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t &py6rea,oi wt1ltamWilsonxaiArnoldSommerfeld,dttxlriqqrc6 EvcEdn6 r6v d].]'o,
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oxQogoQBrlE:
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238 KeE.24 loprj

orpoqogprj xci 16 / eivcr lvcE 6norooOirrordK6eaiog(oup:r-

6nou 16 L 6q)'<irver
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Esrrreaop61ror. M6 r4v rl'rlgn dvdffiu[q rnE r6cvro-
pIXavrKiE, pd0ops 6116 rov6vcg r,ritrtWilson-Sommerfeld 66!ELorlord. r{ p6yrorrl
ouum<boa'rilErpo1rar{E meoqogprlEL Kard prlroE ptdE 6leu0rivotrrrE, t6 p6tpo
6parEriE L elvcr rtiurog peyo)'6rsgo.Arlr6 6ivercr.d:r6 trt oX6oq,
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t-Jrtt+rln, (24.2)
ttopoi tfig L
6nou 16 I eivcr.vaEdK6qarog.frd ouvroplc, ouv(0rogpu.]"dpe yld "tqol,orrl orgo-
qoepri /'; xc[ Er.vooipe6u t6 p6tqo qg 6(vetcr d:r6 rqv'Elioarq 24.2. "O1tot'a
p6 r6v dx6qcro n ro0 Boir, f roo6rqra / 6vopdEexarK6cvrr,x6gdgl0p6E.
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dvcrril,urpq dr6 roriE GeorgeUhlenbeckKo[ SamuelGoudsmita6 1925 6x. 16
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16 pftgo rori on[v S 6(6ovrcLdn6 rtj oX6orl
S : ./"1" 1 9f. (24.3)
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t6 J eivat { 6}rLxrlorgogogp{ rot ouorrlpcrog xc[ rri L rcl S eivct oi 6].tx6gorpo-
gopp6E,rpopcr6E ra( onlv, rrirv otupcrltovto0 ouon]pctog.

I IAPAAEI|MA: II6oo )'d0oqrdvoup yedqovrdE reooyylotrKd L : (h 6rov

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xoi Somnerfeld.2rd1915,6 aolrr 6yeqlr,yui v6 dvrrKeorisrt,E l6Eiorl Nicaotuor:"ne6J[Lvd rovr.-
orl 6i[ !r6vo on4v reirr(j)ol r(i)v KUkhKdv reoxr6,v 6Xs[i oreoqoepri Kdrlo0q sxon F6 i[E aeX6ErrlE
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ouon{porog6w 6641eio6 crlotqpd rurl,lxfE rpoxr6E,i rlr6ol liixr a = ln] 66v Froqi vd aqaQpo-
ar.El':lThePhilosophical M(rsazine.senesvl. n, 394 (1915).T6 Ar6oroopo 6gioxetor on{ oe}.ido398.1
 Ilap. 24.l'H x6dwao4 t4q oteoEoepis 239

T6 p6rpo rflE L orrlv npoo6ryr.o4crlrrl eivar.

t=r(+!u\n (t>>r). (24.6)

alcqopd 1or1 L = (h ptd KaAi TQooiyytol

T6 p6rqo (h ntprct'l\a dn6dyv'tr'1ti1cr]ti rctd i/t, pld x?'co1-rotrx(
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mpopogp{E r6cvrLop6vo,dlld ln[o1g r6cwrop6vog eivcr rc[ 6 ngoocvc.rolr.op6g
roi dvrlopcr6g 11gm6 rirpo. It6 pyd)'ogu6EttaQdpcr nod ngrrr,ocrox6)'uqrrrlv
rc6dvroroqrot rqooovorollolrou, o[ Sterr ro,( Gerlachnfqcocv plri 66opq ori6e-
r6go.rvdr6pr.'.rvdgyfgou p6oc dn6 6vc Xdrporevotr o,6v 6noio oi, d.ouvrl0roro
ole6rcop6vor r6l,oL tv6E pcyvrlq 6qprougyorlocvEvc rol"ri dvopoLoyev6g re6[o
(>pgptt 24.1). M6oc o6 6vc r6roro re6[o, -vcdropLo661ercrpr.d6rivcpq dvd]'o'yq
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Fi.irPhysik
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nol,o p6oc o' tvc dvoporole-
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yro4 crupr[rrst p6 r6v dlova. rrirv z (B = Bk) rc6 6rl dvopor.oy6verc
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opon. (a) Ol rgeig 6uvqro( rqooqvqroLro[oa rig
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eh 'H
(24.1,7) PaYv4t6v4toi Bohr,
2m yit 6ofurr1potd\a
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dvcrc)'ricpO4re6rL r] 6ooreqr.rr]pcywprrrl ponrl, fl pcyvqrrr1 qorl
rou oniv, ro0 rll.exrgovioueivnL6rnldolc dn6 qv rr.pr1nori reqLp6voupLe oripgtovc
pr1v rl'aoorrrl quoLrii, 6[vercr,66 cr6 rr] o16o1,

,": -, (24.18) Mayv4turl pottfiroi fiTer-

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'O
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rcg rfv z-ouvro-rtfocr{E 24.18, 61oupe

p*= -2!s,: -z!m"n

zm zm
: -4tnm". (24.r6)
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fLri p. : j, nc[pvoupe F": : -tts, r;v i6La rrprl nori 6iveL { 24.16 yrd
( = l. 'H
pcrl'vr|rtrrl eonrl roi dt6pou rot) dgyiqou orrlv trQcyucrtKdrrlrct
dqe[]craL(oXe66v6! 6].or],11gou)o6 Evcrpovcrbr16{},exrg6vto, ngo6glercl 6poE
rin616 oriv rot fllerrgoviou rca[6XLdn6 rrjv reguorgoqrlrou rrEqIr6v nup{vc. [T6
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orqogogp6Exc( rd on[v ilouv d0goropa pr;6v, lgdypc ror] Kdvr Kd.i r[E
pcyvqrLr6Eroug pon6gvd dvc.r.gouvrol.T6 47o f1}.ercrq6vrc, p.(.( = 0 rci s = j,
etvorr)reri0uvo yr,ri rori dr6pou - Ert6g dn6
rrl ouvol,Lrl pcryvlrrrrl oupnegr.<poqd
pLdnohi pLrq6regq orp6ohl no6 ngoglercl dn6 r6v nugrlvcr.lTIE pcyvr;rtr6g
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 'Atop.rr1
244 Keq.24 lopi

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nepvoiv poo d:t6 t6v nQdrroflo)'oI( rotr oniv rc( 6lcivoov 6l'c :to},<opfvo ro.rd T'1vctirt]
6lei0uvol. Td Frod dr6 qirii rqrqg6Qvoov vri rqdoouv lr6oo d:r6 16 6erlreqo noLoTrl noir
'EQpnv[a:'H
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vri 0etopqOei

* 'EnolAq^io
24,2 rdw xovoor6oeov ro0 oniv
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fiQooovcrol.lop6rrls orgoqoeprlg."Oprog,rri dropc nori fieoqav(i)spfia[vouv mrl
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p6vo rqooavarolrcpofE (:Xrlpa 24.1). K6avrop1xavrKriEqplvelc airrlE rrls
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'EKslvo
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paynlt4q fii)r' Stern- 6ra1"6yer, ngoocvcrol.loporignof {6I trrdexouv Ka[ - crlr6 eivcr { 6corxrl i66c -
Gerlach 6to.7iyet fieooava- 6 6noloobrlnore ngoocvcrol.top6Epnoei vd 0etrlpqOeiod ouv6ucop6E({ tsncl-
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66.),1et t6v npooavato)top6 ngoocvarol.ropo0 poLdt(erno)'f p tr1vr6l"ooq rdrv lyrcpoi<rrv xupdrov. Kc0rirE16
rriOe dropo pnciver p6oc or{ ouoKuq,f1 xcr6orcoq rr;E rnrloedrg rou eivcl
incll'1lin rriw 6u6 xcrcmdoeov "aniv-xdv'o" rcrl "on[v-xtiro'] flq6:rel vti
'Yndglel
Oetoq1Oei 61169furercr rci or[g 6u6 xcrcordoelg ouylq6vtog. prri nene-
qcop6vl nr,0cv6rqrcr6t 6rcv 16 dropo 6yei &n6 n] ouoreuri 0d 6g[orercr. cnrjv
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oq rlno0erlrtirv rol"orriv on[v ndvo o6 pr,ri66oprqdr6porv."Evngno]"orrigroi orlv
eivo,lplti ouoxeu4nod tfirrqfir vd regrioouv p6oo,dn6 oirr] p6vo dropo nof 16
onfv rouE 61srEvcr6gr.op6vonpoocvcto]'Lopr6.('Agrlvoupe yrti ,ftox1or1 vd 6e(ere
nrirgtrnogotpeor{v ngcypcrlxdrlrc vd xcrcoxeudooupepld 16rorcouorurl,XeI-
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 Ilap.21.3 T' ' iitolto toi' i,6eo)'ov,n':Kdawrxol itpt9poi xdi Kr,latoouvdpriaq 245

6u6p<ivongoocvcrol[oLrOv,6noE firivto rc( rdro. "Av KoI gc[vovrcr. roQdboEor,

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Iq ertuplcrrou BoftryLdt<i riropo roi t6qoy6vou, rdOeordoLp4rcrtiorcoq lcgc-
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1ooqr( K6cvrrKoidgr0po(yrd rrlv nqryQagi rrl< Karaordotlr< v6EdropLrot
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- -
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orrlv tr6pw4 rcpdyqcgo.

I . K Y P I O >K B A N T I K O > A P I O M O >

n = 1,2,3,... ( i i ) , oor i O e r L r odiK p a r o r ) . T6 n tpoo6opiler
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dvc0edrgr1o4. xrigLoErc6ovrr169tlpte p6grc0og(!er tfv
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r1v irrtrvrrrl DLef0uvorl(req[nrooq dvdloyl p6-r6v neguogrop6 iv6g oopcrriou
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2. KBANTIKO> APIOMO> TH> TPOXIAKH> >TPOOOPMH>

( :0,l, . . . ,n - 7 (a 6LcAogerr.r69tL;16g). fLa6ooptvo n, ( ^,,,: n - |
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>XHMA 24.6 TpiE Kl.doork6grpolL6g noi dvtLororloiv oriE

tpeLEErgrri'Lop6veg ro'roordoeugxrvrloet'rgroi dt6pou rot i6po-
y6vou p /l = 3 r(li ( : 0, I koi 2. O[ Ki.oooLxg rpoxtcgiolg v6p-
'yeuagBXouvioor.rgpe'yd)"ougilpLri[oreg. :rfv tteoyporrK6fllro,
616oiog.oi Ku[oroouvo.prlor rE ru.rvrprtirvoirdrv Kqrqolootov
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oriExLcooLxg rpoXr6E.

' notxrrrtQrtm611ail(i arv(lroairrilv'E:iotrrol 23.,17.

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18
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Keq.24 lopr1

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rl,coorx6g tr),.errrr.x6g
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3. KBANTIKO> APIOMO> TOY NPO>ANATOAI:MOY

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l-o t =2 I:B t:4

n=5

n-3

n=2

>XHMA 24.7 Auriyqoppo<iporvroi dr6polr rou trbpoy6vou.

'H
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 IIap. 21.3 To iiropo roi i\poyovot: K6awLr<oid.pLgpoiKa[ Kvparoq)vaptflatrE 247

n-l,l=O

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(c)t-4,1=3

n:20, l: 19

400oe 400o6
'
Afl6ar(tofl ae angstroms

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 'Atopr,r4
248 Keq. 24 /op1

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I = 0, t 6tr).iq}rlrrlE orpogogp{g xctontpiletcr, nrir}.r,orrl oqclgr.r{ ouppctgic toi
 flap.24.4 To ontv tott fi)txrqoviou 249

KljparoE.T6 Kl"aoorK6dvdl"oyo atrtE ris KalooldosoJEKr.vlos(oE eivor t.r.dto[a

ncl.r,v6gopr,rr]rqollri noir neqvtier,dn6 r6v rluQ{vo (gcvrooxirs prd poKQr"d, msv1
61,),enpqoup:rleop6r'4rborevd y(ver pLriei0e[c ygoppr]).)16 x6cvtrx6 xtpc, ctitt] f
rci'r,v6qop"lxrlx(v1o1 go,(vercl mfv dxrLvrr( ro.l.dvrorol ro0 xtpctog. "ElovrcE
vri brcvrioer,g,eycl,rirepqdn6orco4 yt6.n : 4 d.n6 6uIld n : 1, t6 i?'exre6vto kdvt
[vcv dgt0p6 xrirlov rc]'cvrriroeroEd:r6 tr1 ptd nleugri rot dr6;rou orilv dltrr1. (c)
)16 fblo ivegyer,cx63nfue6o (, : 4),n rcupc'roouvrigqorl trlg rcrcotd.oetoEp 11
prlc)'riregl oreoeoQprl (l = 3) Bn(o1g6ei1ver.rcl.cvro6peq oupnQtqoQd,&lld
bltuOriverql yriprl dn6 r6v nugfvc o<iv rgolLd rcgd ngdg xci g.rcrgtddn6 r6v
nr.rqrlvc.T6 xtpc cir6, nori d.vrmqooorne{ertr-rr,d.dn6 t[g rur)'r.rEgdxt[ve grou Bohr,
olyrevrprirvercrL oriv Evcg6cxrrii'r,oEyf Q(l)dn6 r6v ruqrjvcr. (d) Kc06g oi x6avrr.xoi
dpr0poicri[dvouv Kard.p6y0oEKa( rd 6rrirgrra gorv6prevcr r{g r6avropqlo.vtrrlg
yivovrar l.ry6rego oroubcic, r] eix6vc roi rfpcrog dp1((eLvd pold(er no)'it p6 trlv
eir6va prdg xlcootx1g rgo1ldE. Td )fiprata 24.8(d) xci24.9(d) 6Lcrgor[louv rrlv
dg1qr{g dvl.orolXie4.ltd n: 20 rco.(( : 19 16 r6crvnr6 r6pc 61el orcv6qJt06
prd (drvl p6 6vc prelti?,,o
xo{qro x6vtgo. T6 xripc tc}.crvrourcl ra06g drco}'ou0eL pLti
rurc?'Lrrj
rqolLd roi Bohr xs.( oup6dLl.eL$6 r6v 6aur6 rou lvr.olurLxd rcrd rg6no
'H
onog reqfnou r6v q(l.v'rda(1Kx6 de Broglie(I-y11lro,23.17). 6c0plcic p.e,rintotorl
dr6 r{v x6cvnrrl or1v <},o.ootrrloup.neqlqogdeivct prd dn6 t[g nr,66poqqeE6rpeLg
rou plrg6roopou.

24,4 T6 oriv ro0 llexrpoviou

'rri
TqeiEpeydleg dvcxclfrpelE noir lyrvcrv 6 ttog 1925 66orocv rler8rri yLti vd
lerl.er86ooupe rd. puorlxd r6v dr6porv not nepr6louv JrQtoo6rQddn6 va
'H
{i'.exrp6vLcr. pLrifirov r] dvcrrdluqtn rot' otravrot t},errgoviou. Mtd d.IIr1frrav f1
d.vcrd),urp4dn6 r6v WolfgangPquli VrdEnol.{ onoubclcg dgXnE,rrts cnayogeu-
'H
rLrflgdpXrlE(Ilaptiygcqog 24.7). tpiq frrcv 6 ngdnoEgogpcl.rop6EriE Oeroqfcg
r[E r6cvrop4lcrvtx1E drr6 r6v Werner Heisenberg({ B[Cotooqrotl Schrddinger
Apgcviorqrcer6v Er6pevo 1q6vo). Mtl([, o[ 6[e]'Getg crrit6EErcvcv 6uvcrrl nlv
rcrcorceuii6v6EEvonolqp6voupovr?,.ou yrri Tr16op{ 6trurvr6v dt6pttov.Ecqvlxd,
6Lu rti yelov6rc ro,( oi yvriroetg6qrlxcv nl 060l rouE rn0rig r] x6avropllcvtxtl
0eorp(crrrrv reglorgeqop6vrov fll,errgov[rov 66ooe 6vc dn],'6 0ep6lto 1ld rrlv
xcrcv6qoq 6?'tovrdrv dt6pov rc( lnopvtrlg6).ou rotr rlltrou x6o;-tounori dno-re-
'Hrcv prrri
i',elror.dn6 dropc. vixq roii dvogrfnlvou rwef pcrog fio{ ptloQsi vd
'AvdgtQd-
ollxgLOei p6 rr;v 6gpqve(crou fl.tcxot ouornpdrog dn6 16 Nettt'lvo.
*Oi quotKoi v6pot
pevog016 yrycvtLcio crir6 6{trrc 6 Paul Dirac Eygcrllet6 "1929
'H
not eivcr dncpcit4,ot ytd rrl pcOlpctr,xrl Oeog(c iv6g peyiLou tprlpctoE rrlg rc),p1p/1 6f 7ao4 rcit
@uoux4g xc( 6l,6r1.r1gqgrrlg XIpsiaE eivcl ni'6ov relt(toE lrutrrotof'l Xrr]v lcqd- Dirac firav oarctq
ypopo crinl xc0<6gxai otig f iyeg n6pevegOri Elerdooupe rig xfgLeEi6egcrirou
rotr inrrefypatoE.
'Ene
l6f 16 {}'ertp6vr,o tyu anw, d:ro.rtelrcl xcl Evcg t6tcgrog x6cvtr.r6g
dpr0p6gyrri vd tcltvopr]ootpe r[g roroordottE Klvrloed]Srou.

4. KBANTIKO> API@MO' TOY IIPO>ANATOAI>MOY TOY >IIIN

-r, +i ZD6 tteoodvatoL Loltoi yft.
-,: (6u6 brcqoqetrxdEtrp6E).
t6 otrtv
Arl16E6 r6cvrLx6g dpt0p6g rcrOoq[(etrr] ouvr.ordrocrou on[v S rard Evc6plopr6vo
ti[ovc ('Eliooroq24.l 1):
s, : m"h.

* Pturcedinssof the Ro\al Society, Lon lon. 123,714 (1929)

 'AtopLKi
250 KeE.24 lopi

NINAKAI 24.1 AYNATE> TIME> TAN TE>>APQN APIOMAN TIA TI>

AYO ENEPTEIAKE>>TAOME> ME TH XAMHAOTEPH ENEP|EIA XTO
ATOMO TOY YAPOIONOY

o-*
+,
-,
++
r-l-*
+*
o-,
++
+t -+
+,

2uvo)'rr6, { xardorcoq xr.vr]oeoEro0 povabrKot {Lerrgov(ou roi dr6pou rot

06Boy6voug.nopeivri lcpcxr4pr,orel drr6 16 orivotrotrirv r6cv, r.rrirvdprOprirv.t
T6ooep4 xdawxoi dpfipoI
ra4oq ilouv t4v ratd.tnao4 n,t,mf,mt,

Ev6EfiTewgot'iou Xrl prxg6tep4 dveqyer,cxrj Kardordo1 16 ilKre6vro 61er6u6 6rcrq(orpSKcrc-

or6o[EKrvrlos(oE rof 6rag6Qouvp6vo Kcrd r6v rlQoocvcro]r.lop6rot oniv. Kc( oi
6u6 rcrcottioeLg 61ouvn : 1, ( = 0 rco.imt = 0.'H Kardmaol n : 2, ady 6noic
Korol,riyouvoi.t.rrafirdlosrE rrlg osreAEBalmer,orfl:r':r"eayporrr(6rlrodfiorsliror
dn6 8 6Lc9oqetrx6ErcrcmdoeLg rrv{oeoE. OI rctcmdoeLg cr]r6E61ouvKarayea-
qi m6v flivcrc 24.1, xc0tiE 6:rior;grci oi rcrcorrioerE rori dvrrororxoiv 016
z : 1. Mr,dn6r,co1 rot nivaKc yld z = 3 Ee(Xvel18 6r,cpogerlr6grcrcordoelE
Kw1otrrE yrd 16 6116pevo Bvegyer,ar6in[re6o. OI x6avr[Ko( der0po( ouvo6sriovraL
xc( dn6 Evc cfipcr { dvuopcrr.r6 povr6}"o,nod 6eilvel t6v rpoocrvo.to},rop6rrlg
rQoxrarqEorQoqoqprlExcl rou on[v [X1r|pa 2a.10(a)1.Ol bu6 crtrr6gorpoqogpcg,
lelorgLotd { pui dl6 r1v d}"}.1,0rctetroivprerdrrooq neg( r6v 6xl,eyg.6vo dlovc rriv
z, xci { xdOe pud 61er.prd dperri6l,qr1 ouvlordroc rard pr;rcoE rori dfovc.
T,vc 6rcgoge, 116ofvoluodr6 r6cwrxofg dgrOpofglLd 16{Ierrg6vro 6qlorerct
nr6 xovrd mrlv ngcypcrr,rr] guolr{ xcrdotcol nori tndqleL o16 dtop.otori rl6qo-
'Avr(
y6vou. vri gcwa(6pcore 6tL ol 6u6 orpogoqplg,rpollcrrl roi on(v, eivor,f1
rd.Oep.r.d.lelogr.otri ngoocvo,lolurop6vq o16 ltirqo, g:roqotpe vd r(g ouv8udooupe
o6 6vc &vuopc 6),lKlEmeopoQp1EJ (r6cwrx6g dpr0p6gj), rc( 16 6l,rx6 crlr6 6vu-
opc vri eivcl nqooavcrolrop6vo 016 Xtoeo,p6 K6ovr[K6dql0p6 ngoocrvcto],r.opo0
q l2fiprr 24.1O(b)1. T6 6vallcrrrlx6 ori-vo}.orrirv r6cvrlr<irv dqr.Oprlveivcl
'
Eva iya)J.art *6 ott yo7o n, (, j, mj,
x6an*6v d.pr,9patt
;16r6v neqr,oqrop66n. 16j eivor ioo np6gr,6 ( + ) i ( - j (irr6E dv ( : 0, 6x6rc
tloupe p6voj = l, prri rc( r6te d 61"rrrjorqoqogpr{ ioo0rcr p 16 on[v). EivaL pLri
dn6 dg l8ropopgirE riE r6cvropqlcvrr4g 6116rcv zri m2ral m. rcOogr.oOotv6nc-

i T6 &6reo xot oniv rlvcr, pll6waE a0orned, tr[or1E &cE K6ow!K6g dQ0O]r68. Mrd '[06 6poE d6v
dLfuiler nor. 6vrinriexr1,6yogvd i6 noeoxol"ouoorlp.Eivo[ 16 i6ro.yrri6]'eEtig xctlnordors6lov
rdlv i),sKrQ'ovi{Dvo 6}.a (i &ropa.
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>XHMA 24.10 Au6 rQ6ror oulef[eog rrlE orQo-

eoeprlE.(d) Td L rai S feloprcrd Crrel'oiv perri-
nrtoo4 nepl t6v dlovc z. Oi k6cvrlxo( dglOpol elvor
n, (. m1.m,. (r) Td L KqaS vd)vowcl xcl ogpcti-
lor-rv t6 J, rori errelei perdJrrool nEQ[r6v dlovo z.
Oi x6ovttroi dprOpoitl:vo.t n. (.j. n,.

(a) (b)

KQ16toE, rdj Koi lrrrE6vpropouv vd ro0oQro0otv StroKet6(iEKa6&vrio-rQoqa.Mrd

Kordmd.orlKwfooS fio{ XdQaKqq[qsror dn6 prd 6pti6c r6cvtr,rrirv dqtOpuirv
eivcr 6vc peiypc, { 6rc},Lr1}r[cKcrdordosov nof lcgarrqq(lovrcl dn6 di']"eE
6pdbeE r6cvrtrdrv dgL0ptlv.Oi t66egcir6E eivcr.66oxol"eE ncq' 6l"ono{ oi rav6veE
'Yndqler
xc0oqlopotr Triiv r6cvrurdrv dqr0prirv eivor. eixol.or,. 6ptog 6vcE
ncqdyovrcg d:rlouo, eiroerogrriv 6u6 clqpdrov xcrcypcqrlE rrirv {trextqovrrdrv
xcrcordoetov,6vc lcgcrrlpr,orlr6 rori eivcr no)'6 onoubcio ytd rrlv rctcvdlo4
rrirv 6cqr.riv dr6prov. ,4'r)16eivcr 611 6 dgt0p6qTtiv 6r.crglrov xctttottioetlv
rLwloeoEyrd rrlv rriOe6veqyer.crrl orti0pl eivct 6 i6tog rci ytd rd 6u6 6r.cgopettxri
orivo]'crrirv r6cvrLrrirv dpl0prirv.T6 oqpeio otr6 qc[vxcr m6,t [livo.ro.24.2,6
6noloErorcypdqer 2 xctcortioerg yt d. n : 1, rci 8 1r,dn = 2 XQrlorporot6vraE
roiE r6cvrtrougdpr0pougn. (. j rci m,.

NINAKA:24.2 ENA> ENANAAKTIKO> TPOIO> TAEINOMH>EA> TAN

NIOANAN KATA:TA:EQN KINH>EA> TIA TI> AYO ENEP|EIAKE>
>TAOME> ME TH XAMHAOTEPH ENEPTEIA >TO ATOMO TOY
YAPOTONOY
Xr6v rp6no qir6 KqrqyQ(rgrlErd L rai S ouv6udlovror '[O(i)ra06 Evo dwopc 6].14g
orpogopprlEJ, 16 6roao Kor6rlv ttQooqvqroLi(ffql 016 X(i)Qo.

mi

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 'Aropo<4
Keq. 24 /op4

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24.5 npoo6yvton rou Kayrptxoo ncdiou
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Oeog[c yld rti dropc norl nepl6louv 6u6 i rreloo6reafl].eKrg6vrc6ooi(ercrt
'H
onlv lpoo6yylo4 rou KvrQr.Kot r6(ou. l66c crirrl p:rogeivd dvclrulOei rcl.ri-
<bawaonr6rziotpodt6ptov :utpc lpqor.porotdrwcE vc ncqdOttlpc. Oe<oq{ote Evc nuqr]va vdrQ[ou. fiol]
nQGXri11 ngrrrr6vlc,p6vo rou o16lirqo rci rel"e[togdlolorplopl6vo dn6 16 ouvq-
Otopvooulrrtl.{Qtrlpd, tou, td 11 {lertq6vla. f0gol dl6 t6v lugrlvc rirriqlel Evc
p
{},exrqlx6ne6io ey\orsgZe l4nesr2(z:11),16i6lodrgr.6drgo6progg{p16ne6io
roit Coulombn6'(tr,egL6til.IeL 16 nqor6vro roii dt6pou toi tEqoy6vou dtrtrrin goq6g
ioprg6tego. "Orcv 6vc pspovarp6vofil.errq6vLo nqooeyyfoel r6v ruQ1va ror]
vcrplou, 0d 6qei v6 roi rgoog6percr Evcorivol.odn6 Enrtqen6peveE xc, cmdoeLg
nof sivcl i6r.egp tiE Enrrgen6peveE xcrcmtioe tg m6 ri6poy6vo,p6vo nori i6to 0d
'H
61oupepegrr6gd)'l,cy6gorrlv r)'iprcxn r<rrv6nq6gtrrv peyeotirv. 0epefu"dr61g ton
rcrrimcoq (n = l, ( : O) 06xivar 11 qoQ6E tt,'Iot6orepc or6v luprilc rou vcrpiou
dn6 6tL drov or6v nuprlvc totr {r6qol6vou xci f1lvfgyelc ouv66oedrg tou 0d eivct
121 qog6gpeyckiregq dn6 rlv 6v6gyelcouv66oerirg tou m6 {r6qoy6vo.
'Ynoo6me
rrirpc 6rr 16 povc6rx6rl)'exrg6vr.odrtlvo6o)'ei prd oeLgddn6 qor6vtc
rc( petcn6qrel orti XdpIl6reQI Euvar{ veglsr,ari Kotdotdol 16gtl dl6 r6v
fiueiva rot vcrg(ou. "Ev<rOerltego{Iexrg6vro fi}'loldEt rdrgc. @ri tnomei prtti
tolug{ 61,[ndn6 t6v ruqr]vc xci Oridnor010ei6]'agqd dn6 16 :rprirto{},errg6vto.
'H pioq
}isvo;pqnori doret, cr.ntiv(l)o16 aeiirepof1?'ertg6vroateuorivercrng6Et6v
rtuprlvc prti rci 16 npdrro {}'exrg6vro rrveircl o prri opcrqrrri negr.orj roir 61er
'H ttpooiyyto4toi rewpr- 'H
rwrpo tqg t6v nugrjvc. nqoo6yyto4tot xevrplrot nebiou ouv(otcrcl o16 v<i
xoi ne\iou dyvorlooupedror),ioerg dr6 rr1poqrlprj. T6 ng6to {}'st(Q6vlo 16 etuQorlp odv
6vc ofwego dgvqtt Korl goqr[ou 1106regr.66]J'er. t6v rugrlvc. Kcr6nlv irno06roupe
6rt 16 Defrepofltrerrp6vrorLvelrcl o6 6vn revrqlr6 ne6[o 6uv6prov nori 0qptoup-
y4oqxedr6 r6v nugrlvc rc( 16{lerrgovr,x6 v69oErotr lororegLro8{}'exrqov[ou. T6
6efrepo {}'exrg6vro 6q(orel vri roii nqoog6qovrar tvc o6vo}'o dn6 8tcrglor,peg
rctcotdoelE tori 6rng6qouv 6)roqqd p6vo dr6 cr1r6gtrof ttQooqfQ0lKav 016
rgriro {Lexrp6vr.o.Xtrjv rgcytrrarlr6r4rc, oi x6cvnrol dgr,0po(66v 6taq6gouv
'Aqtlvovrdg
rc06lou. OI iv6g'yeleE6r"c96gor-rv rcOdrgtltiorlE rci tri pey601.
]'t"ydrcL,
ro 6leriOeeo,t6 Otfteqo r]l.ertq6vlo Oripetcn6oelmrl 1cpql,6reg18uvctrl 6v6qyeLc
nori eivct 6Lc06oltrr1.M6 rrlv ngooorlxq 9 dr6pl {}'errqov[ov, 16 orioqpa xot
nugrjvc vcrgiou rc[ rriv l1 {}'sxrqov(trrvyivercr Evc rcvovtr6 dropo vcrg[ou.
lfpqovc p6r1v npoo6yyrol rot xevrqrrot ne6(ourdOeEvcdn6 td{}'ertq6vrc ra-
rcLcp6dver. pr.ri Enltqel6pevq r6owr.r{ xcttiotcroq p6oc o6 6vc p6oo revtptx6
ne6(o ouvdpeognof Onu.ioueyiratd:r6 t6v nuptlvc xaa td d}')'a l0 {}'extp6vr,c.
'H
26yxpLo4tfl.nxoi ouotf1pa- 6wola rfE nqooel'yfoeogro0 rev, qrro0 re6fou p:roeei vri f,exc0cprcrei dv
'Exei
rog xai d.topou oKeqrodpt 16 {l,lcx6 oforlpa. eivcl pr,rixc}'r| lgoo6'y1,r.o4
vd notpe 6rL 6
xriOer)'cv4rr1gblayqdqer.pLdrqo3.d yfgto dl6 t6v iilrlo od vti prlv rit{g1cv oi
di,l.oLri,avflreE. flol,ir drgr.6eiErrgo6l6rpeLg rriv n)'cvlrlrdrv rgoXr.rirvdnclroov
6loq0riroer"E or]v nqoo6yyloqrou KvrQtKoifie6[ou nof rgo6qlovrol dn6 t(g dn'
ei.rOeicg6uvriperg rof 6go0v perolf rrirv leuytirv trirv n)'cv1r6v. !t6 {}.rcr6
o6ornpa, r] 6q06qrcr rflE ngooeyyfoerogToi xevrglro0 ne6(ou m1g[lerct or1
'Hl(ou
peydlq pri(c roi xcl orr] clertxd pe1d.]'1dr6orcoq perclri rrirv r].cqrrirv.
'H -Ap1{
f{ B}'re-rclno}'6 rL6 lopqd dn6 r6v "H}rr.o,ncpti dn6 rrlv'Aqqo6ir1, r6v
16 Aic. T,vc rcg6poro lruyriqr"aiudrvrindglet rci m6 dropo. T6 goqrio toi rruptl-
vc eivcr peycl,ftego d:r6 16 goprio roii ileKreovaou - p61gt xc( 100 qoq6g
peycl"ritegoyrri rd 6cgLridropcr - rdvovrcg Erolr6v nugrjvc 16 iolup6rrpo rfvrpo
'Er(cng (yd p[c
Ouvdpeogo16 dropo. clr(c rod 0d bruKervloreio ]r(yo), rri
f1?,,exrg6vr,c orcrdooovrcr Kcrd "q)'or.oirE"o6 rpooaeurrrd cri(cv6psvegdnoorri-
orE&116r6v rruQivo, p6 rupcroouvcgr1oer.Enori dl?'1l,oer,o1roqouv p6vo peplrd.
 IqA.24.6 T6 neprcdtr6 oiorqpa 253

'H:116
o4pcvrtr{ 6r.aqoedFraqf rou poouxevrqrroii ne6(ot o6 6vc 6cgf dto-
po rcI rotr p6oouxevrqrxot re6iou m6 fllrcr6 o{orqpc ngo6plerct dn6 16 &vri0e-
ro ng6oqporoir pogr(ou rot {}.exrgovlou KaI rou rlueivc xc( rrlv f].errgrrrl oi6e-
rep6rrlrc rou dr6pou o16orivol.6rou. )16fl,rcr6 oriotqpc, 6 nl6 pcrgr.v6gnlcvrj-
qE, 6 flloirov, 661ercrriiv 6fu,r{ 66vcp1 rou "Hl,(ou (orrlv dn6mao4 ainj) lo}'6
liyo di'Icypv1 drr6 r4v naqouoio trirv 8 &)'l,trrvrl,aqtdrv nof 6g(orowcl perclri
'Hl[ou. 'Avr[0e-ra,o16vdtqto, 6rivopl rof tsfcorei 6 nuqr]vcEo16
ariroi rci roii {
nu6dnopcrguopvo{}.errg6vr.o3},crrirvercL.ndpc noi'f dn6 {Lerrg6vr.a rori 6qC T6 llrfuato i1Ltxtp6vto
orowcr. iv6rdpeocr.nee,rou 10/11 rrlg itrrtlrc{E Ouvd.peog ro0 nugrjvc iloubere- eivar.9apaxLopivo dno t4v
ptirvovrcrdn6 r{v dntrrotrxrl 6rivcrp4rdrv iotrrregr,rtirvfllexrgov[trw. T6 Sltilroro intdpao4 rci nuptlva
ill.errg6vro"61.61e1"6vc rc0cq6 gogr(o + 1 (o povdbesqoeraourot nQtrr,ov(ou),
rc( 6nopvoE,6Xer. otrl 6rd0eor1rou 3vc orivol.odn6 rc6cvrlrgrcrcordoeLE nou
eivcro1e66vdrcg166g16 i6lo p16 orivolo nori 61er. on16r.dOeo4 rou 6vc 6reyegp6vo
r)bqoy6vou. 'Eltil}'ou,
{}.exrp6vro rotr 16 6o6rcro {}"ercrg6vuorou vargiou
"6i'6ner"t6 ouvo?.rx6ruqqvrr6 goqrio, 61lct6( + 11.T6 {}.errg6vrc ati, 6 rcr6ler
pr.ri1cp1lr1,iolugd ouv6ebep6wlprdrov augrlvc rcrdorco4 rr.v1oeoE.

24.6 T6 Trepro6rK6
ooornpo
Xrlv furorrltr-t4,peqLx6g9o969{ 6!r1yr1o1 dro}.ou0ei o1e66vdpr6oogpui dvcr6}'u-
1q. MQrKfS eoe6E,i Eqly1o'1 pnoqei dr6pq KaI vd reolyl0[ rrlEdvcra],rirpetog'
onlv nrq[nrororl crr)n1rr]v dvopd[ouprerg66]'eqq. "Alleg 9o96g, rd yeyov6rcrii
xnvovlr6nlreg rrlg qrioeog rg6ler. vri regrp6vouv nol')'69 derccerieEyld ptd
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69ei)'erorotlv rQqollKi ilt[qQEI r6v Vu6o fvi{ral) o(l)poxa('v016
dropo - qot6vrc, r]i"errp6vro rci no(rrp6vro - rd 6rloic prra6dl.ltorlv
l,oqpci
t6 ne6io Coalonb. 4.53x l0-s eV
I =0
4.38X l0-o eV
.r
j:1_ -l
2svz -
-Pt/2

06oiyKQro1p6 riv Kl(FdKo ox6 >Xipa 24.7. T6 o{1Fc 6tIXVt16 eqoporooKortKo

oup6oi\r.op6 rof ouvrloorE Xqqorl-roftorir(rl yrd vd 61l,60[ tiE 6[dqoQsE
'O
Kcrdordosrg Krvriosog rov ileKrQoviov. dx6l.ou0oE KdrarKaE yQappdl(l)v
xQlorForTolrirar yr<i rov ro.0ogtoF6 rrls TqoxrcKrlEorQoQoSl,qE

5... tDao pat o o rcor Lx6q oup6o -

Arcp6q
zuuooAo h...

Td lqriprpcras,p, d rc(/ngo6glovrcL dn6 nqoqyoripreveE rdErvopriorEr6v qaoUa-

rurrirv.Tpcpprirv odv cilpqqrl (sharp),rc{ptct(principal),6t&Xu'w1 (diffuse)Kai 0ps-
'l,tdtbrlg 'An6
ffundanentol). 16 yerippa/roi pretd6 rtil6rrcg rgoliogei dl"9c64rr.rd.
Ilqiv dn6 16ygrippc6ndqleu 6vagdqr0p6Errof 6II6vrrnv rrpri rot' r Kd( perdtn6
16 yQdppo,odv 6(KqE, 6vcrgdgr.0p6Enori 6ql,6ver.r{v tprl rou j. "Erat 2p112
r lrv r c r d o r c o 4 n = 2 . ( : I K d i j :
b 1 ) . t i r vr e j t o 3 d . , b q t r t u v nr 4
r v rcrriorcoq
n=3,( = 2rca(i =|. Mr.drnil iv6qyer.cr ouvq0oE661ilcQrdrar drr6r6v rrQoocr-
varoi.ropr6,6 16cvrr.16Edqr,0p6gnri6v oupnegrl.rlp0qreor1 ouvtopolgcq[c.
Oi ordepeg 2p1p rco( 2y11 ot6 2yjpcr 24.16 6voprdlovtcrr.6rn)"r1ro.ttiotco1 / m}tg xataouiotLE: ptd
(doublet). Loltil dr6 6LnI6grcctcotdoerEeivcr pcveg{ old pdopcrc ro0 r!6poy6- irbl1At,.toqroi otr[v
vou,totr ).u0iou,toii varpiou Ka(rollrrrv dll.tov oroL.leirov. Eivar 6vcEdn6 tofE nt6
dnl.oriExc( nu6 &peoougrQ6r[ouEeKbltr6osarErol on(v ro0 t].KrQov[ou,616r[
rqo6pXetcrt dr6 rorig 6u6 buvctoriEnQoodvalolLoForiErot pnoeeivd 6Xt16 or(v
06 ox6oqp6 rr1v rqoXLorrl otgoqogprl (j:(!:).'H ru6 <p4pr.op6vr1 6mI{
qcopcrLnl 1gnprpr1,oi r(rqlveg ygcp-rp6E D roi, vdrQiou, ngo6qlerar dr6 Evc
(euyriqur6avtrrtbv d),pdrov dr6 rt1 6lr)'.t1 xo.ttiotcoq 3p112 - 3pp or;t1v
xcrdotcoq 3s112 (Iplpcr 24.1.7).tt6. 16 i(tirrcro {},ercrg6vto,I rctdotcoq 3s172

>XHMA 24.17 Metcrttioerg dr6 1ag kqxqotdotE

3p oriv kqxdoxdol 3r 0[6 adtQro QoKd].ouv tig xirpr
vr EyeqUUrED. Jrourivor gtd btl),4 goopratl kri ypo[$rl.
('O 6r,o1opr.o9.6gttlg l"em1E tqrlE 61eurdQG flolf pry-
Ooveei o16 6rdypcpplc.)
 'Aroptr1
264 KtE.24 Zop1

eivct f 0epeh,til6qE
r(ardmaol. Oi rcraordoelE 3p rival 0[EyrQp6vE KcrcordorrE.
Ilcpd rrlv Blcrr(crg rot 6cgLotr dr6pou rraeap6Qptrloll106 8raTQdFpdroErd)v
BvegyercrrrrvoroOpdrvrori yoqi(er rig xcrcordosr,g3s ( : O)rcci3p ({ : 1), oi 3p
6url.6g-xcrcmdosrErraQapvouv fl prri xovrd.or{v d}"},1.'H6rIroiE 6xcr6 6rcgogd
tsv6pyercgrtov ypcprprirvD elvar 0.1, not dnor}.i vc rcgri8er.lprcl,em1Etq'4g.

* :YZEYEH 'NIN-TPOXIA>
'H percfri rriv xctcordoeov pr.dg6r.n},r19-rcraorri-
plrg{ 6lcqogd orrlv 3vpyer.cr
I7epLotpoEtxr1r iv4o4 riTtx-
oeorg,6ntogcrir6gnoir eirov(lov-ro.ro'16Zy\pora 24.16 r<ct(24.17, npotpaer'ct Atn6
tpoviot ptoa of r1TtrrpLxri
6vcrqcrv6pevo nori eivcr yvrrlm6 p6 16 6vopc o{leu$4 oniv-rpoXrdg."Evc {lex-
w6io rapdytt payt4ttx6
rp6vLo,6neL6rlrlvelrcr, p6oc o6 6vc {}'exrgtx6 ne6(o, "6},nel" tvc prcyvltr.r6
JIEOLO 'Enop6v<rrE
re6io. f iv6gyercro0 {)'sxrgoviou ilcprdrcr dn6 r6v ngoocvcroi'Lop6
rtE pa)"vntKllErou gon1goXerlrcdng6E16 poyvqu.x6ctlr6 ne8(o.Mr,rircri 16 oriv
rotr {}.errgovlou pnogei vd ngoocrvcrollorei p6vo rcrri 6u6 rq6noug olerlrd p6
T6v &fovc nof rcrOop[lercr dn6 16 L, Eloupe otiv dnor6],eopc 6u6 6vegyeLcr6g
rcro.ordoerg.
'H
dxg16rlg0eog(a rrlEouEflsrrlErregr,Icp6dver,6va pleiypodr6 oXerr.1614rcrc[
r6o,woprqXcvurrlnoir eivcl6Eor drr6 t6 Enine8o toii 6161,(oucrltot. Mnogotpte
6porg,vd dvcnd[oupe prti ngooeyyrorrrrjOetog[cnorSvd qtrir[oer16 pqlcvlogo tr1q
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'H
opo0 rdv ivegyercrrirv orc0prirv proE 6r;rl.rlE-Koroo'rrioe<lg. Bvdgyerculg
prcyvqruxrlg gonflg pr p6oc o6 lvc pcyvqrLr6 re6io B eivol ('El(oroo4 16.16)
U: _lt.B. (24.25)
T6re yewl6rcr 16 6gdrqpc: flou6 eivcr.16 pcyv4rrx6 ne6[o B nori 6gd nrivor m6
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{},errg6vLo o16 orioqpc flgeplcg rou; nol]'oi rg6nol yr.dvd dncvul-
oougr or4v iqd-,14o4 cirr1. "Evcg eivcrv<ilpqor.poror4oouprr ro v6pror4EFayvlro-
4l.errgrrrlg tsncyroyrygyrd.3vc otopdrr,onof rlve[-rcl 6r.ri p6oou v6gfll.ertqlrou
ne6[ou. "Evcg d]',],ogtq6noE eivcr vri Oeogrlooupe6rL 6 nug(vcE negrmg6cpercL
yfpo dn6 Evc flIerrp6vlo rci Olprougyei 6vcproyvqrr.r6 re6io on1 06on roii
'Agrlvoupe 'E6o
f1),errgoviou. xn( r[g 6u6 crir6g pr066ouEodv rrQo6]r(pcrc. XQrl-
orpofior.ouprpld rp[r1 p60o6o.@cvrcoteire 6rr. Eva oopdrro not perog6gertvc
pcyv4tr.x6n6l.o ioxiroEP'Krvsirdr p6 rclirqrc v p6oc o6 tvc {}.erre[K6 r6io E.
Xirpqtovc prrrlv'Eliooo4 16.82,f 66vapq rof Epcrndvo o16oopdrro eivcr
/tvap1 nduat oi Eva ino'
0erLn6 tt6)"o P:-poeoP'vxE.
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o16o{orlpc fqep(ag tot oropcriou eivcr B : F/P', il
16 prc./vr1trrc6
nebio

g:-goeovxE. (24.26)
f;; */{
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ioldel yrd 6noLobrlnoreot:pdrro. AiveL-16 pcyvrlrlx6 nebio rori "6trrrer."16
otopdtuoilcLrlcg rrlg rLvrloerigrou 6udpr.6oou6v6Ef1i'extprroirre6(ou.
'Ef 'E!(ooo1
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(24.25)naIpvoupe
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payqrLKiq
Il : poo1t.t x E. (24.27)
a774).endpdoeaq
T6 {}.erctgL16nebio E, 6tcv eivct xevtq116, pnogei vd rgqcorei ori ouvdQrrlol roir
6uvcplrou V p rr1 o1oq,
 naq.24.9 /lemri 6qi 265

n : _ d vi _ : _ 4 y ! .
dr drr
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0lortirvrog16 pseepr6t6 1/c2('EEiooJorl17.77),nc[gvoupe

u= _ , l d v_ F . y x r . (24.28)
c-f ar
Arlr6 norl pdg p6ver,rdlpc ald eivcl vri Erqpdoouper1v 6v6gyelccrlrrl ori ouvdq-
rnol ttrtv orQoqoQptirvL rc( S ro0 {},enqov(ou. 'H payvqrlxrl qonrl rot fi}"errpo-
viou ouv66erclp6 16 on(v rou p6 xl oX6oI (6l,are 'Elrotiroelg 16.15rcl 24.18)

,|= -9"^ r. (24.29\ p drdA,oyotoi S

.zm
'O
rcgriyowcg -g rotr on(v roir {}"erTgoviou 6g[oxercl ne4cpcrrxri (rcr[ B:r[oqE
61c(verfu6 trl 0eog(o ro0 Dirac yfi. 16 ilLxxrq6vlo) 6tl elvcr OurldoroE dl6 rrlv
uprl loir reqr,p6vo,ps
6xav oKeg0otpeo6pqrovc p6 rrlv rl,coolrrl quorxrl:*
9":2. (24.30)
'An6r6v 6qrop6
L = mr x v, $nercr6rr
r{S rQoxrarq5otQogoQpnE,

Y X r : - -L
. ( 2 4 . 3 1 )t - r x v - t
m
'Awrro.0rm6v,
o.E dn6 rig 'Ello<ilaetg24.29-24.31 mip 'Eliaaoq 24.28
nalQvoup.

U = --#{ S' t- (rqooeyyrorrr{

Oeoqic). (24.32)
m"c"r dr
Xr{v dvc}.oyicr{g Ev6pyeLcE crir{g ng6g 16 ouv6ucop6 S . L, Cgefl,ercr,rc[ f 6vo- 'Ev1pyend.AAtfi.endpd-
pcoic "ouleufu orrlv-rQolrdE': 2rrlv dxpl6rl Oetoq[c8vc 6uorotrov61ro &LLd. oeatgd.vaAoytl toiS.L
onou6aio6nmg6o0etogo,rv6pevo61er. vd.xrivel p6 16 yeyov6E6rl 16 o6oqpc fge-
picgrot regr.mqeq6pevou{}'exrpov(ou eivcrr.Evc tnlro,luv6pevo o6oqpc dvo,qo-
qdE,xc( 611 8vo.d6pcver"cr6 ofoqtrro. M61qr rrilq py60ouEu2/c2,il dKe.6iE
0eroqic6iver,pr,ritv6qlelcroufeiileog onfv-rqopdE nof 6Lc96gel dn6 rrlv 'E!(ooo4
24.32rcor,6&o. nagdyovrc 2. 'H 6v6pyelc crin4 eivcr

u: -=:, {"." (dxqr6rigoeoqic). (24.33)

zm-c- r af
Ilapcr4g{ore 6rl 16 U !ficprdrcn p6vo dn6 16 o;erlx6 npoocvcro],r,op6 r6v S xai L
xai 6p fur6 r6v rgoocrvcrrolulop6 eire tot S eire rorl L rirg ag6g 6vcv d[ovc o16
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,, I
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8r = 2.0023192. T1,aS drl6 rorig 0prdp6ouE rflg x6cvtrr4g
ill,*4o6uvcprr4g elvo! i iKdv6rrFd qS v{i 6ivEt pr.ddKer6i leFr|veia arlxoi rot derFoi F6 6rior1trlv
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'H
Vsu6orolne6vra - noli negt6rilJ,ouv Evc pepovoptuo ilKre6vro. lK6vo ris e6ooE noi 6yairr
dn6cit{ rliv rcrvoriqyra oE(oQio0d ouElqeei oniv noedypopo 2?.11.
 266 'Azoptt<ti
Kq. 24 lopfi

'Eliorrrol
lLd t6 6uvcprr6 ctr6, f 24.33 nciqver rr1popcarl

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Xrrlv relrrrrl cr)rr| poQqri,16 U rroQcp6vsrouvderrlol rrlg dn(vcE. fr,ri pr,d6grcp6vr1

xo.rdorco4 xlvrloeorg,nof lo.gorqg(lercL dn6 rorig r6cvrurofg dpt1trto{gn(j,
proqouFrvd yQdVoup
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f^^#H".", (24.3s)
Coulomb
6nou 16 1/r3 eivo.r{ p6o1rrprl to0 1/rr ndvcoor6v 6yro rou dr6pou (f1nurv6rrlrc
nr,0cv6rr1rcgeivar.f1nr,0cv6r1rc 06oeoErou fll.errgoviot, l'y'1'?). Ei6rK6 lvbr,cp6-
gov rrcgouolrilel r] 8taqogd rrrrv 6vepyer.6rv ouleiileorg on[v-tgolrcE yLti rig 6u6
rctcordoetg prdg6r.n),r1E-rccrcordoEoE. l.rj = ( + )rcc.:i
j: I - j.'Aqrlvoupe odv
ng66l4pc m6v dvoyvriro"n;vri 6eifer.,yr6 EvcplovcOlx6f1l,ercrp6vro, 6rt

s'n: {Y{1i
* tn" (24.36)

"Erol pero.firrot ncgril,l.q),ourci dwmcqdl.l.q).otr rqooo.vcro)"Loprotrriv L xc( S

(OuplOeire6rl rd 6r.cvfopcrc ntrd rror6 Eveii0urlgcppilov.rcu.
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+ 1)
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Xtiv 6vc npooeyyrolrc6rg6no yr,dvd inol.o^y(ooupre 16 1/r3,pnoqouprevd lglorpo-

nolrlooupe16 Fovr6lo rttlv rgox titv iou Bohr,6<i(ovraEr : aonl/2.Adtrl f pc),),ov
lovbqLrrj nqoo6yylol 6[vsr.

(:) : (neoo6yyrolrur},rrdrvrgolttirv) (24.38)

d
T6 drgr66g dnorfl,eopc yLd 6va le6[o Coulomb,t6 6noio 16 8ivoupe larg(g dn6-
6er.(r1,
eivcr,

H:7*;#i *; (drqL66gcrnorl.eopc).(24.39)

flcgcrqg1ore 6tr oi 6u6 cdr6g irqgdoeLE eivar ioobfvcpeg m6 69lo rlls daxrlE
rrlg dvrlorolllcE yr.ri ruri',lr6g rpolr6E: 6q],cdr:1 6r.w ( : n - 1 ] 1. "Av
'E!fuanq24.39
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1 24 e2h2 (24.4o)
AU :
4"% r""(l + D ^A'%''
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me-
(24.41)
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2n'{(f + r)
mdoeag (ot nedio
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 naQ. 24.9 tltnr4 6E4 267

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6nou a eivcL{ ora0sQd rrlg },srrrlg tg1E ('Eliooor123.46). lovbgtxrl 6opr1rotr
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o:rorgga(vercr dn6 n1v iorrlorl 24.42, efuu rqg rdtltti,g aamc2.

I nAPAAEIfMA: fl6oo 6LcgqouvtbErrp6grlv 6v6qyer.cr oI rcro.md auE 2p roi:

dr6pou rou r)6goy6vorr;fl6oo 6rccp6gouvoi 3p toO dr6pou tou vcrqiou; (Bl.6ne
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X l r l p c t c2 4 . 1 6x c ( 2 4 . 1 , 7 . ) 2 t i 1 v 2 4 . 4 2 0 6 : o u p ; a : 1 , / 1 , 3 7 , 2= 7 , m c 2:
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5 . 1 1x 1 0 5e V
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:
ndpouperrlv nr6 ndvcoblcgoqri 6v6qyeLcg(p6 z 3 ro,( ( : 1) etvar,
z*=35
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o[ tv6pyeLe< rrrrv dropr<rrv r<rrcordoetrrv ifcqrtilwcrr 6),<rqpdfur6 16 olerrx6
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16 6116Q[oKovror16 Evonol6 Kovrd.016 &],]'o.2u1v6reqc 6ptoE,6vo.p6gr.oXrivel
perKdi 6)'rrd n1v ro.ut6rqrri rou oTrl oteged rcrdorcol 6!cLr[cg rrlg iolug1g
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o4 6poLond,rcott6eopoi. rQfurrtrloq6poronol.Lrot 6eopotr.Tri {},exrq6vr.o66v tri por,gdlovrcl provord 1er-
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* fld prd trr6 rXvrKriouqnqol,6[re M. ya. Azbel, M.1. Kazanot Kot LM. Lifshn.. "Co,tduction
Electonsin Metals':ScientificAnerican,January,1973.
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ouvroqQr m1v ilLercrprrrld.vriorcorl roi petdtr).ou.
Inlv rcpbr,drtrrvrpnv((oropg rc( rcrlvril,l,ov ouoreutrrvnof 61ouvrquorc)'l,lxd.
ruri.6purc 69iorovrar Kerioral,l,orAn<if pr,cytiryL.po tlrK6, 6rtoE16 ruQir[o Kcrird
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roool dn6 Eva6LcrgogerL16 otoLlelo. Td <itoprcrrov rgoopr(fetov ir)'6yovrct yrd
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ordos!qKlvrlotoE orig iovr.rg06oer.gro0 rlyparoE. Mnopouv.vd n46ouv fur6 u1
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6Ltyegprvc dropc rori 6xn6pnouvdrapucri<rgcor6vlo pfioeouv vd rd Brn6prlrouv
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ncpril,l,ql'c qror6vtc.
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d)',uoorqdvribqcroq6lcvcyxcop&1g Bxnopnrlg6'yr,ve yr,dpr,rgoxf porc 16 1955xcI
yr.616 grirg16 1960.O[ neruplp6vegouoxeu6g6vopdfowcr. zrcsersfl lasers,&n6 t6.
dglrxri ygrilrpcrc rrlE dplrrrlg gptioeog "Microwave (or Light) Amplifcation by
StimulatedEmissionof Radiation",rori ollldivrr "'Evioluoq trirv pr.xgorupdtov ({
ro0 por6g) 6rd Elcvcyrcop6vqE 6rnop:r{g dxrlvo6o}uloE'lT6 >1jpa 2a.27(a)
6e[1velEvcturt116ofylqovo laser,Evaoo].rjvc irrev6oeorg deg(oup6 prd gtlre w(
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h,g 6l6nepqe. Aefrego, onlv rovovlr{ rcrdorco4 0egpux{Elooqgon[cE,reprooo-
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vti 6xn6pr1rouv. frri vri xgcrrloouperri gor6vr.c nori OrinQoKcl6oouvriv dlcvcyxc-
op6vl lrnoprrl ilsri0eqo dr6 r6v xiv8uvo rqEdnoQQog{ooS,(iore vd pnogouv p6
d oelqd touE vti OqpLougyioouvnegroo6regc qorr6vlo xci v6 nqorcl,6oouv rrlv
6nr,0upoupv1 d)'uooxrl dvr(6pcoq, 6 lasernqtr"etv6. elvcl rctd ttolo rg6no o1t-
6r.cop6vog rilorerd dropc dn6 rrl1cp4l,6repq 6v6pyer,o,vd dv66ouvxctd)')'q}"c niorl
ldl.r. or1 mdOpl rlqql6repqg Sv6gyercgp p6oc &)v\c dl6 r1v dn' ei)0e(cE
dnoqg691o1 qorrov(rov.
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orcOr1(p6 peytil"o1p6vo (or;E) xctriotcoq nof 6qioretcr 20.61 eV xinlo &n6 tf
xcrriorcoq. 2rrlv xcrriorcorl ctd, 6vc dn6 rd r]l"errQ6vrdxou dr6pou
0epe),,r,ril61
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6qei ltlgig wq'yeLc.X6 pLriofggouoq, rl ev6qyer,cp:roQivd percgeg0ei d:r6 16
* 'O /aserrot fl"iou-v6ou noli ollniioope tbrl eivcr Bvc p6vo e[6oEdn6 rd noi']'d ei6l lar"r noi
trdglouv. X!!fqo1 yr6 prprxri dl,i'a ei61 pnoQlvd 6eei KovtEord dr(6].o!ea deoQq roi scientift
Anericani C.K.N. Patel. 'High Po\9erCarbonDioxideLase$: August,1968 Mo on B. Panishand lzuo
Ha,-ashi,"A NentClassof Diodelas.',f': J\\. l91l wi ian T. Sifvast. "Meral-vaporLos.rs': Februar''.
1973.
 IIap. 24.12 Lasersrai ilanayraoptv4 iwropny'l 283

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lasernof 6p(orercru06 dfi6orqorl 25 pii'r,c, dv rcl etvcl p6vo 0.05 waff, eivor 16oo fievd
koru0!v6p!"nxoit 6 laser ecivror t<qoo'Qddvdpeoc d:t6 rd g(l)r(r rrlE n6letog. ('H
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A, B Kdi
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dpr0p6 dldrpLrorv Korcordoov; fl6oeg eivor oi rcr<rordoeugcir6gl (IupnepL-
l,<i6etexci trlv iniiiQool roi oJrivroi iltrertpovior.)
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10 n16oxQdrQoobe6ep6rr,uv flerrpoviror o16 &ropo; (2) flouoi eivouoi r6nwr
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016 dropo;
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rltrerrp6vroroi parti 16 beftepo.)
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A24.22'HK"or,rir,tr-Xv6E6pLop6vooororleiol6lerpLdiv6plerorptoroviotrl.49keV."Ay
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rdtco divetor EvcgpeqL169rcrd),o1og dvopcrotrolatrg:
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a lrsrctrr6olg orrl /?= 2,
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'An6
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A24.24 tlorrr eivor f1 ou1v6t1to t4g dnLvo6o),icE nof 6rn6trurercrorcv 6vc r]l,errp6vro naQdyeapoq 24.9
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tdr?b), fitrQdl,raldr6 duorol,ov6lreE Snr.6qdoeLg
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A2,1.25 K<r0drg
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Kctqordoov ),ctr6verqL
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oeog2p <bgnq6gt6 etgog 6r.crltoproprourrlEdr,ntrr1E-rotcotrioeoE31ot6 r!6poy6vo;
A24.26 )rlpgtov<rp6 I11!'Eqio(l)ol 24.26, t6 pcpltL<6 n6io B fiof "6)r6rel" Evc oorpd-
rto rLvofpevo p6 rc1tTnxcrv p6oa06 Evo{},errpr,r6 neiiio E rivsl B = -/r00v x E.
(l) Aeilre 6rr yLd.vc rll,errg6vro tr6 prd kuK).rKlirQolui rou Bnlr ot6 &ropo rol
tdgoy6vol, 6 drog cir6q direr orr,16 p6tpo oitou rou polvlrlrorl netiiou eival
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292 Ktcp.24 AtopLx1 lopr7

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qulkQ[vEror16 r[E6iootr6 p runr,rti poyvltlrti ne6io toi ipyqfiIQiol';
A24.27 (1) LEiETE 6t &v dlvofoolpe rfv 6n[6gcoqtrlE 0toqcrloe<oE, f iv6pleLo orv66oeorg
r{E rcrcordoeorg 2p o6 vc &ropo pnopei vd lQcqi wr : !1az72mc2 , i5nol m eivol
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f1prilc totr il.ertqovioo rci a r] oto0eqd r1g i.emrlg iq1g. (2) 24.42
6eilvrL otr 6 braltoprop6Errlg l,emrlg 0qr1E,norl eivtr dvdLoyoErou /, oilcver
r(lxtreQa p6 r6a dropur6 dpr,0p6dl6 6tr, <rr)ldverf1 6p1er,o. olv6oeog. fr,d nor<i
rr,prjrepinor.rtotr Z 6 rhol,olu(6pevoq6rclopr.op6g),emqgrlqllE rrlE KaromdocDg
2p 6[ver pr,d"1ovdglrr1 6opi]" oulrqforp1 o6 p61e0ogp6 trlv av6Qyroolv66oeorg
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A24.28 oepri'r.cirdqgKcrdmoon loir dr6po! ror t6Qo16vou 61 61er.)"enn1iqf d).lti
Eler rlnpl.enr1 iqrj. (1) Ti nporcl.ei trlv in6q).enr1 tqii; (>HMEIA:H: T6
rrQrrlr6vro,6ro9 rci 16 r'1trerrp6vuo, eivcr Evc otrrpdrr,opr6oriv-j). (2) Xe puo
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Kcrcor(ioog, 16 &1oporou i6po16vou dxn6prer drrr,ro6oli<r olp6rlrcg 1.42
GHz. (Airi eivoLf drtr,vo6olic rav 21 cm noi eivaL prd onou6oic otrvr,ortooo
iknolnrl( pdiro(puJvrkdJv Kullcr(rv oro oulndv.t ndE rivcr o drolupropdg rilc
6r[6QlrrIE l]qiE lrlE 0ep.e],r,ridougKslo.ordoogo oiyKQron prd16 r : 2 dr,n1or-
QroUo rrlg ).FnrilgugilE:
flapdypopog 24.10 42.1.29 Kc0tirEqtriveror m6 >Xrlpo 24.19,6 "rpotup1r6og" rpoo<rvcro),uotrr6g (6 npoo<r-
varohop6E trig il"cliotlg 6v6p1ercg)rllE orQoqopprlEtoi ill.er,poviol oi Evo
pn"7v1rur6ne6io ivar 6 nQoocvorollop6g yld 16v 6Jroio16 J eivcL o1e66vd.vrr-
'EElyllor
ncpdL),ql.orp6E 16 B. neoorrurd rjv oirio 1udt6v rav6vo ait6, xoi
o1'v66orro! p6 tri poml roi 6Qd rrdl,too6 vo papilq poc oE Bvc poyvlrrKo
rbio.
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424.30 M6 nj 6o10erorrlg 24.46dnovqote ot(q nopordtco poriloerEyld r<iv
o io1up6 r6io 6roxoQrop6 Puschen-Bach roir iKova!rcr ox6 >Iylpa 24.18.
('Ayvoilorrri UrkQi inibQool rrlEouqFUEF(,g oniv-TQoxrdE). {l) ndoo rivdr ro
oXerux6eipog 6rcrloQroLrou r6v Karcordoov 3i Kdi 3p; (2) n6oo eivcL16 olerLrri
eupogqg 6trlt<1E 6v6pyer,oEr6v 3s ro( 3p Koromdorc'rv;
A24.31 (1) :6 r6oeE md0prE 8roloqi(ercl prd rordorool d ptoa oi vo rotri iolupo
poyvqrr,r6ne6io; floQ(rpavrKcv6acqirqll,Lop6g; (2) nog olJlKQivraLt6 etpog
xoll bLoXoQLoFoil r6v ord0Fov d (aip p6oooi 6vo;roi.6 iol-rq6 nedio;
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A24.32 nopornp{oerg rov lQotrpcivD rotr vGrQaoum6 qtiopn v6E6pr,otrrfvordore-
pr"oi, 6vcEnelpcpor116EouprepoiveLotr, oi otciOpeg3s rtiv dt6pcov(6l,6aeXXrlpc
24.1q)dna1ouvkord AU - 2 , lO t eV. nold Fdl.vlrKd ncbro uno),oyrterdrr
tndpler. orrjv nrgdvercloi amerou;
A24.33 "Evrr deiytrro6dpo16vouroro0rirol p6oo o6 vo pclvqrr,r6 r6ao rorv 100 C
(10 '? r). Oi perqnr6oLEdn6 rig K<rrdoxdoe'l.2p gd inL6eilolv qdlv6Ftvo
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A24.34 "Evo drouo bQioKrrqrpeoooe iv<r Go0eveg prnyv4rrronroio. (l) floroi tivor oi
ncqdloweg-g 6v6gill.errpoviol maEkaroordoerg drp kol d512t (2) Eivcr 16 eripoE
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oplporiler rrt popcpriZeemanltdg pxorrrd)oog3p---;3s (Xplpo 24.19) oF prtd
(>Xnpa 24.18). Kao6g o!p6civL qir6, oi.droprx69rcrcoro-
lt"oepi Paschen-Back
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dn6 prti "1,qp6 rti i6ro J,, 0d ouvelioer vd Xr6q1l'6xsQrlEv6gprc dr6 rrjv dl.),r1
Kcrdoroorl yt<i <iLeE tig rLp6gtoi f.olvllrKou r6aou.XQ1o[tlofio[6vraEatrd rd
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6vo6rtirTpcppariprovrcedrg pern6d.Li'ercr16 tqappo(6pevo n6io dn6 noLi doO-
v6; g61qLrol.f ioXup6.
A24.36 IIor.6riv<rrrti oe6voErou (c) rd.ior-r (Z : l9); ( 0) rou do6oraorr(Z = 20); (y) rou llnpd.ypoqog 24.1I
cpyr),aou (Z = l3); (6) ton Xlorpto\r(z: l'l\'.
A24.37 Mrti "pi!c" eivcr pLd6pd6o dt6trov rotr 6Qdod prti p<wd6notnv olvdrd(eroL p6
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A24.39 flepirou oa nord opuokpaoia rQLpE1,r r4v kivlol drr6 rddw(l)on 016 [ovo-
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ordorqrr Kaarr dvrroroi1or(dn6 16 k6\,rQo[dL(rgrorq [616'rt:Xrlpa2a.22(a)].
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(:HMEIO>H: 'H dr6orcol perc!6 r6v nup1vov016HCl ivar L275 A.)
A24.,13"Evq Atopo tbqxr.l6vou6piorercL orlv npdrol dLelepp6vlxortiotcol O = 2). (l) ncpdlQoqoE 2:1.12
116o4eiv<rLI iv6pleLa 6v6Erptorov[ouno6 pnoQeivd nporatr6oeL6lcvo1rcop6v1
irnoprrl; (2) n6oq il<rr f1 6),d1r,ot1iv6p1er,<r
!v6g eqJroviou nou U,'(oQivd
dropQoqn0i;(3) Il6o1 eivoLi1iv6plerc iv6g gorov[ol roi lrroeivd irneprpOei
dK0o[(rId:

IIPOBAHMATA
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n24.1 fvlKuor rrlv rivit].uo1 :toi direrctr otiv flopdypncpo 24.1 lLti rt] birvo.pl not r)ttra14:rctvru ol
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21
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re6[o. Aalte 6tr. { 6rivcpq Olverqr dr6 F: (t,V)B, 6nou p.V eivoL 6
dK6).o0ooE6qepor6g re).eo.rrlg:

x '-va=atat , E + t b ttz6.
r+
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rrlE oergdglaylor no6 1erdvc_
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Xqioqrt.)-

f(r + ar)= ^t) + *! + U! + ud!

dx dy 2z
= /G) + (arv)/G).
2fi6aoq dtopt'r4E,topqq n24' 'H
p6lr.or40uvrorciroqrrr. p'yvrlr.iE
..rrig roo dr.pou 10u d.pyipou eivcr.i i6r.o
FEqtrrl ev6Eptrov<op6vourll,errgoviou: (pJu.r. = itZ.". g ii.<iuaurcrg
dr6 16
1e1ov6Ecrlr6 rci pa flt 6o{Brq rnE 'EluoOoir,rE2+.8, 6ei[ie 6rr, yrovlc
i dnorl.G
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i KLvqrrK{ v6Qyerarotr Ev6E
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yrd vc rcpol0ei
dvtirl,coq 0.005 rad.
'Ena)"7q).ia
raraordoeon, fl24-3 .-r" ,ft..r<rq6vto2p (6q),c6rlp6 r6cvtr.ro6g dgl0 pouE =
.*.-n:T. n 2, ( = t). (1)
W = i,-mj =. j, nor.riv 6u6 Kcrroqrdoov etvcu ygoppr.r6E
:..fl"1111. _i
t llq raErvoltrlo@E'',(, n;, n"; (2),H ran&ortorl m, = g, 4, =
llt]:"t Tu "Xrf
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rcvw":friyio,, o,ogop.-
rurd)vrcrqordoe@v 66v eivqL6uvor6 orllv ,reeirwoo{ .fr
a!lr{. lVnblifsrr: egi_
o(l)ol J- = L, * ! 6ivel tvo rqiro perc[ri r<ov6u6
'Attopp6g40tl oplpdr<ovrofiLvop{oe<og.)
dnintv-x n24.4 "orav oi dK[jvE-x tv6g 600p6vou pr{rouE
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I loo6r4rc p, rrou
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 IIpo6Afipata 295

lovroL oi doov6lelegor1r6Ep6tfv x6dvtrool Bv6pyeucg ot6 dropo; Iuori tndplouv

'Artivrg
3 " L" rri.yp.eg Ko'(1-"K"; (2)
do,.wtXeLoE X p6 p{icl I<fpdiog Kovrd orriv
qi1p{ Lr1 Kdi pC rLp4 0.951 A rqoolimolv n(ivu) oro polu66o. II6oo :rd1og
po),ri66oudrcrrrIrcr yri vd Ci,orro0eaf1 Bwcol r4E 66opqg100 qoq6g 6rcv t6
p1KoEKiparoE ivor.(o) ts),crppri pelo).6repod;r6 0.951 A i (p) ti,aeed prKA6rAo
d r 6 0 . 9 5 1A ;
t124.5 >16 otioqpc fpep(cg vdg noprlvo (6rr{pcppo a), vc {irerrp6vro 6raypdqer 2iltuf4 oniu-tpoytag
rtlxl,o p6oc o6 Evo {},ertgrr6 fi6io. >16 oforrlpq iQepiqE ro! i},Kreovaou
(6rdlgoppo b), 6 nup{vcrg[Qro1QqrcrKaablFrot|eyaEvo poyvlrr,r6 ne6io B

>{
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po1'qrr,r6 crir6 re6[o. (1) Bpeire prd.Erqpool yrd 16 B roi 6eilre 6tr pnopi vd
l8aQea ,/\
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t"
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p6 tii o1o1v1 = v".) (2) @6rovrag16 :116ndvo dror6l,eopc yudt6 B p,Cadaxi,t rotr rueivo
'Elfuo)or1
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xQoxr0E B o ' -"
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(b) Xtiotlpc iqeploq
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8vo oropritr,orrod K[varq[p6oa o6 vc fli,errpr,r6 ne6[o, t{ 6yi},ope or4 6oQiq n(
I
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I
6iver,Evovdi'l,o rp6no yr,rivri 6yii'oupe riiv !ioc'.r<4
critrl p6trl 1p4orgonoi1o4rou I
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v
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E'
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ABCDE^tlietuldn6 a{v 6noid ed rQ6rr,vri rinoi'oyiooupe16 x}'elor6 6}.ori'{propo
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@6eivcuf1f),errpr,rrj Qo46rd pioou rnE
EnrgdveraEnorl neqlop(lercn dfi6 lriv Ki.erorriyaapprl. (l) 'Efuy4orc yrcri to
pqpnrtr6 fi6io o16 orimlpa dvogoqdg tori rrveircu poli pE16 ocopdrr,o eivor,prl
pq6evr.r6p6vo Brei 6noo 16 E eivor,prj p16evr,r6.(2)'Yro06rowaE <irr,t6 B eivor
Cgcnroprwrr6 ang Kl,rqrnEypapprlE (6voE or'l'l.oy,op6EouppxQ[qgpnoQi !d
6r,rcuoi.oyjoer,rrlv tfi60orl qtxi), 6yr1),ret{v 6lforooqyrd rd p6rQq,a : FoeoEv.
(3) Aei[re6rl{ dvuopctr,rrlpoqgrj toi drol}"6oparoE10! pipoug 2 eivcr,ioobivo-
p1 p6 r{v 'E[io<ooq24.26.
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orqogoqprl L. qrlrii
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J. EKqQqo4
yrd 16 6c0trlror6 yr,v6pvoL . S od ouvrigfilol r6v .6or"r"drn
'Agliore dq[gp6v s. I Ka( j.
(ME6OAO!: dr6 n{v Aliooo4 = (L + S).(L + S).
_J.J lqqor.po_
[6u6rqreErdv J2,L2 ro.tsr.) (2) aeite6ri y,cs=lra, roi
"i:1T..IllT6t
-il( + tlh'. Fr,dnor.6q
dr6 riErr.p6E
crlrEgeivarrri L xcriS o;e06vrcgii4tr4l,c
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K6awop47alm6 1124.8 T6 6vopol6pwo r6cwopr;1cvrr6 ouvlp[rovo riE
ovv4pitovo l,tov[6rEpraEf r(iv L Koi S
|rlroQivii 6eroti dw6 r6v.nino L.S = LS cosd.(l) Xpqorpolor,<irvrog16 drror6lre_
opq xoi rQoqyorilrvounqo6Lrlpotog,6e[!te 6rr

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oiv g:roqetorrlv
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6rr rd L Kqas tiv
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vd ndQe|,rrlv lrpi _ I (notl
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dl.l,r;lruru6qdo(l)g
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r]l,ertpovirrw. T6 onpq Oeilver 6vc dniouoreup6vo "i{oq "in
dtoprr6' povrcl,o lorl
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nuplvlrrl poyq"lq
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elv_qr.6_d0liiorqroE :rcEiyowcg-g,
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Aeilte 6rr.{ v6pryeucr no6 dnourelrq! 1r.dvd dvcorpcgei goqa "; qf
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tu = o p ""h1.
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p6 i6 K6awrK6 dQrep6
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XpttalporrcrirvrcE rt q(6oq
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rp[]rou l0' Z = 1.
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ro0 flLiou e.ivc' o6 pd
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= 3.,( =
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fre.Oo*r*O AprgfrO
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elrcl ftp,r.r1grorr-
r4,yr,r1rd.6)"opgd raf peoalou 6dqooEoror.leic.) (o) IIorg
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i Aeilre 6' etvcr. liuvaroi
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toi 6Lxot S xai L.
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n24.11 Oi orqoqoqp6gL rci S rori 6piorlkov qr6 ,rQoqyoripwo:rg661,4pc
ouvbudqowqr
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i0 6r,i"orrr.
 IIgo6Afipata 297

KCTo.OTdO[EKLV4OE(l)g.

24.12 T6 >XItV(r24.20 6EtX\tELn@gtpqcvilowoL oi 1pau.p6E D roi' rdpriyovrar dr6 16 MopEi Paschen-Back

vdrglo pooo6 Evcdo0adEpoTv1rrk6rre6[o(pr,ripopgr]Zeeman).Kdwe nop6polo
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6Ldorx4 poQgri./r<i6vc ne6[o <n6 6no[o oi pexqxoJrlorE ],6yo or(e6leorg onfv-
tpolr,dg 61ouv1ov6QLI<draErrp6EI(di 6r!etvor,Erloi edivovror, ot6 21r.1pa 24.18.
1124.13Xr6 qcvro mtr6 n),orttprlHalbsrarktd {iierrq6vuc Blouv 6vc ncgrilovrc-g no6 dpl <Daw6pcto Paschen-Back ot
rrlv rLpf 1 dvri yr,ri2. 'Evog (<oypdgoglperdlerol 66Iy[Eyrd 16 ntoE0d np6nrvri Etat dA).o r6opo
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rorl fil\eyia\ Halbstark.(1) "Av dyvorlooupeTr1oilelfu oriv-rQoxrdE Kqi e(l)Qri-
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n6io, r(l)E 0d nQ6nr,dv guorxd 1per,d(eraL,6rc)'7'ur61vqE vri d),irriler (a) r6v
dQr0p6r6v qxq0pdv 3s,(b) r(g daoordoergperold.rriw mcOprirv3s,(c) r6v dqr.0p6
r6v ficr0poa 3p <ai, (d) x[E dr[oordorEpmolf tiuv orq0p.<ov3pi (2) A60r 6fit
:t),6ov 661yieg or6v ro).l,ur61vqrlore vri otrplepul,ri6er,roi trl purgrl Eni6pco4
rqg ou[eileoE oriv-rpo1rdg.
ll24.l4 (1) A60r prd rQooeKruxrllooo, rrrj JrQryQagirob eorvopvouZ?eman\16. Ey(I @ao6pevo Zeemanytd.
rino0erur6r]l.errq6vr,o1<rrp(g o:riv. (2) )uyKQ(vreliE poQeEZeeman yt61tt"6,p"e.r.a- rj)"ewq6u La yop ig ott iv
nttoo4 3p + 3s 1ud t6 fi'errq6vr,o ltopiE on[v xc( yr,riEvo {},errq6v[o p6 oriv (i
poQq4yd ni ii6rq1reql:rttoo4 goiver,at or,627t11tct 24.20). (3) Il<rrg6r.aq6pouv
oi lt"oeq6;PaschenBackro,(Zeeman,&v qtor-rd 6qg6gouv,.1tri qv neg[nrcuo46v6E
ili,errpov(ou 1<opiE oniv;
II24.15 "Ev<rod66repodTopo rlveircu oTiiler"rovud6v6gl6wog rou 6noioo t6 6)'r"16goprb 'A,4Aetri6pao4
dt6pou-
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Arlr6 oqpo.iver,6rr, ii,eK- i6vrog
tpr,x6ne6io E (olroE ivqr air6 rof 6nprol]gya16 l6v) 16 dropo dvanai)ooELlLL6.
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oslrKrloroggd fioi 6.vop&\erattolao r,p6r4ta -cottdl"6Stou . (1) A eilte 6r I 16 &ropo
E),rrrcr,dt6 16 i6v p6 pr,<i6ivop1

- = - 2ae2
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6:rol r eivouf drrrvtkli dfi6orool roi dx6po! dfi6 16 K6vrgototr i6vrog. (2) flor,d
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t6vroE; (3) Bpeire pr.riErgpcoq 1rd 16 ).6.yorqg 6uvdpr,err4
or1r1g:tp6gnl 66vcg.r1
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a : 2 x 10-40C'?nlN. (IIAPATHPHEH: 'H brivapq pero!6 orl0r6Qovdr6l.ov
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n16lprllopc p6 rriv dn6orco4.)
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flplolrolrov uinou n Kq[ p dr6 rois 610ioug dnote].eircl.

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