PREGLEDNI NAU^NI RADOVI

UDK 340.66 : 623.4.07

: 27.9.2015.
: 23.5.2016.
: 14.6.2016.

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( )
a (Basu,
1982: 72). , GSR
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 PREGLEDNI NAU^NI RADOVI

GSR 20
, . GSR
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GSR
.

GSR
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RWS 1928.
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25% 55%, 24% 25%,
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184).
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GSR ,
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(Mosher et al., 1998: 157).
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(Charpentier, Desrochers, 2000: 447;
Gunaratnam, Himberg, 1994: 532). GSR Sintox
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, ,

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 PREGLEDNI NAU^NI RADOVI

(Charpentier, Desrochers, 2000: 447; Harris, 1995: 27; Oommen,

Pierce, 1992: 509).

GSR

GSR Sinoxid -
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(Berk, 2009: 60).
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(Vermeij et al., 2009: 68).
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(Kosanke et al., 2003: 531).
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,
GSR
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, (Torre et al., 2002: 494). -
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(Trimpe, 2011). GSR
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(Chavez et al., 2001: 2)
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 PREGLEDNI NAU^NI RADOVI

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(Berk et. al., 2007: 838; McCullough et al., 1995:
1086; et al., 2010: 71).

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 PREGLEDNI NAU^NI RADOVI

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BEZBEDNOST 1/2016 175



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176 BEZBEDNOST 1/2016

 PREGLEDNI NAU^NI RADOVI

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20% 40%.

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FEI Quanta 200
EDAX Genesis 4000.
GSR-XT v. 3,
ASTM E1588-10.
,
GSR . GSR
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,
. GSR
1.

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1 GSR
, 2000

,
, V.
2 GSR .
,
GSR .

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 PREGLEDNI NAU^NI RADOVI

2 GSR

1
GSR .
,
.
1 GSR
% %
4,75 20,90
14,47 47,80
23,39 10,15
45,46 17,49
0,88 0,83
11,06 2,82
100,00 100,00

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.
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10.5 12.6 V, .

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GSR ,
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,
, .
2005.
FBI,

GSR
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.
je FBI
() ,
,
(Wright, Trimpe, 2005).

.

: GSR
,

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 PREGLEDNI NAU^NI RADOVI

GSR

. GSR
.
GSR ,
. SEM/EDS
,
, GSR .
SEM/EDS
(European
Network of Forensic Science Institutes NFSI),
-
.

1. Basu, S. (1982). Formation of gunshot residues. Journal of

Forensic Sciences, 27(1): 72-91.
2. Berk, E., Rochowicz, A., Wong, M., Kopina, A., (2007). A
Gunshot Residue in Chicago Police Vehicles: An Empirical
Study. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 52(4): 838-841.
3. Berk, E. (2009). Automated SEM/EDS Analysis of Airbag
Residue as a Source of Percussion Primer Residue Particles I
and Automated SEM/EDS Analysis of Airbag Residue as a
Source of Percussion Primer Residue Particles II. Journal of
Forensic Sciences, 54(1): 60-76.
4. , . (1986).
. , , . 6/86.
5. Charpentier, B., Desrochers, C., (2000). Analysis of Primer
Residue From Lead Free Ammunition by X-Ray
Microfluorescence. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 45(2): 447-
452.

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6. Chavez, D., Crowe, C., Franco, L., (2001). The retention of

gunshot residue on clothing after laundering. IAMA Newsletter,
2(1): 2-7.
7. Gunaratnam, L., Himberg, K., (1994). The Identification of
Gunshot Residue Particles from Lead-Free Sintox Ammunition.
Journal of Forensic Sciences, 39(2): 532-536.
8. Harris, A. (1995). Analysis of Primer Residue from CCI Blazer
Lead Free Ammunition by Scanning Electron
Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray. Journal of Forensic
Sciences, 40(1): 27-30.
9. Harrison, H., Gilroy, R., (1959). Firearms Discharge Residues.
Journal of Forensic Sciences, 4(2): 184-199.
10. , ., , . (2010).
-
.
, 52(3): 7-23.
11. Kosanke, L., Dujay, C., Kosanke, B., (2003). Characterization
of pyrotechnic reaction residue particles by SEM/EDS. Journal
of Forensic Science, 48(3): 531537.
12. Kowal, D. (2000). Gunshot residue in Law Enforcement
Enviroment. California Association of Criminalists meeting,
Glendale, California.
13. Levin, N. (2001). A Survey of Titanium and Zinc Particles in
Samples Collected from Suspects. IAMA Newsletter, 2 (1),
March 2001 (abstract).
14. , ., , . (2014).
.
, 19(2): 95-114.
15. McCullough, J., Niewoehner, L., Gialamas, D., (1995). Their
Weapons, and Their Hands: An Empirical Study of GSR on the
Hands of Nonshooting Police Officers. Journal of Forensic
Sciences, 40(6): 1086-1089.
16. Mosher, V., McVicar, J., Randall, D., Su, H., (1998). Gunshot
residue similar particles produce fireworks. Can. Soc. Forensic
Sci. J., 31 (2): 157.
17. Niewoehner, L. (2005). New Ammunitions for the German
Police. SCANNING, 27(2): 69-76.

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18. Niewoehner, L., Buchholz, N., Eichner, S., Merkel, J., (2006).
New Ammunitions for the German Police Forces Technical
Guideline: Cartridge 1 mm X 19, Pollutant Reduced. The 4th
European Academy of Forensic Science Conference. Helsinki,
Finland.
19. Oommen, Z., Pierce, S., (1992). Lead-Free Primer Residues: A
Qualitative Characterization of Winchester WinClean,
Remington/UMC Leadless, Federal BallistiClean and Speer
Lawman CleanFire Handgun Ammunition. Journal of Forensic
Sciences, 51(3): 509-519.
20. , . (2005).
. , 47(3): 483-490.
21. Torre, C., Mattutino, G., Vasino, V., Robino, C.,(2002). Brake
Linings: A Source of Non-GSR Particles Containing Lead,
Barium and Antimony. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47(3):
494-504.
22. Trimpe, M. (2011). The Current Status of GSR Examinations.
FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin.
23. Vermeij, E., Duvalois, D., Webbb, R., Koeberg, M., (2009).
Morphology and Composition of Pyrotechnic
Residues. Forensic Science International, 186(1-3): 68-74.
24. Wallace, S. (2008). Chemical Analysis of Firearms,
Ammunition, and Gunshot Residue. CRC Press.
25. Wolten, M., Nesbitt, S., Calloway, R., Loper, L., Jones, F.,
(1977). Final Report on Particle Analysis for Gunshot Residue
Detection. ATR-77 (7915)-3, The Aerospace Corporation, El
Segundo, CA.
26. Zeichner, A., Levin, N., (1997). More on the Uniqueness of
Gunshot Residue (GSR) Particles. Journal of Forensic
Sciences, 42(6): 1027-1028.
27. Wright, D., Trimpe, M., (2006). Summary of the FBI
Laboratorys Gunshot Residue Symposium 2005. Forensic
Science Communications, 8(3).
28. , ., , ., , . (2010).

.
, 15(2): 71-86.

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Forensic exspertise of gunshot residues

Abstract: Gunshot residues originate from the discharge of
firearms. It comprises gunpowder and primer residues and metallic
residues from projectiles. When the firing pin of a gun strikes the
primer cap of the bullet, a rapid high-temperature reaction of the
primer mix takes place. GSR particles originating from primers are
considered in this paper. Gunshot residue particles are formed as a
result of rapid cooling of the discharge gases and solid particles. The
gases condense in the spheroid forms, but they also interact with solid
residue materials to form complex mixtures and aggregate forms. GSR
particles range in size from one micrometer (m) to twenty
micrometers in diameter. Aggregates of GSR particles are usually
larger than 20 micrometers. There are variations in the primer
composition, but the common elements found in GSR particles are
lead, antimony and barium. GSR sampling is done at the crime scene
as expeditiously as possible, in order to avoid contamination, as the
major concern when performing GSR analyses. GSR particles can be
transferred by contact, air movement, washing and abrasion. The
Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive
Spectrometry (SEM/EDS) is an accepted scientific technique for the
analysis of GSR. SEM/EDS can be applied either manually or
automatically to search and analyse potential GSR particles. The
elemental analysis by SEM/EDS is based on the interaction of a high-
energy electron beam with the sample. As a result of this interaction
the generation of back scattered electrons (for imaging) and
characteristic x-rays (for elemental analysis) is obtained. Speed and
accuracy are very important for forensic investigation; by an
automated SEM/EDS analysis this requirements are met, since both
elemental and morphological properties of GSR particles can be
determined in a rapid and accurate manner. Unique GSR particles
usually consist of lead, antimony and barium. The presence of unique
GSR particles indicates that the person discharged a firearm, handled
a firearm or was in the vicinity when a firearm was discharged.
Keywords: Gunshot residues, primers, Scanning Electron
Microscopy with Energo Dispersive Spectroscopy.

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