Chapter 3 Conduction Differential Equation 3.1 Derivation This section presents the derivation of the differential equation that must be solved to determine the temperature distribution in a solid. Then, the heat transfer rate can be determined. ‘The differential equation can be derived by applying an energy balance on a "tiny" or "differential element. General sotd or) Boundary ong Figure 3.1 Iilustration of a differential element in Cartesian coordinates. Apply the first law to a 3-D control volume in Cartesian coordinates with the following assumptions: No movable surfaces (W’ = 0) Negligible kinetic and potential energies Isotropic solid (ky = =b Cy“ Cy (specific heat at constant P and V equal) Properties independent of temperature where V= volume of the control volume Since T(, y, x, is a function of more than one independent variable, the derivative & t is a total derivative with respect to time which can be obtained from the chain rule of calculus as followar=2| a) a +S yes YI, Divide the ebove equation by dt aren a oe o , a dt a& + eee ee lyon HO Whey a Oth, where = = vq = velocity in the x-direction = velocity in the y-direction © 25, = velocity in the z-direction at a _, ar ar ar fey + + avvr+ Fora solid y, = vy =vz=0; Vv=0 a _ @ at ‘The energy balance becomes ar Vey = 4= Gin ~ Fou + Geen Gt ‘The control volume is defined as V= Ar-Ay-Az, $0 er poplicrAyrAz = Gin ~ dour + Teen = g" -V = gq" AvdyAz Fin ~ Gow + Gen = [4x + dy + G2 ]~ [quiax + dyray + Geran] + g™ Ardy The energy equation becomes 3-2a ” pre dds P= [ax —qxvax] + [4y — Qyray] + [92 — Gorae] + 9” -AvAy-Ac Divide the equation by Ar-Ay-Az and take the limit as AvAy-Az-> 0 leit x0 ayo 0 Point (Volume is dxdyeey : In the limiting process of making Ax, Ay, Az—> 0 Axo de Ay dy Azo dz fir Ar30 Ayo Az 30 This limit process produces partial derivatives Tincit Pg, ~ duane Axo limit [4,-dyuy ] Ay>o Ay | oy limit Pg. —gasu | A230 | Ae From Fourier's law ede a 33himit 4, —4y 0) Ae Similarly Ay>0 limit [% = Iya limit a(,ar 42>0| Az Axdy|” &\ ee, ‘Therefore the energy equation for heat conduction in a solid becomes a(,aT a(,or af, or ” B/E) + 2(,87) + O(,) 4g a %) al £) 2 | The gradient of a scalar s is defined as a vector in the direction in which s increases most rapidly with distance, The gradient operator in the rectangular Cartesian coordinate system is given as 2,,9,,8 vo Sis Ste ae oy! ae where i, j, end k are the unit vectors in the x, y, and z-direction respectively. In terms of the gradient operator, the conduction differential equation becomes, pooh = VET) + a" or The gradient operator can be derived for any coordinate system: rectangular, cylindrical, spherical, bispherical, or other [1].T(69,0) vv Oo Cylindrical coordinates ‘Spherical coordinates ‘The temperature gradient in cylindrical coordinates is wr lar, ar vr aie jt Fe a ‘The gradient denotes a change with respect to distance. The length increment in the @ direction is rapnot db. Similarly, the temperature gradient in spherical coordinates is jane ian Lor vrai oil oy bes Yar Ty 86” “rsin(@) Og It should be noted that the length increment in the direction for spherical coordinates is rsin( DA.Special cases of the heat conduction equation © kis independent of T VARVT) = IV-VT=hOT or WT +g" % + steady state and A is independent of 7 vret k ‘+ steady state, no heat generation, and k is independent of 7 ‘The general heat conduction equation po V(KVD) + q"can be simplified for each us particular case as shown in the following example. Example 3.1-1 Derive a differential equation for temperature for the one dimensional heat transfer in rectangular coordinate system. The system is at steady state with no heat generation, however the thermal conductivity is dependent on temperature. Solution ‘The general heat conduction equation is poh = VAT +g" Since po = 0 for steady state and q"= 0 for no heat generation, the heat conduction equation, it becomes VARVT) =0 For L-dimensional heat transfer in Cartesian coordinate 3-6(SS) S62)" d(,aq a) Apply the product rule of differentiation (eat) ft, at de" de)“ de®” de de From the chain rule dk = tar aT hk, heal. & dT d& ‘The 1-dimensional heat transfer equation becomes aT, dk (dry. eft, R(T) 2 de aa) The above equation can be solved for T(x) once A(x) and the boundary conditions are given. The calculation of 1-dimensional heat transfer rate qx depends on whether 7(x) is known ot unknown once the thermal conductivity K(7) is given as a function of temperature, + If T(x) is known, q, can be determined from Fourier's law directly, na TE. ae Ce ‘© If Tix) is unknown or difficult to evaluate, qx can be determined from the direct integration of Fourier’s law, For the special case of steady state with no heat generation, qx is a constant and can be moved out of the integral sign.anf arena Jfecnar i ‘The fact that q, is a constant can be derived from an energy balance around a differential control volume Ads, & dé = gin — Gout + Fae Gp 18 Fou dee For steady s-ate with no heat generation qin = Jour ah de In the limit when dx approaches zero te 0% G=- ka. ~ constantChapter 3 Example 3.1-2 ‘The temperature distribution across a wall 0.40 m thick at a certain instant of time is given as T(x) = 300 + 100x + 150%” where Tis in degree Celsius and x is the distance in meter from the left side of the wall, Heat is generated uniformly in the wall at 2000 Wim’. The thermal conductivity of the wall is a function of temperature, KT) =20+ 0.027 where 7’ is in degree Celsius and k is in W/mK. Properties of the wall are known: density p= 1900 kg/m’, specific heat cp = 8 Wkg-K. 1) Determine the rate of heat transfer at x = 0 and x = 0.40 m. 2) Determine the rate of change of energy accumulated in the wall. 3) Determine the rate of temperature change at x= 0 and.x = 0.40 m, 04m Solution 1) Since T(x) is known, the heat transfer rate can be determined directly from Fourier’s law, A(100 + 300%) Atx=0, T= 300°C, k= 26 Wim-K qu(= 0) = —26 Wim -K x 1 m? x 100 °C/m = —2600 W Heat is leaving the wall at x= 0. Atx = 0.40 m, T= 364°C, k= 27.28 WimK40 m) = ~ 27.28 Wim-K x 1m? x 220 °C/m =— 6002 W que = Heat is enterng the wall at x= 0.40 m 2) Tke rate of change of energy accumulated in the wall may be determined from the energy with the system as the wall, ~ Jou t gen in = 6002 W: gow = 2600 Ws and 1m? x 0.40m x 2000 Wim’ = 800 W eon = ALG! ‘The rate of change of accumulated energy is dé = 6002, W — 2600 W + 800 W = 4202 W 3) The rate of temperature change at any position in the wall can be determined from the heat conduetion equation poy. EZ) +a" a axl ae 22(eet) pe, x ox) Rey 8(.af)_ ,@F , aka’ (Z) Beet aca ee oe +t a a) ax* ae Oe ax? OT Lax T(x) = 300 + 100x + 150x7 => & ~190+300x> © x Ox’ = 300 °Cim? KD) = 20+ 0.02T=> & 0.02 Wim Atx=0, T= 300°C, k= 26 WimK, pep = 15,200 Jim>-K 2f z)- 26 Wim-K x 300 °C/m? + 0.02 Wim-K? x (100 °C/m)? = 8,000 Wim? or 000W/ 000W/m? 100 Jim’? -K OF. SO + @ 15,200¥m’-K 1 = 0.658 °C/s 3-10Atx=0.40 m, T= 364°C, k= 27.28 Wim-K pep = 15,200 J/m*K, 2 (« z = 27.28 Wim K x 300 °C/m? + 0,02 Wim-K? x (220 °C/m)? = 9,152 W/m? x ar __9.152Wim*_, _ 2,000W/m* =. ROO = 0.734 °Chs @ 15,2003/m'-K ~ 15,200J/m>.K : Example 3.1-3 Tho quarter cylindrical systom shown has negligible temperature variation in the r and z directions. 72-71 is small compare to r; and the length in the z direction, normal to the page, is L. The cylindrical surfaces at r2 and r; are insulated and 72 is greater than 7). For steady-state conditions with no heat generation and constant properties, determine the temperature distribution 7() and the heat transfer rate qq, Solution 1) 7(@) may be determined from the energy equation or Pep VARVT) +g” For steady state with no heat generation and constant k Wr =0 ‘The Laplacian V"T is given in cylindrical coordinate as ar 3% vrei 8, Ler, er _ rar ar) Fag ae 0 3Since temperature is a function of @ only or aT 38" dg Integrate the above equation twice to obtain T=Cip+Cr where the two constants of integration C; and C2 may be determined from the boundary conditions: 6= 0, T= 11; 2 C= Ta -T)— m GaN The temperature distribution is then T=(T2 -1)24 +7; 2) The heat transfer rate gy may be determined from Fourier's law in the 6 direction ar ds where A= Ark, ds = Fd, and F= (ry + r2)/2 312‘Therefore The quarter cylindrical system shown has negligible temperature variation in the y and z directions. r; —r) is small compare to ry and the length in the z direction, normal to the page, is L. ‘The cylindrisal surfaces at ry and ry are insulated and Tp is greater than Ts. For steady-state conditions with no heat generation and constant properties, derive the energy equation by applying the first law to a differential element. Solution The control volume has an area Ar? Ad with a unit distance in the direction normal to the page. Apply the first law to the control volume at steady state dE == Gin ~ Gout + Foon = 0 eT Jou + Tee where Fin = 19 5 Tous = Fyeas5 aNd Agen Te— Tray = 0 3-13Divide by A@ and take the limit as Ad —> 0 lim [ds~doas] __ 4s 9 Ag>0| Ad dg From the Foarier’s law a = Me a where A= ArL, ds = F dp, and F= (ry + r2)/2 From the energy balance ay dg or 3-14Chapter 3 3.2 Boundary and Initial Conditions ‘The temperature distribution for heat conduction in a medium may be obtained from the differential energy equation and the boundary and/or initial conditions. Since the differential energy equation is second order in the spatial coordinate, two boundary conditions are required for each coordinate. However only one initial condition is required since the energy equation is first order in time. Boundary Control volume at boundary Solid systen ae n+ (Unit normal) / : Figure 3.2 Illustration of a control volume at boundary. Control volume Apply the first law of thermodynamics to the control volume at boundary shown where V=A,8=0 since 8=0 een= 9" V=0 Therefore =0 \ a \__, qn=+q ;—h 3-15‘A boundary cannot store heat because its volume is zero. ‘Typical Boundary Conditions Encountered ‘* Constant temperature Gradient or ‘slope’ at x = 0 atx=0, T= Ty or TO, y, 2,1) = Tw © Imposed heat flux Gradient or ‘slope’ at x = 0 a Apply gin ~ gow = 0 to the boundary input flux to the surface (a known value) - or| 3-16Gradient or ‘slope’ at x = 0 If gi, =O then 4g, = 9° + a a) al. Be careful of signs when writing boundary conditions + Establish directions of fluxes from information given * Write balance statement for boundary Gi ~ Go = 9 = Choose sign in Fourier's law to make flux direction consistent with assumed direction 7 Negative slope >” (Positive direction) «4 Ore q 3:17Example 3.2-1 A L-m thick slab is maintained at constant temperatures 7; and Tp at its two surfaces, If Ty = 400°K, T, = 600°K, and the thermal conductivity k of the slab is 100 WimK, determine the temperature gradient g and the heat flux q; for the three cases (a), (b), and (c) shown. Solution 600-400 1.0 = 200°K/m a OL 1.0 == 100 WimK x (200 °K/m) = + 20,000 Win? Heat :s transferred in the positive x direction at, a 600-400 1.0 9 00 °K/m == 100 W/mK x 200 °K/m = ~ 20,000 W/m? Heat is transferred in the negative x direction 3-18* Twosurface rubbing against each other ‘© Convection at a surface, Ty, is known ar| alan HT - Tw) T, (known) Temperature distribution From: the energy balance: 4, ~ diy =0 HT ~Ty) +kZ| =0 0 ar| _ A Blea te Tw) 319‘* Convection and Radiation Heat transfers ftom the fluid to the solid surface by convection from the bulk fluid temperature T., and by radiation from the surroundings at Tye. T, (known) Temperature distribution Grea = 3-O(To' ~ Tox") is a view factor that depends on emissivity only. This factor will be discussed in later chapter. Substitute tke above terms into the energy equation and solve for the temperature gradient in the solid, ar’ h Son 4 =-—=(To —Tw)- To — Tsar 2 hen, ~15)- 32 ¢ References: 1. Moon, P. and Spencer, D. E., Field Theory Handbook, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1971. 2. Incropera, F. P. and DeWitt, D. P., Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley & Son, 1996. 3.20Example 3, A thin flat plate of length L = 0.8 m, thickness ¢= 5 mm, and width w >> L is thermally joined to two large heat sinks that are maintained at a temperature of 60°C and 0°C, respectively. ecsege eager eoc oc The bottom of the plate is well insulated, while the net heat flux g" to the top surface is known to have a uniform value of 4000 W/m’. The thermal conductivity of the plate is 100 W/m-°K. Determine the temperature distribution along the plate. Solution x Making an energy balance on the control volume widx, we have d7| aT| — bt] +o) + q'wae=0 al ely 7 In the limit as dx — 0, we have aT yg de kt 4000 BHeooy a0 00500)" + Cx + Cz = — 4,000x7 + Cyx + Co -L2Oxt OQ =~ AP bw Ce Ate = 0, 7'= 60°C = Cy = 60°C Atx=0.8 m, T= 0°C=>0~ ~ 4,000(0.8)° + C1(0.8) + 60 => Cy =3,125°C/m " tneropera, F. P, and DeWit, D. P., Fundamentals of Heat Transfer, Wiley, 2002 3-21The temperature distribution along the plate is then T =~ 4,000x + 3,125x + 60 In this equation Tis in °C and x is in m. Example 3,2-3? In the bvo-dimensional body illustrated, the gradient al surface A is found to be O7/@y = 40 K/m, What are O7i@y and O7/Ax at surface B? Insulation _, Surface B ~, / BC Surface A ac \ le «10m, Solution ‘The temperature along the y-direction of surface B is constant, therefore G7/0y = 0 at surface B. Since 67/dy = 40 K/m> 0, the rate of heat leaving the body at surface A per m depth is given by ou =~ KY) ETA For steady state, the rate of heat entering the body at surface B must be equal to the rate of heat leaving the body at surface A. in = — K(1}(0,6)0TIGx}p = — KIY(1) BT Hence ADIAy\n = (0.6) OTOx|p => OT/Axl9 = 40/0.6 = 66.7 Kim *Incropera, F. 2. and DeWitt, D. P., Fundamentals of Heat Transfer, Wiley, 2002 3-22