2

Applications of 3
General Concept

Hydraulics

&
Pneumatics

By: Alireza Safikhani

1

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Animation Directional Control Valve

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Directional Control Valves Directional Control Valves

Identification of the component
parts of a typical solenoid valve
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with spring return: 7 9 1

(1) Solenoid (15mm) 6

(2) Piston
(3) Spool with disc seals 5
(4) Valve body
(5) Return spring 1
(6) Alternative ports 2, 4
2
(7) Pressure indicator
2
(8) Manual override
(9) Electric connectors 4 3

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Directional Control Valves Representation of DCV

change, open or close flow paths in hydraulic and pneumatic
systems.
They are used to control the direction of motion of power
components and the manner in which these stop.
Directional control valves are shown as defined in DIN ISO 1219.
The following rules apply to the representation of directional
control valves (DCV):
Each different switching position is shown by a square.
Flow directions are indicated by arrows.
Blocked ports are shown by horizontal lines.
Ports are shown in the appropriate flow direction with line
arrows.
Drain ports are drawn as a broken line and labeled (L) to
distinguish them from control ports.

2/2 DCV
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kind of Connections
11
4/2 DCV
The left box of the symbol
shows the connections for the
normal position.
The right box shows the
connections when the spool is
moved to the left.
The identification tags A, B, P
and T are placed against the
normal position of the valve.
Note this particular valve has a
push button to operate it and a
spring to return it to the
normal position.
Representation of DCV
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Types of directional control valve
Continually operating
In addition to two end positions, these valves can have
any number of intermediate switching positions with
varying throttle effect. Proportional and servo valves
which are discussed later are examples of this type of
valve.
Digitally or Binary operating
These always have a fixed number (2, 3, 4, ...) of
switching positions. In practice, they are known simply
as directional control valves.
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Classifications of DCV Position type

Number of spool positions.
positions. Flow pattern in the center or crossover position.
Two Position
Three Position

Number of flow paths in the extreme positions.

2,3,4,5

2 3 4 5

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Type of Actuatoin Manual Actuation

Method of shifting a spool
Method of providing spool return
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Pilot-Operated, three and Four-Way Valve Solenoid

The pressure port (1) is normally open
to the cylinder port (2) and the valve
must be operated to turn the pressure
off. This valve is said to be Normally
Open.
A solenoid is a coil with an iron plunger inside it.
When current flows in the coil, the plunger becomes
magnetized and tries to move out of the coil. If a spring is
used to resist the movement, the distance moved is directly
proportional to the current in the coil.

By simply reversing ports (1) and (3)

the pressure port is normally closed
and the valve is operated to obtain
pressure at port (2). This valve is
Normally Closed.

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Solenoid-Operated, Four-Way Valves Solenoid-Operated, Four-Way Valves

When a solenoid is energized,
energized, it forces a push rod against the In a spring-offset model, a single solenoid shifts a spring-
end of a spool. A spool shifts away from the solenoid and loaded spool. When a solenoid is deenergized, a spring
toward the opposite end of the valve body. returns a spool to its original position.

connector
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Solenoid and pilot operated valve DCV Applications: 2/2 way

X and Y are the pressure and tank connections for the pilot valve
valve which
are brought through the main body to the underside. The pilot
connections are made via end plates. The pilot valve is most likely
likely to be
solenoid operated with solenoid assemblies on one or both ends.

Triggering a single acting cylinder

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DCV Applications: 2/2 way DCV Applications: 2/2 way

As a by-
by-pass, e.g. rapid traverse
feed circuit, pressurizes pump
by-
by-pass;

Switching on or off various flow or

pressure valves;(pressure stage
circuit)
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DCV Applications: 2/2 way DCV Applications: 3/2 way

Triggering a single acting cylinder.
Triggering a motor in a single direction.

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3/2 way: Use as Shunt DCV Applications: 4/2 way

Triggering a double acting cylinder

Possible applications of the 4/2-

4/2-way
valve:
Triggering of double-
double-acting cylinders;
Triggering of motors with either
clockwise or anti-
anti-clockwise rotation;
Triggering of two circuits.
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DCV Applications: 4/3 way DCV Applications: 4/3 way

Triggering a double acting cylinder

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Functional Symbols Overrides

Mechanical overrides enable the valve to be operated

without electrical switching.
switching. This is useful in fault tracing
as makes it possible to tell straight away whether the
fault is electrical or mechanical.
On direct operating solenoids this may take the form of
pushing the plunger with a screw driver.
driver.
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Valve Bases Valve sizes

Directional and other valves are usually designed to be
size_ CETOP _ISO_ _NFPA_
mounted on a separate base. The external pipe work is
1/8 3 03 D03
connected to the base. The advantage of this is
3/8 5 05 D05
standardization of designs and it allows the valve to be
1/2 7 07 D07
removed without disconnecting the pipe work. Hydraulic bases
3/4 8 08 D08
to ISO size 6 and 10 are shown below.
11/4 10 10 D10

CETOP (Comite Des Transmissions

Oleohydrauliques et Pneumatiques or European
Hydraulic and Pneumatics Committee).

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Selector Valves Cartridge Valves

(1) directional control devices
to insure the movement of
The basic function of a cartridge valve is to open or close
the hydraulic fluid flow in
the proper direction,
(2) stop-
stop-locks to lock the
selector switch in a certain
position.
These are forms of poppet valve designed to fit into a
manifold block.
the connection between it's A & B ports
Just about all valve types can be designed as a cartridge
to fit into a block specially machined to accept it. In this
way a bank of valves may be built into one block.
block. The
block might contain directional valves,
valves, relief valves, flow
dividers, one way valves
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Cartridge Valves Cartridge Valves

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Advantages Disadvantages
Short switching times - 20% lower because of smaller parts and With out training it is difficult to maintain.
smaller stroke. Trouble shooting becomes difficult.
Gentle operation - operates without pressure peaks hence low
noise.
Substantially reduced valve leakages.
Low electrical power, low voltage peaks.
Reduced sensitivity to contamination.
Low thermal losses because of larger flow cross section.
Compact in size because number of different functions can be
combined in single cartridge valve and monoblock becomes the
housing for number of cartridge valves.
High flexibility.
Ease of maintenance and servicing.
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Proportional Hydraulics Proportional Hydraulics

Proportional Solenoid gives displacement of spool proportional Proportional solenoid gives variable
to the current through the solenoid. As the spool moves the force to hold the poppet against a
flow path between P & A gradually opens allowing flow to seat. Force would be proportional to
take place. To get good metering characteristics, notches are the current passing through
machined into edges of the spool lands. Therefore, it is able solenoid. Therefore, varying current
to control direction as well as flow to the circuit. through solenoid can vary pressure
setting.

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Proportional Solenoid Proportional Valves

A current through coil
generates magnetic force
which pulls armature towards
pole piece. magnitude of force
transmitted through pin to
spool/poppet is proportional to
the current.
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Servo Valves Servo Valves

Control motor:
Change signal current to distance.

Hydraulics Amplifier:
Change distance to Pressure drop.

Second Stage:
Changes pressure drop to Flow

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Comparison Close Loop Example

Parameter Proportional Valves Servo Valves

Overlap spool,
Zero or underlap
causing a dead zone
Valve lap valve spool. No dead
on either side of the
zone
null point
Response time for
valve spool to move 40-
40- 60 ms 5-10 ms
fully over

Maximum operating
10 Hz 100 Hz
frequency
Hysteresis 1-5 % .1 %
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Close Loop Example