Continuity equation:

.(V ) 0
t

u w 0
t x
y
z

r r r z 0
t r r

in vector form

in Cartesian coordinates

in Cylindrical coordinates

V 0

- For incompressible flow ( = constant)

Navier- stokes equation
: For incompressible & constant viscosity

V
V V 2V Fb
t

in vector form

In Cartesian coordinates ( x, y, z ):-

u u u u p 2u 2u 2u
u v w 2 2 2 Fx
t x y z x x y x
2v 2v 2v
v
v
v
v

Fy
u
v
w

2
x y
z
y
y 2` z 2
t
x
2 w 2 w 2 w
w
w
w
w

u
v
w

2
x
y
z
z
y 2 z 2
t
x

In Cylindrical coordinates ( r, , z ): v r
v r v v r
v r v 2 2 v r 1 v r 1 2 v r 2 v r v r 2 v

vr

vz
2
2

2 2
Fr
2
2

r
r

z
r

r
r

r
r

z
r
r

v
2 v 1 v 1 2 v 2 v 2 v 2 v r v
v v v
v v r v
v r

v z

r r 2 r r r 2 2 2 z 2 r 2 r 2 F

r
r

z
r

2 v z 1 v z 1 2 v z 2 v z
v z
v z v v z
v z

v r

v z
2

Fz
r r
z
z
r r r 2 2 z 2
t
r

For irrotational flow V 0 and the velocity vector can be expressed by V

where is the potential Function. The Cartesian velocity components can be
written as:- u & v & w . The Cylindrical velocity components can
x

be written as:-

v r

& v

1
r

& v z

For incompressible irrotational flow 2 0

For incompressible irrotational and two-dimensional flow (only)
The
The

2 0
Cartesian velocity components can be written as:- u & v
y
x
Cylindrical velocity components can be written as:- v r 1 & v
r
r

Elementary flows
Type

1) Uniform flow V x cos V y sin

V

&

u & v or
u V cos

y cos V x sin

v V

2) Source(+Q)
[Sink (-Q)]

[Q

3) Vortex flow
+
(anticlockwise)

4) Doublet (+K)

[K

[Q

] ln r

v r & v

v r Q

sin

(2 r )

v 0

cos
r

vr0

] ln r

- [ K 2 ] sin

(2 r )

cos
r2
sin
v [ K ] 2
2 r
v r [ K

Source (+Q) at (-a,0) & Source (+Q) at (+a,0):r12 ( x a) 2 y 2 & r22 ( x a) 2 y 2

u [Q

x a x a
] 2 2
2
r2
r1

&

&

y
y
tan 1
& tan 2

xa
xa
y
y
v [Q ] 2 2
2 r
1 r 2

Uniform flow (V & =0) & Source (+Q) at (0,0) (Half Body):Q
The half body equation

y b( ) with b
2V

u V [Q

The velocity components are :-

x
2 ( x y 2 )
]

v [Q

&

y
2 ( x y 2 )
]

Uniform flow (V & =0) & Source (+Q) at (-a,0) & Sink (-Q) at (a,0)
2V y
(Rankine Body):- R.B. equation

2ay ( x 2 y 2 a 2 ) tan(
)
Q

with thickness to chord ratio (h/L) where L is defined by:

L a 1 1

with

and h can be calculated by solving

The velocity components are :-

u V

R p

Q
2V h
2ah (h 2 a 2 ) tan(
)
Q

Q x a x a

2 r 12
r 22

&

Qy 1
1
2 2
2 r 1 r 2

r12 ( x a) 2 y 2 & r22 ( x a) 2 y 2

with
Uniform flow "V" with zero angle of attack & doublet "K=2Va2" (Non
Lifting flow past circular cylinder of radius "a").
The velocity components are :v r V

cos (1 a

2)

&

v V

sin 1 a 2
r

Uniform flow "V" with angle of attack "" & doublet of strength "K=2Va2"
with axis making angle "" with the x-axis & clockwise vortex of strength ""
(Lifting flow past circular cylinder of radius "a").
The velocity components are :vr V

(1 a

) cos( ) & v V

[ sin( ) 1 a
]
2
r ' 2V r

Flow past Joukowski airfoil:

Given data: free stream velocity "V", angle of attack "", chord "c",
maximum thickness "tmax", maximum camber "Cmax"
Circle parameters: b=c/4, e=(tmax/c)/1.3, =2*(Cmax/c), a=b(1+e), x0=-be,
y0=a
Airfoil coordinates: x1=2 b cos , y1=2 b e (1-cos) sin +2 b sin2
Circle of radius "a" with center at the origin in the Z' planeZ'=x' + iy'=r'ei'
The Z plane is defined by: Z=z0+Z' where z0=x0 + i y0 Z=x + iy=r ei
The airfoil is in the Z1 plane where Z1 = Z + b2 / Z
The velocity components in Z' plan are :v' r V

(1 a

r'

) cos( ' ) & v' V

[ sin( ' ) 1 a
2 2( a / r ' ) sin( )]
r'

dW ( A iB )

u1 iv1
dZ1 (C iD )

A (v' r cos 'v' sin ' ) & B (v' r sin 'v' cos ' )andC 1

b2
b2
cos(
2

)
&
D

sin(2 )
r2
r2

The velocity "V1" at any point in the Z1 plan:V12

The velocity components in Z1 plan are :-

where

A2 B 2
C 2 D2

The velocity "V1" on the surface of the airfoil:v'2

V12
1 2

The pressure

p 1 V 2 p 1 V
2
2

b2
b4
cos(
2

r2
r4
2

and

The lift "L" and the lift coefficient "CL"

L V 4V2 a sin( )

&

V
V

c p 1

C L 2 (1 e) sin( )

Thin Airfoil Theory:

For a zero thickness cambered airfoil "y(x)" placed in a free stream velocity "V"
with an angle of attack "" the flow-field may be presented by a the following
distribution of vortices "(x)" along the chord line "c" as
2V [ A0

(1 cos )
An sin(n )]
1
sin

By applying the boundary condition (velocity tangent to the camber line)

dy
A0 An cos(n )
1
dx

where

c
(1 cos )
2

with x=0 at the L.E. point and x=c at the T.E. point.

The coefficients A0 & An for n=1, 2, 3, . are given by

I0

A0 (

An

and

2I n

n 1

for

to

n 1

to

where

I0 (
0

dy
)d
dx

and

In (
0

dy
) cos(n )d
dx

for

The aerodynamic characteristics for this airfoil can be determined by:

A

(C M ) LE [ A0 A1 2 ]
2
2
1
C L 2[ I 0 I 1 ]
(C M ) LE [ I 0 2 I1 I 2 ]
2
x
A
( A A2 )
1
cp
0 [ A0 1 ]
( ) 1
2
c
4
(4C L )
xcp
(I I )
( I1 I 2 )
1
0 0 1
( )

c
4 4( I 0 I 1 )
C L 2 [ A0

or

or

A1
]
2

and
Vu V

Vl V

(C M ) c / 4 [ A1 A2 ]
4
1
(C M ) c / 4 [ I1 I 2 ]
2
x
1
( ac )
c
4

xac
1
)
c
4

pl pu V (Vu Vl ) V

For camber line airfoil given by the following 2 equations:

y1
x
x
x
a0 a1 ( ) a 2 ( ) 2 a3 ( ) 3
c
c
c
c
y2
x
x
x
b0 b1 ( ) b2 ( ) 2 b3 ( ) 3
c
c
c
c

x
0( )m
c
x
m ( ) 1
c

The integrations I0, I1 and I2 can be calculated by

sin(2 m )
)[t12 t 22 ]
2

sin(2 m )
sin(3 m )
t
t

I 1 ( )t 21 ( m )[t11 t 21 ] (sin m )[t10 t 20 12 22 ] [

][t11 t 21 ] [
][t12 t 22 ]
2
2
2
2
4
6

sin m
sin(2 m )
sin(3 m )
sin(4 m )

I 2 ( )[t 22 ] ( m )[t12 t 22 ] (
)[t11 t 21 ] [
][t10 t 20 ] [
][t11 t 21 ] [
][t12 t 22 ]
2
2
2
2
6
8
I 0 [t 20 ] ( m )[t10 t 20 ] (sin m )[t11 t 21 ] (

with
cos m 1 2m

9
t10 a1 a2 a3
8
9
t 20 b1 b2 b3
8

3
t11 a 2 a3
2
3
t 21 b2 b3
2

3
t12 a3
8
3
t 22 b3
8

y1
x
x
x
a0 a1 ( ) a 2 ( ) 2 a3 ( ) 3
c
c
c
c

v r V

x
0( )m
c

cos (1 a

X r cos

&

, Y r sin

sin 1 a 2
r

, tan 1 X
Y

v V

Axial sym. Flow ( about the z-axis ) :

- * to get pressure

p 1 V 2 p 1 V
2
2

X r cos

, Y r sin

v z

1
r r

cp

&

v r

V
1
V

, tan 1 X
Y

1
r z