Professional Documents
Culture Documents
a. Tekimetri Optik
Tekimetri Stadia
Tekimetri palang substen
Tekimetri Baji Optik
b. Tekimetri EDM
Tekimetri EDM-Teodolit
Tekimetri Elektronik
i) Tekimetri Stadia Menggunakan teodolait (atau alat aras) dan
setaf aras untuk mendapatkan jarak melalui bacaan garisan
stadia atas dan bawah yang terletak di teleskop teodolit.
ii) Tekimetri Baji Optik - Dalam tekimetri ini, sebuah teodolit yang
direka khas digunakan bersama-sama dengan alat pengukur
yang diletakkan di hadapan teropong, diarahkan ke satu setaf
khas dan satu set pengukuran boleh dibuat bagi kiraan jarak.
A B S
D = KS Kos + C
Hi = Ketinggian alat
= Sudut pugak S
V = Komponen pugak
h = Bacaan stadia tengah
dH = Bezatinggi V
h
D = Jarak condong
H = Jarak ufuk
K = 100
S = beza staf
C = 0 H B
i
dH
H = 100 S Kos2
V = 50S Sin 2 A
H
Nilai V bergantung kepada nilai sudut pugak. Jika sudut pugak
positif, V juga positif dan sebaliknya. Rajah juga menunjukkan
hubungan di antara tinggi alat(Hi), komponen pugak (V),
bacaan stadia tengah (h) dan beza tinggi (dH). Hubungannya
boleh dinyatakan seperti berikut:
Hi + V = h + dH
dH = Hi + V - h
*Tanda V positif jika sudut dongak dan negatif jika sudut
tunduk.
ALB = ALA + Hi + V - h (sudut tegak () adalah +ve)
ALB = ALA + Hi - V - h (sudut tegak () adalah -ve)
Jika aras laras titik A diketahui, maka aras laras titik B diberikan
sebagai:
ALB = ALA + dH AB
Ketepatan tekimetri stadia
Ketepatan bergantung pada dua kategori iaitu selisih alat dan
selisih semasa pengukuran dilapangan.
Alat
Nilai andaian pemalar K tidak betul dan kesilapan
menggunakan K dan C
Kejituan
Jarak: 1:500 1:1000
Beza tinggi : +/- 50mm
Kegunaan Tekimetri
Sesuai digunakan utk kerja ukur butiran dan ukur kontor
RUMUSAN
Automatic Level
Staff Bubble
CARA KERJALUAR UKUR TEKIMETRI
d
1 c
Trabas kawalan 2
3 3
Trabas kawalan
1-5 sudut mendatar 5
Kedudukan alat e
Pembukuan dan Hitungan
LOT 1242
LOT 1241 PELAN BUTIRAN DAN
ARAS LARAS
PETUNJUK
PAGAR
TIANG LAMPU
POKOK BUNGA
SEMPADAN HAKMILIK
STESEN KAWALAN
BANGUNAN KEKAL
LOT 1231
LOT 1245
NOTA
NO.PELAN : K(3)/KM(U)/Y/2001
ACCURACY AND TYPES OF ERRORS
Besides all the errors discussed in the topic on
total station, there are four (4) specific
sources of errors needed to be mentioned in
tacheometric observations
Staff readings
Tilt of the pole or staff
Vertical angle, and
Horizontal angle
PLOTTING OF TACHEOMETRIC DATA
The process of tying the topographic details to
the control stations fixed by traversing is
called detailing.
A map is the final
product of a
tacheometric
survey.
PLOTTING OF TACHEOMETRIC DATA
Type of Maps
Maps produced or normally used by engineers may
fall into one of the following three categories:
Topographic maps 1:50,000 to 125,000 which shows
natural and cultural features of an area.
Plans 1:10,000 or larger, which shows boundaries and
main features like roads, bridges and main buildings.
Detail survey plans (construction plans) at 1:1,000 1:250
PLOTTING OF TACHEOMETRIC DATA
Plotting Methods
Can be carried out manually, or by employing
computer aided design (CAD) systems.
The procedure consists fundamentally of plotting
individual points, regardless of which method is
used.
Lines are drawn from point to point to show the features.
Points can be plotted in different ways using distances and
directions, and lines can be scaled and plotted directly.
PLOTTING OF TACHEOMETRIC DATA
Plotting Methods
There are two main methods of plotting details as
discussed below:
Plotting by Coordinates
Plotting by Angle/bearing and Distances.
PLOTTING OF TACHEOMETRIC DATA
Map Layout
The surveyed area should be plotted to fit neatly in
the centre of a map sheet at the largest possible
scale.
North Direction
Every map must display a north line for orientation purpose.
Topographic Symbols (Legends)
Standard symbols should be used to portray topographic features.
Title of Map
Place title of the map where it is balanced on the sheet.
PLOTTING OF TACHEOMETRIC DATA
CONTOURING AND CROSS-
SECTIONS
Mohd Effendi Daud (Dr. Sc)
B.Surv (UTM, Malaysia) Msc (UTM, Malaysia), Dr. Sc (Nagoya Univ., Japan)
(Geomatic Division)
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, MALAYSIA.
Phone : +6074537363; +60197853740; Fax : +6074537060
E-mail : effendi@uthm.edu.my
Web: http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/
CONTOURING
For planning and development of an
engineering project, the engineer requires the
topographic of the natural ground.
An understanding of contours is therefore
essential in the interpretation of surface
topography.
Some basic understanding of contours is as
follow:
CONTOURING
CONTOURING
A contour is an imaginary line connecting all
points of the same elevation above or below a
datum.
Contours of different elevation cannot cross each
other except in the case of overhanging cliff or a
cave.
The height between successive contours is called
the contour interval
Its value depends on the variation in height of the area
being contoured.
The contour interval is kept constant for a plan or map
CONTOURING
The plan spacing between contour line indicates
the steepness of slopes.
Closely spaced lines indicated a steep slope
Widely spaced lines indicate a gentle slope.
CONTOURING
CONTOURING
Production of contours
There are TWO types of contouring method:
Direct Methods, and
Indirect Method:
from random spot heights
from a grid of spot heights
TGK=35.172 0.172 1.172 3.172
2.172 4.172
0.122
TBM A=35.050m
35
34
33
32
31
CONTOUR INTERPOLATION & PLOTTING
2.50
2.4 3.0 4.0 4.8
Hitungan jarak x dan y adalah:
x
y
2.4 = 5 cm
0.6 = 5/2.4 * 0.6
5 cm
x = 1.25 cm