Chapter 5 Conservation Laws: Control-Volume Approach 5.1 Macroscopic Mass Balance (Integral Relation) ‘The general balance equation can be written as Accumulation = Input + Generation - Output - Consumption The terms (Generation - Consumption) are usually combined to call Generation with positive value for net generation and negative value for net consumption, Let M = total mass (kg) of A within the system at any time. ‘in, =tate (kg/s) at which A enters the system by crossing the boundaries. Tita, = Tate (kg/s) at which A leaves the system by crossing the boundaries. xg =tate (kg/s) of generation of A within the system by chemical reactions. ‘eugs = Fate (kg/s) of consumption of A within the system by chemical reactions, ‘Then the mass balance on species A can be written as aM =m, +F 5.-1 Gein * Fam (6.1-1) If there is no chemical reaction, the mass balance equation is simplified to dM Fo tag — Fo 5.1-2) ade Tin — Mout G.1-2) Example 5.1-1 a. A tank contains 2 m3 of pure water initially as shown in Figure 5.1-1. A stream of brine containing 25 kg/m} of salt is fed into the tank at a rate of 0.02 m3/s. Liquid flows from the tank at a rate of 0.01 m3/s. If the tank is well mixed, what is the salt concentration (kg/m) in the tank when the tank contains 4 m3 of brine. i> PA‘ v Vit = 0) = 2 cubic meter F,=0.02 m/s Paix 25 kp/m? L Fy pa Figure 5.1-1 A tank system with input and output. SASolution Step #1: Define the system. System: salt and water in the tank at any time. Step #2: Find equation that contains a, the salt concentration in the tank at any time. ‘The salt balance will contain ps. ‘Step #3: Apply the salt balance around the system. Weed Pipa. -Fon =0.5~-0.01p% (1) where Vis the brine solution in the tank at any time, Need another equation to solve for Vand pa. oer, -F=0.02-0.01 = 0.01 m/s (E-2) Step #4: Specify the boundary conditions for the differential equation, Atz=0, V=2 m2, pa =0, at the final time 1, V= 4 m2 Step #5: Solve the resulting equations and verify the solution. Integrate Eq. (E-2) flar=0.01 fdr, to obtain 7=2+-0.01r When Y= 4 m3, /= 200 sec ‘The LHS of Eq. (E-1) can be expanded to Hence (0.01r+2) Pe+ 0010 =0.5-0.01pa ‘The above equation can be solved by separation of variables 5-2dp, 05-0.02p, 0.01642 1 ~ Foy MOS ~ 0.02pa) = 5 nO.01t +2) + Cy : ; In 0.5 - 0.02pq) = In(O.01¢ +2) + C (3) at =0, pa =0, hence 4 1n(0.5)=1n(2)+C 4) Eq. (E-3) - Eq. (E-4) iE (ue) = In| J 2 1- 0.0494 =(1 + 0.005 ty? Finally 25 ~ a5 0.005/7" €5) Pr=25 at = 200 sec = 7 (1-+0.005 x 200) Pr=25- Verify the solution 0, from (E-5); p, =0, as t+ ©, py = 25 kg/m3 53We now consider the general open system or control volume fixed in space and located in a fluid flow field, as shown in Figure 5.1-2. The streamline of a fluid stream is the curve where the velocity at any point is tangent to it. For a differential element of area d on the control surface, the rate of mass efflux from this element = (pv)( d4cosa), where ( dAcosa) is the area dA projected in a direction normal to the velocity vector v, a is the angle between the velocity vector v and the outward-directed unit normal vector n to dA, and p is the density Control volume N = > Streamlines of > fluid stream “Normal to surface dA. Control surface ‘Figure 5.1-2 Flow through a differential area d4 on a control surface. (pr\(dAcosa) is the scalar or dot product of p(v-n}dd. Since the normal vector n is pointing outward, the mass (efflux) leaving the control volume is positive (@ < 90°) and the mass (influx) entering the control volume is negative (a> 90°). If we now integrate this quantity over the entire control surface A, we have the net outflow of mass across the control surface or the net mass efflux from the entire control volume 7”. (= mass ee of mass .) ie of mass -) from control volume from control volume, from control volume, net mass efflux from control volume, = [orcosata = fom Since the rate of mass accumulation in control volume is a 25 pd¥ , the mass balance with no chemical reaction is a ala” =. focomaa (5.1-3) Equation (5.1-3) has the same physical meaning as equation (5.1-2) a Ting = tg However equation (5.1-3) is more general since it can account for the variation of density over the control volume Vand the variation of velocity v over the control surface A. 54.Example 8.1-2. Water is flowing through a large circular conduit with inside radius R and a velocity profile given by the equation . : =a{i-(2 nee [ (3) ] Determine the mass flow rate through the pipe and the average water velocity in the 2.0 ft pipe. 6ft ee Solution - Since v is a function of r, we first need to determine the mass flow rate through the differential area dA = 2nrdr di = (pv)(dAcosa) = (pv 2nrdr) since cosa = cos(0) = 1 ‘The mass flow rate through the area 7iR” is then obtained by integrating over the area ta -rof'di-(3)] rdr (1) Letz= a => dr = Rdz, equation (E-1) becomes tis = L6mpR? [ (124) ade => m= sono th = 4npR? = 4nx62.4x3" = 7087 Ib/s ‘The average velocity in the 2-ft pipe is mi 7087, =r = 36 fs pak OLAX XT Vave = 555.2 Microscopic Mass Balance (Differential Relation) ay Vile Vabse 2 aie Figure 5.2-1 Illustration of a differential element in Cartesian coordinates. Appling the conservation of mass to a 3-D control volume AxAyAz in Cartesian coordinates we obtain aM a : Go tune? = tity, — toy (62-1) The mass flow into and out of each surface are given by Ty, ~ tout = AvAz{(¥%)lx — (ovadlneax] + AvAz[(ory)ly — (Ory)lyay] + Axdy[(ovs)lz~ (P¥s)|arax] ‘Therefore Axayae Se = AyAc{(ovs)lx — (pvadlxeax] + Axdc|(ory)ly — (ory)lyeay] + AxAyl(pr2) |e (Pvz)ztaz] Divide the equation by Ax-Ay-Az and take the limit as Av-Ay-Ac> 0 lit So ayo 8 =e Point (Volume is ddyee) In the limiting process of making Ax, Ay, Az—> 0 5-6Ax> de Ay dy ‘Az— dz lim Ar 0 Op (Mr Jha CM )le_ PM Iyasy “COI (P¥,) lass “(PD le Ay>0 at Ae Ay Az a0 This limit process produces partial derivatives limit (pv, sae a0 a limit (0v,) wy v1, (0%) Ay>0 ay a limit (0v,)lesse ~(O-)L. _ Az 0 Az We then obtain the differential mass balance or the continuity equation. This equation must be satisfied at all points within any flowing fluid. 8p. ove) _ or) _ x (5.2-2) or ox oy Oz ¢ If the fluid is incompressible, p is a constant and equation (5.2-2) becomes Or My, OH (2-3) a Oy Equation (5.2-2) can be written in vector notation as a -V, wy The vector differential or del operator V is defined in RCCS (Rectangular Cartesian Coordinate System) as v=e2 +e, ox In this expression, e,, e,, and e, are the units vector in RCCs with the properties 5-7€; -€)= 0 ford x/ and @; -¢;=1 for i= where i, j=x,y, oz ‘Therefore area ciao) Vipv = (€x— + ey — +, ern (eae, te & oy + eypry + ep) = m,) , Hrs) , pv.) ax ey & ince OCP¥2) = 0% 4, OP Sinc A sy, 2 Vp = prey, jince Fe Maes Views pvt Vp Vv is the divergence of vector v and is given in RCCS as vv Og ay Vpiis the gradient of the scalar p and is given in RCCS as ‘The gradient of p is a vector in the direction in which p increases most rapidly with distance. The term V-pv is the overall or net rate of mass loss. V-v is the rate of outflow of volume (per unit volume). This situation could occur if the fluid were expanding due to a decrease in pressure, This would result in an outflow of volume across the boundaries of a fixed unit volume. Therefore pV-v is the rate of mass loss due to expansion. v-Vp is the net loss of mass due to flow if there is an increase in density in the gradient direction. There will be ‘more mass flow out of the system than the flow in, Example 5.2-1 Evaluate the divergence of the velocity vector v= ves + vyey, Where vy =— 0” sin(ker— a), vy = ce” cos(kx - a); c, k, and @are constants Solution — — ee a, , % _ 6 Vea a+ —* = 2 col sin(kr — at)] + [co cos(hr — cat a Oy ae [eo sing ] a (| ] ~ che” cos(kx — at) + cke”” cos(kx — at) =0 ‘The flow is incompressible since Vv = 24 Mr a ay 5:8Chapter 5 5.3 Macroscopic Energy Balance ‘The general energy balance equation has the form ‘Accumulation (Input Output) (Heat added) [Work done of Energy ) (of Energy) \of Energy) \ to System) | by — System Let Ey be the total energy (intemal + kinetic + potential) of a system, ri, be the mass flow rate of the system input stream, and 7,,, be the mass flow rates of the system output stream, then d ee : A Vo G Cor Bee + Ene) = Mn (Min $B Bi] Hag | Ma # SEF Blow | # OW (83-1) where Usys = system internal energy Exsys= system kinetic energy Epsys= system potential energy internal energies per unit mass of the system inlet and outlet streams Hig Mo V,,, Vay = average velocity of the system inlet and outlet streams © = rate of heat added to the system W = rate of work done by the system The net rate of work done by the system can be written as W=W, + W, where W, = rate of shaft work = rate of work done by the system through a mechanical device (e.g., a pump motor) W, = rate of flow work = rate of work done by the system fluid at the outlet minus rate of work done on the system fluid at the inlet distance time Rate of flow work done on the system fluid = Rate of work = Forcex Force xvelocity indin Vin 5-9)Rate of flow work done by the system fluid = PououYout = Pout Fine Bq, (5.3-1) becomes a a U5. + Bee + Epon) = w( Even] Pha (+ + + O-W, + Pin Fy Pow Fy (53-2) The internal energy can be combined with the flow work to give the enthalpy Prk Yin + Pin By = PyeP iy Interms of enthalpies f,, and 2, EW Bye * Ey) = th (i. Ese) ha (i +e] +0-W, 633) ‘The internal energy and the enthalpy can be related to the heat capacities where or(G] mo-(8] ar), ar), For constant values of Cp and Cy h= G)(T- Trop) and u = C(I - Tres) For solid and liquid Cp » Cy If the system is at steady state with one inlet and one exit stream 1h = iy = rity» equation (5.3-3) is simplified to (63-4) 1 Iroat — hin + 8(Eout ~ Zin) + = 8ECou ~ Zin) + > Let A= (“out”) - (“in”), and g= 2, * by the system, respectively, per unit mass flow rate. Equation (5.3-4) becomes be the heat added to the system and work done Ah gis + LAP =q—w (6.3-5) 5-10This equation also applies to a system comprising the fluid between any two points along a streamline within a flow field. If these two points are only infinitesimal distance apart, the differential form of the energy equation is obtained dh + ede + VV = y — ow (53-6) The d() notation represents a total or “exact” differential and applies to the change in state properties that are determined only by the initial and final states of the properties. The 4 notation represents an “inexact” differential and applies to the change in properties that depend upon the path taken from the initial to the final point of the properties, The forms of energy can be classified as either mechanical energy, associated with motion or position, or thermal energy, associated with temperature. Mechanical energy is considered to be an energy form of higher quality than thermal energy since it can be converted directly into useful work. Mechanical energy includes potential energy, kinetic energy, flow work, and shaft work. Internal energy and heat are thermal energy forms that cannot be converted directly into useful work. For systems that involve significant temperature changes, the mechanical energy terms are usually negligible compared with the thermal terms, In such cases the energy balance equation reduces to a “heat or enthalpy balance”, ie. dh = di. Example 5.3-1. In a residential water heater, water at 60°F flows at a constant 5 GPM into the 100 gallons tank and leaves at 3 GPM. Initially the tank has 10 gallons of 75°F water in it. ‘The tank gas heater heats the tank contents at a constant rate of 800 Btu/min, Assume perfect mixing, determine the temperature of the discharge water after 20 min. of operation. Water: Cp = Cy = 1 Biu/(Ib°F), density = 62.4 Ib/ft3. Unit conversion 1 £3 = 7.481 gal. Solution ~ Step #1: Define the system. Step #2: Find an equation that contains the temperature of the discharge water. The energy balance for the system gives the desired equation, SellStep #3: Apply the energy balance on the system with the reference temperature ret = °F. Neglect the changes in kinetic and potential energies compared with the changes in thermal energies. Sores = pF To = pFCpT+ O a “Wn = Fels a WT) 0 W os 3-2-5 y=10+2 at Step #4: Specify the initial condition for the differential equation. Att=0, T= 75°F Step #5: Solve the resulting equation and verify the solution, A dt at area _ aps (800)(7.481) 0 +227 +20 (5)60)- 37+ SO (t+ 10) & =395.91-57 dé dt 1 oe nhu+10” 5 ( at is 395.91—5T a 395.91-5T )- 395.91-5x75 inf + 10) vie 10 395.91 - 5T= aoor(2210) => T= 79.182 - 4.182 at ¢= 20 min., T= 79.1°F Equation (5.3-5) and its differential form, equation (5.3-6), are not convenient for solving engineering problems. (63-5) Ait gis + Lar = dh + gde+ VaV = &y ~ dv (63-6)‘We can use thermodynamics relations to convert the enthalpy term into a form that involves temperature, pressure, and density changes across the system, du = Tds ~Pa(/p) dh = du + Plp) = Tas ~Pd(llp) + aPIp) dh =Tds ~Patlip) + Patlp) + 2 = Tas +2 (53-7) P e For an idealized reversible process in which no energy dissipation occurs, the entropy change arises from heat transfer across the system boundaries Tas = & In any real system, the process is irreversible and there is dissipation of energy, therefore Tas = &q + Bes = du + Pap) (3-8) aP dh = 5y + be¢+ 4 3 + bee 7 In this equation der represents the thermal energy generated due to the irreversibility of the system. Substituting dh = dy + dee + “ into the differential energy balance, Eq, (5.3-6), P gives oP ge + VV + 01=— 5 P This equation can be integrated along a streamline from the inlet to the outlet of the system to give pe + gleo—2i) 4 Flare = aiV2) + er +w=0 (53-9) where er = de, ,w = [ov, and a = kinetic energy correction factor, a 2 for laminar flow, a= for turbulent flow. ‘The kinetic correction factor is due to the fact that the velocity profile is not uniform over the cross-sectional area of flow. For uniform flow, the rate of kinetic energy entering a C.V. is given as B, =(Lpv?)va i= (5) The kinetic energy per unit mass flow rate is then 5-13For turbulent flow, the velocity profile is almost flat, therefore Fe} 1 a=1 forturbulent flow vA 2 Figure 5.3-1 Laminar velocity profile in a pipe. The velocity for laminar flow in a pipe is given as ry r = 2V\1—|—| | =2¥ (1 - &), where 5 = — ¥, f (3) (1 8), where 7 ‘The rate of kinetic energy entering a C.V. is Oa Therefore B= ap v3 rdr = npr? fv! (2) By RR E, = mp [87°C - 8 add = Sap [-3°)' aus anon’ = matt? =p P 2% and a= 2 for lamina ow 5-14Chapter 5 5.4 Macroscopic Momentum Balance. The equation for the conservation of momentum with respect to a control volume (CV) can be written as follows: rate of accumulation) _.{ rate of momentum. } i ( rate of momentum | ( sum of forces ‘of momentum in CV! into CV out of CV acting on CV LenF bo = LaP),- Low), + LF (64-1) oer ‘The total force acting on the control volume consists both of surface forces and body forces. ‘The surface force is due to interaction between the control volume and its surrounding through direct contact at the boundary. The body force is due to the location of the control Volume in a force ficld. The gravitational field and its resultant force is the most common example of the body force that will act on the entire control volume and not just at the control surface. Example 5.4-1. Figure §.4-1 Gravity-flow tank The above figure shows a tank into which an in compressible liquid is pumped at a volumetric flow rate Qo (ft/s). The height of liquid in the vertical tank is h (ff). The flow rate ‘out of the tank is Q (ft/s). The length of the exit line is L (ft) and its inside diameter is D, (ft). The cylindrical tank has an inside diameter D, (ft). The liquid level h is determined as a fanction of time given an initial height /, and initial velocity Vy of the liquid in the pipe. Solution - Step #1: Define the system. We assume plug-flow conditions and incompressible liquid for the liquid flowing through the pipe. Therefore all the liquid is moving at the same velocity, more or less like a 5-15solid rod. The velocity ¥ (ft/s) is equal to the volumetric flow Q divided by the cross- sectional area 4, of the pipe. Fo = : FL 0 L Figure 5.4-2 Exit line of the gravity-flow tank Let control volume (CV) be the fluid inside the exit line then the mass m of fluid inside the pipe is ApLp. Step #2: Find equation that contains the liquid level h. ‘The liquid level can be obtained from the mass balance however the volumetric flow rate must be obtained from the momentum balance. Step #3: Apply the momentum balance on system. rate of accumulation of momentum in CV, oa = Gy Aoley) = Opv rate of momentum (vate of momentum) input — 0 CV ot of YS (a of forces = Fo~ Fu. Fr, where acting on CV ) eee Fo = Apphg (hydraulic force) + ApPam (static force due to surrounding pressure) F.=ApPum (Static force due to surrounding pressure) Fr = KiLV? is the frictional force due.to the viscosity of the liquid pushing in the opposite direction from right to left and opposing the flow. ‘The momentum equation for the fluid inside the exit line becomes a i a Gi Bele) = Fo~ Fi Fe= Appl ~ KeLV Ww K, =£4- “2p - rah -1) Pe, To describe the system completely a total continuity equation (mass balance) on the liquid in the tank is also needed. 5-16or (B-2) Step #4: Specify the boundary conditions for the differential equations. We need to solve two coupled ordinary differential equations (B-1) and (E-2). Physical dimensions, parameter values, and initial flow rate and liquid height are given in Table 5.4-1 Table 5.4-1 Gravity-flow tank data Pipe: 3 Area = 7.06 ft? Length = 3000 ft Tank: 12ft Area = 113 22 Height =7 ft Initial values h=30f V=20 fils Parameters density = 62.4 Ib/ft3 Kp= 0.0281 Ibf-s"/f* Step #5: Solve the resulting equations and verify the solution, Substituting the numerical values of parameters into Eqs. (B-1) and (E-2) give ¢ =0.0107h— 0.00205 ¥2 3) dh _ O, -2 5-4) To Try 7 0. 02ABY 4) The above equations can be solved by Matlab with initial values of ¥ and h at a given Qo. Table 5.4-2 lists the Matlab programs and results with Q ~ 35.1 f13/s. Figure 5.4-3 shows the results in graphical forms. Table 5.4-2 Gravity-flow tank results % Example 5.4-1, gravity flow tank % Main program xspan=0;10:500; [xy]=0de45(‘ex541'xspan,[2 3)); plot(xy(:,1),%6y(:.2),"") grid on S17xlabel(‘t(s)') ylabel('V,h') legend('V(ft/s)’,"hift)’) % Example 5.4-1, gravity flow tank function yy = ex541 (x,y) % y(A)=V, y(2)=h yy(1,1)=0.0107*y(2) - 0.00205*y(1)"2; yy(2,1)=35.1/113- 0.06248*y(1); £(sec) ¥ (ft/s) Af 0 2.0000 3.0000 10.0000 2.3225 4.7643 20.0000 2.7830 6.2814 30.0000 3.3314 7.4812 40.0000 3.9112 8.3254 50.0000 4.4704 8.8100 60,0000 4.9660 8.9622 70.0000 5.3712 8.8320 80.0000 5.6730 8.4842 90.0000 5.8703 7.9809 100.0000 5.9718 7.3821 110.0000 5.9925 6.7461 120.0000 5.9491 6.1199 130.0000 5.8571 5.5362 140.0000 5.7314 5.0198 150,000 5.5878 4.5889 160.0000 5.4381 4.2515 170.0000 5.2896 4.0072 180.0000 5.1502 3.8529 190.0000 5.0272 3.7803 2000000 4.9246 3.7785 210.0000 4.8437 3.8344 220.0000 4.7843 3.9347 230.0000 4.7467 4.0652 240.0000 4.7295 4.2115 250.0000 4.7300 4.3626 260.0000 4.7450 4.5096 270.0000 4.7711 4.6440 280.0000 4.8045 4.7591 290.0000 4.8418 4.8514 300.0000 4.8804 4.9201 310.0000 4.9177 4.9653 320.0000 4.9514 4.9883 330.0000 4.9799 4.9917 340.0000 5.0023 4.9790 350.0000 5.0190 4.9540 360.0000 5.0297 4.9203 370.0000 5.0349 4.8817380.0000 5.0354 4.8420 390.0000 5.0319 4.8034 400.0000 5.0254 4.7677 410.0000 5.0168 4.7364 420.0000 5.0072 4.7109 430.0000 4.9973 4.6918 440.0000 4.9877 4.6789 450.0000 4.9789 4.6717 460.0000 4.9712 4.6697 470.0000 4.9649 4.6720 480.0000 4.9602 4.6776 490.0000 4.9572 4.6856 500.0000 4.9556 4.6951 Lae AOE EOS HES ROCHE SOOO UES IOI SEI OO IIo HOE 2 as 0 «SCS a a a ) te) Figure 5.4-3 Velocity and liquid height in an unsteady-state gravity flow tank, 5-19‘The following example presents a system where energy and momentum balance must be applied to obtain the results. Example 54-2 7 Advertised is a small toy, aerocket, that will send up a signal flare and the operation “is, so simple that itis amazing” (Fig. 5.4-4) piston trigesr Figure 5.4-4 Aerocket Our examination of this device indicates that it is a sheet metal tube 7 ft long and 1 in2 area. A plug shaped into the form of a piston fits into the tube and a mechanical trigger holds it in place 2 # above the bottom. The mass of the piston is 3.46 Ib. To operate the device, the volume below the piston is pumped up fo a pressure of about 4 atm absolute with a small hand pump, and then the trigger is depressed allowing the piston to fly out the top, The pyrotechnic and parachute devices contained within the piston are actuated by the acceleration force during ejection, When we operated this toy last summer, the ambient temperature is 90°F. Assuming no friction in the piston and no heat transfer or other irreversibility in the operation, how high would you expect the piston to go? What would be the time required from the start to attain this height? Solution - Step #1: Define the system System: The piston. Step #2: ‘ind equation that contains fh, the height the piston will attain, ‘The momentum balance will provide the velocity of the piston as it leaves the metal tube. An energy balance can then be applied to determine f. Step #3: Apply the momentum balance on the system. " Tester, J. W. and Modell M., Thermodynamics and Its Applications, Prentice Hall, 1997, p.58 5-20piston. trigger compressed air, Let the positive direction be pointing upward, the momentum balance on the piston becomes 1m Het = (P — Pray) ye where m= mass of the piston. Ves = velocity of the piston P = pressure of the compressed air within the metal tube Paya = surrounding atmospheric pressure ‘Ap = cross-sectional area of the piston g~ acceleration of gravity We need to obtain the velocity of the piston as a function of the vertical distance z. First, the relation between the pressure P and the volume V of the moles NV of compressed air within the metal tube must be determined. For the adiabatic expansion of air dU= dW => NCydt =~ Pav From ideal gas law: PV = NRT => d(PV) = NR dT NdT= — (PdV + VaP) R paw + a VaP =~ PAV => CyVaP =—(R+ Cy)P dV 5-21Integrating the equation from the initial conditions (P;, Vi) to (P, V) gives In (PIP) = ~ y In(VIV}) , where y = = (P~ Patm) Ap = mg. St =PiAp| 2) -Patm 4p- at “(| au ite m My = AE (Pade) m PA,zT Pry A, FL and b= Eg m m ‘The momentum equation becomes us Wey de b = dt dz dt Wor = b> Vea -b Step #4: Specify the boundary conditions for the differential equation. At At =2 ft, Ve 7 ft, Vou 0 Step #5: Solve the resulting equation and verify the solution, How high would you expect the piston to go? Integrate the momentum equation to obtain 2. HM. b+ Cy 5.22ait Atz=2)=2f, Ver =0-> C1 = b2}- I-y ‘The numerical values of a, b, and C} can be evaluated PAZ] _ (AY14.T)A2"*)32.2) = 24/52 = ae 14441103 f24/s ‘Note the conversion factor from Ibf to Ib Pandy. g = WOA-TVAN32.2) m 3.46 + 32.2 = 169 fs? ve C= bey 4 27 = (1692) + ee 2-04 = 3,074 f2/s2 l-y Therefore Pq =205(3,074 ~ 3,6102-04 — 1692)05 Atz=7ft, Vea = 21.6 fs ‘The height h attained by the rocket when it leaves the cylinder is evaluated from the conservation of energy. At the maximum height, ei = 0, all the kinetic energy becomes the potential energy. 1 1ha od | phe? = peh => a= 4 Vat = 1 Pret? = rah 2g 2322 The total height is 14.24 ft from the ground, ‘What would be the time required from the start to attain this height? The total time consists of the time the piston spent within the cylinder and the time spent outside the cylinder. ‘Time spent within the cylinder can be obtained by integrating & Vou = Gi, = 205(3,074 ~ 3,6102-94 — 1692)08 from z= 2 ft to 2=7 ft. This equation is rearranged and integrated numerically using Simpson’ formula with 5 points. 5-23seo fee 102 — 169 2(ft) fe) | 2.00 Si = 0.047909 3.25 f= 0.026712 0) f= 0.022637 a f= 0.020751 a ‘f= 0.019641 = (A+ 40+ 2f +44 +f) = 0.126 sec Time spent outside the cylinder is obtained by applying Newton’s second Jaw to the piston with the positive direction upward. m ta. at a, dz mg => Fat = g=> Vig = S == gt + Yoo pe ed leg eet at at f= 0, Foot = Vicio = 21.6 fe's Integrate the equation again O.Sg + Vrajot +z at f=0,2=2=0 05g? + Vout =— 16.12 +21.6¢ at z= 7.2447 ft=— 16.17 +21.6¢ Solve this equation for => ¢= 0.67 see Time to attain a height of 14.24 ft is: 0.126 + 0.67 = 0.796 sec Ler HciEo enon nol ane Rene coke Hie HEE ere ene He bbioh ine ei 5.24