Matematika Elementare Ylber Qerkini

Shprehjetracionalealgjebrike
1.POLINOMETDHEVEPRIMETMETO

Prkufizimi1.Shprehja
p( x ) = an x n + an-1 x n -1 + ... + a1 x + a0 ,
ku a0 , a1 ,..., an jannumrareal,xnumrreal,quhetpolinom(real).

Prkufizimi2.Nse an 0, numrinquhetshkallepolinomit p( x ). Simbolikisht

shnohet
deg p( x) = n.
Nktrastthemisepolinomipshtishkallssntsipasxit.
Prkufizimi3.Letjendhnpolinomet
p( x ) = an x n + an -1 x n-1 + ... + a1 x + a0
q ( x) = bn x n + bn-1 x n-1 + ... + b1 x + b0 .
Polinomet p( x ) dhe q ( x) jan identikishttbarabart atherdhevetmather
kur
an = bn , an -1 = bn-1 ,..., a1 = b1 , a0 = b0 .

PohimiBezu.Gjatpjestimittpolinomit p( x ) me x - a, a = const, mbetjashte

barabartme p(a). Nsembetja p( a) = 0, atherpolinomi p( x ) plotpjestohetme
x - a.

Detyra 1. T caktohet shuma e polinomeve

p ( x ) = 2 + 3 x + 7 x ; q( x ) = 7 + 3 x + x + x 3 + x 4 .
4 2

Zgjidhja.

p( x) + q( x) = (2 + 3 x + 7 x 4 ) + (7 + 3 x + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 ) = (2 + 7) + (3 x + 3 x) + x 2 + x 3 + (7 x 4 + x 4 )

= 9 + 6 x + x 2 + x 3 + 8 x 4 .
Shnim.Zakonishtpolinometiparaqesimsipasfuqivezbritse.

Nktrast p( x ) + q ( x) = 8 x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + 6 x + 9.
Detyra 2. T caktohet prodhimi i polinomeve
p( x ) = x + x - x + 2; q( x) = 2 x - x + x - 3
3 2 3 2

Zgjidhja.

q( x) = ( x 3 + x 2 - x + 2)(2 x 3 - x 2 + x - 3)
p( x)

= x 3 (2 x 3 - x 2 + x - 3) + x 2 (2 x 3 - x 2 + x - 3) - x(2 x 3 - x 2 + x - 3) + 2(2 x 3 - x 2 + x - 3)

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 Matematika Elementare Ylber Qerkini

= 2 x 6 - x 5 + x 4 - 3x 3 + 2 x 5 - x 4 + x 3 - 3x 2 - 2 x 4 + x 3 - x 2 + 3 x + 4 x 3 - 2 x 2 + 2 x - 6

= 2 x 6 + x5 - 2 x 4 + 3 x 3 - 6 x 2 + 5 x - 6.
Detyra3. Jandhnpolinomet p( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 3; q( x) = - x 2 - 3x + 5; r ( x) = x 2 + 7. T
caktohet:
1 3
a) p( x) - r ( x) + 2q ( x); b) p( x) + q( x) - r ( x);
2 4
c) p( x )
r ( x ); q ( x) - p ( x).
d) r ( x)

Zgjidhja.

a) p( x) - r ( x) + 2q( x) = ( x + 2 x + 3) - ( x + 7) + 2( - x - 3 x + 5)
2 2 2

= x 2 + 2 x + 3 - x 2 - 7 - 2 x 2 - 6 x + 10
= -2 x 2 - 4 x + 6.
1 3 1 3
b) p ( x) + q( x) - r ( x) = ( x 2 + 2 x + 3) + (- x 2 - 3 x + 5) - ( x 2 + 7)
2 4 2 4
1 2 3 3 9 15
= x + x + - x2 - x + - x2 - 7
2 2 4 4 4
1 2 3 2 2 9 3 15 1 3 2 9 6 + 15 - 28
= x - x - x + x - x + + - 7 = - - 1x +
1 - x +
2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4
5 5 7
= - x2 - x - .
4 4 4
c) p( x)
r ( x ) = ( x 2 + 2 x + 3)( x 2 + 7) = x 4 + 7 x 2 + 2 x3 + 14 x + 3 x 2 + 21 = x 4 + 2 x 3 + 10 x 2 + 14 x + 21.

d) q ( x ) - p ( x) = ( x 2 + 7)(- x 2 - 3x + 5) - ( x 2 + 2 x + 3)
r ( x)
= - x 4 - 3x3 + 5 x 2 - 7 x 2 - 21x + 35 - x 2 - 2 x - 3
= - x 4 - 3x 3 - 3x 2 - 23x + 32.
Detyra4.Tcaktohethersidhembetjagjatpjestimittpolinomeve:

a) (3x + 7 x - 4) : ( x - 1); b) ( x + 3 x - x - 3) : ( x + 1);

2 3 2

Zgjidhja.
a) (3x + 7 x - 4) : ( x - 1) = 3 x + 10 b) ( x + 3x - x - 3) : ( x + 1) = x + 2 x - 3
2 3 2 2

-3x 2 m3 x - x3 x 2
0 + 10 x - 4 2 x2 - x - 3

-10 x m10 -2 x 2 2 x
6 - 3x - 3

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 Matematika Elementare Ylber Qerkini

m3 x m3
Pra h( x) = 3x + 10; r ( x) = 6. . Pra,
0
h( x) = x 2 + 2 x - 3; r ( x) = 0.

Meq mbetja r ( x) = 0 prfundojm se polinomi x 3 + 3x 2 - x - 3 plotpjestohet me

polinomin x + 1.

Detyra 5. Duke zbatuar pohimin Bezu t caktohet mbetja gjat pjestimit t

polinomeve:

1
a) (3x - 2 x + 2 x - x - 7) : ( x + 2); b) ( x + 3x + x - 7) : x - c)
3 2
4 3 2
;
2
( x 3 + bx 2 - x - b) : ( x + b).
Zgjidhja.

a)Meqpolinomin p( x) = 3x - 2 x + 2 x - x - 7 poepjestojmme x + 2, prfundojm

4 3 2

se a = -2. D.m.th. caktojm p (a ) (gjegjsisht p( -2) ). Kemi

p( a) = p (-2) = 3(-2) - 2(-2) + 2(-2) - (-2) - 7 = 67.
4 3 2

1 1
b) Vrejm se n kt rast a = . D.m.th. caktojm p . Kemi
2 2
3 2
1 1 1 1 45
p = + 3 + - 7 = - .
2 2 2 2 8
c)Nktrast a = -b. Meq p( -b) = ( -b) + b( -b) - ( -b) - b = 0 prfundojmsembetja
3 2

shtzero.D.m.th.polinomi x 3 + bx 2 - x - b plotpjestohetme x + b.

2.TREKENDESHIIPASKALIT
ZBRTHIMIIPOLINOMITNFAKTOR

(a + b)1 = ( a + b)
(a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 .
(a + b)3 = a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b 3 .
(a + b)4 = a 4 + 4a 3b + 6a 2 b 2 + 4ab3 + b 4 .
TrekendeshiiPaskalit
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1

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 Matematika Elementare Ylber Qerkini

1. (a + b) 2 = (a + b)(a + b) = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 .

2. (a - b) 2 = (a - b)(a - b) = a 2 - 2ab + b 2 .

3. a 2 - b2 = (a - b)(a + b).

4. (a + b)3 = (a + b)(a + b)(a + b) = a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b 3 .

5. (a - b)3 = (a - b)(a - b)(a - b) = a 3 - 3a 2b + 3ab 2 - b 3 .

6. a 3 + b 3 = (a + b)(a 2 - ab + b 2 )

7. a 3 - b3 = ( a - b)(a 2 + ab + b2 ).

Detyra 6. Duke zbatuar formuln (a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 , t caktohet katrori i

shprehjeve:
a) x + 4 y; b) xy - 1; c) x + y + z; d) x - y - z; e) x 2 + y 5;
1 3
f) x - .
4 2
Zgjidhja.

a) ( x + 4 y ) = x + 2 x
4 y + (4 y ) 2 = x 2 + 8 xy + 16 y 2 . b) ( xy - 1) = x y - 2 xy + 1 .
2 2 2 2 2

c) ( x + y + z ) = (( x + y ) + z ) = ( x + y ) + 2( x + y ) z + z
2 2 2 2

= x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 + 2 xz + 2 yz + z 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 xy + 2 xz + 2 yz.

d) ( x - y - z ) = ( x + (- y - z )) = x + 2 x(- y - z ) + (- y - z )
2 2 2 2

= x 2 - 2 xy - 2 xz + (-( y + z ))2 = x 2 - 2 xy - 2 xz + ( y + z ) 2

= x 2 - 2 xy - 2 xz + y 2 + 2 yz + z 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 2 xy - 2 xz + 2 yz.

e) ( x 2 + y 5)2 = ( x 2)2 + 2 x 2 y 5 + ( y 5) 2 = 2 x 2 + 2 10 xy + 5 y 2 .
2 2 2
1 3 1 1 3 3 x 2 3 x 9
f) x - = x
- 2 x + = - + .
4 2 4 4 2 2 16 4 4
Detyra7.Tcaktohetkubiishprehjevevijuese:
1
a) x + 3; b) y - ; c)
2
2 x 2 + 3 y.
Zgjidhja.

a) ( x + 3) = x + 3 x 3 + 3x
32 + 33 = x3 + 9 x 2 + 27 x + 27.
3 3 2

3 2 2 3
1 1 1 1 3 3 y 3 y 1
b) y - = y 3 - 3 y 2 + 3 y -
= y - + - .
2 2 2 2 2 4 8

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 Matematika Elementare Ylber Qerkini

c) (2 x + 3 y ) = (2 x ) + 3(2 x ) 3 y + 3(2 x 2 )(3 y ) 2 + (3 y )3 = 8 x 6 + 3 3y + 3

4x4 9 y 2 + 27 y 3
2x2
2 3 2 3 2 2

= 8 x 6 + 36 x 4 y + 54 x 2 y 2 + 27 y 3 .

Dukezbatuarformuln a 2 - b 2 = (a - b)(a + b), tzbrthehenshprehjet:

Detyra8.a) x 2 - 1; b) x 2 - 16; c) 25 - y ; d) 16 x 2 - 1; e) 16 x 2 - 3; f)
2

x 6 y 4 - 0.01.
Zgjidhja.

a) x - 1 = x - 1 = ( x - 1)( x + 1) . b) x - 16 = x - 4 = ( x - 4)( x + 4) .
2 2 2 2 2 2

c) 25 - y = 5 - y = (5 - y )(5 + y ) . d)
2 2 2

16 x 2 - 1 = (4 x) 2 - 12 = (4 x - 1)(4 x + 1) .

e) 16 x 2 - 3 = (4 x) 2 - ( 3) 2 = (4 x - 3)(4 x + 3) . f)
x y - 0.01 = ( x y ) - (0.1) = ( x y - 0.1)( x y + 0.1) .
6 4 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2

1 2 1 2 49
Detyra9.a) x - y ; b) m - 25; c)
9 16 36
1
- a8 ; d) 16a 4 - 81b 4 ; e) 169m 2 n 2 - 4;
16
f) a 2 m - b 2 n .
Zgjidhja.
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a) x 2 - y 2 = x - y = x - y
x+ y
9 16 3 4 3 4 3 4
2
49 7 2 7 m
7 m
b) m - 25 = m - 5 =
- 5


+ 5

36 6 6 6

1
2
1 1 1
4 4
2
1 1
2 2 4
c) - a = - (a ) = - a + a =
- (a ) +a
8 4 2

16 4 4 4

2 4

1 1
2 1
2 4

1 2
2
1 1
2 4
=
- a
+ a
+ a =
-a
+a +a
2 2
4

2
2 4


1
1
1 1
2 4
= - a
+ a
+a + a .
2 2
2
4

d) 16a - 81b = (4a ) - (9b ) = (4a - 9b )(4a + 9b )
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

= ((2a )2 - (3b)2 )(4a 2 + 9b 2 ) = (2a - 3b)(2a + 3b)(4a 2 + 9b 2 ).

e) 169m n - 4 = (13mn) - 2 = (13mn - 2)(13mn + 2) . f)
2 2 2 2

a 2 m - b 2 n = (a m )2 - (bn )2 = (a m - b n )(a m + b n ).

Detyra10.a) (a + b) - c ; b) ( x + 2 y) - 4; c) ( x - 3 y) - 16 z ;
2 2 3 2 2 2

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 Matematika Elementare Ylber Qerkini

2
1 9
d) (2 x + 3 y ) - ( x + 5 y ) ; e) 4( x - 2 y ) - (2 x + 1) ; f) x - - ;
2 2 2 2

2 4

Zgjidhja.

a) (a + b) - c = (a + b - c )(a + b + c ) . b)
2 2

( x + 2 y ) - 4 = ( x + 2 y ) - 2 = ( x + 2 y - 2)( x + 2 y + 2) .
3 2 3 2 2 3 3

c) ( x - 3 y ) - 16 z = ( x - 3 y) - (4 z ) = ( x - 3 y - 4 z )( x - 3 y + 4 z ) .
2 2 2 2

d) (2 x + 3 y ) - ( x + 5 y ) = (2 x + 3 y - ( x + 5 y ))(2 x + 3 y + x + 5 y )
2 2

= (2 x + 3 y - x - 5 y )(3x + 8 y ) = ( x - 2 y )(3x + 8 y ) .
e) 4( x - 2 y) - (2 x + 1) = (2( x - 2 y)) - (2 x + 1) = (2 x - 4 y) - (2 x + 1)
2 2 2 2 2 2

= (2 x - 4 y - (2 x + 1))(2 x - 4 y + 2 x + 1) = (2 x - 4 y - 2 x - 1)(4 x - 4 y + 1)
= ( -4 y - 1)(4 x - 4 y + 1) .
2 2 2
1 9 1 3 1 3 1 3
f) x - - = x - - = x - -
x - +
2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2