ) 240
When R = 80 , v =
=
= 21.82 .
88
11
These are the values given in the tabulated data so the data is consistent.
24 ( 40 )
= 20 V .
(c) When R = 40 , v =
48
24
When R = 80 , i =
= 0.2727 A .
88
(d) First
8 = R t = 24 & 18 & ( R1 + 12 )

R1 = 24
the, using superposition,
24 = v oc =

24

24 + 18 & ( R1 + 12 )

12 + 24 & 18 ( R1 + 12 ) i s = 8 + 8i s

is = 2 A

(checked using LNAP 6/21/05)