.

1552-51

6
10400
. 0 - 2299 - 4813 0 - 2299 - 4797 ..2551


. 1552-51
ISBN 978-974-16-5846-6
1 .. 2551 200





(. 1552-51)
1. 1
2. 1
3. 2
4. 2
4.1 2
4.2 3
5. 4
5.1 4
5.2 5
5.3 6
6. 6
6.1 6
6.2 7
6.3 10
6.4 12
6.5 13
6.6 15
7. 18
7.1 18
7.2 19
7.3 19
8. 21
9. 21
9.1 21
9.2 22
9.3 24
10. 24
10.1 24
10.2 25
10.3 25
10.4 25
11. 30
11.1 30
11.2 32
12. 35
13. 36
13.1 36
13.2 37
14. 39
41
48
 . 1552-51

1.
1.1



1.2 (Settlement Point)
(Displacement Marker) (Tilt Meter)
(Inclinometer) (Rod Extensometer) (Tape
Extensometer) (Magnetic Extensometer)
(Piezometer)
2.



(Specification)

(Tilt) 1
(Angular Distortion) (/L)-
L
1

. 1552-51 : 1

A B C D

1
( 2)

3.
3.1 Materials & Workmanship Specification for Civil and Structural Works, Land and Transport
Authority, Singapore.
4.
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.1.1

4.1.1.2


4.1.1.3


4.1.2 (Calibration)

2 . 1552-51 :
 4.1.3
4.1.3.1


24

4.1.3.2



4.1.3.3


(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
4.1.3.4


4.2
4.2.1
(1)


(2)

. 1552-51: 3
 4.2.2
4.2.2.1
2
1




4.2.2.2


4.2.2.3
(1)
(2)

(3)
(4)
(5)
5.
5.1 (Bench Mark Reference Point)
5.1.1
5.1.1.1


5.1.1.2
(Staff)
5.1.1.3

4 . 1552-51 :
 5.1.2








5.1

5.2 (Settlement Point)

5.2.1
5.2.1.1

1.0

5.2.1.2

5.2.2

. 1552-51: 5
5.3 (Displacement Marker)
5.3.1
5.3.1.1


1.0
5.3.1.2


5.3.2




6.
6.1 (Tilt Meter)
6.1.1
6.1.1.1


6.1.1.2 (Tilt Plate)

(Tilt Meter)





6.1.1.3

6 . 1552-51 :



6.1.1.4 10
8 0.05
+ 5 1 1
6.1.2
6.1.2.1


6.1.2.2


6.1.2.3
180


6.2 (Inclinometer)
6.2.1
6.2.1.1

6.2.1.2 2
(Grout)


6.2.1.3 (Probe)

1
Gue & Partners SDN BHD (1999), Instrumentation and Monitoring Specification for Retaining Structure and Excavation

. 1552-51: 7
 6.2.1.4





6.2.1.5 2 (Biaxial)
2 25

10
6.2.2
6.2.2.1

( )

6.2.2.2





6.2.2.3




(Dummy)

6.2.2.4 ( )
( ) 7.3

8 . 1552-51 :
 6.2.2.5 (Spiral Test)





6.2.2.6

6.2.2.7

(Dummy)

0.5
180
6.2
(1) 3 6



(2)


(3)






(Bentonite)

. 1552-51: 9
 6.3 (Rod Extensometer)
6.3.1
6.3.1.1

6.3.1.2


(Dial
Gauge)
6.3.1.3







6.3.1.4
0.1 1


6.3.1.5




6.3.1.6

0.1

1
Hanna, T.H. (1985) Field Instrumentation in Geotechnical Engineering Trans Tech Publications

10 . 1552-51 :
 6.3.2
6.3.2.1



6.3.2.2

6.3.2.3








6.3.2.4




6.3.2.5
7.3



6.3
(1)

. 1552-51: 11


(Strain)
(2)

(Hydraulic Type)
(3)



(Stiffness)
(4) ()
( )


(5) (Mechanical Type)
(Dial Gauge) (Electrical Type)
(Displacement Sensor)
(Data Logger)

6.4 (Tape Extensometer)

6.4.1
6.4.1.1

6.4.1.2
0.15 20
(Repeatability)1 0.15

1
+ 0.15

12 . 1552-51 :
 6.4.1.3


6.4.2


6.4
(1)





(Dial Gauge)




(2) (Strain: )
(L) (L)
=L/L
(Principal Strain)
(3) (Invar)

0.05 1 20

(0.1 1.0 )
6.5 (Magnetic Extensometer)
6.5.1
6.5.1.1 (Heave)

. 1552-51: 13
 6.5.1.2










6.5.1.3






6.5.1.4
1.0
6.5.2
6.5.2.1




6.5.2.2

14 . 1552-51 :


0.5 1
6.5.2.3









6.5.2.4
7.3
6.5
(1)


1.0
(2)

6.6 (Piezometer)
6.6.1
6.6.1.1
(Porous Stone)

3 (1)

1
Gue&Partner SDN BHD (1999)

. 1552-51: 15
 (Standpipe Piezometer) (2)
(Vibrating Wire Piezometer) (3)
(Pneumatic Piezometer)





6.6.1.2 1.0


6.6.2
6.6.2.1


6.6.2.2
(De-Aired
Water) 24
6.6.2.3

24

6.6.2.4




6.6.2.5

6.6.2.6 2 (Sand
Pocket) (Push-In)

16 . 1552-51 :
 6.6.2.7 0.6 1.2

1
6.6.2.8
0.3 (Mandrel)

6.6.2.9 (Seal)

1

6.6.2.10 (Casing)


6.6.2.11

50

6.6



(1)
(1.1)
( )


(1.2)

(1.3)
19
(3/4 ) 34

. 1552-51: 17
 1

(1.4) 2.9x10-6
1




(1.5)

6.6 (2)
(2)



5- 10




(
)

7.
7.1
7.1.1

18 . 1552-51 :
 7.1.2


7.1.3

7.2

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

(9)
(10)
(11) ()

(12)
(13)
7.3 (Grouting)
7.3.1

24

(Trimie Pipe)
7.3.2
7 28

. 1552-51: 19


7.3
(1)




(2) (Water Cement Ratio)
1 2

(2.1)

(2.2)

1
( 7.3)

1
2.5
0.3

2
( 7.3)

1
6.6
0.4

20 . 1552-51 :
8.
8.1
8.1.1

8.1.2

(Precise Levels)
40
0.1

8.1.3
1
8.2
8.2.1



180
8.2.2

9.
9.1


(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

. 1552-51: 21
 (8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
9.2
9.2.1


( 9.2.2) 3

3
[ 9.2 (1)]

-
(Settlement Point) -
-
(Displacement Marker) -
-
(Tilt Meter) -
-
(Inclinometer) -
-
- (File)
- 0.5
()
-

-
(Rod Extensometer) -
-

22 . 1552-51 :
 3 ( )
[ 9.2 (1)]

-
(Tape Extensometer) -
-
(Magnetic Extensometer) -
-
-

-
(Standpipe Piezometer) -
-
-
-
-
-
(Piezometer) -
-
-
-
-
-
- ()
: 1)

9.2.2
(1)
(2)
(3)

. 1552-51: 23
 (4)
(5)
(6)

9.3
(Stage of Construction)
1



9.3

7

10.
10.1
10.1.1




10.1.2

0.1
3 k k

10.1.3

24 . 1552-51 :
10.2
10.2.1



10.2.2


(2 +2 )
10.2.3


10.3
10.3.1





10.3.2


0.1

10.4
10.4.1

2
10.4.2

. 1552-51: 25
 10.4.3





10.4.4

2
( 10.4(1))

26 . 1552-51 :
 10.1-10.4
(1)

3 5

2 3
3

4
(Rigidity)
3

d
H
H
V
%

d
H
Vm
V

v

3 (Clough and ORourke, 1990)

( 10.1-10.4)

. 1552-51: 27
 d
H
H
V
%

v
H

d
H

H
H
%

d
H

4 (Clough and ORourke, 1990)

( 10.1-10.4)

28 . 1552-51 :
 d

d
v
H
H

H
V
%

: Zone I, II, III (After Peck, 1969)

Zone I :
Zone II :
(1)
(2) Nb < Ncb*
Zone III :
Nb > Ncb
Nb (Stability No.) C = H/Cb
Ncb (Basal Heave),
C
5 (Clough and ORourke, 1990)
( 10.1-10.4)

(2)

. 1552-51: 29
11.
11. 1
11.1.1 (Crack Width Gauge)

(Feeler Gauge)

11.1.2

11.1.3 (Feeler Gauge)


11. 1
(1)



(2)


4
Burland et al, 1977 1
(3) ACI 224R 90
5
(4)

(5)



1
Burland,J.B., Broms,B.B., and DeMello, V.F.B. (1977) Behavior of Foundations and Structures: State of The Art Report, Proc. of The
9th Int.Conf. on Soil Mech. and Found. Eng., Tokyo, 495-546

30 . 1552-51 :


4
: Burland et al, 1977
( 11.1(2))



(Hairline Cracks) < 0.1 .

< 1 .


< 5 .


5-15 .

3 .



15-20 .





> 25 .

. 1552-51: 31
 5
: ACI 224R 90
( 11.1.(3))


() (.)
, 0.016 0.41
, 0.012 0.30
0.007 0.18
, , 0.006 0.15
1) 0.004 0.10
1)

11.2
11.2.1
(Tell-Tale Crack Gauge) 2

1
0.1

11.2.2

11.2.3

2 3

11. 2
(1)

32 . 1552-51 :



(2)

(2.1)
6


1
7
(2.2) 2
8

3 9
1
0.1 0.02

6
[ 11. 2 (2.1)]

1
Hanna, T.H. (1985) Field Instrumentation in Geotechnical Engineering Trans Tech Publications

. 1552-51: 33
 7
[ 11.2 (2.1)]

8
[ 11.2 (2.2)]

34 . 1552-51 :


b2 + c2 a2
cos( ) =
2bc
b1 + c1 a1
2 2 2
c = c1 a cos( 1 ) =
2b1c1
h a1
b2 + c2 a2
= b cos( ) =
h1 2c
b1 + c1 a1
2 2 2
b
1 = b1 cos( 1 ) =
1 1 b1
2c1
h
h = b 2 2 ; h1 = b1 1
2 2

= 1 ; h = h h1

9 3 [ Hanna, T.H 1985]

[ 11.2 (2.2)]

12.


(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

. 1552-51: 35
13.
13.1

-
(Angular Distortion: )
6 7 ACI 318-99 . 1008-38
8

6 ()
-
( 13.1)
()

Skempton & MacDonald (1956) Mayerhof (1953)
1/150 1/250
1/300 1/500

7 ()
Bjerrum (1963)
( 13.1)
()
1/750
(Frames with Diagonals) 1/600
1/500

1/300
(Overhead Crane)
1/250
1/150
1/150

1/150

36 . 1552-51 :
 8
ACI 318-99 . 1008-38
( 13.1)
1)



L/180


L/360


L/480
(

L/240
)
1) L

13.2

Boscardin Cording 1989 101

1
Boscardin, M.D. and Cording, E.J. (1989): Building Response to Excavation-Induced Settlement, J. of Geotech. Eng., ASCE, 115(1), 1-12

. 1552-51: 37
 h [x10-3]

, [x10-3]
:
1) Self-Weight Building Settlement :
2) Shallow Mines, Braced Cuts & Tunnel:
3) Deep Mines :
4) 2
10.2 10.3
5) 10.1 10.4
6)
(1) NEGLEGIBLE (NEGL)
(2) VERY SLIGHT DAMAGE (V.SL.)
(3) SLIGHT DAMAGE
(4) MODERATE TO SEVERE DAMAGE
(5) SEVERE TO VERY SEVERE DAMAGE

10
(Boscardin and Cording 1989)
( 13.2)

38 . 1552-51 :
 13.1-13.2
(1)




(2)

14.
14.1 . 1008-38:
14.2 ACI 224R-90: Control of Cracking in Concrete Structures, American Concrete Institute.
14.3 ACI 318-99: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, American Concrete Institute.
14.4 Australian Standard, AS 2870 (1996) - Residential Slabs and footings.
14.5 Bjerrum, L. (1963), Allowable Settlements of Structures, Proceeding of European Conference on
Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Weisbaden, Vol 2, 135-137.
14.6 Boone, S.L. (2001) Assessing Construction and Settlement-Induced Building Damage: A Return to
Fundamental Principles, Proceedings, Underground Construction, Institute of Mining and
Metalurgy, London, 559-570
14.7 Boscardin, M.D. and Cording, E.J. (1989): Building Response to Excavation-Induced Settlement,
J. of Geotech. Eng., ASCE, 115(1), 1-12
14.8 Burland,J.B., Broms,B.B., and DeMello, V.F.B. (1977) Behavior of Foundations and Structures:
State of The Art Report, Proc. of The 9th Int.Conf. on Soil Mech. and Found. Eng., Tokyo, 495-546
14.9 Clough, G.W. and ORourke, T.D. (1990), Construction Induced Movements of In-Situ Walls,
Proc. ASCE Specialty Conference, Cornell. ASCE Geo Special Publication 25.
14.10 Finno, R. J., Voss, F.T. Jr., Rossow E. and Blackburn J. T., Evaluating Damage Potential in
Buildings Affected by Excavations, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental

. 1552-51: 39
14.11 Gue & Partners SDN BHD (1999), Instrumentation and Monitoring Specification for Retaining
Structure and Excavation
14.12 Hanna, T.H. (1985) Field Instrumentation in Geotechnical Engineering Trans Tech Publications
14.13 Mayerhof, G.G. (1956), Discussion paper by Skempton Et. Al., Settlement Analysis of Six
Structures in Chicago and London, Proceeding of ICE, Vol 5, 170.
14.14 Skempton, A.W. and MacDonald, D.H. (1956), Allowable Settlement of Buildings, Proc. ICE, part
3,727
14.15 State-of-The-Art Report, Monitoring and Safety Evaluation of Existing Concrete Structure (2002),
FIB Task Group, Europe

40 . 1552-51 :


1.


1
A B

B+

A
+
A-

B-
A
A B
0 0

2 2

4 4

6 6

8 8
()

()
()

()

10 10

12 12

14 14

16 16
11/03/05 11/03/05
10/04/05 10/04/05

18 18

20 20

22 22
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

: xx/xx/xx

1 (Inclinometer)
( 1)

. 1552-51: 41
2.

2 (Heave)
(Caisson) 3 6 9 12

(Rod Extensometer)

RE1 RE4
3 6 9 12
4

2
, .

2
mm

0
Movement,

-2
-2

-4
-4
29-Sep-06 4-Oct-06 9-Oct-06 14-Oct-06 19-Oct-06 24-Oct-06 29-Oct-06 3-Nov-06

-12 m. -9m. -6m.
-3m. -3
-6
-9
-12

2
( 2)

42 . 1552-51:
3.


3 5 10
15 20
Settlement
Extensometer
of Magnetic
(Magnetic
@ Temporary Extensometer)
Shaft 2
5 10 IE-3
15 20
10

-10
Settlement (mm)
, .

-20

-30

-40
ME-1 (-5.0 m) ME-2 (-10.0 m) ME-3 (-15.0 m) ME-4 (-20.0 m)

-50
25-Aug-05 4-Sep-05 14-Sep-05 24-Sep-05 4-Oct-05 14-Oct-05 24-Oct-05 3-Nov-05 13-Nov-05 23-Nov-05 3-Dec-05 13-Dec-05 23-Dec-05



-5
-5 -10
-15
-10
-20

-15

-20

3
( 3)

. 1552-51: 43
4.

4

1 6

2 5

3 4

1 6
Distortion
at
Ring
No.600 XXX 2 5
4 3 4
(.)

2 3-4 2-5 1-4 1-6 3-6

Differrence From Frist Reading (mm)

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6
After 1 Ring After 2 Ring After 3 Ring After 4 Ring After 5 Ring After 6 Ring After 7 Ring After 8 Ring After 9 Ring After 10 Ring After 15 Ring After 20 Rings After 25 Rings After 30 Rings After 1 week After 2 week After 3 week

Activity of TBM

3-4
2-5
1-4
1-6
3-6

4
( 4)

44 . 1552-51:
5.
5
1-3
2-4
2

1 3
1-3
0.0010
4
T1
0.0008

0.0006

0.0004
()

0.0002

0.0000

-0.0002

-0.0004

-0.0006

-0.0008

-0.0010
25/8/2004

22/9/2004

20/10/2004

17/11/2004

15/12/2004

12/1/2005

2-4
0.0010

T1
0.0008

0.0006

0.0004
()

0.0002

0.0000

-0.0002

-0.0004

-0.0006

-0.0008

-0.0010
25/8/2004

22/9/2004

20/10/2004

17/11/2004

15/12/2004

12/1/2005

5
( 5)

. 1552-51: 45
6.

6

-2
-10
-15
-20

2
( )

10

11

12
9/1/2008

16/1/2008

23/1/2008

30/1/2008

6/2/2008

13/2/2008

20/2/2008

27/2/2008

5/3/2008

12/3/2008

19/3/2008

26/3/2008

2/4/2008

9/4/2008

6
( 6)

46 . 1552-51:
7.

0.10

2

0.08

5.0 CG1

2.5
CG2
0.06 CG3
- (.)

0.04

0.02

0.00

-0.02

-0.04

-0.06

-0.08

-0.10
1/ 12/ 2006

15/ 12/ 2006

29/ 12/ 2006

12/ 1/ 2007

26/ 1/ 2007

9/ 2/ 2007

23/ 2/ 2007

9/ 3/ 2007

23/ 3/ 2007

6/ 4/ 2007

20/ 4/ 2007

4/ 5/ 2007

18/ 5/ 2007

1/ 6/ 2007

15/ 6/ 2007

7
( 7)

. 1552-51: 47


. . 1552-1 :
. . 1552-2 :
. . 1552-3 :
. . 1552-4 :
. . 1552-5 : (Tiltmeter)
. . 1552-6 :
(Inclinometer)
. . 1552-7 :
(Rod Extensometer)
. . 1552-8 :
(Tape Extensometer)
. . 1552-9 :
(Magnetic Extensometer)
. . 1552-10/1 :
(Standpipe Piezometer)
. . 1552-10/2 :
(Standpipe Piezometer)
. . 1552-10/3 :
(Pneumatic Piezometer)
. . 1552-11/1 :
. . 1552-11/2 :

48 . 1552-51:
 : ......................................................... :
:............................................................. . . 1552-1 ..................................
: ............./...................
...................................................................... ( )
: ........................ : ...............................................
: ..........................................
: ................................. : ........................................

: ..............................................................................
: .
: :
...

. 1552-51: 49
 : ......................................................... : ..............................
. . 1552-2
: ........................................................... ............./...................
:
.......................................................................... ( ) : ...............................................
: .........................
: ..
: ............................................ : .........................................
: ...................................
: .......................................................................... :.
: . : .

()


()
(..)

50 . 1552-51:
 : .............................................................................. ............../.............
: .................................................................... . . 1552-3 : .........................
: .............................................................................
: ........................................................... ( ) : .................................................................................
: ....................................................
: .................................................................................
Back Sight Intermediate Fore Sight Fore Sight

(Station) U M L U M L U M L

. 1552-51:
: Back Sight (Bench Mark)
Intermediate Fore Sight Back Sight
Fore Sight
U, M, L ,

,
,

51
 52
: ............................................................................... .. 1552-4 : .................................................................
: ..................................................................
: ............................................................................. : ......................................................
( )
: ............................................................... : ...........................................................................
: ..............................................................
: ........................................................................
(Azimuth)

(Station) N E Ncorr Ecorr N E (Station)

: ........................ : ................... : ............................. : ....................

. 1552-51:
(Error Angle) : ............................. (Closure Distance) (Precision Ration)
: . : ...............
.. 1552-5
: . ............../.............
: ( ) : ..................................
: .. ..................................
: : ...............................
... (Tiltmeter) ..................................

2
1 3
4

2- 41 1- 32

3 4 3 4
2 4 1 3
() ()

: 1) 2-4 2 4
2) 1-3 1 3
3)
4) 2 4 2-4
1 3 1-3

. 1552-51: 53
 .. 1552-6 :
: ...
: ... ( )
: ..................................
: .. ..................................
: ....................................
: : ...............................
(Inclinometer) ..................................


:
B+
:. +
A A-
:.. B-

A B

() A+ A- B+ B-

54 . 1552-51:
: : ............................
.. 1552-7
: .. .............../.
: ... ( ) : ..................................
: . ..................................
:
(...)1 : ...............................

..................................
(Rod Extensometer)
: .................................................................. : ...........................................................





(. ...) 1 (. ...) 1,2
(.)

1) . ... = (Mean Sea Level)

2)

. 1552-51: 55
:
. . 1552-8 : ........................
: ..
: ... ( ) : ..................................
: . ..................................
: ...
: ...............................
:
..................................
: (Tape Extensometer)

1

(o) (Tape) (Display) (.)
(.)
(.) (.)

: 1)

56 . 1552-51:
 : ........................................
: ......................................... . . 1552-9
................. / ......................
: ...........................................
( )
: ............................ : .......................................................
: .......................

: .....................
: ...................................................
: ...................................
(Magnetic Extensometer)
........................................ ............................................
1
2

1 2
() (.)
() () () () ()

(Datum)

: 1)
2)

. 1552-51: 57
: ......................................................... : .................
: ........................................................... . . 1552-10/1
.................../................
: ............................................
: .............................................. () : .............................
: ............................................ .............................
: .....................
: ................. : ............................
(BM): .............................. (Standardpipe Piezometer) ............................
: .



(. ) ()
() () ()

58 . 1552-51:
: ...........................................
: .............................................
: ..............................
: ..................................... ( )
: ..................................
..............................
: ..........................
: .
: .................
: ....................
. . 1552-10/2
................... / ...................
: ..................................
: ................................
................................
(Vibrating Wire Piezometer)

: : .
: A: B: C:
1 3
1 2 2

(. )
F T F T F T
(. )

:
1) : F T
2) (P) P = A*F2 + B*F + C A B C
F
3)

. 1552-51: 59
: ...........................................
: .............................................
: ..............................
: .....................................
: ..............................
: ..........................
:
..................................
60
: ....................
. . 1552-10/3
................... / ...................
( )
: ..................................
..................................
: ................................
................................
(Pneumatic Piezometer)
. 1552-51:
 : ........................................
.. 1552-11/1 : ...................................
: ...........................................
: ........................... ................... / ...................
( )
: .............................
: ........................... : .................................................
: .........................
: ....................... : .............................................
/

CG1 CG2 CG3 CG4 CG5 CG1 CG2 CG3 CG4 CG5

()
: 1) +
-
2)
3) CG1, CG2, , CG5

. 1552-51: 61
 . . 1552-11/2 : ..............................

: ............................................. ................... / ...................

: ............................................... ( )
: ................................ : ............................................

: .........................................

62 . 1552-51:


1.
2.
3. 9 () .
4. 9 () .
5. 8 .
6. 8 () .
7. 8 () .
8. 8 .
9. 8 .
10. 8 .
11. 8 () .
12. 7 .
13. 8 () .

:
.

:
. .
:




 . 1252-51 . 1551-51

Dynamic Load Test

Seismic Test

6
10400

. 0 - 2299 - 4813 0 - 2299 - 4797 ..2551