NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE AND SOCIAL MEASUREMENT Epidemiology GENERAL PROVISION

S
MEMBERS:
Cartagena iversen Environmental and Computational iMic
ALMA KARINA ANA NZ ZI YOU INO ALV AR NA Daya VIVIANA GONZALEZ LE GA IL DA M RD A
TINE AR AJAR O P CINDY Z
What is health?
Health is defined by the 1996 Constitution of the World Health Organization as a
state of complete physical, mental and social, not merely the absence of diseas
e or infirmity. Can also be defined as the level of functional effectiveness and
/ or metabolism of an organism at both the micro (cellular) and macro (social).
What is disease?
There is no unanimous definition of the concept and meaning of illness, given it
s feature polysemy and multidimensional context that includes, indeed, the histo
ry has raised different views on this subject. It is impossible to give a single
definition without being bias, therefore, it is also necessary to contextualize
the concept of health.
Historical evolution of the concept Multiple Concepts: Some authors in the area
of health and others, give different concepts of "disease" - Margaret Newman - M
ilton Terris - Betty Neuman
SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE DISEASE

The epidemiology is to apply the problem of the disease as a process as a sequen

ce of stages that are not demarcated in a strict sense but are interrelated with
each other while framed within the social context of the area.
A problem with malnutrition may result from:

Lack of intake of ignorance in the intake by organic factors that block or diver
t the passage of the ingredients.

NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE

• If its frequency, determinants, predisposing and causal and environmental livi
ng conditions the disease is eminently social.
MEASUREMENT IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
STATISTICS: - The discipline which deals with the collection, organization and d
ata processing. Biostatistics: - Descriptive - Inferential
Sample Population Parameter: descriptive measure computed from the population. S
tatistical value or statistic: descriptive measure computed from a sample
Inferring: It means to generalize the findings in a general population sample. I
t is divided into estimation and hypothesis testing. Reason: a = b = 30 women 15
men ratio = a / b, ie 30:15 = 2, 2:1, for every two women is a man. Ratio = a /
b Ratio: In a study group of 20,000 PCTE. With tuberculosis, 5,000 are women (a
) and 15,000 (b) proportion of women with tuberculosis in the group is a / a + b
, ie 5.000/5.000 = 15 000 5000 / 20000 = 0.25 P = a / a + b
Validity Reliability or precision: It is when the data obtained from a measureme
nt of a phenomenon established by different people and instruments, at different
times and sites give similar results.
PATTERNS OF OCCURRENCE OF THE DISEASE
Pandemic Epidemic Endemic Prevalence Incidence Rate Endemoepidemia attack or ree
merging Emerging Zoonoses
Epidemiological chain: This chain is studied in order to identify each of the li
nks in the chain of infectious diseases, to identify what those elements of the
chain to prevent and control infectious diseases.
GLOSSARY

Antibody, any of about a million types of protein molecules to produce more cell
s called lymphocytes, whose main role is to act as defenses against invading for
eign substances. The antibodies, which are an important component of the immune
system, are in all vertebrates, the blood fraction called gamma globulin. Antige
n any substance which, when inserted in the body, induces the production of anti
bodies. They can enter the body through the respiratory tract, digestive tract o
r skin. The most common antigens are proteins such as those found in certain par
ts of viruses and bacteria.
Contact:
Individual (human or animal) that has been in association with an infected indiv
idual, having the opportunity of acquiring the infection. Disinfestation: Dest
ruction of metazoans, especially arthropods and rodents, for purposes of profila
xis.contra disease. Disease: A set of phenomena that occur in an organism as a
result of the action of a pathogenic cause, reacting against it.

The immunity generated by vaccines is similar to that caused by illness: the int
roduction into the body of an element called antigen triggers a response from th
e body, through the formation of another element called antibody, which is the o
ne that will act as barrier.€Incubation is the act by which oviparous animals (e
specially birds) incubate the eggs hatch or sitting on them to keep them at a co
nstant temperature at which embryos can be developed. INFECTION: Entry and devel
opment or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of a person or anima
l.
Lethality:
Relationship between the number of fatalities and the total number of cases of a
disease. pathogenicity: The ability of an infectious agent to produce disease
in a susceptible host. Carrier (asymptomatic infection): An individual who ha
rbors a specific infectious agent without showing signs of disease and can be a
source of infection for other individuals
Reservoir: Man, animal, plant, soil, or inanimate organic matter, in which the i
nfectious agent lives and multiplies, and it depends primarily for survival, so
that may be transmitted to a susceptible host. RESISTANCE: A group of some speci
es have mechanisms to defend against the invasion or multiplication of pathogens
, or harmful effects that can cause toxic products, whether produced by them or
from other sources. (Ejs.: man's resistance to some microorganisms, resistance o
f some microorganisms to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents, resistance of
some arthropods to insecticides).
Susceptible:
Person or animal that has no resistance to a pathogen and therefore can get the
disease if exposed to infection by that agent. Vector: animal organism, usuall
y arthropod, which can actively transport an agent from the source of the infect
ion to a susceptible. Virulence: degree of pathogenicity of an infectious agen
t (in epidemiology is expressed by the case fatality rate).