Automatic phase changer is an electronic changer which

changes or shifts the load from one phase (low voltage

phase< 200V) to another phase (high voltage phase 200
to 230 V) if voltage of 1st phase goes below 200V.
In three phase application, if we have requirement to
run our equipment using any one phase out of three at
standard voltage (230 V), but due to some reason if
voltage of the phase in use goes down then we will have
to change the phase manually. So this problem will be
solved by the automatic phase changer.
It will always provide the rated voltage to load voltage
to load if at least one phase is of standard level.

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The circuit consists of 3 identical voltage comparing

networks. Operational amplifiers are used as a
comparator.
The main power supply (R) is step down by a
transformer to 12 V. It is then rectified using diode and
capacitor to obtain the proper DC working voltage for
comparing networks.
The non-inverting input of IC-741C i.e., pin 3 is set at 5.1
V using zener diode and resistor for reference voltage.
The inverting input i.e., pin 2 is set slightly greater than
reference voltage at normal condition (i.e., supply
voltage of 200 V) which is achieved by voltage divider
circuit.
When the phase voltage is in the range of 200-300 V, the
inverting input is more than reference voltage, then the
output pin 6 of the IC gets high. As a result the
transistor does not conduct and relay remains deenergized. Hence the load remains connected to phase
R, but as soon as phase voltage gets down, the
inverting gets low than reference voltage and output of
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IC also gets low. As a result the transistor starts

conducting and relay gets energized and it switches the
load from previous phase to new phase. The other two
comparing network also works in same manner.

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The circuit is mainly based on voltage comparator. The

comparator compares the input voltage with reference
voltage and generated output according to the
comparison. The circuit consists of following major
electronic component:
1. Centre tapped transformer
2. Op-amp(IC 741)
3. Transistors
4. Relays
5. Zener diodes
6. Diodes
7. Capacitors

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TRANSFORMER:
Transformer is a static electrical device which
transfers AC power from one circuit to another
circuit without any electrical connection between
the circuits. The power transfers from one circuit
to other due to electromagnetic induction.

TRANSFORMATION RATIO:
V1
V2

N1
N2

I2
I1

Where,
V1 = voltage across primary winding
V2 = voltage across secondary winding
N1 = number of turns in primary winding
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N2 = number of turns in secondary winding

I1 = current in primary winding
I2 = current in secondary winding
K = transformation constant

TYPES OF TRANSFORMER:
1. STEP - UP TRANSFORMER: It increases the
magnitude of voltage with corresponding decrease
in current.

2. STEP - DOWN TRANSFORMER: It decreases the

magnitude of voltage with corresponding increase
in current. The centre tapped transformer used
here is a step down transformer.

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2. (A). CENTRE TAPPED TRANSFORMER: It is a

step down transformer in which tapping is done
at the centre of secondary winding

P = Primary Winding
S = Secondary Winding

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The operational amplifier is a direct coupled high gain

amplifier to which negative feedback is added to control
its overall characteristic. It is abbreviated as OP-AMP.

V1
VOUT
V2

V1 is a non-inverting input; that means output is in

phase with input and V2 is an inverting input which
means output is 180 out of phase. A is the open loop
gain of OP-AMP. Op-AMPS are very useful integrated
electronic device which is capable of comparing two
voltages, if it is used in open loop configuration with
measuring voltage at one input and reference voltage on
other input terminal.

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PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL OP-AMP:

1. Input resistance , Ri

2. Output resistance , Ro = 0
3. Voltage gain , Av
4. Bandwidth

=
=

5. Vo = 0 , when V1 = V2 , independent of magnitude of

V1
6. Characteristics do not drift with temperature
7. Slew rate should be infinity
NOTE: Practical OP-AMPS have properties near top
ideal OP-AMP.

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DETAILS OF DIFFERENT STAGES:

INPUT STAGE: It is a dual input balanced output
differential amplifier. It contributes maximum gain to
OP-AMP (approx 60 db).

INTERMEDIATE STAGE: It is a dual input unbalanced

output differential amplifier. It is so called because
output of this stage is measured with respect to ground.

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LEVEL SHIFTING STAGE: It is an emitter follower

circuit in order to shift the DC level at the output of the
intermediate stage downward to 0 V with respect to
ground.

OUTPUT STAGE: The output stage consists of push-pull

complementary amplifier. This stage increases the
output voltage swing and current supplying capability
of the amplifier.

POWER SUPPLY REQUIREMENT OF

OP-AMP

An op-amp requires bipolar voltage. That is one positive

voltage and other equal in magnitude but negative.
The maximum supply voltage for OP-AMP-IC 741 is
18 V.

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COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO:

It is the ratio of differential gain (Ad) to the common

mode gain (Av). It is denoted by (rho).

Ideal value of CMMR =

Practical value of CMMR = 10000

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PRACTICAL CIRCUIT:

Rin = input resistance (practically its value is 2 M)

Rout = output resistance (practically its value is 150 )

IDEAL CIRCUIT:

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DC CHARACTERISTIC:
The ideal op-amp draws no curent from the source
driving it. The circuit response does not vary with
temperature.Practical op-amps do not opertae in this
way. It draws source current from source and the circuit
response vary with temperature.

INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE:

When the input of an op-amp are grounded, there is
always source output voltage,which is called the offset
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voltge because the input transistor have different

values. Ideally this voltage should not appear at the
outout. It is ccalled noise voltage. This offset voltage is
compensated by applying a voltage (equal in magnitude
to offset voltage) at inverting input of op-amp.

The applied voltage should be :

OUTPUT

Fig

: OUTPUT OFF

I/P BIAS CURRENT:

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I/p bias current is a current required to bias thre

transistor or FET of differentail amplifier of op-amp into
its linear region. In transistor this current is provided by
external circuit where as in FET this current is leakage
current across the reverse biased gate to channel
junction. Ideal value of i/p bias current should be zero
wheras practical value for IC 741 is 500 nA at 18 V.

I/P OFFSET CURRENT:

I/P offset current is the difference between the two
current entering the input terminals of a balanced
amplifier for o/p voltage zero.

SLEW RATE:

VO
TIME

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VOLTAGE COMPARATOR:

Voltage comparator is an elctronic circuit which

compares the voltage with reference voltage and
generate the output.
+ VCC

- VCC
Vout = A ( V1 - V2 )
If V1 < V2,
Vout = -ve
If V1 > V2,
Vout = +ve
It shows that op-amps can be used as a voltage
comparator.

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