2/25/2016

4 (Grounding)

.. 2556

... 2556 4
1

. (KMITT)
. (NIDA)
Graduate Level programs in Power Engineering in Electrical Power Distribution ;Pennsylvania State
University

(2547-)
...( 2537- )
..
( 2544-)
(.) .. 2557 -
2559
... 2556 4
2

1
 2/25/2016

1 3
2
3
4


5

9
10


1 6
11

12

13

14

EIT Standard 2556

... 2556 4

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

... 2556 4 4

2
 2/25/2016

... 2001-51 4

NEC Article 250 Grounding

IEC 60364-5-54 Earthing Arrangement
and Protective Conductors

... 2556 4 5

????

... 2556 4 6

3
 2/25/2016

????
......



(EARTH)

......




... 2556 4 7

... 2556 4 8

4
 2/25/2016

1)

2)

3)

... 2556 4 9

...

( )

(Direct contact)

(Indirect contact)

)
(

... 2556 4 10

5
 2/25/2016

1.

11
( ... 2556 4 )

(N )

N G
N G
12
( ... 2556 4 )

6
 2/25/2016

( 50 V)

(PPE) (RCD)

... 2556 4 13

IP2X or IPXXB





(insulation)

+

< 50V
+

... 2556 4 14

7
 2/25/2016

(Enclosure)

... 2556 4 15

... 2556 4 16

8
 2/25/2016

4
4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

... 2556 4 17

4.1


(Grounding Service-Supplied AC. Systems
4.1.1
4.1.2

... 2556 4 18

9
 2/25/2016

??
( System Grounding )

1)
.....
(Lightning)

(Line Surge)
(Accidental
Touching)

2)

3)
(Ground fault)

... 2556 4 19

1. (EQIUPMENT
GROUNDING)
2. (SYSTEM
GROUNDING)
3. (LIGHTNING
PROTECTION GROUNDING)
... 2556 4 20

10
 2/25/2016

1. (EQUIPMENT GROUNDING)
(
)

2. (SYSTEM GROUNDING)
NEUTRAL
single line to ground fault

... 2556 4 21

G
N

... 2556 4 22

11
 2/25/2016

G
R
N

.(R)

... 2556 4 23

N
G
N

... 2556 4 24

12
 2/25/2016

.

G

N

... 2556 4 25

G
!!
N
!

RCD

...
!!
... 2556 4 26

13
 2/25/2016

4.1

4.1.1
50
1,000

) 1 2
) 1 3
) 3 3
) 3 4

... 2556 4 27

4.1

2
1. 50 < 1000 V
2. 1000 V

3 4 3 3 1 3 1 2

... 2556 4 28

14
 2/25/2016

N G
(N) (MDB)
.
.
( . 4)

... 2556 4 29

22 kV 33 kV 3 3 .

(N) .
( Solidly Grounded System)

... 2556 4 30

15
 2/25/2016

400/230V 3 4 .

(N) .
( Solidly Grounded System)

... 2556 4 31

( )

(Separately Derived
Systems)

4.6
... 2556 4 32

16
 2/25/2016

) Control Panel

MDB EMDB
) ATS
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

... 2556 4 33

N G

N
3-P Transfer Switch


Load

... 2556 4 34

17
 2/25/2016

( Separately Derived System )

N G
N

4-P Transfer Switch


Load

4.6

... 2556 4 35

4
4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

... 2556 4 36

18
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4.2

4.2.1

4.2.2 (health care facility)

... 2556 4 37

..

Medical IT Systems
... 2556 4 38

19
 2/25/2016

4
4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

... 2556 4 39

4.3
4.3.1 4.1



1

N
(Y )

... 2556 4 40

20
 2/25/2016

4.3

-
N

MDBNeutral
Ground

... 2556 4 41

4.3

1
1



1

2


N G

... 2556 4 G N
42

21
 2/25/2016

4.3.2
! 1,000





G

N

N G

N G
... 2556 4

43

Ref. National Electrical Code ... 2556

Handbook 2002
4
Edition 44

22
 2/25/2016

4
4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

... 2556 4 45

4.4

1,000V. ( 50V) N

N G

N
G
-

-

... 2556 4 46

23
 2/25/2016

4.4


2

... 2556 4 47

1 4.4.1
2
...
N ( )

1 2

1 2
... 2556 4 48

24
 2/25/2016

1
4.4.1

2

... 2556 4 49

2
4.4.2.1
... !

(EGC)

Ref. National Electrical Code Handbook 2008 Edition ... 2556 4 50

25
 2/25/2016

2
4.4.2.2

+ N + G

(G )
(
G-N)

1 2

1 2
... 2556 4 51

4
4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

... 2556 4 52

26
 2/25/2016

4.5

LP2
N G

N G


N G N G
LP1

N
MDB
G
N G

... 2556 4 53

4.5
LP2

N G
??

LP1

N G
N G

MDB
N
G
N G

... 2556 4 54

27
 2/25/2016

4.5
LP2

N
G
N G
LP1

N G


????

MDB
G
G N

!!!
... 2556 4 55

(4.15.6)
(System Main
Bonding Jumper) 4.15.6 (-)
T 4-1

N


T 4-1 12.5%

(N)


3.2.4


4.15.6()
T 4-2
(Bonding Jumper)
4.15.6()
T 4-1
56
... 2556 4

28
 2/25/2016

4.1

( ) .. ( ) ..
35 10
35 50 16


50 95 25
95 185 35
185 300 50
300 500 70
500 95
N G

4-1 12.5%

... 2556 4 57

.4-1





1x500 mm2

630kVA
4-1
300-500 mm2

1000A 70 mm2

... 2556 4 58

29
 2/25/2016

4.2


400/230V. 3 4
3x500 mm 2


3x500 mm2
2,000kVA = 3 x 500 = 1500 mm2

500 mm2
4.15.6
0.125 x 1500 = 187.5 mm2

240 mm2

59
... 2556 4

( Grounding Electrode System)

....

... 2556 4 60

30
 2/25/2016

N G

... 2556 4 61

( Ground Electrode )

16 . 2.40 .
1800 .. 6 . (1.5 .)
1.6 .

. 5

... 2556 4 62

31
 2/25/2016

0.75 . 45O 0.3 .
0.6 .

... 2556 4 63

LP1
N G

200
400 MDB
N G

0.3 .
0.6 .
... 2556 4 64

32
 2/25/2016

LP1



N G


0.75 .

200
MDB 400
N G

0.75 .

... 2556 4 65

4.1 (4.19)

( ) .. ( ) ..
35 10
35 50 16
50 95 25
95 185 35
185 300 50
300 500 70
500 95
N G
4.19
4-1

... 2556 4 66

33
 2/25/2016

. 4-3

15(45)A 400V. 3
4


4 x 16 SQMM

N G 4-1
16 mm 2
= 10 mm 2

... 2556 4
67

.4-4
400 A 400/230V 3
4 2 ( 4 x 150 mm2 IMC 2 x 80
mm ( 3 )
2(4x 150 mm 2)In IMC 2x80mm MDB

2 x 150 = 300 mm2
4-1 N G

300-500 mm2
70 mm2
1x 70 mm 2
68
... 2556 4

34
 2/25/2016

4
4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

... 2556 4 69

( Equipment Grounding )

... 2556 4 70

35
 2/25/2016

... 2556 4 71

2.40


2.4 .

... 2556 4 72

36
 2/25/2016

... 2556 4 73

... 2556 4 74

37
 2/25/2016

... 2556 4 75

(EGC)

AC, MI MC




10 ..

... 2556 4 76

38
 2/25/2016

( 4.19) (
GEC) 4-1

( 4.20) (EGC)
4-2

( 4.20) (EGC)
4-2

... 2556 4 77

.4-5




(EGC)



CB = 300AT
300 AT EGC 25 SQMM.
G CB = 100AT
EGC 10 SQMM.
CB = 20AT
EGC 2.5 SQMM.
G G
100 AT 20 AT

LOAD
... 2556 4 78

39
 2/25/2016

.4-6

400A 400
LP2 1-25
N G

200A 200
1-16
LP1
N G

LP1 200
LP2 400 MDB
N G 4-2

... 2556 4 79

.4-6
()
150AT
20AT 1-2.5

LP2
N G 40AT
1-4

100AT
LP1
N G 1-16

3-240, 1-150

MDB
200 1-10
400
4-1 N G
1-50

... 2556 4 80

40
 2/25/2016

4-2 ( )
Fault, Phase to grounding conductor

L
CB
N

... 2556 4 81

.4-7

500 A
2 1



o 2
1
o 2

4-2 500 A
35 mm 2

... 2556 4 82

41
 2/25/2016

N G

CB

... 2556 4 83

.4-8


4
20 A , 40 A , 15 A 20 A

o




40 A
o 4-2 40
AT 4 mm2

... 2556 4 84

42
 2/25/2016

()

225A 115A
G
M
100A
115A ( 4-2)

... 2556 4 85

(Main Bonding Jumper)
T 4-1
12.5%
N

(N)


3.2.4

4-2

86
... 2556 4

43
 2/25/2016

4
4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

... 2556 4 87

10 ..
10 ..

... 2556 4 88

44
 2/25/2016

L/A
89
... 2556 4

90

45
 2/25/2016

1

L/A

V1 = 5.3 kV/m.
V2 = 46 kV

V3 = 5.3 kV/m

... 2556 4 V = V1+V2+V3 = 56.691 kV

2

L/A

V1 = 5.3 kV/m.
V2 = 46 kV

V3=5.3 kV/m

V = V1+V2-V3 = 46 kV

... 2556 4 92

46
 2/25/2016

, Vdrop
Vdrop
,

93

4
4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

... 2556 4 94

47
 2/25/2016

4.15.2.2 - 4.15.2.5

... 2556 4 95

(4.13)

... 2556 4 96

48
 2/25/2016

... 2556 4
97

4-1

... 2556 4 98

49
 2/25/2016

4-2

... 2556 4 99

... 2556 4
100

50
 2/25/2016

!!!!!

... 2556 4 101

......

!!!!
... 2556 4 102

51
 2/25/2016

110 V

... 2556 4 103

ATM !!!

7 2557
.. ()
2





.-
. .
.

... 2556 4 104

52
 2/25/2016

(Direct contact)

... 2556 4 105

! .4

17:00 . (10 ..58)

1


10
4
32 1

... 2556 4 106

53
 2/25/2016

8


12 .. 2558
..
25 75/1 .10 .
. .
8


..

... 2556 4 107

Earthing Arrangement
IEC 60364-5-54

... 2556 4 108

54
 2/25/2016

Earthing Arrangement
IEC 60364-5-54

... 2556 4 109

IEC60364-3

3
4 IEC 60364-3 TN-C,
TN-S,TN-C-S, IT TT

T =
I = (Isolated) Impedance

... 2556 4 110

55
 2/25/2016

TT System ; TT = Terre- Terre

... 2556 4 111

TN-S System
TN-S = Terre Neutral- Separate =

(PE)

... 2556 4 112

56
 2/25/2016

TN-C System
TN-C = Terre Neutral- Combined = (N)
(PEN)
T N-C

E56892


Neutral
MDB

... 2556 4 113

TN-C-S System
TN-C-S = Terre Neutral- Combined Separate
= (TN-C)
(TN-S)
T N-C-S TN-S

MDB
L1
L2
L3
N
PE

TN-C

... 2556 4 114

57
 2/25/2016

TN-C-S system
TN-C TN-S

MDB

... 2556 4 115

IT System

MDB

... 2556 4 116

58
 2/25/2016

117

(RCD, RCCB, RCBO, GFCI)

L main coils magnetic circuit
L
amplifiler test
trip push
coil search
coil
N
N
G R G
... 2556 4

RCBO & RCCB

RCCB
25 A
30 mA
RCBO
16 A
30 mA

... 2556 4 118

59
 2/25/2016

(RCD) RCBO or RCCB??

RCBO = RCCB + Overcurrent

500 mA
RCBO = (short-circuit + overload protection)

IEC 61008,IEC61009 .909-2548 RCCB

RCD(HS): 6 10 30 mA (for direct-contact / life injury
30 mA
protection),

RCD(MS): 100 300 500 1000 mA (for fire protection),

RCD(LS): 3 10 30 A (typically for protection of

machines).
RCCB = Residual current
circuit-breakers
... 2556 4 119

:RCD
RCD:
operating current 30 mA
operating time 0.04 s

15 - 30 mA

15 - 30 mA

... 2556 4 120

60
 2/25/2016

230 V
0V

230 V
1100 + 10 = 207 mA
Cardiac
fibrillation

10 1100

... 2556 4
121

(Critical current thresholds;Std IEC 60479-1)

()

(mA)
... 2556 4 122

61
 2/25/2016

... 2556 4 123

Critical current thresholds IEC 60479 30mA

DURATION 40 mA
0.5mA 10mA 90mA
50 -
5s 100mA

1s instantaneous
30 mA
RCD
100 ms
40 ms

20 ms
0.5mA 30mA 150mA 500mA 1.2 A CURRENT

... 2556 4 124

62
 2/25/2016

Safety Curve (dry premises) IEC 60364

Continuous
Duration of contact

0.2 s

0.1 s
0.03 s

Touch
50 V 110 V 220V 300V voltage
... 2556 4 125

STANDARD:IEC 60479-1
Effect of frequency

... 2556 4 126

63
 2/25/2016

Resistance of body

Hand-to-hand = 500+500 ohms

500 ohms 500 ohms = 1000 ohms

100 ohms
Foot-to-foot = 500+500 ohms
= 1000 ohms

Hand-to-foot = 500+100+500 ohms

500 ohms 500 ohms = 1100 ohms

... 2556 4 127

Current magnitude

E (volts)
I (amps) =
500 ohms 500 ohms
100 ohms
R (ohms)

Energy

2
J (joules) = I R t (second)
500 ohms 500 ohms

... 2556 4 128

64
 2/25/2016

Hand-to-foot current flow path

500 ohms
100 ohms 230 (volts)
I =
1100 (ohms)

= 209 mA
Source
500 ohms

Ground
... 2556 4 129

(1-loop)

230 V

0V

230 V
= 207 mA Cardiac
1100 + 10 fibrillation

1100
10

... 2556 4
130

65
 2/25/2016

Voltage Around Ground Rod

R 1/A
R
R = Resistance
A = Surface Area
= Resistivity

... 2556 4 131

( Saline Water )
( Compositions )
( Size of Particles )
( Compactness )
( Temperature )
( Moisture )
( Weather Conditions )

... 2556 4 132

66
 2/25/2016

()

10 - ????
1

10
1
10
... 2556 4 133

()
R (
Wenner)

ohm

6-10 m

0.3-0.5 m

a a=3
R
R 3

... 2556 4 134

67
 2/25/2016

()
R (
Wenner)

b = 0.3-0.5 m
a = 6-10 m
b

... 2556 4 135

()
R
R

a a a b
a

... 2556 4 136

68
 2/25/2016

()

... 2556 4 137

()

... 2556 4 138

69
 2/25/2016

()
3

ohm

a > 50m
... 2556 4 139

Exothermic Welding

Connector , ,

... 2556 4 140

70
 2/25/2016

Types of Connections

Mechanical (Bolted, Wedge,

Compression)
Rely on Physical Pressure to
Maintain Connection

Exothermic Welding
Permanent Molecular Bond

... 2556 4 141

(Exothermic Welding)

... 2556 4 142

71
 2/25/2016

.
(Exothermic Welding)

2.4.1

-
Exothermic
Welding)
0.3 m.

143
... 2556 4

.
(Exothermic Welding)

... 2556 4 144

72
 2/25/2016

(Ground Inspection Pit)

( Test Point )

... 2556 4 145

Exothermic vs. Mechanical conections

... 2556 4 146

73
 2/25/2016

Exothermic vs. Mechanical conections

BOLTED/CLAMP CONNECTOR EXOTHERMIC WELDING

... 2556 4 147

Exothermic Welding;Cable To Cable

... 2556 4
148

74
 2/25/2016

Exothermic Welding;Cable To Ground Rod

... 2556 4 149

Exothermic Welding;Cable To Rebar

... 2556 4 150

75
 2/25/2016

Signal Reference grid(SRG)

... 2556 4 151

1)
http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/RKJ/announce/search.jsp
2) BS7671 (Wiring Matters magazine)
http://electrical.theiet.org/wiring-matters/
3) NEC (Electrical Construction and Maintenance)
http://ecmweb.com/
- (EIT2001
Thai Electrical Code)
Groups Facebook EIT Standard 2001

2015-05-16_Rev1.0 .2001-56 3 ( ) 152

76