TAN

I. TON V TAN
1.1. nh ngha tan
tan ca mt cht l s gam cht tan c trong 100 gam nc to thnh dung dch
bo ha mt nhit
1.2. Cng thc tnh

mct
S 100
mH
2O

Trong : S: tan (g)

mct: khi lng cht tan (g)

mH2O: khi lng nc (g)

1.3. Vn dng
V d : 20oC ha tan 7,18 gam mui n vo 20 gam nc th thu c dung dch bo ha.
Tnh tan ca mui n nhit .
Gii
tan ca mui n 20oC l:
mct
S 100 = 7,18 .100 35,9( g )
mH O 20
2

2. Mi quan h gia tan v nng phn trm

2.1. Cc cng thc
ct
m
a.Theo nh ngha : S m 100 (gam/100g H2O) dung mi xt l H2O
H 2O
C%
b. Mi quan h S v C%: S 100 (C% l nng % ca dung dch bo ha)
100 C%
S
hay C% 100% (C% l nng % ca dung dch bo ha)
100 S
c. Mi quan h gia S v khi lng dung dch bo ha:
S : (S + 100) = mcht tan : mdung dch bo ha
2.2. Vn dng
V d : Dung dch bo ha NaNO3 10oC c nng 44,44%. Tnh tan ca dung dch
NaNO3 10oC
Gii
tan ca NaNO3 l:
C% 44, 44
S .100 .100 80( g )
100 C % 100 44, 44
 II. Cc dng bi tp thng gp
Dng 1: Bi ton c lin quan n tan
V d 1: 20oC, ha tan 80 gam KNO3 vo 190 g nc thi c dung dch bo ha. Vy
tan ca KNO3 20oC l bao nhiu?
Gii
tan ca KNO3 l:
mct
S 100 = 80 42,1( g )
mH 190
2O

V d 2: tan ca mui CuSO4 25oC l 40 gam. Tnh s gam CuSO4 c trong 280 gam dung
dch CuSO4 bo ha nhit trn?
Gii
Cch 1:

25oC : 100g H2O ha tan 40 gam CuSO4 to thnh 140 gam dung dch CuSO4 bo ha

Vy x = ? (g) CuSO4 to thnh 280 g dung dch CuSO4 bo ha

40 280
x= 80( g )
140
Cch 2:
Nng dung dch mui CuSO4 l:
40
C% = 40 100 100 28,57%

Khi lng CuSO4 c trong 280 gam dung dch CuSO4 l:

C% 28,57
mct = mdd . 100 = 280. 100
= 80 (g)

Dng 2: Bi ton lin quan gia tan ca mt cht v nng phn trm dung dch
bo ho ca cht .
V d 1: tan ca mui KCl 100 oC l 40 gam. Nng % ca dung dch KCl bo ha
nhit ny l bao nhiu?
Gii
Nng % ca dung dch KCl nhit 100oC l:
40
C% = 100 28,57%
40 100
Dng 3: Bi ton tnh lng tinh th ngm nc cn cho thm vo dung dch cho sn.
* c im: Tinh th cn ly v dung dch cho sn c cha cng loi cht tan.
Ch : S dng nh lut bo ton khi lng:
mdd to thnh = mtinh th + mdd ban u
m cht tan trong dd to thnh = mcht tan trong tinh th + mcht tan trong dd ban u
V d 1: iu ch 560g dung dch CuSO4 16% cn phi ly bao nhiu gam dung dch
CuSO4 8% trn vi bao nhiu gam tinh th CuSO4.5H2O.
 Gii
Khi lng CuSO4 c trong dung dch CuSO4 16% l:
560.16
mCuSO4 = mct = = 89,6(g)
100

t m CuSO .5H O = x(g)

4 2

1mol (hay 250g) CuSO4.5H2O cha 160g CuSO4

160x 16x
Vy x(g) CuSO4.5H2O cha = (g)
250 25
mdd CuSO4 8% c trong dung dch CuSO4 16% l: (560 - x) g
(560 x).8 (560 x).2
mct CuSO4 (c trong dd CuSO4 8%) l: = (g)
100 25
(560 x).2 16x
Ta c phng trnh: + = 89,6
25 25
Gii phng trnh c: x = 80.
Vy cn ly 80g tinh th CuSO4.5H2O v 480g dd CuSO4 8% pha ch thnh 560g dd
CuSO4 16%.
Cch khc
Lu : Lng CuSO4 c th coi nh dd CuSO4 64% (v c 250g CuSO4.5H2O th c cha
160g CuSO4).
Vy C% (CuSO4) = (160:250).100% = 64%.
p dng s ng cho:
64% 8
mCuSO4 .5 H 2O 8 1
16% => m =
ddCuSO .8% 4
48 6

8% 48
t x l s gam CuSO4.5H2O v y l s gam CuSO4 8%
Ta c h:
x 1
x = 80
y 6

x + y = 560 y = 480
Vy cn ly 80g tinh th CuSO 4.5H2O v 480g dd CuSO4 8% pha ch thnh 560g dd
CuSO4 16%.
V d 2: Tnh lng tinh th CuSO4.5H2O cn dng iu ch 500 ml dung dch CuSO 4
8% (d = 1,1g/ml).
Gii
Khi lng dung dch CuSO4 8% l:
mdd = 1,1 x 500 = 550 (g)
Khi lng CuSO4 nguyn cht c trong dd 8% l:
 8 550
mct = 44( g )
100
t m CuSO .5H O = x(g)
2 2

1mol (hay 250g) CuSO4.5H2O cha 160g CuSO4

Vy x(g) cha 44g CuSO4
250 44
=> x= 68.75 gam
160
Khi lng tinh th CuSO4.5H2O cn ly l: 68,75g
II. BI TON XC NH LNG KT TINH
1. c im
Khi lm lnh mt dung dch bo ha vi cht tan rn th tan thng gim xung v vy
c mt phn cht rn khng tan b tch ra gi l phn kt tinh.
+ Nu cht kt tinh khng ngm nc th lng nc trong hai dung dch bo ha bng
nhau.
+ Nu cht rn kt tinh c ngm nc th lng nc trong dung dch sau t hn trong dung
dch ban u:
mH (dd sau) m H (dd b) - mH (KT)
2O 2O 2O

2. Cch gii ton:

TH1: Cht kt tinh khng ngm nc TH2: Cht kt tinh ngm nc

B1: Xc nh khi lng cht tan ( mct ) B1: Xc nh khi lng cht tan ( mct )
v khi lng nc ( m H2O ) c trong v khi lng ( m H2O ) c trong dung
dung dch bo ha nhit cao. dch bo ha nhit cao.
B2: Xc nh khi lng cht tan ( mct ) B2: t s mol ca hirat b kt tinh l a
c trong dung dch bo ha. nhit (mol)
thp (lng nc khng i) m (KT) vamH O (KT) ct 2
S
m ct m
100 H2O
B3: Xc nh lng cht kt tinh: B3: Lp phng trnh biu din tan
ca dung dch sau (theo n a)
m KT m ct (nhie
t ocao) m ct (nhie
t otha
p)
m ct m ct (t0cao) m ct(KT)
S2 100 .100
m H m H O(t 0cao) m H 2O(KT )
2O 2

B4: Gii phng trnh v kt lun.

3. Vn dng:
Dng 1: Bi ton tnh lng tinh th tch ra hay thm vo khng ngm nc khi thay
i nhit mt dung dch bo ho cho sn.
Cch gii:
Bc 1: Xc nh khi lng cht tan (mct), khi lng nc ( m H2O ) c trong dung
dch bo t0 cao ( t0 thp nu bi ton a t dung dch c t0 thp ln t0 cao)
 Bc 2: Xc nh khi lng cht tan (mct) c trong dd bo ha ca t0 thp (dng
S
ton ny mct m khi lng nc khng i).
100 H2O
S
mct m H 2O
100
Bc 3: Xc nh lng kt tinh
m(kt) = mct ( nhit cao) - mct ( nhit thp)
(Nu l ton a ddbh t t0 cao thp)
hoc : m(kt thm) = mct ( nhit cao) - mct ( nhit thp)
V d 1: Xc nh lng mui KCl kt tinh khi lm lnh 604 gam dung dch mui KCl bo
ha 800C xung cn 100C. Bit tan ca KCl 800C l 51 gam v 100C l 34 gam.
Gii
800C SKCl = 51 gam
Ngha l 51g KCl ha tan trong 100g H2O to thnh 151g dung dch KCl bo ha.
x(g) KCl ha tan trong y(g) H2O to thnh 604 (g) dung dch KCl bo ha.
604.51
x= 151
204 g KCl v y = 604 - 204 = 400g H2O

200C SKCl = 34 gam

Ngha l 100g H2O ha tan c 34g KCl
400.34
400g H2O ha tan c a (g) KCl => a = 136 g
100
Vy lng mui KCl kt tinh trong dung dch l:
mKCl = 204 - 136 = 68 g
V d 2: 120C c 1335g dung dch CuSO4 bo ho. un nng dung dch ln n 90 0C.
Hi phi thm vo dung dch bao nhiu gam CuSO 4 c dung dch bo ho nhit ny.
Bit 120C, tan ca CuSO4 l 33,5 v 900C l 80.
Gii
120C S (CuSO4) = 33,5 gam
Ngha l 33,5g CuSO4 ha tan trong 100g H2O to thnh 133,5g dung dch bo ha.
x(g) ......... y(g) ..... 1335g dung dch bo ha
1335.33,5
x= 133,5
335 gam CuSO4 v y = 1335 - 335 = 1000g H2O

900C SCuSO = 80 gam

4

Ngha l 100g H2O ha tan c 80g CuSO4

1000.80
1000g H2O . A g CuSO4 a = 100
800 gam

Vy lng mui CuSO4 cn thm vo dung dch l:

mCuSO4 = 800 - 335 = 565g
Dng 2: Bi ton tnh khi lng khi lng tinh th tch ra hay thm vo c ngm
H2O, khi thay i nhit mt dung dch bo ho cho sn.
Cch gii:
 Bc 1: Xc nh khi lng cht tan ( mct ) v khi lng ( m H2O ) c trong dung dch bo
ha nhit cao.
Bc 2: t s mol ca hirat b kt tinh l a (mol) => mct (KT) v mH 2O(KT)
Bc 3: Lp phng trnh biu din tan ca dung dch sau (theo n a)
mct m( ct )(t 0cao ) mct ( KT )
S2 100 100
mH 2O mH O ( t 0cao ) mH 2O ( KT )
2

Bc 4: Gii phng trnh v kt lun.

V d 1: tan ca CuSO4 850C v 120C ln lt l 87,7g v 35,5g . Khi lm lnh 1877
gam dung dch bo ha CuSO4 t 800C 120C th c bao nhiu gam tinh th CuSO 4.5H2O tch
ra khi dung dch.
Hng dn:
Lu cht kt tinh ngm nc nn lng nc trong dung dch thay i
Gii
850C , SCuSO4 = 87,7 gam
Ngha l: 100g H2O ha tan 87,7 gam CuSO4 to thnh 187,7 gam dung dch bo ha
1000g H2O ...... 877 gam CuSO4 ............. 1877 gam dung dch bo ha
Gi x l s mol CuSO4.5H2O tch ra
khi lng H2O tch ra: 90x (g)
Khi lng CuSO4 tch ra : 160x gam
120C, TCuSO 35,5
4

887 160x 35,5

Ta c phng trnh : gii ra x = 4,08 mol
1000 90x 100
Khi lng CuSO4 .5H2O kt tinh : 250 4,08 =1020 gam
V d 2: Hy xc inh tinh th MgSO4.6H2O tch khi dung dch khi h nhit 1642 gam
dung dch bo ha MgSO4 800C xung 200C. Bit tan ca MgSO4 80 oC l 64,2 gam v
20 oC l 44,5 gam.
Gii
800C , S (MgSO4) = 64,2 gam
Ngha l:100g H2O ha tan 64,2 gam MgSO4 to thnh 164,2 gam dung dch bo ha
1000g H2O ...... 642 gam MgSO4 ............. 1642 gam dung dch bo ha
Gi x l s mol MgSO4.6H2O tch ra
khi lng H2O tch ra: 108x (g)
Khi lng MgSO4 tch ra : 120x (gam)
200C, SMgSO4 = 44,5 gam
642 120 x 44,5
Ta c phng trnh : gii ra x = 2,7386 mol
1000 108 x 100

Khi lng MgSO4 .6H2O kt tinh : 228 2,7386 = 624,4 gam

 Kt lun chung:
+ Nu cht kt tinh khng ngm nc th lng nc trong hai dung
dch bo ha bng nhau.
+ Nu cht rn kt tinh c ngm nc th lng nc trong dung dch
sau t hn trong dung dch ban u:
mH (dd sau) m H (dd b) - mH (KT)
2O 2O 2O

Dng 3: Xc nh cng thc tinh th ngm nc

V d 1: Khi lm ngui dung dch bo ha mui sunfat kim loi kim ngm nc c cng
thc M2SO4.nH2O vi 7< n < 12 t nhit 800C xung nhit 100C th thy c 395,4 gam tinh
th ngm nc tch ra. tan 80 0C l 28,3 gam v 100C l 9 gam. Tm cng thc phn t
mui ngm nc.
Gii
800C , S = 28,3 gam
Ngha l:100g H2O ha tan 28,3 gam cht tan to thnh 128,3 gam dung dch bo ha
800g H2O ...... 226,4gam 1026,4 gam dung dch bo ha
Khi lm ngui dung dch th khi lng tinh th tch ra 395,4 gam tinh th
Phn dung dch cn li c khi lng: 1026,4 - 395,4 = 631(g)
100CC, S = 9 gam
Ngha l: 100g H2O ha tan 9 gam cht tan to thnh 109 gam dung dch bo ha
52,1 gam 631 gam
Khi lng mui trong tinh th: 226,4 - 52,1 = 174,3(g)
Khi lng nc trong tinh th: 395,4 - 174,3 = 221,1(g)
Trong tinh th, t l khi lng nc v mui l:
18n 22,1

2 M 96 174,3

M = 7,1 - 48 m 7 < n < 12

n 8 9 10 11

M 8,8 15,9 23 30,1

Vi n = 10, M = 23 (Na)
Cng thc mui ngm nc l: Na2SO4.10H2O
 BI TP T GII
o
Bi 1: tan ca mui n 20 C l 35,9 gam. Khi lng mui n trong 300g dung dch mui
n bo ha 20oC. p s: 79.25g
o
Bi 2: Ha tan 14.36 gam NaCl vo 40 gam H2O 20 C Th thu c dung dch bo ha.
tan ca NaCl nhit l bao nhiu? p s: 35,9g
o
Bi 3: tan ca NaCl 20 C l 35,9 gam. Hi c bao nhiu gam NaCl trong 1 kg dung dch
NaCl bo ha 20oC. p s: 264,16g
o
Bi 4: 18 C ha tan 143 gam Na2CO3.10H2O vo 160 gam nc th thu c dung dch bo
ha. Vy tan ca Na2CO3 18oC l bao nhiu? p s: 21,2 g
Bi 5: 50 C, tan ca KCl l 42,6gam. Nu b 120gam KCl vo 250gam nc 50 oC ri
o

khuy k th lng mui tha khng tan ht l bao nhiu? p s: 13,5g

o
Bi 6: 20 C, tan ca K2SO4 l 11,1gam. Phi ha tan bao nhiu gam K 2SO4 vo 80 gam
nc c dung dch bo ha 20oC? p s: 8,88g
o
Bi 7: tan ca mui KNO3 100 C l 248 gam. Lng nc ti thiu ha tan 120 gam
KNO3 100 oC l bao nhiu? p s: 48,4g
0
Bi 8: 40 C, tan ca K2SO4 l 15. Hy tnh nng phn trm ca dung dch K 2SO4 bo
ho nhit ny? p s: C% = 13,04%
0
Bi 9: Tnh tan ca Na2SO4 10 C v nng phn trm ca dung dch bo ho Na 2SO4
nhit ny. Bit rng 100C khi ho tan 7,2g Na 2SO4 vo 80g H2O th c dung dch bo ho
Na2SO4. p s: S = 9g v C% = 8,257%
o
Bi 10: tan ca NaCl trong nc 90 C l 50 gam. Nng phn trm ca dung dch NaCl
bo ha 90oC l bao nhiu? p s: 33,33%
Bi 11: Ha tan 25 gam CuSO4.5H2O vo 295 gam nc. Tnh nng phn trm ca dung
dch? p s: 5%
Bi 12: Ha tan 50 gam CuSO4.5H2O vo 450 gam nc. Tnh nng phn trm v nng
mol ca dung dch thu c? Bit Ddd =1g/ml p s: 6,4% v 0,4M
Bi 13: Ha tan 24 gam CuSO4.5H2O vo 175 gam nc. Tnh nng phn trm v nng
mol ca dung dch thu c? Bit Ddd =1g/ml p s: 8% v 0,5M
Bi 14: Ha tan 50 gam CaCl2.6H2O vo 600 ml nc (D = 1 g/ml). Tnh nng phn trm ca
dung dch? p s: 3,89%
Bi 15: Ha tan 11,44 gam Na2CO3.10H2O vo 88,56 ml nc (D = 1 g/ml). Tnh nng phn
trm ca dung dch? p s: 4,24%
Bi 16: ( thi HSG ng Thp nm hc 2013-2014) s: 21,22 gam, 17,49%
0
Ha tan ht 53 gam Na2CO3 trong 250 gam nc 18 C th c dung dch bo ha X.
Xc nh tan ca Na2CO3 trong nc 180C. Tnh nng phn trm ca dung dch X.
Bi 17: Lm lnh 600g dung dch bo ha NaCl t 90 0C xung 100C th c bao nhiu gam tinh
th NaCl tch ra. Bit tan ca NaCl 900C v 100C ln lt l: 50gam v 35 gam. s: 60g
Bi 18: Xc nh khi lng KCl kt tinh c sau khi lm ngui 604 g dung dch bo ha KCl
800C xung 200C. Bit tan ca KCl 800C l 51 g; 200C l 34 g. p s: 68 g
Bi 19: tan ca NaNO3 1000C l 180 g, cn 200C l 88 g. Hi c bao nhiu gam NaNO 3
kt tinh li khi h nhit ca 84 g dung dch bo ha NaNO3 t 1000C xung 200C ? s: 27.6 g

Bi 20: Tnh khi lng NaCl kt tinh khi h nhit ca 1800 g dung dch NaCl 30 % 40 0C
xung 200C. Bit tan ca NaCl 200C l 36 g. p s: 86.4 g
Bi 21: Cho 0.2 mol CuO tan trong H2SO4 20 % un nng, sau lm ngui dung dch n
100C. Tnh khi lng tinh th CuSO 4.5H2O tch ra khi dung dch. Bit rng tan ca
CuSO4 100C l 17.4 g. p s: 30.5943 g
Bi 22: Tnh khi lng AgNO3 kt tinh khi dung dch khi lm lnh 450 g dung dch bo ha
AgNO3 800C xung 200C. Bit tan ca AgNO3 800C l 668 g, 200C l 222 g?
p s: 261.3 g
Bi 23: C 600 g dung dch bo ha KClO3 200C, nng 6.5 %. Cho bay hi H2O, sau gi
hn hp 200C ta c hn hp c khi lng 413 g.
a. Tnh khi lng cht rn kt tinh? (S: 13 g)
b. Tnh khi lng H2O v khi lng KClO3 trong dd? (S: 26 g)
Bi 24: tan ca Na2CO3 200C l bao nhiu? Bit nhit ny khi ha tan ht 143 g
Na2CO3.10 H2O vo 160 g H2O th thu c dung dch bo ha. p s:. 21.2 g
Bi 25: Xc nh lng AgNO3 tch ra khi lm lnh 2500g dd AgNO3 bo ha 600C xung cn
100C. Cho tan ca AgNO3 600C l 525g v 100C l 170g. p s:1420g
Bi 26: ( thi HSG Vinh Tng nm hc 2003 - 2004)
Xc nh lng kt tinh MgSO 4.6H2O khi lm lnh 1642g dung dch bo ha t 80 0C xung
200C. Bit tan ca MgSO4 l 64,2 g (800C) v 44,5g (200C). p s: 624,4g
Bi 27: ( thi HSG Phc Yn nm hc 2008 - 2009) p s: a/ FeSO4.7H2O b/ 83,4 gam
a. Trong tinh th hidrat ca mt mui sunfat kim loi ha tr II. Thnh phn nc kt tinh
chim 45,324%. Xc nh cng thc ca tinnh th bit trong tinh th c cha 11,51% S.
b. 100C tan ca FeSO4 l 20,5 gam cn 200C l 48,6 gam. Hi bao nhiu gam tinh th
FeSO4.7H2O tch ra khi h nhit ca 200 gam dung dch FeSO4 bo ha 500C xung 100C.
Bi 28: ( thi HSG Vinh Phc nm hc 2011- 2012)
Bit tan ca MgSO4 200C l 35,5; 500C l 50,4. C 400 gam dung dch MgSO4 bo ha
200C, nu un nng dung dch ny n 50 0C th khi lng mui MgSO4 cn ha tan thm
to dung dch bo ha 500C l bao nhiu gam? p s: 43,985 gam
Bi 29: ( thi HSG ng Nai nm hc2013- 2014)
Cho m gam tc dng va vi dung dch BaCl2 5% thu c kt ta B v dung dch X ch cha
mt cht tan. Nng cht tan trong dung dch X l 2,7536%. Tm cng thc ca
M2CO3.10H2O. p s: Na2CO3.10H2O.
Bi 30: Trong tinh th hidrat ca mt mui sunfat kim loi ha tr III. Thnh phn nc kt tinh
chim 40,099% v khi lng. Xc nh cng thc ca tinh th bit trong tinh th c cha
7,92% N v khi lng. p s: Fe(NO3)3.9H2O
Bi 31: ( kho st HSG 9 ln 1 Phc Yn nm hc2013-2014)
Nung 8,08 gam mt mui A, thu c sn phm kh v 1,6 gam mt hp cht rn khng
tan trong nc. Nu sn phm kh i qua 200 gam dung dch NaOH 1,2% iu kin xc nh
th tc dng va , thu c mt dung dch gm mt mui c nng 2,47%. Vit cng thc
ha hc ca mui A. Bit khi nung s oxi ha ca kim loi khng thay i.
p s: Fe(NO3)3.9H2O
Bi 32: ( thi HSG i hc quc gia H Ni nm hc 2003-2004)
Ha tan hon ton 3,2 gam oxit M2Om trong dung dch H2SO4 10% (va ) thu c dung
dch mui c nng 12,9%. Sau phn ng em c bt dung dch v lm lnh n thu c 7,868
gam tinh th mui vi hiu sut 70%. Xc nh cng thc ca tinh th mui .
p s: Fe(NO3)3.9H2O
Bi 33: Hy xc nh khi lng mui Ba(NO3)2 kt tinh sau khi lm ngui 635 gam dung dch
Ba(NO3)2 bo ha 800C xung 100C. Bit tan ca mui Ba(NO3)2 800C bng 27 gam,
100C bng 7 gam. ( thi HSG cp huyn THCS nm hc 2013 2014 Tin Giang)
Bi 34: ( thi HSG cp huyn THCS nm hc 2014 2015 Tin Giang)
Lm ngui 182,2 gam dung dch mui M2SO4 c nng 11,69% t 1000C xung 200C th
xut hin mt s tinh th. Lc ly cc tinh th, dung dch cn li c khi lng bng 150 gam v
nng l 4,37%. em lng tinh th trn ha tan trong dung dch BaCl 2 d th thu c 23,3
gam kt ta. Xc nh tn gi ca kim loi M. Tm cng thc ca tinh th mui kt tinh.