Structural Analysis - III

Stiffness Method

Dr. Rajesh K. N.
Associate Professor in Civil Engineering
Govt. College of Engineering, Kannur

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Module II
Stiffness method

Development of stiffness matrices by physical approach

stiffness matrices for truss,beam and frame elements
displacement transformation matrix development of total
stiffness matrix - analysis of simple structures plane
truss beam and plane frame- nodal loads and element
loads lack of fit and temperature effects.

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 FUNDAMENTALS OF STIFFNESS METHOD
Introduction
Displacement components are the primary unknowns

Number of unknowns is equal to the kinematic indeterminacy

Redundants are the joint displacements, which are

automatically specified

Choice of redundants is unique

Conducive to computer programming

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Stiffness method (displacements of the joints are the primary
unknowns): kinematic indeterminacy

kinematic indeterminacy

joints: a) where members meet, b) supports, c) free ends

joints undergo translations or rotations

in some cases joint displacements will be known, from the

restraint conditions

the unknown joint displacements are the kinematically

indeterminate quantities

o degree of kinematic indeterminacy: number of degrees

of freedom

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 in a truss, the joint rotation is not regarded as a degree
of freedom. joint rotations do not have any physical
significance as they have no effects in the members of the
truss

in a frame, degrees of freedom due to axial

deformations can be neglected

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Stiffness coefficients
Example 1: Stiffness and flexibility coefficients of a beam

Unit action

Unit displacement

F11, F21, F12 , F22

S11 , S21 , S12 , S22 Forces due to unit dispts Dispts due to unit forces
stiffness coefficients flexibility coefficients
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Example 2: Action-displacement equations for a beam subjected to
several loads

A1 = A11 + A12 + A13

A1 = S11 D1 + S12 D2 + S13 D3

A2 = S21 D1 + S22 D2 + S23 D3

A3 = S31D1 + S32 D2 + S33 D3

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Stiffness matrix A1 = S11 D1 + S12 D2 + S13 D3 + ... + S1n Dn
A2 = S21 D1 + S22 D2 + S23 D3 + ... + S2 n Dn
............................................................
An = S n1 D1 + S n 2 D2 + S n 3 D3 + ... + S nn Dn

oIn matrix form, 1 11 12

A S S ... S1n D1
A2 S21 S22 ... S2 n D2
=
... ... ... ... ... ...
An Sn1 Sn 2 ... Snn Dn
n1 nn n1

A = SD { A} = [ S ]{D}
Action matrix, Stiffness matrix, Displacement matrix

Stiffness coefficient Sij

{ A} = [ F ] {D} [ S ] = [ F ]
1 1
[F ] = [S ]
1
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Stiffness method (Direct approach: Explanation using principle
of superposition)
Example: Propped cantilever (Kinematically indeterminate to
first degree)

Required to get B
degrees of freedom: one

Kinematically determinate structure is obtained by restraining

all displacements (all displacement components made zero -
restrained structure)

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Restraint at B causes a reaction of MB as shown.

wL2
MB =
12
(Note the sign convention:
anticlockwise positive)
The actual rotation at B is B
Hence it is required to induce a rotation of B

Apply unit rotation corresponding to B

Let the moment required for this unit rotation be mB

4 EI
mB = anticlockwise
L 10
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Moment required to induce a rotation of B is mB B

M B + mB B = 0 (Joint equilibrium equation)

wL2 4 EI MB wL3
+ B = 0 B = =
12 L mB 48EI

mB (Moment required for unit rotation) is the stiffness

coefficient here.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 Stiffnesses of prismatic members

Stiffness coefficients of a structure are calculated from the

contributions of individual members

Hence member stiffness matrices are to be developed.

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 Member stiffness matrix for prismatic beam member with
rotations at the ends as degrees of freedom

A
B

2 EI 2 1
[ SMi ] = 1 2
L

Verification:
1
L L 1
3EI 6 EI L 2 1 6 EI 2 1 2 EI 2 1
[ S Mi ] = [ FMi ] =
1
= 1 2 = =
L 1 2
L L 6 EI L(3) 1 2
6 EI 3EI
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Member stiffness matrix for prismatic beam member with
deflection and rotation at one end as degrees of freedom

S M 11 S M 12
[ SMi ] =
M 21
S S M 22

12 EI 6 EI
L3 2
L
=
6 EI 4 EI
L2 L

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Verification:
1 12 EI 6 EI
L3 L2
3EI
1 6 EI 6 3L L3 L2
2 EI L 2 L2 3L = 2 2
=
[ S Mi ] = [ FMi ] = 2 L ( 3L )
1
=
L L 6 EI
3L 6
3 L 2 L 6 EI 4 EI

2 EI EI L2 L

Truss member

EA
[ S Mi ] =
L

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Problem 1
Find the member stiffness matrix of the beam shown in figure,
with reference to the co-ordinates shown.
1

2
L,E,I

Unit displacement (vertical Unit displacement (rotation)

translation) w.r.t. DOF 1 w.r.t. DOF 2
(downward, according to the (clockwise, according to the
given co-ordinate) given co-ordinate)
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 4EI
12EI
L
L3

6EI
L2
6EI
L2

12 EI 6 EI
L3 L2
[ SM ] =
6 EI 4 EI
L2 L

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Problem 2

Find the member stiffness matrix of the beam shown in figure,

with reference to the co-ordinates shown.

1
L,E,I
2

Unit displacement (vertical

Unit displacement (rotation)
w.r.t. DOF 1
(clockwise, according to the
given co-ordinate)
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur
translation) w.r.t. DOF 2
(upward, according to the
given co-ordinate)
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Dr.RajeshKN
 4EI 6EI
L L2

6EI 12EI
L2 L3

4 EI 6 EI
L L2
[ SM ] =
6 EI 12 EI
L2 L3

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Member stiffness matrices for a few other cases
Plane frame member

S M 11 S M 12 S M 13
[ S Mi ] = S M 21 S M 22 S M 23

S M 31 S M 32 S M 33
EA
L 0 0

12 EI 6 EI
= 0 2
L3 L
6 EI 4 EI
0 2
L L

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Grid member

12 EI 6 EI
L3 0
L2

GJ
[ S Mi ] = 0 0

L
6 EI 4 EI
2 0
L L

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Space frame member

EA
L 0 0 0 0 0

0 12 EI Z 6 EI Z
0 0 0 2
L3 L
12 EI Y 6 EI Y
0 0 0 0
L3 L2
[ S Mi ] =

GJ
0 0 0 0 0
L
0 0
6 EI Y
0
4 EI Y
0
L2 L

0 6 EI Z 4 EI Z
0 0 0
L2 L
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Formalization of the Stiffness method
(Explanation using principle of complimentary virtual work)

{ AMi } = [ S Mi ]{DMi }
Here {DMi } contains relative displacements of the k end with respect
to j end of the i-th member

If there are m members in the structure,

{ AM 1 } [ S M 1 ] [0 ] [0] [0 ] [0 ] {D M 1 }

{ A M 2 } [0 ] [SM 2 ] [0] [0] [0 ] { D M 2 }
{ AM 3 } [0 ] [0 ] [ S M 3 ] [0 ] [0 ] {D M 3 }

=
{A } [0 ] [0 ] [0] [ S Mi ] [0 ] {DMi }
Mi

{ A }
Mm
[0 ]
[0 ] [0] [0 ] [ S Mm ] {DMm }

AM = SM DM
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 { AM } = [ S M ]{DM }
[S M ] is the unassembled stiffness matrix of the entire structure

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Relative end-displacements in {DM } will be related to a vector of joint

displacements for the whole structure, {DJ }

{DM } = [C MJ ]{DJ }
[CMJ ] displacement transformation matrix (compatibility matrix)

free (unknown) joint displacements {DF }

{D J } consists of:
and restraint displacements {DR }

If there are no support displacements specified,

{ DR } will be a null matrix

{DF }
Hence, {DM } = [C MJ ]{DJ } = [C MF ] [C MR ]
{ D
R }
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 Elements in displacement transformation matrix,

(compatibility matrix) [CMJ ] are found from compatibility conditions.

[CMF ] {DF }
and relate {DM } to and respectively
[CMR ] { DR }

Each column in the submatrix [CMF ] consists of member

displacements caused by a unit value of an unknown displacement
applied to the restrained structure.

Each column in the submatrix [CMR ] consists of member

displacements caused by a unit value of a support displacement
applied to the restrained structure.
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Suppose an arbitrary set of virtual displacements { DM }
is applied on the structure.

{ D F }
{ DM } = [C MJ ]{ D J } = [C MF ] [ MR ]
C
{ R }
D

External virtual work produced by the virtual displacements { DJ }

and real loads { AJ } is

D
W = { AJ }
T
{ DJ } = { AF }
T
{ AR }
T
F
DR

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Internal virtual work produced by the virtual (relative) end
displacements { DM } and actual member end actions { AM } is

U = { AM } { DM }
T

Equating the above two (principle of virtual work),

{ AJ } { DJ } = { AM } { DM }
T T

But {DM } = [C MJ ]{DJ } and { AM } = [ S M ]{DM }

Also, { DM } = [C MJ ]{ D J }

Hence, { AJ } { DJ } = {DJ } [CMJ ] [ S M ] [CMJ ]{ DJ }

T T T T

{ AJ } = [ S J ]{DJ }
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Where, [ S J ] = [CMJ ] [ S M ][CMJ ] , the assembled stiffness matrix for the
T

entire structure.

It is useful to partition [ SJ ] into submatrices pertaining to free

(unknown) joint displacements{DF }and restraint displacements {DR }

{ AF } [ S FF ] [ S FR ] {DF }
{ AJ } = [ S J ]{DJ } =
{ AR } [ S RF ] [ S RR ] {DR }

Where, [ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ] [ S FR ] = [C MF ]T [ S M ][CMR ]

T

[ S RF ] = [CMR ]T [ S M ][CMF ] [ S RR ] = [CMR ]T [ S M ][CMR ]

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
{ AF } = [ S FF ]{DF } + [ S FR ]{DR } { AR } = [ S RF ]{DF } + [ S RR ]{DR }

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } [ S FR ]{DR }
1
Joint displacements

Support reactions

If actual or equivalent joint loads are applied directly to the supports,

{ AR } = { ARC } + [ S RF ]{DF } + [ S RR ]{DR }

represents combined joint loads (actual and equivalent) applied
{ ARC } directly to the supports.

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 Member end actions are obtained adding member end actions
calculated as above and initial fixed-end actions

i.e., { AM } = { AML } + [ S M ][C MJ ]{D J }

{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ] ([C MF ]{DF } + [C MR ]{DR })

where { AML } represents fixed end actions

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Important formulae:

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } [ S FR ]{DR }
1
Joint displacements:

Support reactions: { AR } = { ARC } + [ S RF ]{DF } + [ S RR ]{DR }

Member end actions:

{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ] ([CMF ]{DF } + [CMR ]{DR })

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Relationship between force transformation matrix and
displacement transformation matrix

{ AS } {DS } = { AM } {DM }
T T

{ AM } = [ BMS ]{ AS }
{ AM } = [ BMS ]{ AS }
{ AM } = { AS } [ BMS ]
T T T

{DM } = [C MJ ]{DJ }
{D J } = {D S }
{ S } { S } ({ AS } [ BMS ] ) ([CMJ ]{DS })
=
T T T
A D

Hence, [ BMS ] [CMJ ] = [ I ]

T

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Problem 1

Kinematic indeterminacy = 2 (Rotations at B and C)

2 EI 2 1
Member stiffness matrix of beam member [ S Mi ] = 1 2
L
4 2 0 0
0
2 EI 2 4 0
Unassembled stiffness matrix [ S M ] =
L 0 0 2 1

0 0 1 2
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Fixed end actions

Equivalent joint loads

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Joint displacements
Free (unknown) joint displacements {DF } Restraint displacements {DR }

Each column in the submatrix [CMF ] consists of member

displacements caused by a unit value of an unknown displacement
applied to the restrained structure.

Each column in the submatrix [CMR ] consists of member

displacements caused by a unit value of a support displacement
applied to the restrained structure.
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 0 1 1 0 DF1 DF2
=1 =1
0 0
1 0
[C M F ]=
1 0

0 1

0 0 0 1

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

1L 1L 0 0 1 0 0 0

1 L 1 L 1L 1L 0 0 1 L 1 L

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 DR1 DR2 DR3 DR4
=1 =1 =1 =1
1 L 1 1 L 0
1 L 0 1 L 0
[CMR ] =
0 0 1 L 1 L

0 0 1 L 1 L

DF1 DF2 DR1 DR2 DR3 DR4

=1 =1 =1 =1 =1 =1
0 0 1 L 1 0

[CMJ ] = [CMF ] [CMR ] = 1 L 0 1 0 1 0
L L 0 0 0 1 1

0 L0 0 1 1

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Joint displacements

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } [ S FR ]{DR }
1

{DR} is a null matrix, since there are no support

displacements

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF }
1

4 2 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 2 EI 2
[ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ]
T
= L 0

0 0 0 1 0 2 1 1 0

0 0 1 2 0 1

2 EI 6 1
= 1 2
L
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 1

Free (unknown) joint displacements {D

2 EI 6 1 PL 1
F}= 1 2 9 2
L

PL2 1 0 PL2 0
= . =
18 EI 11 11 18 EI 1

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Support reactions { AR } = { ARC } + [ S RF ]{DF } + [ S RR ]{DR }
{DR} is a null matrix.

{ AR } = { ARC } + [ S RF ]{DF }

[ S RF ] = [CMR ]T [ S M ][CMF ]
T
1 L 1 0 4 2 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 2 EI 2 4 0 0 1 0
1 1
=
L 0 0 1 1 L 0 0 2 1 1 0

0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 1
6 0

2 EI 2 L 0
= 2
L 3 3

3 3
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
{ AR } = { ARC } + [ S RF ]{DF }

2 P
PL 6 0
2 EI 2 L 0
PL2
0
= 3 + 2
3P L 3 3 18 EI 1

3 3
P
2P
0 PL
2 P 2P
PL 0 0

PL2 2 EI 0 P
PL 3

= 3 + 2 = 3 + = 10 P
3P 18 EI L 3
3P 3 3
3 P
P P 2 P
3
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Member end actions
{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ] ([C MF ]{DF } + [C MR ]{DR })

{DR} is a null matrix { AM } = { AML } + [ S M ][C MF ]{DF }

3 4 2 0 0 0 0
2 0 1 0 PL2
PL 3 2 EI 4 0 0
{ AM } = +
9 2 L 0 0 2 1 1 0 18 EI 1
2
0 0 1 2 0 1

3 4 2 0 0 0 3 0 1
3 0 PL
PL 3 2 EI PL2 2 4 0 0 0 PL PL = 1
= + = +
9 2 L 18 EI 0 0 2 1 0 9 2 9 1 3 1
2 0
2 0 0 1 2 1 2 44
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Alternatively, if the entire [SJ] matrix is assembled at a time,
0 L L 0
0 0 0 L 0 0 L 1 0
4 2 0 01
2
1 1 1 0 0 2 EI 4 0 0 1 L 01 0 1 0
[ S J ] = [CMJ ]T [ SM ][CMJ ] =
LL 0 0 0 L

0 0 2

1 L L 00 0 1 1
1 1 1 1
0 0 1 2 0 L0 0 1 1

0 0 1 1

0 L L 0
0 0 0 L 6 4 L 6
2 L 0 0
1 1 0 0 2 EI 4 L 0 6 2 L 6 0
= 3
L 0 0 0 L 2 L L 0 0 3 3
1 1 1 1
L 2L 0 0 3 3

0 0 1 1

6L2 L2 6L 2L2 3L 3L
2
L 2L2 0 0 3L 3L
2EI 6L 0 12 6L 12 0 [ SFF ] [ SFR ]
= 3 2 =
L 2L 0 6L 4L 6L 0 [ SRF ] [ SRR ]
3L 3L 12 6L 18 6

3L 3L 0 0 6 6 45
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Problem 2:
10 kN/m 40 kN 100 kN
B C D
A 2m
4m 4m 2m

Kinematic indeterminacy = 3 (Rotations at A, B, C)(Not

considering joint D in the overhanging portion)

DF1 DF2 DF3

B C D
A

Degrees of freedom
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 2 EI 2 1
Member stiffness matrix of beam member [ S Mi ] = 1 2
4

2 1 0 0
0
2 EI 1 2 0
Unassembled stiffness matrix [SM ] =
4 0 0 2 1

0 0 1 2

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
13.33 kNm 13.33
20 20
B
A C
B

20 kN
20 kN 20 kN
20 kN
Fixed end actions

13.33 kNm 6.67 2x100 20 = 180 kNm

B
A

20 kN 20 +20 = 40 kN 20 +100 = 120 kN

Equivalent joint loads + actual joint loads

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 DF1 =1

1 0 0 0

DF2 =1

0 1 1 0

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 DF3 =1

0 0 0 1

DF1 DF2 DF3

=1 =1 =1
1 0 0
0 1 0
[C M F ] =
0 1 0

0 0 1
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Joint displacements

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF }
1
{DR} is a null matrix.

T
1 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 2 EI 1 0 0 0
[ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ]
T
=
1

2 0

1

0 1 0 4 0 0 2 1 0 1 0

0 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 1

1 0.5 0
= EI 0.5 2 0.5

0 0.5 1

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 1
1 0.5 0 13.33
Joint displacements {DF } =
1 6.67

0.5 2 0.5
EI 180

0 0.5 1

43.435
1
= 60.33
EI
210.6

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 Member end actions

{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ] ([C MF ]{DF } + [C MR ]{DR })

{DR} is a null matrix { AM } = { AML } + [ S M ][C MF ]{DF }

13.33 2 1 0 0 1 0 0
13.33 1 43.435
2 EI 2 0 0 0 1 0 1
{ AM } = + 60.33
20 4 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 EI 210.6
20
0 0 1 2 0 0 1

0
25

= kNm
25
200
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Problem 3:
24 kN 12 kN

5m B 5m C
A
10 m 10 m

Kinematic indeterminacy = 1 (Rotation at B)

DF1
B C
A

Degrees of freedom
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 2 EI 2 1
Member stiffness matrix of beam member [ Mi ]
S = 1 2
10

2 1 0 0
0
EI 1 2 0
Unassembled stiffness matrix [SM ] =
5 0 0 2 1

0 0 1 2

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
30 kNm 30 15 15
B C
A B

12 kN 6 kN
12 kN 6 kN

Fixed end actions

15
30kNm 15
B
A

12 kN 18 kN 6kN

Equivalent joint loads

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 DF1 =1
DF1
=1
0
0 1
0 1 1
[C MF ] =
1

0

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Joint displacements

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF }
1
{DR} is a null matrix.

T

0 2 1 0 0 0
1 1 2 0 1 4 EI
[ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ]
T
=
EI
0
=
5
1 5 0 0 2 1 1


0 0 0 1 2 0

5 18.75
Joint displacements {DF } = {15} =
4 EI EI

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Member end actions

{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ][C MF ]{DF }

30 2 1 0 0 0
30 0 1 18.75
EI 1 2 0
{ AM } = +
15 5 0 0 2 1 1 EI
15
0 0 1 2 0

30 1 33.75
3 0 2 22.5

= + 3.75 =
15 2
22 .5
15 1 11.25

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 Problem 3a 20 kN

9 kN/m 40 kNm

A 4m B 4m C
2EI EI
Kinematic indeterminacy = 2 (Rotation and deflection at B)
(Considering B as a NODE)

2 EI 2 1
Member stiffness matrix of beam member [ Mi ]
S = 1 2
L

4 2 0
0
4 0 0
2 EI 2
Unassembled stiffness matrix [SM ] =
4 0 0 2 1

0 0 1 2
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 0 0
12 kNm 12
B
A B C
0 0
18 kN
18 kN

Fixed end actions

12 kNm 12+40=52 kNm 0

B
A
C

18+20 = 38 kN 0
18 kN

Equivalent joint loads + actual joint loads

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 [CMF ] consists of member displacements due to unit displacements on
the restrained structure.

DF1 =1

0 1 1 0

DF1 DF2
=1 =1
DF2 =1
0 1
4 1
1
[CMF ] =
4 4 1
1 4 1 4 14 14
0 1
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 DR1 DR2 DR3 DR4
=1 =1 =1 =1
1 4 1 0 0
1 4 0 0 0
[CMR ] =
0 0 1 4 0

0 0 1 4 1

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 {DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } [ S FR ]{DR }
1
Joint displacements

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF }
1
since there are no support displacements.

[ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ]
T

4 2 0 0 0 1
4 0 0 1 4 1
1 0 4 4 0 2 EI 2
=
4 1 1 1 1 4 0 0 2 1 4 4 1

0 0 1 2 0 1

8 6

EI 0 4 4 0 16 6 EI 96 12
= =
32 1 1 1 1 8 3 32 12 18


Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur
4 3 Dr.RajeshKN
 32 1 18 12 52 1 9.70
{DF } = =
EI 1584 12 96 38 EI 61.09

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Member end actions
{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ] ([C MF ]{DF } + [C MR ]{DR }) {DR} is a null matrix

{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ][C MF ]{DF }

12 4 2 0 0 0 1
12 0 1 4 1 1
2 EI 2 4 0
9.70
= +
0 4 0 0 2 1 4 4 1 EI 61.09
0
0 0 1 2 0 1

12 4 2 0 0 61.09 12 444.14 67.52

12 2 4 0 0 99.89 12 521.74 53.22
1 1
= + = + =
0 8 0 0 2 1 22.29 0 8 105.67 13.21
0
0 0 1 2 61.09 0 144.47 18.06
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Support reactions { AR } = { ARC } + [ S RF ]{DF } + [ S RR ]{DR }
{DR} is a null matrix.
{ AR } = { ARC } + [ S RF ]{DF }

[ S RF ] = [CMR ]T [ S M ][CMF ]
1 4 1 4 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 2 EI 2 4 0 0 1 4 1
=
0 0 1 4 1 4 4 0 0 2 1 4 4 1

0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1

1 4 1 4 0 0 8 6 6 3
1 8
EI 0 0 0 16 6 = EI
6

=
8 0 0 1 4 1 4 8 3 8 3 1.5

0 0 0 1 4 3 4 3
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
{ AR } = { ARC } + [ S RF ]{DF }

18 6 3
12 8
EI
6
1 9.70
= +
0 8 3 1.5 EI 61.09
0
4 3

18 241.47 48.18
12
1 444.14 67.52
= + =
0 8 62.535 7.82
0 144.47 18.06

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Problem 4
Analyse the beam. Support B has a downward settlement
of 30mm. EI=5.6103 kNm2

Kinematic indeterminacy = 3 (Rotations at B, C, D)

2 EI 2 1
Member stiffness matrix of beam member [ S Mi ] = 1 2
L
4 2 0 0 0 0
2 4 0 0 0 0

2 EI 0 0 2 1 0 0
Unassembled stiffness matrix [ S M ] =
6 0 0 1 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 4 2

0 0 0 0 2 4
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 25 25

Fixed end moments

25 25

Equivalent joint loads

DF1 DF2 DF3

Free (unknown) joint displacements {D F }

A 30mm DR1 D
C
B
Support settlements (Restraint displacements) {DR }
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 [CMF ]and [CMR ] consist of member displacements due to unit
displacements on the restrained structure.

DF 1 = 1

A B C D

0 1 1 0 0 0

71
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 A DR1 = 1 D
C
B

1 3 1 3 16 16 0 0

DF 1 DF 2 DF 3 DR1
=1 =1 =1 =1
0 0 0 1 3

1 0 0 1 3
[CMJ ] = [CMF ] [CMR ] = 1 0 0 16

0 1 0 16
0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0
72
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Joint displacements
{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } [ S FR ]{DR }
1

[ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ]
T

T
0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
6 1 0
1 0 0 EI 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 = EI 1 6 2
= 3
0 1 0 3 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 4
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 1 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 1

73
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
[ S FR ] = [CMF ] [ S M ][CMR ]
T

T
0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 1 3
1 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 1 3
3 2
1 0 0 EI 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 6 = EI 1 2
=
3
0 1 0 3 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 6
0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 4 0

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } [ S FR ]{DR }
1

1
6 1 0 0 3 2
EI
= 1 6 2 25 EI 1 2 {0.03}

3
0 2 4 25
3
0

20 4 2 0 0.045
3 5600
= 4 24 12 25 0.015
116 EI
3
2 12 35 25 0
20 4 2 0 84
3
= 4 24 12 25 28
116 EI
2 12 35 25 0

1642 0.007583
3
= 108 =
0.0005
116 5.6 103
671 0.0031
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Support reactions

{ AR } = { ARC } + [ S RF ]{DF } + [ S RR ]{DR }

[ S RF ] = [CMR ] [ S M ][CMF ]
T

4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

EI 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0
= [ 1 3 1 3 1 6 1 6 0 0 ]
3 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 4 2 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 1
EI
= [ 3 2 1 2 0 ]
3

76
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
[ S RR ] = [CMR ] [ S M ][CMR ]
T
4 2 0 0 0 0 1 3
2 4 0 0 0 0 1 3

EI 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 6
= [ 1 3 1 3 1 6 1 6 0 0 ]
3 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 6
0 0 0 0 4 2 0

EI 0 0 0 0 2 4 0
=
2

0.007583
EI
{ AR } = {0} + [ 3 2 1 2 0] 0.0005 + {0.03}
EI
3 0.0031 2

EI EI
= ( 0.0116 0.045) = 0.0334 = 62.35
3 3

(Support reaction corresponding to DR . i.e., reaction at B)

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Member end actions
{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ] ([C MF ]{DF } + [C MR ]{DR })

0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3
0 2
4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3

0.007583
0 2 EI 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 16
{ AM } = + 0.0005 + {0.03}
0 6 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 6
0.0031
25 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 1 0 0

25 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 1 0

83.7
55.4

55.4
=
40.3
40.3

0 78
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Alternatively, if the entire [SJ] matrix is assembled at a time,

[ S J ] = [CMJ ]T [ SM ][CMJ ]
4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3
2
0 1 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3

0 0 0
1 1 0 EI 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 16
=
0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 16

1 3 1 3 1 6 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 1 0

2 0 0 2
0 1 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 2


0 2 0 1 2
EI 0 0 0 1 1

1
=
3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 2

1 3 1 3 1 6 1 6 0 0 0 4 2 0

0 2 4 0
6 1 0 3 2
1 2
=
EI 1 6 2
[ S ] [ S FR ]
= FF
3 0

2 4 0
[ S RF ] [ S RR ]
3 2 1 2 0 3 2
79
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Alternatively, if ALL possible support settlements are accounted for,

0 0 0 1 3 1 1 3 0 0

1 0 0 1 3 0 1 3 0 0
1 1 6 0
[CMJ ] = [CMF ] [CMR ] = 0
0 0 0 0 16

1 0 0 0 16 1 6 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 3

0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 1 3
[ S J ] = [CMJ ] [ SM ][CMJ ]
T

T
0 0 01 3 1 1 3 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 3 1 1 3 0 0
2
1 0 01 3 0 1 3 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 01 3 0 1 3 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 16 1 6 0 EI 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 16 1 6 0
=
0 1 0 0 0 16 1 6 0 3 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 16 1 6 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 3

0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 1 3

80
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 2 4 2 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 2 2 2 0 0

EI 1 3 13 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 0
=
3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 0

1 3 1 3 1 6 1 6 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 2 2
0
0 1 6 1 6 1 3 1 3 0 2 4 0 0 0 2 2

0 0 0 0 1 3 1 3

6 1 0 2 2 3 2 1 2 0
1 6 2 0 0 12 32 2

0 2 4 0 0 0 2 2

EI 2 0 0 4 3 2 4 3 0 0
[ S FF ] [ SFR ]
= =
3 2

0 0 2 4 2 0 0

[ S RF ] [ RR ]
S
3 2 1 2 0 4 3 2 3 2 1 6 0
1 2 3 2 2 0 0 1 6 3 2 4 3

0 2 2 0 0 0 4 3 4 3
81
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Joint displacements

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } [ S FR ]{DR }
1

0
1
6 1 0 0 2 2 3 2 1 2 0 0
EI 1 6 EI
= 2 25 0 0 12 3 2 2 0.03
3
3 0 2
4 25 0 0 0 2 2 0

0
20 4 2 0 0.045
3 5600
= 4 24 12 25 0.015
116 EI 3
12 35 25
2 0
20 4 2 84 1642 0.007583
3 = 3
= 4 24 12 3 116 EI 108 = 0.0005
116 EI 671 0.0031
2 12 35 25

82
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Support reactions

{ AR } = { ARC } + [ SRF ]{DF } + [ S RR ]{DR }

0 2 0 0 43 2 4 3 0 0 0
0 2 0 0 0.007583 2 4 2 0 0 0
EI EI
{ R}
A = 0 + 3 2 1 2 0 0.0005 + 4 3 2 3 2 1 6 0 0.03
50 3 3
1 2 3 2 2 0.0031 0 0 1 6 3 2 4 3 0

50
0 2 2

0 0 0 4 3 4 3
0

0 28.373 74.667 46.294

0 28.373 112 83.627

{ AR } = 0 + 21.653 + 84 = 62.347
50 19.973 9.333 79.31

50 13.44 0 36.56
83
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Member end actions

{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ] ([C MF ]{DF } + [C MR ]{DR })

0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 3 0 0
0 2
0 1 0 0 1 3 0
0
4 0 0 0 0 1 3 0
0.007583 0
0 2 EI 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 16 1 6 0

{ AM } = + 0.0005 + 0.03
0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 16 1 6 0
0
6
0.0031
25 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 13 1 3
0
25 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 13 1 3

83.7
55.4

55.4
{ AM } =
40.3
40.3

0

84
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Problem 5 85.33

1 3

2
KI = 2
(Rotations at A, B)
42.67
Equivalent joint loads

2 4 14 0 0 0 0
1 4 2 4 0 0 0 0

Unassembled 0 0 6 4.8 3 4.8 0 0
stiffness matrix [ S M ] = 2 EI
0 0 3 4.8 6 4.8 0 0
0 0 0 0 4 8 2 8

0 0 0 0 2 8 4 8
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 [CMF ] consists of member displacements due to unit displacements on
the restrained structure.

DF 1 = 1
DF 2 = 1

DF1 DF2
=1 =1
1 0
0 1

0 0
[CMF ] =
0 1
0 1

0 0 86
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Joint displacements

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } [ S FR ]{DR }
1

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF }
1
since there are no support displacements.

[ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ]
T

2 4 1 4 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 4 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4.8 3 4.8 0 0 0 0
= 2 EI
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 4.8 6 4.8 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 4 8 2 8 0 1

0 0 0 0 2 8 4 8 0 0
87
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 8 4
4 8

EI 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 EI 2 1
= = 1 9

8 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 10 2
0 8

0 4

1
EI 2 1 0
{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } = =
1
85.333
2 1 9

8 36 4 0 1 341.332 1 10.039
= =
4 8 85.333 34 EI =
272 EI 682.664 EI 20.078
88
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Member end actions
{DR} is a null matrix
{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ] ([C MF ]{DF } + [C MR ]{DR })

0 2 4 14 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 4 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 1

42.667 0 0 6 4.8 3 4.8 0 0 0 1 1 10.039
= + 2 EI
85.333 0 0 3 4.8 6 4.8 0 0 0 0 EI 20.078
0 0 0 0 0 4 8 2 8 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 2 8 4 8 0 0

0 0 0
0 120.47 15.059

42.667 1 200.78 67.765
= + =
85.333 8 401.56 35.138
0 160.624 20.078
89
of CE,
Dept.
0 GCE Kannur 80.312 10.039 Dr.RajeshKN
Homework 2:

80kNm
20kN m
B
C D
6m 3m 3m
2 3

4m
1

90
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Problem 6
60kN
20 kN m B
A C
6m 3m 3m

4m 60 60 45 = 15
45
D 1 3

Equivalent joint loads

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Unassembled stiffness matrix [SM ]

2 6 1 6 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 3 0 0 0 0
1 6 2 6 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 3 0 0 0 0

0 0 2 4 14 0 0 0 0 1 12 0 0
= 2 EI = EI
0 0 14 2 4 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 2 6 1 6 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 3

0 0 0 0 1 6 2 6 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 3

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 [CMF ] consists of member displacements due to unit displacements on
the restrained structure.
DF 1 = 1
DF 2 = 1

1 3

DF1 DF2
=1 =1
1 0
0 1

0 0
[CMF ] =
0 1
0 1

0 0
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
[ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ]
T

2 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 3 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 12 0 0 0 0
= EI
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 2 3 1 3 0 1

0 0 0 0 1 3 2 3 0 0

2 3 1 3
1 3 2 3

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 1 3 EI 2 1
= EI 0 = EI = 1 7
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 3 7 3 3
0 2 3

0 1 3
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Joint displacements

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } [ S FR ]{DR }
1

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF }
1
since there are no support displacements.

1
EI 2 1 60
= 1 7 15
3

3 1 7 1 60 3 435 1 100.385
= = =
EI 13 1 2 15 13EI 90 EI 20.769

95
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Member end actions
{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ] ([C MF ]{DF } + [C MR ]{DR }) {DR} is a null matrix

60 2 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 0
60 1 3 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 1 12 0 0 0 0 1 100.385
= + E I
0 0 0 12 1 0 0 0 1 E I 20.769
45 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 3 0 1

45 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 3 0 0

60 2 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 100.385
60 1 3 2 3 0 0 0 0 20.769

0 0 0 1 12 0 0 0
= +
0 0 0 12 1 0 0 20.769
45 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 3 20.769

45 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 3 0 96
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 60 60 0
60 19.616 79.616

0 10.385 10.385
= + =
0 20.769 20.769
45 13.846 58.846

45 6.923 38.077

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Problem 7

2 1 0 0 0
0
1 2 0 0 0
0

2 EI 0 0 2 1 0 0
Unassembled stiffness matrix [ M ]
S =
L 0 0 1 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 2 1

0 0 0 0 1 2

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 2
1 3

DF1 DF2 DF3

=1 =1 =1
0 0 1 L
1 0 1 L

1 0 0
[C MF ] = 0 1

0

0 1 1 L

0 0 1 L
99
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 [ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ]
T

2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 L
1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 L
0 1 1 0 0 0
2 EI 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0
= 0
L 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0
1 L 1 L 0 0 1 L 1 L
0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 1 L

0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 L
1 0 3 L
2 0 3 L
0 1 1 0 0 0
2 EI 2 1 0 4 1 3L
= 0 = 2 EI 1
L 1
0 0 1 1 0
2 0 4 3 L
1 L 1 L 0 0 1 L 1 L L
0 2 3 L 3 L 3 L 12 L
2

0 1 3 L
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Joint displacements
{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } [ S FR ]{DR }
1

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } , since there are no support displacements.

1

1
4 1 3 L 0
2 EI 1
{ F}
D = 4 3 L 0

L 2
3 L 3 L 12 L P

13 3 3L 0 3
L PL 2

= 3 13 3L 0 = 3
84 EI
2 84 EI
3L 3L 5L P 5 L

101
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Member end actions
{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ] ([C MF ]{DF } + [C MR ]{DR })

{ AM } = [ S M ][C MF ]{DF }
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 L
1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 L
3
2 EI 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 PL2
{ AM } = 3
L 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 84 EI
0 5L
0 0 0 2 1 0 1 1 L

0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 L

2 1 0 0 0 0 5 12 4
1 2 0 0 0 0 2 9 3

2 EI 0 0 2 1 0 0 PL2 3 2
9 PL 3
= = 2 EI PL =
L 0 0 1 2 0 0 84 EI 3 L 84 EI 9 14 3
0 0 0 0 2 1 2 9 3

0 0 0 0 1 2 5 12 4
102
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Problem 8 30kN m
B
C
6m
60kN
6m
3m
A D

EI is constant. 2 1 0 0 0 0
1 2 0 0 0 0

EI 0 0 2 1 0 0
Unassembled stiffness matrix [ S M ] =
3 0 0 1 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 2 1

0 0 0 0 1 2
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 90 90
B
45 C 0
90 90
B 30 C

A 30
D
45 Fixed end actions 0

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 90 90 DF 2 DF 3
45
B 90 B
30 C DF1 C

D D
A A
Equivalent joint loads DOF

45

{ F}
A = 90
30

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 2
1 3

DF1 DF2 DF3

=1 =1 =1
0 0 1 6
1 0 1 6

1 0 0
[C MF ] = 0 1

0

0 1 1 6

0 0 1 6
106
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Joint displacements

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } [ S FR ]{DR }
1

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } , since there are no support displacements.

1

[ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ]
T

2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6
1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 6
0 1 1 0 0 0
EI 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0
= 0
3 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0
1 6 1 6 0 0 1 6 1 6
0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 1 6

0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 6 107
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 1 0 3 6
2 0 3 6
4 1 36
0 1 1 0 0 0
EI 2 1 0 = EI 1 4 36
= 0
3 1
0 0 1 1 0
2 0 3
3 6 3 6 12 6
2
1 6 1 6 0 0 1 6 1 6
0 2 3 6

0 1 3 6

1
4 1 3 6 45
EI 1
{ DF } = 4 3 6 90

3 3 6 3 6 12 6 30
2

0.93 0.0703 1.29 45 86.9

1
= 0.0703 0.93 1.29 90 = 1 48.2
EI
1.29 1.29 12.9 30 EI
329
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Member end actions
{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ] ([C MF ]{DF } + [C MR ]{DR })
{ AM } = [ S M ][C MF ]{DF }

2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 70.6
1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 6 48.3
86.9
EI 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 48.3
{ AM } = 48.2 =
3 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 EI 329 86.7
0 86.7
0 0 0 2 1 0 1 1 6

0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 6 70.6

109
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Problem 9:

5m
3m
1

50 kN
3 5m
3m 80 kN
5m 2

4m 4m

0.2 0.0 0.0

0.0
Unassembled stiffness matrix [ S M ] = 0.0 0.2

0.0 0.0 0.2
110
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 =0.8
7 .6
1 3 6.8 3=
0
s .1
co 53
0 .6 1 s
co
0. 1
8
53.13
3
2
36.87

DF1 DF2
=1 =1
0.8 -0.6
-0.8 0.6
[ MF ]
C =
0.8 0.6

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Joint displacements

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } [ S FR ]{DR }
1

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } , since there are no support displacements.

1

[ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ]= 0.384
T
-0.096
-0.096
0.216

2.930 1.302 -50 -250.651

{ DF } = =
1.302 5.208 -80 -481.771


112
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Member Forces:

{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ] ([C MF ]{DF } + [C MR ]{DR })

= [ S M ][C MF ]{DF }

0.2 0.0 0.00.8 -0.6

250.651
= 0.0
0.0 -0.8 0.6
481.771
0.2

0.0 0.0 0.2
0.8 0.6

17.708

= 17.708
97.917

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Problem 10:
2

1 3

0.2 0.0 0.0

0.0
Unassembled stiffness matrix [ S M ] = 0.0 0.5

0.0 0.0 0.2

114
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 6
=0.
3
3 .1
s5
cco
oss 3
c o 366.
.887 1
7==0
0..8
8

8
1

0.
0.
m

6
36.870

m
5

5
53.13

53.130

DF1 DF2
=1 =1
0.600 0.800
0.000 -1.000
[C MF ] =
-0.600 0.800

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Joint displacements

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } [ S FR ]{DR }
1

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } , since there are no support displacements.

1

[ FF ] [ MF ] [ M ][ MF ] =
S = C S
T
C 0.144 0.000
0.000 0.756

6.944 0.000 15.000 104.167

{DF } = =
0.000 1.323 -10.000
-13.228

116
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Member Forces:

{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ] ([C MF ]{DF } + [C MR ]{DR })

{ AM } = [ S M ][C MF ]{DF }

0.2 0.0 0.0 0.600 0.800 10.4

{ AM } = 0.0 0.0 0.000 104.167
-1.000
-13.228
=
0.5 6.6

0.0 0.2 -0.600 0.800 -14.6
0.0

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Problem 11 (Homework):

0.866 0.000 0.000

Unassembled stiffness matrix [ S M ] = 0.000 1.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.500

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 1
66
5 0. 8

0. 5
0.

0.8
1

66
DF1 DF2
=1 =1
0.866 0.500
1.000 0.000
[C MF ] =
0.500 -0.866

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Joint displacements

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } [ S FR ]{DR }
1

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } , since there are no support displacements.

1

[ SFF ] = [CMF ] [ SM ][CMF ] = 1.774

T 0.158
0.158 0.591

0.577 -0.155 5 2.887

{DF } = =
-0.155 1.732 0 -0.773

120
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Member Forces:

{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ] ([C MF ]{DF } + [C MR ]{DR })

{ AM } = [ S M ][C MF ]{DF }
0.866 0.000 0.0000.866 0.500
2.887
{ AM } = 0.000 1.000 0.0001.000


0.000
-0.773
0.000 0.000 0.500
0.500 -0.866

1.830

= 2.887
1.057

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Problem 12:

B C D
AE/L is a constant 1 2 3

450
A
450
300
50 kN

1 0 0
AE
Unassembled stiffness matrix [ M]
S = 0 1 0
L
0 0 1

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 B C D B C D
1 2 3 1 2 3

0.7
A A 07
45 0
450 1
7 07
0. 1 0.
70

0.
70
7

7
DF1 DF2
=1 =1

0.707 0.707
1.000 0.000
[C MF ] =
0.707 -0.707

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 [ SFF ] = [CMF ] [ SM ][CMF ]
T

1 0 0 0.707 0.707
0.707 1 0.707 AE 1
= L 0 1 0 0
0.707 0 0.707
0 0 1 0.707 0.707

AE 2 0
=
L 0 1

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Joint displacements

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } [ S FR ]{DR }
1

{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } , since there are no support displacements.

1

L 1 0 25 L 12.5
{ DF } = 0 2 43.308 = AE 43.308
2 AE

125
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Member Forces:

{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ] ([C MF ]{DF } + [C MR ]{DR })

{ AM } = [ S M ][C MF ]{DF }
1 0 00.707 0.707
AE L 12.5
{ AM } = 0 1 0 1 0
AE 43.308
L
0 0 1 0.707 0.707

39.456

= 12.5
-21.781

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Problem 13: AE is constant.

A 0. 9
m
B

0.5m
0.8m
C D
0.75m
10 kN

1.11 0 0
Unassembled stiffness matrix [ S M ] = AE 0 1.25 0
0 0 1.33

127
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 A
0. ADC = 33.69 0
9m
B
0.5m

DF1 DF2
DF2
=1 =1
0.8m 13.330
0.832 0.555
D
C 20.360 [CMF ] = 0.938 0.348
0.75m DF1
1 0

128
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Joint displacements
{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF }
1

[ SFF ] = [CMF ] [ SM ][CMF ]

T

0.832 0.555 0 0.832 0.555

T
1.11 0
= 0.938 0.348 AE 0 1.25 0 0.938 0.348

1 0 0 0 1.33 1 0
1
1 3.199 0.921 0
{D F } =
AE 0.921 0.493 10

1 1 0.493 0.921 0 1 12.634

= =
AE 0.729 0.921 3.199 10 AE 43.882
129
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Member Forces:

{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ] ([C MF ]{DF } + [C MR ]{DR })

{ AM } = [ S M ][C MF ]{DF }
1.11 0 0 0.832 0.555
1 12.634
{AM } = AE 0 1.25 0 0.938 0.348
AE 43.882
0 0 1.33
1 0

1.11 0 0 13.843 15.38

= 0 1.25 0 3.42 = 4.275

0 0 1.33 12.634 16.8
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Homework 4:

AE is constant.

A B C
1 2 3

1m
D 450
600
20 kN
131
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Summary
Stiffness method

Development of stiffness matrices by physical approach

stiffness matrices for truss, beam and frame elements
displacement transformation matrix development of total
stiffness matrix - analysis of simple structures plane truss
beam and plane frame- nodal loads and element loads lack of
fit and temperature effects.

132
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN