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rif;wyfxyd af cgifwifonf &efuek Nf rKd U &Sr;f vrf; (A[dv
k rf;)
ESifh [krf;vrf; (yef;vdIifvrf;) axmifh aetdrf aexdkifoljzpfojzifh
q&mawmfudk ol\aetdrfESifh reD;ra0; oDwif;oHk;aexdkifyg&ef
avQmufxm;avonf/ odjYk zifh Munhjf rifwidk f blwmESihf rvSr;f rurf;
wGif a':zGm;cifqo
dk u
l OD;aqmifum ausmif;aqmuf vSL'gef;onf/
jr,k*gausmif;[k trnfrSnhfac:Mu\/ ,k*g[lonf ygVdbmom
'GefwGJjcif;[k t"dym,f&avonf/

20

r,fawmfESifh jyefvnfqHkpnf;Mu&jcif;
q&mawmf &efukef tNrJausmif;xkdifaepOf r,fawmf
cifqifrh mS rl rnfonft
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awmfrmS wufEw
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MuonfEiS hf ud;k uG,q
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f nf;uyfvmMu&mwGif
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J nf; awmfpyf\/
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aom r,fawmfcifqifhudk q&mawmfESifh awGUqHkay;cJhonf/ odkYjzifh
ESpt
f wefMum uGu
J mG aeMuonfh om;awmfEiS hf r,fawmfwYdk jyefvnf
qHkpnf;cGifh &&SdcJhavonf/

pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf

pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf

aumif;wHk xdyfwifrBuD;onfvnf; tdrfa&SUpH uaemif

rif;om;ESifh udk,fvkyfawmfcifbJwkdYorD; aumif;wHkrif;orD;BuD;rS
zGm;jrifoljzpfojzifh uaemifrif;om;BuD;\ajr; awmfpyfygonf/
aumif;wHk xdyfwifrBuD;u ppfudkif;wGif oDv&Sif0wfaeaom
a':cifqifhESifh pum;pyfrd ajymqdkMu&mrS om;awmf xdyfwifvS
q&mawmftaMumif; tquftpyf &&SdoGm;Mujcif;jzpfygonf/
r,fawmfcifqifhrSm oDv&Sif0wfjzifhyif uG,fvGefcJh[ef&Sd\/

1935 ckEpS w
f iG f OD;Muif? a':&ifw\
Ykd wwd,orD; a':cif
cifESifh vufxyfcJhonf/ a':cifcifrSm a&ausmfrufo'pfausmif;rS
wuov
kd 0f ifwef;atmifNy;D jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&; yHEk ydS w
f u
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wkAYd rmtpnf;tH;k \ a<u;aMumfoH ]]a'gif;owif;pOf}} udk xkwaf 0
cJhonf/
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Edik if aH &;avhvmaqG;aEG;&ef oGm;a&mufco
hJ nf/ xkpd Ofu tdE,
d jynf
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q&mawmfOD;Owr\ zdwfMum;csufjzifh oGm;a&mufcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
tdEd,wGif uGef*&ufacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awGUqHkaqG;aEG;cJhonf/
1936 ckESpf? ZGefv 27-29 &ufwGif jrif;NcHNrdKUudk udk;cef;
wefaqmif; 'kwd,tBudrf wkdYArmtpnf;tHk; nDvmcHusif;y
onf/ nDvmcHaemufq;kH aeY usi;f yaepOf ocifApdeEf iS hf tjcm;ocif
av;OD; zrf;qD;cH&onf/ nDvmcHrwkdifrD armfvNrdKifNrdKU NAdwdoQ
tpd;k &tm; tMunfnKdf ysuaf tmif a[majymrIjzifh zrf;qD;jcif;jzpf
tvkyMf urf;ESihf axmif'Pf wpfEpS cf srw
S cf &H onf/ axmif'PfraphrD
tpmiwfcH qEjy&mrS jyefvTwfay;cH&onf/
1938 ckESpf? rwfv 22-24 &ufwGif jynfNrdKU wwd,
tBurd f wkAYd rmtpnf;tH;k nDvmcHusi;f yonf/ ocifoed ;f armifBu;D
onf ocifnDESifh,SOfNydKif wpfrJtomjzifh Ou|jzpfvmonf/
nDvmcHwGif ocifodef;armifESifh ocifApdefwkdY oabmuGJvGJ&mrS
1938 ckESpf? ZlvkdifvwGif ocifodef;armifBuD; vufrSwfESifh ocif
Apdeftm; A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrS omreftoif;om;tjzpf
tqifhavQmhcscJhonf/ tuGJtNyJrsm;aMumifh wkdYArmtpnf;tHk;
onf ESpjf crf;uG
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tpnf;tH;k udk wnfaxmifco
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EdkifiHjcm;tultnD&SmazGa&;wGif &efukef&Sd *syefoHtrwfudkulbl;?
rpwm[mumem*g;wkEYd iS hf tquftoG,&f cJo
h nf/ 1940 jynhEf pS ?f

r[mNrdKifq&mawmf
wpfaeYwGif rif;om; q&mawmfxHodkY tbkd;tkdwpfOD;
a&muf&Sdvmonf/ xkdtbkd;tkdrSm r[mNrdKif awmpyf q&mawmf
ud&k ifav;b0u 0wfBu;D 0wfi,f jyKpck &hJ ol jzpfonf/ tbk;d tdo
k nff
q&mawmfukd zl;awGU&aomtcg idak <u;avawmh\/ xkaYd emuf tbk;d
tdku rdrdonf q&mawmf udk&ifav;b0u teD;uyf jyKpkcJh&ol
jzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;ajymjyavonf/ tbd;k td\
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rif ; om;q&mawmf u d k r[mNrd K if a wm w&m;usif h c J h z l ; aom
q&mawmftjzpf trsm;uod&SdoGm;Muonf/ xkdpOfumvrSp
r[mNrdKifq&mawmf[lom trnfxif&Sm;vmygonf/
q&mawmf oDwif;oHk;pHaeawmfrl&m ausmif;rSmvnf;
jr,k*gausmif;[k trnfrwGifbJ r[mNrdKifausmif;[lom trnf
wGifygonf/ rif;wkef;rif;\ orD;awmf rif;wyfxdyfacgifwifonf
aetdrfESifh tvSrf;ruGmvSaom r[mNrdKifausmif;odkY tNrJvdkvkd
oGm;a&mufavh&Sdonf/ rif;wyfxdyfacgifwif rif;orD;BuD;rSm
&efukefNrdKU&Sd aqGawmfrsKd;awmfrsm;tzGJU\ Ou|vnf;jzpfonfh
tavsmuf aemifwGif aqGawmfrsKd;awmfrsm;tzGJU qkdif;bkwfudkyif
r[mNrdKifausmif;odkY ajymif;a&TUcsdwfqGJxm;cJhavonf/ prf;acsmif;
NrdKUe,f blwmHkvrf;&Sd jr,k*gausmif;rSmvnf; ,aeYwkdif r[mNrdKif
ausmif;[lom trnfwGifygonf/
q&mawmfonf tdraf &SUpH uaemifrif;om;Bu;D \ ajr;awmf&if;
jzpfaomaMumifh vpOfaxmufyHh aMu;aiG 200 usyf &&SdcJhonf/

19

18

pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf

]]*EDpdef}} [k trnfwGifcJhonf/ 1931 ckESpfwGif ocifbaomif;

ESifhtwl a&eHacsmif;NrdKUwGif;ukef;"rmHk wkdYArmw&m;a[m
0HomEkacgif;aqmif OD;pd;k odr;f ESihf ocif0g'udk aqG;aEG;um oabm
wlnrD &I cJo
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tHk;wGif tcsdefjynhfyg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf/
1933 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif a&Tbkd'dkiftmcD Mum;jzwf
a&G;aumufyw
JG iG f wkAYd rmtpnf;tH;k rS ocifbaomif;onf trwf
avmif;tjzpf ,SOfNydKifta&G;cHonf/ ocifbaomif;ESifhtwl
a&Tbo
dk Ykd ocifoed ;f armifBu;D ? ocifxeG ;f a&T? ocifA[de;f wkYd vku
d yf g
wkAYd rm0g'jzefw
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dk a&;
ydik u
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f wm;qD;cH&onf/ a&Tbw
dk iG f tmPmzDqefrI
aMumifh tvkyfMurf;ESifh axmif'PfwpfvcsrSwfcH&onf/ rEav;
axmifwiG f tpmiwfc
H qufvufqEjyonf/ &efuek &f dS wuov
dk f
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftcsKdUESifh vli,frsm;toif;0ifrsm;onf
0wfvHkawmf& a'gufwmb[efESifh OD;bOD;wkdY\ tultnDjzifh
[du
k u
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f iG f t,lc0H ifc&hJ m axmifxJ bDuvyf& wpfvtMum
wGif vTwfay;cH&onf/
axmifrS xGuv
f mNy;D aemuf wkAYd rmtoif; &efyakH iG &SmazG
a&;ESifhywfouf ocifbaomif;ESifh oabmuGJvGJcJhonf/ ocif
baomif;onf wkAYd rmtpnf;tH;k wGif rygawmhbJ tpnf;tH;k udk
ocifApdeEf iS hf ocifoed ;f armifBu;D wdu
Yk qufvufO;D aqmifco
hJ nf/
1934 ckEpS ?f arv 3 &ufwiG f a&TbNdk rKd U 'kw,
d tBurd f wkAYd rm0g'jzefY
w&m;a[m&m ocifav;armif? &Sift&d,wdkYESifhtwl axmif'Pf
oHk;vcsrSwfcH&onf/
1935 ckESpf? rwfv 30 &ufwGif a&eHacsmif;NrdKU yxr
tBurd f wkAYd rmtpnf;tH;k nDvmcHusi;f y&m Ou|tjzpf a&G;cs,cf H
&onf/ xkdnDvmcHBuD;odkY rpwmarmifrdIif; wufa&muf ocif
udk,fawmfrdIif;trnfudk cH,lum tpnf;tHk; em,utjzpf
aqmif&Gufonf/

pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf

b0ed*Hk;
q&mawmfonf r[mNrdKifausmif; oDwif;oHk;&if; w&m;
bm0emudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf\/ 1968 ckESpf? oufawmf 91 ESpf
t&G,fwGif q&mawmfysHvGefoGm;ay&m wynhf'g,um 'g,dumr
wkdYu xGuf&yfpcef;odkY <uoGm;onf[k ,HkMunfMuavonf/ q&m
awmfb'EpEol&d,onf rdrdysHvGefawmfrrlrDuvnf; OD;0dZm
vuFm&q&mawmftm; ausmif;wGif pmoifpmtHoHrsm; Mum;vdk
onf[k rdeaYf wmfral vh&o
dS nfqydk gonf/ odjYk zifh r[mNrKd iaf usmif;udk
y&d,wd pmoifwkdufjzpf&ef BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfcJhMu&m ,cktcg
pmoifpmcs oHCm omraPtyg; 100 cefYyif &SdaeNyDjzpfaMumif;
od&Sd&\/
(wifEdkifwkd;a&;om;aom ]ukef;abmifEG,f omoemh0efaqmif
yk*dKvfrsm;} pmtkyfrS xkwfEkwfazmfjyygonf/)

trsKd;*kPf? Zmwd*kPfjzifh pmay*kPfudk

jrifhwifrnf/
pmayAdrmefjynfolYpmMunfhwkduf
toif;0ifrsm; zdwfac:
pmayAd r mef jynf o l Y p mMunf h w k d u f 0 if a Mu;tjzpf omref
toif;om; wpfOD;vQif 0ifaMu; 1000d^-? ESpfpOfaMu; 500d^-?
txl;toif;om;wpfOD;vQif 0ifaMu; 2000d^-? ESpfpOfaMu; 1000d^owfrSwfxm;ygonf/ omreftoif;om; wpfOD;vQif pmtkyfwpftkyfudk
(7) &uf tcrhJiSm;&rf;Edkifonf/ txl;toif;om;wpfOD;vQif pmtkyf
(2) tkyfudk (10) &uf tcrhJiSm;&rf;EdkifNyD; taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh
rtyfEdkifygu &ufxyfwkd;&ef wpfBudrfcGifhjyKay;ygonf/

pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf

xDvmppfol
jyefMum;a&;ESifh
jynfolYqufqHa&;

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/

trnf&if;
rdbtrnf
arG;ou&mZf
arG;zGm;&ma'o
uavmiftrnfcGJrsm;

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OD;b&if+a':tHk;wif
1932 ckESpf
rdwDvmNrdKU? a&Tppfonfaus;&Gm
&JacgifausmfpGm? pdk;nGefY?
AdkvfoHrPd? okawoDwpfOD;

udk,fa&;jzpfpOf
q&mxDvmppfolonf &efukefoufBuD;wuodkvfwGif
Oypm0dZm(u)txd ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ rdwDvmNrdKU trsKd;om;
txufwef;ausmif; ausmif;om;b0 1949 ckEpS w
f iG f ausmif;om;
&JacgifwyfzGJUwGif yg0if aomif;usef;olrsm;tm; vufeufpGJudkif
wkdufcdkufcJhonf/ 1950 jynhfESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif jrefrmh
wyfrawmfoYkd 0ifa&mufco
hJ nf/ 1953 ckEpS w
f iG f jyefwrf;0ift&m&Sd
tqifo
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f iG f 'kw,
d Akv
d rf LS ;Bu;D tqifjh zifh
wyfrawmfrS tNidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/
1962 ckEpS ?f Ed0k ifbmvwGif trsK;d om;pmaynDvmcHBu;D udk
OD;aqmifusi;f yay;cJo
h nf/ tvm;wl 1963 ckEpS ?f arvwGif 0g*Depf
(obif) ynmonfrsm; nDvmcHudkvnf; usif;yay;cJhonf/

pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf

17

Apdef? ocif
1910 jynhfESpf? Zlvkdifv 15 &ufwGif [oFmwNrdKU zGm;
onf/ tz OD;zk;d jrpf? trda':apmjzpfonf/ arG;csi;f ckepfa,mufwiG f
ti,fq;kH jzpf tpfuo
dk ;kH a,muf? tpfr oH;k a,muf&o
dS nf/ zcifrmS
ti,fq;kH jzpf tpfuo
dk ;kH a,muf? tpfroH;k a,muf&o
dS nf/ zcifrmS
v,fydkif&SifyGJpm;? zcifbufrS tbkd;rSm [oFmwNrdKU orm"dNrdKU0ef
jzpfonf/
[oFmwNrKd U edaj*m"mHw
k u
kd ?f rk;d aumif;wku
d ?f anmifwek ;f NrKd U
a&T[oFmawm& pmoifwkdufwkdYwGif udk&if0wfjzifh Ak'pmayrsm;
oifMum;cJhonf/ a&T[oFmawm&wGif oHk;ESpfMum ynmoifaepOf
udk&if0wfjzifh 0denf;pmjyefyGJ0if&m yxr&cJhonf/ 1923 ckESpfwGif
vlxGuf [oFmwNrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; pwkwwef;rS
pwifynmoifMum;onf/ ynmxl;cRe
f 1925 ckEpS w
f iG f ckepfwef;
paumvm;&Spfatmifonf/ 1928 ckESpfwGif wuodkvf0ifwef;
pmar;yGJudk t*Fvdyfpm? ocsFm*kPfxl;rsm;jzifh atmifjrifcJhonf/
1928 ckEpS w
f iG f &efuek w
f uov
kd f ynmqufvufqnf;
yl;onf/ &efuek w
f uov
kd f ausmif;om;rsm;or* pwifwnfaxmif
olrsm;wGif wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf/ 1931 ckESpf ausmif;om;rsm;
or*trIaqmiftzGJUwGif twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/
wuoOu|rSm OD;xGe;f pdejf zpfonf/ ArmEdik if v
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toif; (1930) tzGUJ 0ifociftjzpf Edik if aH &;aqmif&u
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rIrsm;aMumifh bDatpmar;yGJajz&ef ESpfvtvdkwGif xyfrHausmif;
xkwfcH&onf/ oli,fcsif;rsm;\ tultnDjzifh ,k'ef (*s'fqif)
aumvdyfu jyefvnfvufcHaomfvnf; wuodkvfynma&;udk
pGev
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16

pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf

pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf

wkdYArmtpnf;tHk;Ou| ocifApdef
(1910-1963)
armifaZ,sm
jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIorkdif;wGif wuodkvf
ausmif;om;rsm;xJrS yxrOD;qHk; ocifbGJUcHol? wkdYArmtpnf;
tHk;BuD;\ yxrOD;qHk;Ou|? *syeffacwf *syeftmPmydkiftzGJU\
wkdif;jcm;odkY e,fESif'PfcH&onfh EdkifiHa&;orm;jzpfonf/ wkdYArm
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v,f,mESifh opfawm0efBuD;Xme? umuG,fa&;0efBuD;XmeESifh
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onf/
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A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUOu|tjzpf 1989 ckESpfrS 1993 ckESpf
txd aqmif&GufcJhNyD; 1993 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif usif;ycJhaom
yxrtBudrf jrefrmEdkifiHpmaynDvmcHBuD; atmifjrifpGmusif;y
Ekdifa&;udk aqmif&Gufay;cJhonf/
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t0if (5) ck? jynfolY0efxrf;wHqdyf (4) ck pkpkaygif; bGJUxl;*kPfxl;
qkdif&m qkwHqdyf (9) ck &&SdcJhonf/ ppfrIxrf;aumif;wHqdyf (Marshal Tito's Military Merit Third Degree) rsm; yg0ifonf/
q&monf i,fpOfuyif uAsmudk (14) ESpfom;t&G,f
up a&;om;cJNh y;D ,cktcg uAsmtyk'f a& (1000) ausmaf &;om;
cJNh y;D jzpfonf/ xdt
Yk jyif aqmif;yg;? pmwrf;? 0wKwdk pkpak ygif; tyk'f
a& (1500) ausmf a&;om;cJh&m (255) yk'frSm t*FvdyfbmomodkY
jyefqkdcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ pmtkyftjzpf uAsmpmtkyf (14) tkyfESifh
0wKpmtkyf (11) tkyf yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0cJo
h nf/ if;pmtkyrf sm;udk jrefrmt*Fvyd Ef pS b
f momjzifh jyefvnfu
kd Ef ydS x
f w
k af 0&ef pDpOfvsu&f o
dS nf/
q&m\ xif&Sm;ausmfMum;aom uAsmtrsm;tjym;udk t*Fvdyfwkwf-jyifopf-*syefbmomwkdYjzifh jyefqkdxm;NyD; jzpfonf/

10

pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf

q&m\ xif&Sm;ausmfMum;vSaom rJacgifjrpfrS tdk&Guf0g

uAsmpmtkyo
f nf 1962 ckEpS u
f jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f tapmqH;k pmayqk
jzpfaom pmayAdrmefqBk u;D udk cs;D jri jhf cif;cH&onf/ xkpd mayAdrmefq&k
rJacgifjrpfrS tdk&Guf0g uAsmpmtkyfudk e,fomvefEdkifiH pwDzif
pmtkyfwkdufrS t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh dkufESdyfa&mif;cscJhonf/ bmom
jyefqdkolrSm t&SiftmeEmjzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif q&mxDvmppfol\
20 &mpkESpf jrefrmpmqkdESifh jrefrmuAsm (*kPf0if;) pmtkyfonf
1993 ckESpfwGif trsKd;om;pmayqk csD;jrifhjcif;cH&onf/
q&m\pmrsm;teuf pD;qif;&pfavOD;{&m0wD pmtkyEf iS hf
20 &mpk jrefrmpmayESihf jrefrmuAsmrsm;(aiGwm&D? Ek,Of? rif;,ka0?
bkwvifcspfav;? *kPf0if;? aemif)pmtkyfESifh avmutjrifpmtkyf
onfvnf; pmayorkdif;rSwfwdkifrsm;tjzpf xif&Sm;usef&pfvsuf
&Sdonf/
1996 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif *syefEdkifiH Indochina
h mayavmuwGif xif&mS ;aom
Venturn Forum toif;Bu;D u urmp
rJacgifjrpfrS tdk&Guf0g uAsmpmtkyftwGuf (The great Pet Laureate) uAsmo&zlbGJUudk csD;jrifhay;cJhonf/ 2000 jynhfESpf? rwfv
wGif *syefEdkifiHwkdusKdNrdKU (Min-On) tEkynmuZmwftzGJUrS
*kPfxl;aqmiftzGJU0iftjzpf cefYtyfcsD;jrifhjcif;cH&onf/
Edik if aH wmfu q&mhtm; owif;pmtoD;oD; q&ma&;om;
cJo
h nfh wkid ;f usK;d jynfjyKaqmif;yg;rsm;twGuf 29? 4? 97 &ufaeYwiG f
oD;oefY*kPfjyKcsD;usL;yGJ tcrf;tem;wpf&yfusif;y tjcm;owif;
pmq&m ig;OD;ESifhtwl *kPfjyKcJhonf/
q&mxDvmppfolonf 1953 ckESpfwGif qGpfZmvefESifh
,l*q
kd vm;Ad;D ,m;Edik if rH sm;odv
Yk nf;aumif;? 1974 ckEpS w
f iG f t*Fvef?
tar&duef? *syefEiS hf a[mifaumifEifkd if rH sm;odv
Yk nf;aumif;? 1987?
1990? 1991? 1992? 1998 ckESpfwkdYwGif wkwfEdkifiHodkYvnf;
aumif;? 1991 wGif *syefEdkifiHodkYvnf;aumif;? 1996 ckESpfwGif
,k;d ',m;? *syefEiS v
hf mtdEk ikd if rH sm;odv
Yk nf;aumif; oGm;a&mufcf o
hJ nf/

pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf

15

tkPfOD;u Mu,feD
tkPOf ;D u Mu,fejD zm
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;yg?
wkAYd rmjynf tarSmifwiG ;f
olacgif;aqmifvv
Ykd if;/
pdw&f if;rSev
f Ydk opmwnf
Akv
d cf sKyftmZmenf?
wkjYd ynfaumif;atmif olo,fy;kd
ol*Y P
k f b,frnKd ;/
k;d om;ajzmifrh wf ol rY &l m
i,fi,fxu
J yg?
Armjynfol Y tcspfyef;
Adv
k cf sKyf OD;atmifqef; /
/

wifrkd;
(odef;at;pkpnf;pDpOfonfh ]atmifqef;*kPf&nfuav; uAsmrsm;}
pmtkyfrS aumufEkwfazmfjyygonf/)

14

pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf

nHUolESifh awmfol

pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf

11

q&monf ZeD;a':vS,Of,Ofpdk;ESifh 1955 ckESpfwGif

vufxyfcJhNyD; om;orD; &SpfOD;xGef;um;cJhonf/
q&mxDvmppfol trnf&if;rSm OD;pdk;nGefYjzpfygonf/
xDvmppfol a&;om;jyKpkcJhaom pmtkyfrsm;rS wcsKdUudk
aumufEkwfazmfjyvkdufygonf/
jrefrmbmomjzifh xkwfa0NyD;
1/ uRefawmfu olYudk rarhygESifh
tjcm;0wKvwf? 0wKwkdaygif;csKyf
2/ cspfMuolwkdYtaMumif; (0wK)
3/ cspfMuonf qdk&m0,f (0wK)
jrefrmbmomjzifh uAsmxkwfa0NyD;
1/ Mumyef;0wf&nfuAsmrsm;
2/ Mu,fyGifhwpfaxmif yef;wpfaxmif
uAsmrsm;
3/ xDvmppfol\ uAsmaygif;csKyf
(y-wG)J
4/ ydawmufwkwfpum;0g yef;&eHYjzm
uAsmrsm;
5/ b0yJhwifoHESifh &eHYuAsmrsm;
jrefrmpmayusrf;rsm;
1/ pmayorkdif;,Ofaus;rI pmpktaxGaxG
2/ q&mBuD;aZ,s\ uAsmpmwrf;
3/ q&mBuD;aZmf*sD\ uAsmpmwrf;
4/ qk&jrefrm0wKwkdrsm; rdwfquf ([def;)
5/ ZmwdrmefuAsmpmwrf;
6/ 20 &mpk jrefrmpmqkd?
jrefrmuAsm (*kPf0if;)

- 1999 ckESpf
- 1981 ckESpf
- 1960 jynhfESpf

- 1992 ckESpf

- 2001 ckESpf
- 2002 ckESpf
- 1965 ckESpf

- 1997 ckESpf

- 1998 ckESpf
- 1992 ckESpf

12

pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf

7/ 20 &mpk jrefrmpmqdk? jrefrmuAsmpmay - 1984

(aiGwm&D? Ek,Of? rif;,ka0? bkwvifcspfav;)
8/ 20 &mpk jrefrmpmqkd? jrefrmuAsm (aemif) - 1992
9/ jrefrmuAsma0zefa&;pmay
- 1998
10/ jrefrm*E0ifpmwrf;
- 1998
11/ avmutjrifuAsmusrf;

pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf

ckESpf
ckESpf
ckESpf
ckESpf

tjcm;uavmiftrnfcGJrsm;ESifha&;om;aom usrf;rsm;
1/ jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk EdkifiHa&;enf;ESifh ajz&Sif;Muonf
qkd&m0,f (&JacgifausmfpGm)
2/ rk;d vH;k jynhf rkom0g'D bDbpD ?D ADt
G akd t? attkid t
f m (aomw&Sif
wpfOD;)twGJaygif; (2) wGJ? tkyf (28) tkyf? (pdk;nGefY? wiffaxG;?
armif&Jwifh oHk;OD;aygif; a&;onf)
3/ jrefrmEdkifiH pwmvife,fy,frSbmaMumifh cGJxGufcJhovJ
(uavmifcGJ AdkvfoHrPdjzifha&;onf)
t*Fvdyfbmom? jrefrmbmom? *syefbmom? jyifopfbmom?
*smrefbmomwkdYjzifh xkwfa0aompmtkyfrsm;
1/ rJacgifjrpfrS tdk&Guf0gESifh tjcm;uAsm
-1990 jynhfESpf
(t*Fvdyf-jrefrm ESpfbmom ykHESdyfxkwfa0jcif;)
2/ A Little Scarecrow in the Paddy Field - 2001 ckESpf
(Farmer Version)
3/ A Little Scarecrow in the Paddy Field - 1988 ckESpf
(Myanmar and English Version)
4/ Ayeyarwady and Yansi-Song the
- 2001 ckESpf
Friendship (Chineses Version)
5/ Critique on Myanmar Poetry An
-2001 ckESpf
appreciation (English Myanmar)

(jyefMum;a&;ESifh jynfolYqufqHa&;? pmwnf;tzGJUu pkaqmif;

jyKpkonfh ]20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;ESifh pmpkpm&if;} rS
aumufEkwfazmfjyygonf/)

13

igwdkY\ twKywd
tazonfvnf;
raoGznfbJ
ajrqDazmufvSpf
a&Munfaomufopf?]tjrpfjzpf\}/
taronfvnf;
a&Munfwkd;aomuf? rndK;ajcmufbJ
NzdK;armufuspfuspf? ]yifpnfjzpf\}/
om;armifawGu
tm;aqmifNzdK;oef? rNcdK;NcHbJ
kd;wHNydKif;&pf? ]udkif;&Gufjzpf\}/
orD;rsm;u
BuD;xGm;rsKd;quf? rcsKd;zsufbJ
wdk;wufysKdrspf? ]tyGifhjzpf\}/
ajr;&wem? aoG;r[mum;
a&S;tvmrsm;? zGifh0ifh<um;onfh
cGeftm;jynfhESpf? ]toD;jzpf\}/
]rsKd;wpfaph} rS
wkd;rdk;,H? NzdK;NzdK;vQH
&Sifoefjcif;*kPf? NyD;jynfhpHkwdkif
uHkvHkwnf&pf? owd jzpfonfh
]opfwpfyifodkY? jzpfpOfodkYES,f . . .}
wkdYab; wkdYbdk;? aumif;arGNzdK;vsuf
rndK;orm? rsKd;jrefrm . . .
Zmwdykn? *kPfrmeESifh
Ekd;x &Sifoefvsufygwnf; /
/
armifjrifo
h ef; (rauG;)
(yckuLOD;tkH;az pmayqk& armifjrifhoef; (rauG;) oDuHk;zGJUqkdaom
]&ifxJujruefom uAsmrsm;} pmtkyfrS aumufEkwfazmfjyygonf/)

12

pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf

7/ 20 &mpk jrefrmpmqdk? jrefrmuAsmpmay - 1984

(aiGwm&D? Ek,Of? rif;,ka0? bkwvifcspfav;)
8/ 20 &mpk jrefrmpmqkd? jrefrmuAsm (aemif) - 1992
9/ jrefrmuAsma0zefa&;pmay
- 1998
10/ jrefrm*E0ifpmwrf;
- 1998
11/ avmutjrifuAsmusrf;

pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf

ckESpf
ckESpf
ckESpf
ckESpf

tjcm;uavmiftrnfcGJrsm;ESifha&;om;aom usrf;rsm;
1/ jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk EdkifiHa&;enf;ESifh ajz&Sif;Muonf
qkd&m0,f (&JacgifausmfpGm)
2/ rk;d vH;k jynhf rkom0g'D bDbpD ?D ADt
G akd t? attkid t
f m (aomw&Sif
wpfOD;)twGJaygif; (2) wGJ? tkyf (28) tkyf? (pdk;nGefY? wiffaxG;?
armif&Jwifh oHk;OD;aygif; a&;onf)
3/ jrefrmEdkifiH pwmvife,fy,frSbmaMumifh cGJxGufcJhovJ
(uavmifcGJ AdkvfoHrPdjzifha&;onf)
t*Fvdyfbmom? jrefrmbmom? *syefbmom? jyifopfbmom?
*smrefbmomwkdYjzifh xkwfa0aompmtkyfrsm;
1/ rJacgifjrpfrS tdk&Guf0gESifh tjcm;uAsm
-1990 jynhfESpf
(t*Fvdyf-jrefrm ESpfbmom ykHESdyfxkwfa0jcif;)
2/ A Little Scarecrow in the Paddy Field - 2001 ckESpf
(Farmer Version)
3/ A Little Scarecrow in the Paddy Field - 1988 ckESpf
(Myanmar and English Version)
4/ Ayeyarwady and Yansi-Song the
- 2001 ckESpf
Friendship (Chineses Version)
5/ Critique on Myanmar Poetry An
-2001 ckESpf
appreciation (English Myanmar)

(jyefMum;a&;ESifh jynfolYqufqHa&;? pmwnf;tzGJUu pkaqmif;

jyKpkonfh ]20 &mpk jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;ESifh pmpkpm&if;} rS
aumufEkwfazmfjyygonf/)

13

igwdkY\ twKywd
tazonfvnf;
raoGznfbJ
ajrqDazmufvSpf
a&Munfaomufopf?]tjrpfjzpf\}/
taronfvnf;
a&Munfwkd;aomuf? rndK;ajcmufbJ
NzdK;armufuspfuspf? ]yifpnfjzpf\}/
om;armifawGu
tm;aqmifNzdK;oef? rNcdK;NcHbJ
kd;wHNydKif;&pf? ]udkif;&Gufjzpf\}/
orD;rsm;u
BuD;xGm;rsKd;quf? rcsKd;zsufbJ
wdk;wufysKdrspf? ]tyGifhjzpf\}/
ajr;&wem? aoG;r[mum;
a&S;tvmrsm;? zGifh0ifh<um;onfh
cGeftm;jynfhESpf? ]toD;jzpf\}/
]rsKd;wpfaph} rS
wkd;rdk;,H? NzdK;NzdK;vQH
&Sifoefjcif;*kPf? NyD;jynfhpHkwdkif
uHkvHkwnf&pf? owd jzpfonfh
]opfwpfyifodkY? jzpfpOfodkYES,f . . .}
wkdYab; wkdYbdk;? aumif;arGNzdK;vsuf
rndK;orm? rsKd;jrefrm . . .
Zmwdykn? *kPfrmeESifh
Ekd;x &Sifoefvsufygwnf; /
/
armifjrifo
h ef; (rauG;)
(yckuLOD;tkH;az pmayqk& armifjrifhoef; (rauG;) oDuHk;zGJUqkdaom
]&ifxJujruefom uAsmrsm;} pmtkyfrS aumufEkwfazmfjyygonf/)

14

pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf

nHUolESifh awmfol

pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf

11

q&monf ZeD;a':vS,Of,Ofpdk;ESifh 1955 ckESpfwGif

vufxyfcJhNyD; om;orD; &SpfOD;xGef;um;cJhonf/
q&mxDvmppfol trnf&if;rSm OD;pdk;nGefYjzpfygonf/
xDvmppfol a&;om;jyKpkcJhaom pmtkyfrsm;rS wcsKdUudk
aumufEkwfazmfjyvkdufygonf/
jrefrmbmomjzifh xkwfa0NyD;
1/ uRefawmfu olYudk rarhygESifh
tjcm;0wKvwf? 0wKwkdaygif;csKyf
2/ cspfMuolwkdYtaMumif; (0wK)
3/ cspfMuonf qdk&m0,f (0wK)
jrefrmbmomjzifh uAsmxkwfa0NyD;
1/ Mumyef;0wf&nfuAsmrsm;
2/ Mu,fyGifhwpfaxmif yef;wpfaxmif
uAsmrsm;
3/ xDvmppfol\ uAsmaygif;csKyf
(y-wG)J
4/ ydawmufwkwfpum;0g yef;&eHYjzm
uAsmrsm;
5/ b0yJhwifoHESifh &eHYuAsmrsm;
jrefrmpmayusrf;rsm;
1/ pmayorkdif;,Ofaus;rI pmpktaxGaxG
2/ q&mBuD;aZ,s\ uAsmpmwrf;
3/ q&mBuD;aZmf*sD\ uAsmpmwrf;
4/ qk&jrefrm0wKwkdrsm; rdwfquf ([def;)
5/ ZmwdrmefuAsmpmwrf;
6/ 20 &mpk jrefrmpmqkd?
jrefrmuAsm (*kPf0if;)

- 1999 ckESpf
- 1981 ckESpf
- 1960 jynhfESpf

- 1992 ckESpf

- 2001 ckESpf
- 2002 ckESpf
- 1965 ckESpf

- 1997 ckESpf

- 1998 ckESpf
- 1992 ckESpf

10

pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf

q&m\ xif&Sm;ausmfMum;vSaom rJacgifjrpfrS tdk&Guf0g

uAsmpmtkyo
f nf 1962 ckEpS u
f jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f tapmqH;k pmayqk
jzpfaom pmayAdrmefqBk u;D udk cs;D jri jhf cif;cH&onf/ xkpd mayAdrmefq&k
rJacgifjrpfrS tdk&Guf0g uAsmpmtkyfudk e,fomvefEdkifiH pwDzif
pmtkyfwkdufrS t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh dkufESdyfa&mif;cscJhonf/ bmom
jyefqdkolrSm t&SiftmeEmjzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif q&mxDvmppfol\
20 &mpkESpf jrefrmpmqkdESifh jrefrmuAsm (*kPf0if;) pmtkyfonf
1993 ckESpfwGif trsKd;om;pmayqk csD;jrifhjcif;cH&onf/
q&m\pmrsm;teuf pD;qif;&pfavOD;{&m0wD pmtkyEf iS hf
20 &mpk jrefrmpmayESihf jrefrmuAsmrsm;(aiGwm&D? Ek,Of? rif;,ka0?
bkwvifcspfav;? *kPf0if;? aemif)pmtkyfESifh avmutjrifpmtkyf
onfvnf; pmayorkdif;rSwfwdkifrsm;tjzpf xif&Sm;usef&pfvsuf
&Sdonf/
1996 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif *syefEdkifiH Indochina
h mayavmuwGif xif&mS ;aom
Venturn Forum toif;Bu;D u urmp
rJacgifjrpfrS tdk&Guf0g uAsmpmtkyftwGuf (The great Pet Laureate) uAsmo&zlbGJUudk csD;jrifhay;cJhonf/ 2000 jynhfESpf? rwfv
wGif *syefEdkifiHwkdusKdNrdKU (Min-On) tEkynmuZmwftzGJUrS
*kPfxl;aqmiftzGJU0iftjzpf cefYtyfcsD;jrifhjcif;cH&onf/
Edik if aH wmfu q&mhtm; owif;pmtoD;oD; q&ma&;om;
cJo
h nfh wkid ;f usK;d jynfjyKaqmif;yg;rsm;twGuf 29? 4? 97 &ufaeYwiG f
oD;oefY*kPfjyKcsD;usL;yGJ tcrf;tem;wpf&yfusif;y tjcm;owif;
pmq&m ig;OD;ESifhtwl *kPfjyKcJhonf/
q&mxDvmppfolonf 1953 ckESpfwGif qGpfZmvefESifh
,l*q
kd vm;Ad;D ,m;Edik if rH sm;odv
Yk nf;aumif;? 1974 ckEpS w
f iG f t*Fvef?
tar&duef? *syefEiS hf a[mifaumifEifkd if rH sm;odv
Yk nf;aumif;? 1987?
1990? 1991? 1992? 1998 ckESpfwkdYwGif wkwfEdkifiHodkYvnf;
aumif;? 1991 wGif *syefEdkifiHodkYvnf;aumif;? 1996 ckESpfwGif
,k;d ',m;? *syefEiS v
hf mtdEk ikd if rH sm;odv
Yk nf;aumif; oGm;a&mufcf o
hJ nf/

pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf

15

tkPfOD;u Mu,feD
tkPOf ;D u Mu,fejD zm
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;yg?
wkAYd rmjynf tarSmifwiG ;f
olacgif;aqmifvv
Ykd if;/
pdw&f if;rSev
f Ydk opmwnf
Akv
d cf sKyftmZmenf?
wkjYd ynfaumif;atmif olo,fy;kd
ol*Y P
k f b,frnKd ;/
k;d om;ajzmifrh wf ol rY &l m
i,fi,fxu
J yg?
Armjynfol Y tcspfyef;
Adv
k cf sKyf OD;atmifqef; /
/

wifrkd;
(odef;at;pkpnf;pDpOfonfh ]atmifqef;*kPf&nfuav; uAsmrsm;}
pmtkyfrS aumufEkwfazmfjyygonf/)

16

pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf

pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf

wkdYArmtpnf;tHk;Ou| ocifApdef
(1910-1963)
armifaZ,sm
jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIorkdif;wGif wuodkvf
ausmif;om;rsm;xJrS yxrOD;qHk; ocifbGJUcHol? wkdYArmtpnf;
tHk;BuD;\ yxrOD;qHk;Ou|? *syeffacwf *syeftmPmydkiftzGJU\
wkdif;jcm;odkY e,fESif'PfcH&onfh EdkifiHa&;orm;jzpfonf/ wkdYArm
tpnf;tHk;Ou|b0wGif rsKd;cspfpmqkd ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;u]]...aMomf t&iftp ocifyxrwGifjzifh txifu&ay
ayghaemf t&Sifwyu0defrSm ocifApdefwkdYESifh wGJ&wmh tuJj'yf
wajymifajymifvQHokdY...}} [lpmzGJUcJhonf/ wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;
ESpfjcrf;uGJcsdefwGif... ]]wrifdkif;pGm ocif*kdPf;nDnDnmnmESifh
xifwkdif;rpnfp&mbkdY yvDyvm odef;armifwyJh&JUjyif uvDurm
,drf;axmifouJhodkY vSnhfcsifwJh wynhf*Guvdef ApdefuvJ o&Jjyef
oeJ.Y ..}}[k rSww
f rf;wifccH &hJ onf/ jrefrmjynfEidk if aH &;&mZ0ifwiG f
,HkMunf&m0g'udk aowyefoufwpfqHk; pGJpGJNrJNrJ qkyfukdifoGm;ol?
jynfwiG ;f jynfyuGejf rLepf0g' qefu
Y siaf &;acgif;aqmif? Edik if aH &;udk
axmifckepfBudrf tuscHNyD; tepfemcHaqmif&GufcJhol? atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfrxkd;bJ 0efBuD;&mxl;rS EkwfxGufcJhol
EdkifiHa&;orm;wpfOD;tjzpf xif&Sm;onf/

q&mxDvmppfolonf 0efxrf;oufumvwpfavQmuf
wGif ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme? jynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efBuD;Xme?
v,f,mESifh opfawm0efBuD;Xme? umuG,fa&;0efBuD;XmeESifh
jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;XmewkdYwGif wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJhonf/
xdt
Yk jyif (1984-88) ckEpS f jynfov
Yl w
T af wmfoufwrf;wGif
rauG;wkdif; NrdKUopfrJqEe,fajrrS jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f
tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;XmeESifh
,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;XmeESpfckwGif oHk;BudrfpD XmetBuD;tuJtqifhrS
'kwd,0efBuD;tqifhtxd xl;jcm;pGm wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJholjzpf
onf/
q&mxDvmppfolonf jrefrmEdkdifiHpmayESifhpme,fZif;
A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUOu|tjzpf 1989 ckESpfrS 1993 ckESpf
txd aqmif&GufcJhNyD; 1993 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif usif;ycJhaom
yxrtBudrf jrefrmEdkifiHpmaynDvmcHBuD; atmifjrifpGmusif;y
Ekdifa&;udk aqmif&Gufay;cJhonf/
EdkifiHawmfu csD;jrifhaom ppfrIxrf;aumif;wHqdyf tyg
t0if (5) ck? jynfolY0efxrf;wHqdyf (4) ck pkpkaygif; bGJUxl;*kPfxl;
qkdif&m qkwHqdyf (9) ck &&SdcJhonf/ ppfrIxrf;aumif;wHqdyf (Marshal Tito's Military Merit Third Degree) rsm; yg0ifonf/
q&monf i,fpOfuyif uAsmudk (14) ESpfom;t&G,f
up a&;om;cJNh y;D ,cktcg uAsmtyk'f a& (1000) ausmaf &;om;
cJNh y;D jzpfonf/ xdt
Yk jyif aqmif;yg;? pmwrf;? 0wKwdk pkpak ygif; tyk'f
a& (1500) ausmf a&;om;cJh&m (255) yk'frSm t*FvdyfbmomodkY
jyefqkdcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ pmtkyftjzpf uAsmpmtkyf (14) tkyfESifh
0wKpmtkyf (11) tkyf yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0cJo
h nf/ if;pmtkyrf sm;udk jrefrmt*Fvyd Ef pS b
f momjzifh jyefvnfu
kd Ef ydS x
f w
k af 0&ef pDpOfvsu&f o
dS nf/
q&m\ xif&Sm;ausmfMum;aom uAsmtrsm;tjym;udk t*Fvdyfwkwf-jyifopf-*syefbmomwkdYjzifh jyefqkdxm;NyD; jzpfonf/

pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf

xDvmppfol
jyefMum;a&;ESifh
jynfolYqufqHa&;

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/

trnf&if;
rdbtrnf
arG;ou&mZf
arG;zGm;&ma'o
uavmiftrnfcGJrsm;

OD;pdk;nGefY
OD;b&if+a':tHk;wif
1932 ckESpf
rdwDvmNrdKU? a&Tppfonfaus;&Gm
&JacgifausmfpGm? pdk;nGefY?
AdkvfoHrPd? okawoDwpfOD;

udk,fa&;jzpfpOf
q&mxDvmppfolonf &efukefoufBuD;wuodkvfwGif
Oypm0dZm(u)txd ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ rdwDvmNrdKU trsKd;om;
txufwef;ausmif; ausmif;om;b0 1949 ckEpS w
f iG f ausmif;om;
&JacgifwyfzGJUwGif yg0if aomif;usef;olrsm;tm; vufeufpGJudkif
wkdufcdkufcJhonf/ 1950 jynhfESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif jrefrmh
wyfrawmfoYkd 0ifa&mufco
hJ nf/ 1953 ckEpS w
f iG f jyefwrf;0ift&m&Sd
tqifo
h Ykd a&muf&cdS NhJ y;D 1982 ckEpS w
f iG f 'kw,
d Akv
d rf LS ;Bu;D tqifjh zifh
wyfrawmfrS tNidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/
1962 ckEpS ?f Ed0k ifbmvwGif trsK;d om;pmaynDvmcHBu;D udk
OD;aqmifusi;f yay;cJo
h nf/ tvm;wl 1963 ckEpS ?f arvwGif 0g*Depf
(obif) ynmonfrsm; nDvmcHudkvnf; usif;yay;cJhonf/

pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf

17

Apdef? ocif
1910 jynhfESpf? Zlvkdifv 15 &ufwGif [oFmwNrdKU zGm;
onf/ tz OD;zk;d jrpf? trda':apmjzpfonf/ arG;csi;f ckepfa,mufwiG f
ti,fq;kH jzpf tpfuo
dk ;kH a,muf? tpfr oH;k a,muf&o
dS nf/ zcifrmS
ti,fq;kH jzpf tpfuo
dk ;kH a,muf? tpfroH;k a,muf&o
dS nf/ zcifrmS
v,fydkif&SifyGJpm;? zcifbufrS tbkd;rSm [oFmwNrdKU orm"dNrdKU0ef
jzpfonf/
[oFmwNrKd U edaj*m"mHw
k u
kd ?f rk;d aumif;wku
d ?f anmifwek ;f NrKd U
a&T[oFmawm& pmoifwkdufwkdYwGif udk&if0wfjzifh Ak'pmayrsm;
oifMum;cJhonf/ a&T[oFmawm&wGif oHk;ESpfMum ynmoifaepOf
udk&if0wfjzifh 0denf;pmjyefyGJ0if&m yxr&cJhonf/ 1923 ckESpfwGif
vlxGuf [oFmwNrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; pwkwwef;rS
pwifynmoifMum;onf/ ynmxl;cRe
f 1925 ckEpS w
f iG f ckepfwef;
paumvm;&Spfatmifonf/ 1928 ckESpfwGif wuodkvf0ifwef;
pmar;yGJudk t*Fvdyfpm? ocsFm*kPfxl;rsm;jzifh atmifjrifcJhonf/
1928 ckEpS w
f iG f &efuek w
f uov
kd f ynmqufvufqnf;
yl;onf/ &efuek w
f uov
kd f ausmif;om;rsm;or* pwifwnfaxmif
olrsm;wGif wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf/ 1931 ckESpf ausmif;om;rsm;
or*trIaqmiftzGJUwGif twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/
wuoOu|rSm OD;xGe;f pdejf zpfonf/ ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m vli,frsm;
toif; (1930) tzGUJ 0ifociftjzpf Edik if aH &;aqmif&u
G cf &hJ m &efuek f
wuov
kd af usmif;tkyBf u;D rpwmpavmh\ e,fEiS cf &H onf/ *s'q
f if
aumvdyo
f Ykd ajymif;a&TU ynmqufvufoif,pl Of Ekid if aH &; vHaYI qmf
rIrsm;aMumifh bDatpmar;yGJajz&ef ESpfvtvdkwGif xyfrHausmif;
xkwfcH&onf/ oli,fcsif;rsm;\ tultnDjzifh ,k'ef (*s'fqif)
aumvdyfu jyefvnfvufcHaomfvnf; wuodkvfynma&;udk
pGev
Yf w
T
f tcsed jf ynhf ocifEikd if aH &;orm;tjzpf aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/
&efuek w
f uov
kd w
f iG f ynmoifMum;aepOf yifew
D u
dk yf 0kH wf
cHzk ed yfp;D ? tdraf wmf&mxD;aqmif;um acgif;wH;k jzifh w&m;a[mcJ&h m

18

pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf

]]*EDpdef}} [k trnfwGifcJhonf/ 1931 ckESpfwGif ocifbaomif;

ESifhtwl a&eHacsmif;NrdKUwGif;ukef;"rmHk wkdYArmw&m;a[m
0HomEkacgif;aqmif OD;pd;k odr;f ESihf ocif0g'udk aqG;aEG;um oabm
wlnrD &I cJo
h nf/ 1932 ckEpS w
f iG f wuov
kd rf x
S u
G
f wkAYd rmtpnf;
tHk;wGif tcsdefjynhfyg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf/
1933 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif a&Tbkd'dkiftmcD Mum;jzwf
a&G;aumufyw
JG iG f wkAYd rmtpnf;tH;k rS ocifbaomif;onf trwf
avmif;tjzpf ,SOfNydKifta&G;cHonf/ ocifbaomif;ESifhtwl
a&Tbo
dk Ykd ocifoed ;f armifBu;D ? ocifxeG ;f a&T? ocifA[de;f wkYd vku
d yf g
wkAYd rm0g'jzefw
Y &m;a[m&m a&G;aumufyt
JG Ny;D wGif a&Tbt
dk a&;
ydik u
f yk'rf 144 xkw
f wm;qD;cH&onf/ a&Tbw
dk iG f tmPmzDqefrI
aMumifh tvkyfMurf;ESifh axmif'PfwpfvcsrSwfcH&onf/ rEav;
axmifwiG f tpmiwfc
H qufvufqEjyonf/ &efuek &f dS wuov
dk f
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftcsKdUESifh vli,frsm;toif;0ifrsm;onf
0wfvHkawmf& a'gufwmb[efESifh OD;bOD;wkdY\ tultnDjzifh
[du
k u
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f iG f t,lc0H ifc&hJ m axmifxJ bDuvyf& wpfvtMum
wGif vTwfay;cH&onf/
axmifrS xGuv
f mNy;D aemuf wkAYd rmtoif; &efyakH iG &SmazG
a&;ESifhywfouf ocifbaomif;ESifh oabmuGJvGJcJhonf/ ocif
baomif;onf wkAYd rmtpnf;tH;k wGif rygawmhbJ tpnf;tH;k udk
ocifApdeEf iS hf ocifoed ;f armifBu;D wdu
Yk qufvufO;D aqmifco
hJ nf/
1934 ckEpS ?f arv 3 &ufwiG f a&TbNdk rKd U 'kw,
d tBurd f wkAYd rm0g'jzefY
w&m;a[m&m ocifav;armif? &Sift&d,wdkYESifhtwl axmif'Pf
oHk;vcsrSwfcH&onf/
1935 ckESpf? rwfv 30 &ufwGif a&eHacsmif;NrdKU yxr
tBurd f wkAYd rmtpnf;tH;k nDvmcHusi;f y&m Ou|tjzpf a&G;cs,cf H
&onf/ xkdnDvmcHBuD;odkY rpwmarmifrdIif; wufa&muf ocif
udk,fawmfrdIif;trnfudk cH,lum tpnf;tHk; em,utjzpf
aqmif&Gufonf/

pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf

b0ed*Hk;
q&mawmfonf r[mNrdKifausmif; oDwif;oHk;&if; w&m;
bm0emudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf\/ 1968 ckESpf? oufawmf 91 ESpf
t&G,fwGif q&mawmfysHvGefoGm;ay&m wynhf'g,um 'g,dumr
wkdYu xGuf&yfpcef;odkY <uoGm;onf[k ,HkMunfMuavonf/ q&m
awmfb'EpEol&d,onf rdrdysHvGefawmfrrlrDuvnf; OD;0dZm
vuFm&q&mawmftm; ausmif;wGif pmoifpmtHoHrsm; Mum;vdk
onf[k rdeaYf wmfral vh&o
dS nfqydk gonf/ odjYk zifh r[mNrKd iaf usmif;udk
y&d,wd pmoifwkdufjzpf&ef BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfcJhMu&m ,cktcg
pmoifpmcs oHCm omraPtyg; 100 cefYyif &SdaeNyDjzpfaMumif;
od&Sd&\/
(wifEdkifwkd;a&;om;aom ]ukef;abmifEG,f omoemh0efaqmif
yk*dKvfrsm;} pmtkyfrS xkwfEkwfazmfjyygonf/)

trsKd;*kPf? Zmwd*kPfjzifh pmay*kPfudk

jrifhwifrnf/
pmayAdrmefjynfolYpmMunfhwkduf
toif;0ifrsm; zdwfac:
pmayAd r mef jynf o l Y p mMunf h w k d u f 0 if a Mu;tjzpf omref
toif;om; wpfOD;vQif 0ifaMu; 1000d^-? ESpfpOfaMu; 500d^-?
txl;toif;om;wpfOD;vQif 0ifaMu; 2000d^-? ESpfpOfaMu; 1000d^owfrSwfxm;ygonf/ omreftoif;om; wpfOD;vQif pmtkyfwpftkyfudk
(7) &uf tcrhJiSm;&rf;Edkifonf/ txl;toif;om;wpfOD;vQif pmtkyf
(2) tkyfudk (10) &uf tcrhJiSm;&rf;EdkifNyD; taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh
rtyfEdkifygu &ufxyfwkd;&ef wpfBudrfcGifhjyKay;ygonf/

pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf

pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf

aumif;wHk xdyfwifrBuD;onfvnf; tdrfa&SUpH uaemif

rif;om;ESifh udk,fvkyfawmfcifbJwkdYorD; aumif;wHkrif;orD;BuD;rS
zGm;jrifoljzpfojzifh uaemifrif;om;BuD;\ajr; awmfpyfygonf/
aumif;wHk xdyfwifrBuD;u ppfudkif;wGif oDv&Sif0wfaeaom
a':cifqifhESifh pum;pyfrd ajymqdkMu&mrS om;awmf xdyfwifvS
q&mawmftaMumif; tquftpyf &&SdoGm;Mujcif;jzpfygonf/
r,fawmfcifqifhrSm oDv&Sif0wfjzifhyif uG,fvGefcJh[ef&Sd\/

1935 ckEpS w
f iG f OD;Muif? a':&ifw\
Ykd wwd,orD; a':cif
cifESifh vufxyfcJhonf/ a':cifcifrSm a&ausmfrufo'pfausmif;rS
wuov
kd 0f ifwef;atmifNy;D jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&; yHEk ydS w
f u
kd u
f kd OD;aqmif
aeol? rsKd;cspf pdwfxufoefolwpfOD; jzpfonf/ yHkESdyfwdkufrSyif
wkAYd rmtpnf;tH;k \ a<u;aMumfoH ]]a'gif;owif;pOf}} udk xkwaf 0
cJhonf/
1935 ckESpf ZGefvwGif q&mawmfOD;auwkESifh tdEd,odkY
Edik if aH &;avhvmaqG;aEG;&ef oGm;a&mufco
hJ nf/ xkpd Ofu tdE,
d jynf
[d E L r[mbmomtoif ; \ Ou | tjzpf aqmif & G u f a eaom
q&mawmfOD;Owr\ zdwfMum;csufjzifh oGm;a&mufcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
tdEd,wGif uGef*&ufacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awGUqHkaqG;aEG;cJhonf/
1936 ckESpf? ZGefv 27-29 &ufwGif jrif;NcHNrdKUudk udk;cef;
wefaqmif; 'kwd,tBudrf wkdYArmtpnf;tHk; nDvmcHusif;y
onf/ nDvmcHaemufq;kH aeY usi;f yaepOf ocifApdeEf iS hf tjcm;ocif
av;OD; zrf;qD;cH&onf/ nDvmcHrwkdifrD armfvNrdKifNrdKU NAdwdoQ
tpd;k &tm; tMunfnKdf ysuaf tmif a[majymrIjzifh zrf;qD;jcif;jzpf
tvkyMf urf;ESihf axmif'Pf wpfEpS cf srw
S cf &H onf/ axmif'PfraphrD
tpmiwfcH qEjy&mrS jyefvTwfay;cH&onf/
1938 ckESpf? rwfv 22-24 &ufwGif jynfNrdKU wwd,
tBurd f wkAYd rmtpnf;tH;k nDvmcHusi;f yonf/ ocifoed ;f armifBu;D
onf ocifnDESifh,SOfNydKif wpfrJtomjzifh Ou|jzpfvmonf/
nDvmcHwGif ocifodef;armifESifh ocifApdefwkdY oabmuGJvGJ&mrS
1938 ckESpf? ZlvkdifvwGif ocifodef;armifBuD; vufrSwfESifh ocif
Apdeftm; A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrS omreftoif;om;tjzpf
tqifhavQmhcscJhonf/ tuGJtNyJrsm;aMumifh wkdYArmtpnf;tHk;
onf ESpjf crf;uG
J ocifApdeEf iS hf ocifxeG ;f tkyw
f u
Ydk oD;jcm;wdAYk rm
tpnf;tH;k udk wnfaxmifco
hJ nf/ jrefrmjynf vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf
EdkifiHjcm;tultnD&SmazGa&;wGif &efukef&Sd *syefoHtrwfudkulbl;?
rpwm[mumem*g;wkEYd iS hf tquftoG,&f cJo
h nf/ 1940 jynhEf pS ?f

r[mNrdKifq&mawmf
wpfaeYwGif rif;om; q&mawmfxHodkY tbkd;tkdwpfOD;
a&muf&Sdvmonf/ xkdtbkd;tkdrSm r[mNrdKif awmpyf q&mawmf
ud&k ifav;b0u 0wfBu;D 0wfi,f jyKpck &hJ ol jzpfonf/ tbk;d tdo
k nff
q&mawmfukd zl;awGU&aomtcg idak <u;avawmh\/ xkaYd emuf tbk;d
tdku rdrdonf q&mawmf udk&ifav;b0u teD;uyf jyKpkcJh&ol
jzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;ajymjyavonf/ tbd;k td\
k tqdak Mumifyh if
rif ; om;q&mawmf u d k r[mNrd K if a wm w&m;usif h c J h z l ; aom
q&mawmftjzpf trsm;uod&SdoGm;Muonf/ xkdpOfumvrSp
r[mNrdKifq&mawmf[lom trnfxif&Sm;vmygonf/
q&mawmf oDwif;oHk;pHaeawmfrl&m ausmif;rSmvnf;
jr,k*gausmif;[k trnfrwGifbJ r[mNrdKifausmif;[lom trnf
wGifygonf/ rif;wkef;rif;\ orD;awmf rif;wyfxdyfacgifwifonf
aetdrfESifh tvSrf;ruGmvSaom r[mNrdKifausmif;odkY tNrJvdkvkd
oGm;a&mufavh&Sdonf/ rif;wyfxdyfacgifwif rif;orD;BuD;rSm
&efukefNrdKU&Sd aqGawmfrsKd;awmfrsm;tzGJU\ Ou|vnf;jzpfonfh
tavsmuf aemifwGif aqGawmfrsKd;awmfrsm;tzGJU qkdif;bkwfudkyif
r[mNrdKifausmif;odkY ajymif;a&TUcsdwfqGJxm;cJhavonf/ prf;acsmif;
NrdKUe,f blwmHkvrf;&Sd jr,k*gausmif;rSmvnf; ,aeYwkdif r[mNrdKif
ausmif;[lom trnfwGifygonf/
q&mawmfonf tdraf &SUpH uaemifrif;om;Bu;D \ ajr;awmf&if;
jzpfaomaMumifh vpOfaxmufyHh aMu;aiG 200 usyf &&SdcJhonf/

19

pmaya&csrf;pif pmpOf

pmaya&csr;f pif pmpOf

pufwifbmvwGif &efukefNrdKUodkY a&muf&Sdvmaom ,dk;',m;

rdwfquftzGJUacgif;aqmif rif;om;BuD; 'Drma&mh*fESifh tquf
toG,f&cJhonf/ 1941 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;tultnD &SmazGa&;
twGuf ,kd;',m;e,fpyfudk jzwfausmf&ef BudK;pm;pOf NAdwdoQwkdY\
zrf;qD;cH&onf/ 1942 ckEpS f {Nyv
D ukew
f iG f ocifApdeEf iS hf Edik if aH &;
orm;rsm; rHk&GmaxmifrS vGwfajrmufcJhonf/
*syefacwf 1942 ckESpf? ZGefv 4 &uf jrefrmjynf A[dk
tkyfcsKyfa&; pDpOfrIaumfrwD0if? 1942 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 1 &ufwGif
,m,DA[kdtpdk;&tzGJU tvkyform;Xme? vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;
XmeESifh qnfajrmif;Xme0efBuD;tjzpfyg0ifcJhonf/ 1943 ckESpf?
Mo*kwv
f 1 &ufwiG f zGUJ pnf;aom *syefacwf vGwv
f yfaomtpk;d &
tzGJUwGifrl ryg0ifawmhacs/ 1943 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 11 &ufwGif
*syefwu
Ydk ocifApdeEf iS hf ocifxeG ;f tkyw
f u
Ydk kd rdom;pkEiS t
hf wl jynfy
odkY tus,fcsKyfjzifh ydkYaqmifcJhonf/ pifumyluRef; zl&D[dkw,fESifh
*smAm;uRef;wdkYwGif xm;&SdcJhonf/ ppftNyD; 1946 ckESpf? {NyDv 5
&ufwGif jrefrmjynfodkY jyefa&mufonf/
1946 ckESpf? {NyDv 21 &ufwGif wkdYArmtpnf;tHk;udk
jyefvnfzGJUpnf; XmecsKyftvkyftrIaqmiftjzpf aqmif&Guf
onf/ Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef; OD;aqmifaom Mum;jzwftpk;d &tzGUJ wGif
vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;0efBuD;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf/ 1947 ckESpf?
Zefe0g&Dv 7 &ufwiG f 0efBu;D ocifjr? tdik pf t
D ufpf OD;wifx#G w
f EYkd iS hf
twl jrefrmEdik if v
H w
G v
f yfa&;twGuf vef'efoo
Ykd mG ;a&mufco
hJ nf/
Zefe0g&Dv 27 &ufwGif vufrSwfa&;xkd;aom ]]atmifqef;-tuf
wvD}} pmcsKyfukd vufrSwfrxdk;bJ 0efBuD;&mxl;rS EkwfxGufcJhum
zqyvtwkduftcHtjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/
1947 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 19 &ufaeYwGif AkdvfcsKyfESifh EdkifiHh
acgif;aqmifrsm; vkyfBuHcH&NyD;aemuf tjcm;twkduftcHEdkifiHa&;
orm;rsm;ESifhtwl zrf;qD;jcif;cH&onf/ 1948 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv
10 &ufwiG f Armjynf'rD u
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