AS1 (Structural Design of Timber)

AVAILABLITY OF TIMBER MATERIALS

IMPORTED SPECIES = 77% ( from Malaysia)
Local species = 23% dipterocaps

Strength of wood is base on:

1) Location where the tree is grown.
2) Age of the tree when harvested.
3) Portion of the wood is cut.
4) Moisture content.

Classification of wood as to structural use

1) Visual stress grade (VSG)
- Based on the texture of wood.
- About 45 species were tested.
- Used by the national structure code of the phil.
Ex. Apitong, Tanguile, Guijo, Yakal

2) Machine Stress Grade (MSG)

- Based on stiffness value of the materials
Ex. Stamped Mark
M5 , M10 , M15 , M20 , M25

fb = allowable bending stress

fv = allowable shear stress
fc = allowable comprehensive stress
ft = allowable tensile stress
E = modulus Elasticity

Visual stress grading

Visual stress grading (VSG) has evolved from appearance grading patterned after
the National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA). It is accomplished through the
following procedures.

1. Measure the average strength property f small, clear, green specimen of each
species of interest in accordance with American Society for Testing and
Materials standard ASTM D 143
2. Apply reduction factors to average clear-wood strength to take into account
the effects of variability, size effect encountered in transforming information
from small specimens to large structural sizes, duration of load, and
accidental overload ( factor of safety).
3. Apply appropriate factors (known as strength ratios) to take into account the
general strength-reducing characteristics (defects) that may appear in the
given piece of structural lumber.

In 1989, FPRDI published the results of a study on Philippine Timber Design

Standards which derived the working stresses for 45 species of Philippine woods
based on the above method. The output was adopted by the National Structural
Code of the Philippines (NSCP).

Since VSG is used to grade timber based on size and position of defects, the names
of timber must be known for correct allocation of stress grade. However, it is quite
difficult to identify timber after harvesting. Although VSG rules have been included
in the NSCP since 1972 and in the Product Standard for Swan Timber (PNS
194:1989), these have not been very popular nor particularly useful for lumber
producers, dealers and end-users. A pre-project survey on lumber stress grading
and a series of consultative meetings with various lumber producers and end-users,
verified that these rules have not been implemented (Soriano et al. 1998). There is
no incentive for producers to implement these rules, while endusers are not keen on
stress graded lumber which is not available in the market. Thus, consumers tend to
accept whatever lumber is available in the market.

Working stresses for stress grade unseasoned

STRUCTURAL TIMBER OF THE PHILIPPINES
fb & ft fc fv
Species bending and Modulus of compression shear parallel
tension Elasticity parallel to to grain (MPa)
parallel to 1000Mpa grain (MPa)
grain (MPa)
1. MOLAVE 24 6.54 15.4 2.88
2. YAKAL 24.50 9.78 15.8 2.49
3. GUIJO 21.8 8.47 13.2 2.4
4. MAHOGANY 16.5 4.66 10.5 2.71
5. NARRA 18 5.94 11.40 1.91
6. ADITONG 16.50 7.31 9.56 1.73
7. LAUAN 13.90 5.83 8.18 1.48
8. PINE 14.7 66.6 8.29 1.56
9. COCOLUMB - 6.70 6.90 0.80
ER

Machine Stress Grading

In industrialized countries, several non-destructive testing methods have been

applied to timber as a means of assigning quality and classifying them into groups.
The most widely used and progressive nondestructive method is machine stress
grading (MSG). Stress grading is based on the timbers stiffness (measured at a low
level) as a predictor of its bending strength.

MSG of lumber is a mechanical method of sorting structural lumber into groups

according to strength, with each group having a set of pre-determined structural
design properties. It is a species independent method of assigning strength to
individual pieces of lumber. Stress grades are established from a correlation
between prediction parameter from non-destructive test and strength from
destructive test.
MSG is practiced in North America, Europe, Africa and Australia. In South Africa, a
comparison of yields of VSG and MSG showed increase precision, efficiency,
simplicity and economy in machine grading over visual (Muller 1964). Another study
in Brazil showed that MSG is more efficient than VSG in tropical countries having
mixed species with wide range of densities (Rondero 2001).

MACHINE GRADED LUMBER DESIGN STRESSES

M5 M10 M15 M20 M25
Allowable Strength properties (MPa)
Bending 5 10 15 20 25
Tension parallel to Grain 3 6 9 12 15
Compression Parallel to Grain 4 8 12 16 20
Shear 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.5
Stiffness Properties (GPa)
Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) 6.1 8.7 11.2 13.8 16.4

2 METHODS OF DESIGN
1) Deign Investigation given section of material
2) Design of Section determine the size of sections.

1) fb = mc / I
Flexure / bending formula
fb = allowable stresses
I = moment of Inertia
C = distance from N.A. or centroid to the bottom or top of the section
m = resisting moment or capacity

Classification of Lumber

1. Yard Lumber Lumber of all sizes and patters an tended for general building
purposes.
2. Factory and Shop Lumber Composed of factory plans graded for doors, sash
and others cutting for general mill works
3. Structural Lumber introduced for use where working stresses are acquired
and maybe classified into:
a) Beams and Stringers and Lumber of rectangular cross section 5 or more
thick and 2 or more wide graded with respect to its strength in bending
when loaded in the narrow face.
b) Joist and Planks Lumber of rectangular cross-section 2 to but not
including 5 thick and 4 or more wide graded w/ respect to its strength in
bending when loaded o its narrow face of joist or on the wide face of
planks.
c) Post and Timber and Lumber of Square or approximately square across
section 5 x 5 and larger, graded primarily for use as post and columns
carrying longitudinal loads but adapted for miscellaneous uses in which
strength in building is not especially important.
 Defects in Lumber

Defects in wood that affects its strength and durability. Because of the natural
character of the material, there are several common defects inherent in wood which
affect its strength, appearance and durability.

The most common defects are:

a) Check- is a crack of lengthwise separation of the wood across the annual
rings.
b) Shake is a separation along the grain, principally along the annual rings. A
check of shake reduces the resistance to shear and hence, member subjected
to bending are directly affected by the pressures.
Commercial Size of the Philippines timber
1x1 2x2 3x3 4x4 5x5 7x7
1x2 2x3 3x4 4x6 6x6 8x8
1x3 2x4 3x6 4x8 6x8 8x10
1x4 2x5 3x8 4x10 6x12 8x14
1x6 2x6 3x10 4x12 6x14 8x16
1x8 2x8 3x12 4x14 6x16 8x16
1x10 2x10 3x14 4x16 14x14
1x12 10x10 12x12 14x16
10x12 12x14
12x16