1

LI NI U
1. GII THIU

Ngy nay, ngun xung c s dng ngy cng rng ri. Ngi ta bit n
ngun xung nh mt thit b bin i in p AC sang DC vi hiu sut cao. l
l do m ngun xung c s dng trong cc thit b tit kim in, bng n tit
kim in l mt v d c th nht. Do , s l mt thiu st ln nu ta khng s
dng ngun xung trong nhng ng dng khc, nh dng sc c-quy chng hn.

V nhiu l do khc nhau, c-quy ngy nay vn cn c s dng v chim v

tr khng th thay th. Mt ng dng c th ca c-quy l s dng trong cc robot
ca trng hc Lc Hng. Trn thc t, a phn cc my sc c-quy ang c s
dng ch n thun l mt bin p st t v diode cu. Cc my sc ny khng h c
b phn iu khin np cng nh phng s c. Nu ngi s dng khng
khi s dng, h rt d lm h my sc v c-quy khi xy ra s c: ngn mch
ng ra my sc hoc kt ni ngc cc c-quy vi my sc. Do , mt my sc c-
quy c thit k khc phc cc nhc im trn l iu cn thit.

Nhn thy yu cu do thc t cuc sng t ra nh k trn ti THIT K

V THI CNG MY SC XUNG CHO C-QUY do nhm thc hin ra i t
.

2. TM QUAN TRNG

nc ta, thi quen tiu dng ca ngi dn ang c nhng chuyn bin tch
cc. Nu lc trc, a s ngi dn thng chn nhng mt hng r, va vi ti
tin l tiu ch khi tiu dng ni chung v khi mua sm cc sn phm in t ni
ring. Nhng nm gn y, vn cht lng ca mt hng cng c quan tm.
Ngi dn sn sng b ra mt s tin cao hn mt cht, nhng mua c sn phm
d s dng, hn l sn phm r tin v hay h hng.

Khi hon thnh ti, nhm thc hin s gii thiu mt my sc c-quy p
ng yu cu ngy cng cao ca ngi s dng k trn. Ngi s dng hon ton
 2

yn tm khi s dng thit b ny, bi n hon ton d s dng. Ngi s dng

khng cn lo lng khi v tnh thao tc sai, my c thit k phng cc s
c ny. Ngi s dng cng khng cn ngi st bn my sc ch c-quy y nh
xa na. Khi c-quy y, n s sng n bo v pht ra mt on nhc, c-quy
cng c t ng ngt khi ngun in sc. Vi my sc do nhm thit k, n
c k vng s thay th c cc my sc km cht lng hin c bi tnh tin li
ca n.

3. MC CH NGHIN CU

Mc ch ca ti l tm ra hng thit k my sc c-quy mi, qua s ko

di tui th c-quy m vn m bo sc nhanh.

Mt mc ch khng km phn quan trng l to ra s thay i nhn thc trong

vic thit k mch in t ca sinh vin. Lu nay, khi mun iu khin mt chu
trnh mt cch t ng th sinh vin hay s dng vi iu khin. Hon thnh ti
ny nh mt hnh ng chng minh l: khng nht thit ta phi dng vi iu khin
trong mi trng hp.

4. GII THIU TNG QUAN V TI

c th gii quyt c nhng vn t ra nh trn, nhm nghin cu

t ra nhng ch tiu sau cho my sc c thit k:

Vn hnh n gin.

C n bo ch lm vic.

C kh nng iu chnh v cp dng np. Dng np hin th qua ampere k.

T ng ngt ngun np khi khng sc c-quy. Khi c-quy y, my sc s

ngt ngun np v pht mt on nhc di 30s.

C tnh nng bo v ngn mch ng ra.

Phi c c ch phng nga v cnh bo s c u ngc cc c-quy.

 3

Da trn nhng ch tiu trn, nhm nghin cu phc tho s khi my sc

nh sau:

220VAC NGUN XUNG C-QUY

DNG NP
MCH IU KHIN HI TIP

Hnh 1: Tng quan v mch sc c-quy.

My sc c-quy do nhm thc hin thit k s s dng mt ngun xung cung

cp nng lng np cho c-quy. Bn cnh , my cn c mch iu khin vic np
c-quy v phng nga s c xy ra.

Vic thc hin ti THIT K V THI CNG MY SC XUNG CHO

C-QUY c th chia ra lm ba giai on chnh:

Giai on u tin l thit k ngun xung np c-quy. y l giai on c

th ni l quan trng nht trong qu trnh thc hin ti. Vi vic thit k
ngun xung khng c ging dy trong Khoa C in, nhm sinh vin thc
hin ti phi c ti liu t nghin cu. Vic p dng l thuyt vo
thc t cng i hi s linh hot trng vic vn dng, bt c mt sai st no
cng c th dn n tht bi. Bn cnh l s nguy him cho ngi thit k
do phi s dng trc tip ngun in 220VAC.

Giai on th hai l thit k mch iu khin np c-quy. c th d dng

chuyn giao cng ngh, nhm thc hin phi nghin cu, tm hiu sao cho
ch dng cc IC thng dng m vn m bo tnh t ng ho cho mch.
Cng thm l s tch hp thm cc tnh nng bo v ngn mch, ngc
cc c-quy. y l cc tnh nng cn thit nhng li khng h c s mch
bt c u tham kho. Do , nhm thc hin phi th hin ht sc tnh
sng to trong vic vn dng kin thc hc vo thc t.

Giai on cui cng cng khng km phn quan trng l thit k v hp cho
my sc. Trong giai on ny, nhm thc hin phi vn dng cc kin thc
 4

v gia cng trn my CNC, qua v hp c thit k mi c chnh xc

v thm m t yu cu.

Hon thnh ba giai on trn, nhm thc hin cng hon thnh vic thc hin
ti mc tt nht c th. Bc u, qua thc t s dng my cho kt qu t
c nh ra. y c th xem l thnh qu rt ng khch l sau nhng c
gng khng bit mt mi ca nhm sinh vin thc hin.
 5

CHNG I

C S L THUYT CA TI
My sc xung do nhm thc hin thit k gm c hai b phn chnh: ngun
xung cng sut v mch iu khin.

1.1. Ngun xung cng sut

Nhim v ca ngun xung l cung cp cng sut np cho c-quy.

1.1.1. Tng quan v ngun xung [1]

Khi ni n ngun xung, ngi ta c th k mt s mch bin i thng

dng nh:

Mch bin i y ko (push-pull converter).

Mch bin i cu ton phn (full-bridge converter).

Mch bin i cu bn phn (half-bridge converter).

Mch bin i thun (forward converter).

Mch bin i hi tip (flyback converter).

Mch bin i chuyn mch (buck converter).

Mch bin i khuch i (boost converter).

Ngun xung c la chn thc hin ti ny l: mch bin i y

ko. Mch bin i y ko c nhng u nhc im sau:

1.1.1.1. u im

Cng sut ng ra ln gp i so vi mch bin i thun vi cng kch

thc li ferrite (li t dng ch to bin p xung c bit vi tn
li ferrite).

Cch ly gia in p ng vo v in p ng ra (tri ngc vi mch

bin i chuyn mch hoc khuch i).
 6

Tit din dy s cp nh hn mt na so vi mch bin i bn phn

vi cng kch thc li ferrite v cng cng sut ng ra.

S mch khng qu phc tp nh mch ton phn.

Xung nhn in p ng ra nh (tri ngc hon ton vi mch bin

i hi tip).

1.1.1.2. Nhc im

in p t trn MOSFET cng sut gp i so vi mch bin i bn

phn.

S vng dy s cp gp i so vi mch bin i bn phn.

Tuy cn mt s nhc im nu trn nhng ngy nay mch y ko vn

c s dng kh nhiu bi nhng u im ca n.

1.1.2. S khi mch ngun xung cng sut

220VAC CHNH LU BIN P NGUN DC

XUNG

NGUN IC IU HI TIP
PH KHIN

TN HIU
IU KHIN

Hnh 1.1: S khi ngun xung.

Ngun xung c thit k v thi cng l dng bin i in p DC cao p v

cha n nh ng vo thnh in p in p DC in p thp hn nhng n nh
ng ra.

Da trn nguyn l v s khi ngun xung trn, ta thy rng: t in p

AC ca li in s c nn bng diode cu, to ngun in p DC cao p. in
 7

p DC ny s np cho mt t cao p, mc ch l tch tr nng lng. Qua vic

ng ngt ca cc MOSFET cng sut to s bin i t thng trong li ferrite,
to in p ng ra.

iu khin qu trnh ng ngt ny, ta cn c IC chuyn dng. Mun IC

ny hot ng, ta phi c ngun nui cho n. Do , t in p AC phi c mt
bin p cng sut nh h p, sau c chnh lu lm ngun nui cho IC ny.

in p ng ra mun tht s n nh th phi cn n mch hi tip. Mch

hi tip c nhim v chuyn cc gi tr dng in, in p xem c t gi tr nh
mc hay cha. C th:

Mch hi tip in p: nhm gi in p mt ngng t trc.

Mch hi tip dng in: vng hi tip ny ch dng cho chc nng bo
v mch. Khi dng in ng ra ln hn cng sut thit k th mch s b
ngt, bo v mch trnh khi tnh trng h hng.

Vi tng thit k: mch ngun xung ch hot ng khi c c-quy kt ni

vo my, mch ngun xung s thit k sao cho khi ch c tn hiu t mch iu
khin gi n th ngun xung mi c php hot ng.

1.1.3. S nguyn l ca ngun xung

310V
R41 5R6/5W

INPUT D5

C10 C6 J2
~
103/1KV 150uF/400V F1 2A
D1 L1 1
1 2 104/1KV 2
R15 C22 RV1
1M
- + 3 4 431K
CON2
5mH
5A
~

15VIN
~ 3 T2 1

15VIN
C15 - +
C12 1000uF 4 2
104 D14
BIEN AP 9V
~ 2A

a) Khi chnh lu in p ng vo.

 8

D16
KHOI CHUYEN DOI CONG SUAT FR107
T1
12 2
F2 D12_2 C17 R33
J6 CON2 4A 15V_OUT 310V 8K2/2W
1 L 20uH R37 0.1R/5W 221/1KV
2 1 2 D12 10 3
R31 R32 BTTH3003C 9 4
470/1W 4k7 C11 R30
2200uF/35V C16 8K2/2W
D12_1 221/1KV
7 6
D6
OUTPUT FER 33 D15
FR107

10K
R28
Q2 Q1
KHOI NGUON PHU CHO QUAT FET A K1120 FET B K1120

TAN NHIET R29

10K

+SENSE

J1 U6 15V_OUT R16 PC817 +IN

4
1 3 1 0.1R/2W ISO5
GND

2 VOUT VIN
C23
220uF
QUAT 7812
2

3
b) Khi ngun ph cho qut tn nhit. c) Khi chuyn i cng sut.
15VIN

VREF
U5

13
15
R6 D11 4148
3K3 +IN 2

VC
+VI
+IN R17 33
-IN C7 472 -IN 1 11 FET A
5 -IN OUTA
R7 R4 100 CT D13 4148
3K3 7
DISCHG 14 FET B
R3 5K6 6 OUTB
R12 470 RT R19 33
VREF 8
J3 VREF 16 SS 9
D20 R43 2K2 R5 C8 C1 VREF COMP
1 1K 10uF 10uF 10 C5
2 SHDN 4 103
GND

D19 OSC 3
SHDN SHUTDOWN SY NC
1

SHDN SG3525A
12

PC817
ISO4 4148
2

d) Khi IC iu khin MOSFET cng sut.

15V_OUT
VREF

15V_OUT

R11 R20
470 R14 1K R22
1K
VREF 3K3
1

PC817 +IN
4

ISO2 ISO1
Q5 R9 R10 R35
GATE MCR100 3K3 1K R38
R18 PC817 1K 1K
2

Q3 2K2 R21 R23 C20

3

1K C1815 R34 1K R26 1K2

470
U4
47nF R24
R27
SHUTDOWN KA431 33

470 R39
680

e) Khi hi tip dng in. f) Khi hi tip in p.

Hnh 1.2: S nguyn l mch ngun xung cng sut.

 9

to thun li cho qu trnh phn tch mch, nhm thc hin xin c
php chia mch ngun xung ra lm cc khi nh hn. Sau y xin i vo phn tch
tng khi.

1.1.3.1. Khi chnh lu in p ng vo

310V
R41 5R6/5W

INPUT D5

C10 C6 ~ J2
103/1KV 150uF/400V F1 2A
D1 L1 1
1 2 104/1KV 2
R15 C22 RV1
1M
- + 3 4 431K
CON2
5mH
5A
~

15VIN
~ 3 T2 1

15VIN
C15 - +
C12 1000uF 4 2
104 D14
BIEN AP 9V
~ 2A

Hnh 1.3: Khi chnh lu in p ng vo.

Chc nng cc linh kin trong khi ny:

Cu ch F1 v varistor RV1 to thnh mt h thng bo v qu dng

v qu p:

Khi c hin tng qu dng (nguyn nhn ch yu l do chp

mch), cu ch F1 s b t, ngt ngun cp bo v cc linh
kin khng b h hng thm.

Varistor VR1 c chn c th chu c n in p 240V. Khi

in p ng vo ln hn 240V, ni tr ca varistor s gim xung
kh nhanh, to hin tng nh l ngn mch v lm t cu ch
F1, ngt in cung cp cho ngun.

Cun cm L1: ngn chn xung nhiu tn s cao khng cho lt vo

ngun.

T C10 v C22: T lc u vo, lm chp mch cc xung nhiu tn s

cao.
 10

in tr R41: hn dng np ban u cho t C6, hn ch vic phng tia

la in khi cm ngun cp cho my sc.

T C6: tch tr nng lng cp cho my bin p xung phc v

chuyn ho nng lng.

LED D5 v in tr R15 dng bo ngun ng vo v to ng x

cho t C6 khi my sc ngng hot ng.

Tm li:

T in p 220VAC, qua cc b phn bo v (cu ch, varistor), qua t v

cun dy lc xung nhn cao tn, qua in tr hn dng v np cho t tch tr
nng lng.

in p 220VAC cng cung cp cho my bin p T2 to in p 9 VAC

ng ra bin p, qua diode D14 v diode cu D15 to ra ngun ph cp cho IC
SG3525.

1.1.3.2. Khi IC iu khin li MOSFET cng sut

1.1.3.2.1. Gii thiu IC iu khin ngun xung SG3525 [6]

IC SG3525 l IC chuyn dng trong ngun xung, n c th c s

dng trong cc mch ngun sau:

Mch bin i y ko.

Mch bin i bn phn.

Mch bin i ton phn.

Mch bin i chuyn mch.

So vi nhng IC c cng chc nng khc nh: TL494, SG3524 IC

SG3525 c nhng u im sau:

C tch hp b li MOSFET hoc IGBT trn IC.

Tn s hot ng: 100 Hz n 400 kHz.

 11

C tch hp chn shutdown trn IC tt dao ng ng ra ca IC.

C tnh nng khi ng mm, cn gi l soft-start ( rng xung

li MOSFET tng t t khi khi ng ch khng t ngt).

C th iu chnh thi gian m c 2 MOSFET hoc IGBT u

ngng dn (thi gian cht).

S chn ca IC SG3525 c m t nh hnh 1.4 bn di:

Hnh 1.4: S chn ca IC SG3525.

Chc nng cc chn ca IC SG3525 c m t nh sau:

Chn 1 v chn 2 dng x l tn hiu hi tip v. Khi in p

chn 2 ln hn chn 1 th xung li MOSFET c rng ti a.
Ngc li, ngay khi in p chn 1 ln hn chn 2, rng xung
s b gii hn ngay thi im .

Chn 3 l chn giao tip, n can thip vo tn s dao ng ca IC

SG3525. Chn ny c th khng cn kt ni.

Chn 4 l chn ng ra xung ng h trong IC SG3525, ta c th

dng thit b o tn s kt ni vi chn ny bit tn s hot
ng ca SG3525. Chn ny c th khng cn kt ni.
 12

to tn s dao ng cho IC, ta cn c mt mch dao ng RC.

Do , in tr RT ca mch RC cn kt ni vi chn 6. T in
CT ca mch RC s kt ni vo chn 5.

quy nh thi gian cht, ta cn c in tr RD kt ni gia chn

7 v chn 5. Ta c th iu chnh thi gian cht ca IC qua cch
xc nh gi tr ca RD.

Tn s dao hot ng ca SG3525 c cho bi cng thc:

1
o f =
CT .(0,7 RT + 3RD )

Chn 8 l chn soft-start, cn gi l chn khi ng mm. Mun

s dng kh nng khi ng mm, ta cn c t vi gi tr thch hp
kt ni n chn 8.

Chn 9 l ng ra ca b so snh m hai chn ng vo l chn 1 v

chn 2. Chn ny dng kt hp s dng vi chn 1 v 2 to
cc kiu hi tip khc nhau.

Chn 10 l chn shutdown (chn tt cng bc xung ng ra, bt

chp tn hiu ti chn 1 v chn 2). Khi c in p 0,8 5V a
n chn 10 th t kt ni vi chn soft-start (chn 8) s c x
in, ko theo l rng xung ng ra s b gim theo. Khi t
soft-start x ht in, xung ng ra s b ngt hon ton. Tn hiu ti
chn 10 s c mc u tin cao hn tn hiu hi tip v v c x
l ti chn 1 v 2.

Chn 11 v chn 14 l chn pht xung iu khin ng m

MOSFET cng sut.

Ngun in cho vic iu khin li MOSFET s c cp vo

chn 13, in p ti a l 40V.
 13

IC SG3525 c th hot ng, ta cn cp ngun cho n. Chn 12

l chn GND, mt in p 8 40V cn a n chn 15.

IC SG3525 s t to ra mt in p chun VREF=5,1V ti chn 16,

mc ch l phc v cho qua trnh x l tn hiu hi tip ti
chn 1 v chn 2. Ngoi ra cn c th dng cho mt s mc ch
khc.

1.1.3.2.2. Hot ng ca khi IC iu khin li MOSFET cng

sut
15VIN

VREF
U5

13
15
R6 D11 4148
3K3 +IN 2

VC
+VI
+IN R17 33
-IN C7 472 -IN 1 11 FET A
5 -IN OUTA
R7 R4 100 CT D13 4148
3K3 7
DISCHG 14 FET B
R3 5K6 6 OUTB
R12 470 RT R19 33
VREF 8
J3 VREF 16 SS 9
D20 R43 2K2 R5 C8 C1 VREF COMP
1 1K 10uF 10uF 10 C5
2 SHDN 4 103
GND

D19 OSC 3
SHDN SHUTDOWN SY NC
1

SHDN SG3525A
12

PC817
ISO4 4148
2

Hnh 1.5: Khi IC iu khin MOSFET cng sut.

Nhim v ca khi ny khng g khc l to ra hai xung lch nhau

180 iu khin li MOSFET cng sut. rng xung ng ra tu thuc vo tn
hiu ng vo c x l ti ba chn: chn 1, chn 2 v chn 10.

Bnh thng, in p VREF=5,1V qua in tr R5 v diode D19,

a n chn 10 tt xung li MOSFET, ngun xung cha hot
ng. T C8 cha c np in. Nu c in p 12V t mch iu
khin gi n lm kch dn opto ISO4, gy mt in p trn chn
ny, chn 10 mc khng tch cc. T C8 s c np in.
rng xung ti chn 11 n chn 14 s tng tuyn tnh vi gi tr
in tch trn t C8. Khi t C8 np y, rng xung khng b gii
hn cng bc na. Lc , rng xung s ph thuc vo tn hiu
hi tip c x l ti chn 1 v chn 2. Ngoi ra, chn shutdown
 14

cn c iu khin bi tn hiu t mch hi tip dng in, iu

ny s c ni ti mc 1.1.4.3.1.

Chn 2 (chn +IN) s c phn p mc 3,9V qua hai in tr

R9 = 3,3K v R14 = 1K (c thy mch hi tip in p).

Chn -IN s c phn p mc 2,55V qua hai in tr

R6 = 3,3K v R 7 = 3,3K . Vy bnh thng in p chn 2 s ln

hn in p chn 1 (chn IN), lc ny xung ng ra c rng ti

a nu khng b gii hn cng bc bi chn 10. Khi in p ng
ra t mc nh trc, mch hi tip in p s tc ng in p
ti chn 2 nh hn chn 1. Ngay khi in p chn 2 ln hn chn 1,
rng xung li MOSFET b gii hn ngay thi im . Ch
khi no in p chn 2 tip tc ln hn in p ti chn 1, xung
mc cao mi tip tc c li MOSFET.

Mi quan h gia tn hiu ng vo v tn hiu ng ra c m t nh

hnh 1.6:

Hnh 1.6: Mi quan h gia tn hiu ng vo v tn hiu ng ra.

 15

1.1.3.3. Khi chuyn i cng sut

D16
FR107
T1
12 2
F2 D12_2 C17 R33
J6 CON2 4A 15V_OUT 310V 8K2/2W
1 L 20uH R37 0.1R/5W 221/1KV
2 1 2 D12 10 3
R31 R32 BTTH3003C 9 4
470/1W 4k7 C11 R30
2200uF/35V C16 8K2/2W
D12_1 221/1KV
7 6
D6
OUTPUT FER 33 D15
FR107

10K
R28
Q2 Q1
KHOI NGUON PHU CHO QUAT FET A K1120 FET B K1120

TAN NHIET R29

10K

+SENSE
J1 U6 15V_OUT R16 PC817 +IN

4
1 3 1 0.1R/2W ISO5
GND

2 VOUT VIN
C23
220uF
QUAT 7812
2

3
Hnh 1.7: Khi chuyn i cng sut.

Thnh phn chnh trong mch l mt bin p xung.

rng k hiu bin p xung khc bin p thng cc du chm pha.

Cc cun dy trong bin p phi c qun v u ni ng s th mch mi
hot ng c. Trong cch cun bin p ca nhm thc hin, im c chm l
im u ca mi cun dy.

Gi s ban u Q1 m, Q2 ng (Q1 v Q2 c iu khin bng chn IC

SG3525), im khng chm ca cun dy s cp 2-3 dng hn so vi c chm.
iu ny lm cho cun s cp cn li v c hai cun th cp u c im khng
chm dng hn im c chm. Bn cun s cp, ch c cun dy 9-7 c th cung
cp in p ra ngoi np cho t C11 v cung cp cho ti.

na chu k tip theo th Q2 m, Q1 ng, im c chm ca cun dy

4-6 s dng hn im khng chm. Tng t nh trn, iu ny lm cho ba cun
dy cn li c im c chm dng hn im khng chm, ch c cun th cp 12-
10 mi c th cung cp cng sut ra ngoi.

Trong khong thi gian khi 2 MOSFET u ngng dn, cun dy L v t

C11 s cung cp nng lng n ti.
 16

R16 v ISO5 c tc dng bo v, ngn cn dng in qua Q1 v Q2 qu

ln m ph hng n. ISO5 c in p thun in hnh l 1,2V, iu ny tng ng
vi dng in nh qua R16 l 12A th ISO5 s gi tn hiu hi tip v SG3525.
Trong iu kin lm vic n nh bnh thng, gi tr dng in ny gn nh l
khng th t ti. Tuy nhin, nu c s khng cn bng t thng th gi tr dng
in ny hon ton c th t ti. ISO5 c tc dng lm tng tnh n nh cho mch.

R31 ng vai tr nh mt ti gi. Trong my sc c thit k, khi c c-

quy kt ni vi my, ngun xung vi c php hot ng. Nhng gi s ta th
ngun xung m khng kt ni vi mch iu khin sc, nu khng c in tr R31
s lm cht MOSFET cng sut Q1 v Q2. Nguyn nhn l do ngun xung hot
ng tn s kh cao nn sc phn khng ca cun dy ln dn n ph hu
MOSFET cng sut nu khng c ti gi.

Trong my sc c thit k c s dng qut tn nhit. Do in p ng ra

bin p xung c th thay i tu theo yu cu ca ngi s dng, do cn thit
phi c IC n p 7812 gi in p n nh cung cp cho qut.

hiu r hn hot ng ca khi bin i cng sut, ta hy quan st

hnh 1.8 v hnh 1.9:
MAX
2VDC

Hnh 1.8: Xung in p v dng in ng vo. [1]

 17

dc
Hnh 1.9: Xung in p v dng in ng ra. [1]
 18

1.1.3.4. Cc khi hi tip

1.1.3.4.1. Khi hi tip dng in.

T1
12 2
F2 D12_2
J6 CON2 4A 15V_OUT
1 L 20uH R37 0.1R/5W
2 1 2 D12 10 3
R31 R32 BTTH3002C 9 4
470/1W 4k7 C11
2200uF/35V
D12_1
7 6
D6
OUTPUT FER 33

15V_OUT

R11
470

VREF
1

PC817
ISO2
Q5
GATE MCR100
R18
2

Q3 2K2 R21

1K C1815 R34 1K R26

470
R27
SHUTDOWN

470

Hnh 1.10: Mi quan h gia khi hi tip dng in v khi chuyn

i cng sut.

Khi hi tip dng in c lin quan mt cht n khi chuyn i

cng sut qua in tr R37. Dng in qua in tr R37 cng l dng in qua ti.
Khi in p ri trn R37 l 0,6V th Q4 s dn, ko theo ISO2 cng dn. Tip theo
l SCR Q5 dn, Q5 s c duy tr dn mc cho ISO2 ngng dn do dng in
i qua n duy tr trng thi dn in. in p t cu phn p gm R26 v R27
a n chn shutdown tt xung ti hai chn li MOSFET ca SG3525, ng ra
mt in.
 19

1.1.3.4.2. Khi hi tip in p

15VIN

VREF
U5

13
15
R6 D11 4148
3K3 +IN 2

VC
+VI
+IN R17 33
-IN C7 472 -IN 1 11 FET A
5 -IN OUTA
R7 R4 100 CT D13 4148
3K3 7
DISCHG 14 FET B
R3 5K6 6 OUTB
R12 470 RT R19 33
VREF 8
J3 VREF 16 SS 9
D20 R43 2K2 R5 C8 C1 VREF COMP
1 1K 10uF 10uF 10 C5
2 SHDN 4 103

GND
D19 OSC 3
SHDN SHUTDOWN SY NC
1

4
SHDN SG3525A

12
PC817
ISO4 4148
2

15V_OUT
VREF

R20
R14 1K R22
1K
3K3
+IN
4

ISO1
R9 R10 R35
3K3 1K R38
PC817 1K 1K
R23 C20
3

1K2
U4
K 47nF R24
33
KA431 R

A R39
680

Hnh 1.11: Mi quan h gia khi hi tip in p v khi IC iu khin li

MOSFET cng sut.

Tn hiu hi tip in p s c a v chn 2 ca SG3525. Nh

c ni phn 1.1.3.2.2., khi opto ISO1 cha dn, in p chn +IN s ln hn
chn IN ( V+ IN = 3,9V , V IN = 2,55V ).

in p ng ra c i qua cu phn p gm: R22, R38, R35, R24,

R39 v a n chn R ca KA431, c im ca IC KA431 l nu in p chn R
VR 2,5V th n s cho dng in chy t chn K sang chn A, qua ISO1 s dn.

iu ny xy ra khi in p ng ra t n gi tr t trc, th hin qua vic chn

gi tr cho: R22, R38, R35, R24, R39. Lc , V+ IN = 0V < V IN , xung li MOSFET
 20

s b ngt, in p ng ra ngng tng. Khi in p ng ra thp hn gi tr t trc,

ISO1 ngng dn, tip tc s c xung li MOSFET cng sut. Hot ng dn v
ngng dn ca ISO1 lm cho in p ng ra dao ng vi bin rt nh quanh gi
tr xc nh.

Mun thay i in p ng ra, ta iu chnh bin tr R35, nu gi tr

bin tr tng, in p ng ra s tng v ngc li.

1.2. Mch iu khin

1.2.1. S khi mch iu khin

M BO N HIN
TH

NGC CC
NGUN IU KHIN ACQUY
XUNG & BO V IN P

TO DAO NG AMPERE K
(PHN ON)

Hnh 1.12: S khi mch iu khin.

c th c ci nhn khi qut v hot ng ca mch iu khin, nhm

thc hin xin c gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca n trn s khi.

Mch iu khin c 3 nhim v chnh:

Phn on dng np vi mt tn s hp l c cu kim ca

ampere k khng dao ng vi bin ln, to thun li cho qu
trnh gim st ca ngi s dng.

T ng kim tra in p c-quy v ngt dng np khi c-quy y.

Nu ang sc, n xanh s sng ln, nu khng c c-quy kt ni
vi my hoc c-quy sc xong: n s sng ln.
 21

Thc hin bo v nu c-quy b kt ni ngc cc vi ngun sc:

gn ngc cc th s c m thanh cnh bo pht ra, nu n nt start
th qu trnh sc khng th bt u.

1.2.2. S nguyn l ca mch iu khin

D28
T2 ~
1 3 J24 U4 12V J25
J3 1
2 4 2 - + V_IN 1 3 1

GND
1 VIN VOUT 2
2 5 C4 C5 C6 C14
V_IN 470uF 104 104 220uF
CON2 220VAC - 12VAC ~ 7812 12V

2
2A

U6

V_IN 1 3 VREF

GND
VIN VOUT
C8
10uF
7812

2
a) Khi ngun.
12V 12V
12V 12V

U5A U5B
14

14

U5C
U5D
14

1 5 14 4011
3 4 12 8
2 6 11 10
13 9

4011 R30 4011

7

2M4 4011
7

C12
12V

470K R32
C104 R5 R7
2

R33 D9 22 22
1 2 D11
R19 1N4148
4K7 100K 1N4148 LS1
C13
1

12V R34
Q4 SPEAKER
1

C102 C1815
ISO1
PC817 R18 4K7
Q6
C1815
2

R20
D16 1K2 1K2
4148

15V_OUT

b) Khi m cnh bo.

 22

12V
12V
D2
R41 RA C20 C21 2 1
470 100K 100uF 100nF
U11 1N4001

5
U10
C25 J1

+Vs
2 1 1 C24

GND
VCC OUT IN+ 4 1
D3 1uF 2 OUTPUT 2
IN-

-Vs
UM66
2V 3 R44 1000uF
100K R42 TDA2030 1R 8R/0.5W

3
R44
RB
CB 100K
22uF R43 150K D1 C23
4K7 1 2 C22 104
104
1N4001

C25
2.2uF

D5 4148
12V
15V_OUT
R31

R27 10K 10K 8 U3B

5 +
7
12V 6 -
BAO DAY LM393
R25 R24 12V
D4 R48 3K3 4K7 BAO DAY
4

4K7 R49
4148 10K R50

8
U3A 10K
12V 3 + Q4
R45 1 IRFZ44
10K 2 -
R47 470K LM393 R51
Q7 C25 10K
C1815 100uF R50 R51
4

R46 10K 10K

10K

12V

c) Khi pht m nhc.

15V_OUT
12V 12V
12V
R9
VREF

R11 22k
3K3 U8C U8A 12V J18
3

DUNG CUC DO 9 + DO 7 + 1
14 RESET 10K 1 RESTART 2
R12 DUNG CUC 8 - 6 -
2K2 R10
22k R13 RESTART
12

12

LM339 LM339

J21
12V
1 12V
10K 2
R8 R16
12V U8D
RESET Q5
12

1K LM339 NAP
R17 10 - Q3 2K2 A1013
13 RESET 2N7000
11 + BAO DAY
SW3 J5
START 1 D19
2
3

J15 12V 12V DAY

1 R21
2 100K 12V DAY

START R15
R28 D23 R36 R
OUT_DELAY 500K

22K C1
4148 10uF

d) Khi bo v v iu khin.
 23

12V J1 J2
2 2
1 1
R14 IN Q1 B688
4K7
12V 12V 12V SBL2040 ACQUY
RESET OUT_DELAY 15V_IN D18

C7 R6 U2 R29 U1 R3
8

4
104 1M 4K7 R2 R4 2K2 330/2W 15V_OUT
1K2 3

RST

RST
VCC

VCC
12V OUT
7 3 7
6 DSCHG OUT DSCHG J26 Q2
C9 THR R22 D26 R1 1 C2383
470uF NE555 4K7 470 2 R26
4148 6 22K
GND

GND
2 RESTART 2 THR
CV

CV
TRG TRG XUNG
C2
22uF NE555
1

5
C10 C3
104 104

e) Khi to dao ng.

Hnh 1.13: S nguyn l mch iu khin.

Mch iu khin cng c chia ra cc khi nh phn tch.

1.2.2.1. Khi ngun

D28
T2 ~
1 3 J24 U4 12V J25
J3 1
2 4 2 - + V_IN 1 3 1
GND

1 VIN VOUT 2
2 5 C4 C5 C6 C14
V_IN 470uF 104 104 220uF
CON2 220VAC - 12VAC ~ 7812 12V
2

2A

U6

V_IN 1 3 VREF
GND

VIN VOUT
C8
10uF
7812
2

Hnh 1.14: Khi ngun mch iu khin.

Khi ngun gm mt bin p h p t in p 220VAC thnh ngun i

in p 12VAC. iu ny c ngha l in p gia chn 3 v chn 4, gia chn 4 v
chn 5 u l 12VAC. Khi ly in p t chn 3 v chn 5, ta c 24VAC.

in p 24VAC i qua diode cu np cho t C4, t in p i qua hai

IC n p 7812 to 12V ng ra:

in p t ng ra ca U4 s dng nui cc IC trong mch.

in p ng ra ca U6 s to in p chun so snh. Ta cn to in
p chun v: bit c-quy y hay cha, ta cn phi so snh gi tr
in p ca c-quy vi mt gi tr n nh cho trc no .
 24

1.2.2.2. Khi m cnh bo

12V 12V
12V 12V

U5A U5B

14

14
U5C
U5D

14

14
1 5 4011
3 4 12 8
2 6 11 10
13 9
7 4011 R30 4011

7
2M4 4011

7
C12
12V

470K R32
C104 R5 R7

2
R33 D9 22 22
1 2 D11
R19 1N4148
4K7 100K 1N4148 LS1
C13

1
12V R34
Q4 SPEAKER
1

C102 C1815
ISO1
PC817 R18 4K7
Q6
C1815
2

R20
D16 1K2 1K2
4148

15V_OUT

Hnh 1.15: Khi m cnh bo.

Nu u ni c-quy ng cc vi my sc, khng c dng in chy t

chn 1 sang chn 2 ca ISO1, Q6 ngng dn, khng c m bo c pht ra. Ngc
li, Q6 s dn v s c m bo pht ra loa LS1.

IC 4011 c 4 b cng logic NAND, hai b U5C v U5D cng cc linh

kin kt ni vi n c tc dng to ra cc m beep. Hai b cng NAND cn li c
tc dng to mch dao ng tn s 2Hz ngt qung ting beep, trnh gy ra s
kh chu cho ngi s dng.
 25

1.2.2.3. Khi pht m nhc

12V
12V
D2
R41 RA C20 C21 2 1
470 100K 100uF 100nF
U11 1N4001

5
U10
C25 J1

+Vs
2 1 1 C24
GND

VCC OUT IN+ 4 1

D3 1uF 2 OUTPUT 2
IN-

-Vs
UM66
2V R44 1000uF
3

100K R42 TDA2030 1R 8R/0.5W

3
R44
RB
CB 100K
22uF R43 150K D1 C23
4K7 1 2 C22 104
104
1N4001

C25
2.2uF

D5 4148
12V
15V_OUT
R31
8

R27 10K 10K U3B

5 +
7
12V 6 -
BAO DAY LM393
R25 R24 12V
D4 R48 3K3 4K7 BAO DAY
4

4K7 R49
4148 10K R50
8

U3A 10K
12V 3 + Q4
R45 1 IRFZ44
10K 2 -
R47 470K LM393 R51
Q7 C25 10K
C1815 100uF R50 R51
4

R46 10K 10K

10K

12V

Hnh 1.16: Khi pht m nhc.

Khi pht m nhc c nhim v pht ra mt bn nhc trong khong 30s

sau khi bnh c-quy y. Theo , IC U10 c nhim v pht nhc. IC ny c in p
hot ng l 1,5 3V nn ta cn thm zener D3. IC ny pht ra m thanh kh nh, do
ta cn khuch i cng sut m thanh bng U11.

Khi my sc khng sc c-quy, t C25 khng c np in, in p

chn 3 s thp hn chn 2 ca U3A. Ng ra ca U3A (chn 1) a mc GND n
cc G ca Q11, Q11 b ngng dn, khng c m nhc pht ra.

Khi my sc ang sc c-quy ang np th C25 c np in n in

p 12V. Khi c-quy y th Q5 nm trong khi iu khin v bo v c kch dn,
qua Q7 cng c kch dn to ng x cho t. Bn cnh , Q5 dn cng a
mc in p 12V n kch dn Q4. c-quy y th in p chn 5 s ln hn chn
6, ng ra U8B l tr khng cao, t C25 khng th x vo chn 7 ca U3. T C25
x in lm in p trn chn 3 gim, khi in p chn 3 vn ln hn 6V th ng ra
 26

U8A vn mc tr khng cao, Q4 vn c kch dn v c m nhc pht ra. Ngc

li, Q4 b ngng dn v khng c m nhc pht ra. Thi gian t x t 12V xung
n 6V s c tnh sao cho ko di 30s. Nu cha y 30s ta ngt kt ni gia
c-quy v my sc, in p chn 5 s ln hn in p chn 6 v ng ra U8B mc
GND. T C25 s c x rt nhanh qua chn xung thp hn 6V, m nhc nhanh
chng b ngt.

1.2.2.4. Khi bo v v iu khin, khi to dao ng

15V_OUT
12V 12V
12V
R9

VREF
R11 22k
3K3 U8C U8A 12V J18
3

3
DUNG CUC DO 9 + DO 7 + 1
14 RESET 10K 1 RESTART 2
R12 DUNG CUC 8 - 6 -
2K2 R10
22k R13 RESTART
12

12
LM339 LM339

J21
12V
1 12V
10K 2
R8 R16
12V U8D
RESET Q5
12

1K LM339 NAP
R17 10 - Q3 2K2 A1013
13 RESET 2N7000
11 + D19
SW3 J5
START 1 DAY
2
3

J15 12V 12V

1 R21
2 100K 12V DAY R15
R
START
R28 D23 R36
OUT_DELAY 500K

22K C1
4148 10uF

12V J1 J2
2 2
1 1
R14 IN Q1 B688
4K7
12V 12V 12V SBL2040 ACQUY
RESET OUT_DELAY 15V_IN D18

C7 R6 U2 R29 U1 R3
8

104 1M 4K7 R2 R4 2K2 330/2W 15V_OUT

1K2 3
RST

RST
VCC

VCC

12V OUT
7 3 7
6 DSCHG OUT DSCHG J26 Q2
C9 THR R22 D26 R1 1 C2383
470uF NE555 4K7 470 2 R26
4148 6 22K
GND

GND

2 RESTART 2 THR
CV

CV

TRG TRG XUNG

C2
22uF NE555
1

C10 C3
104 104

Hnh 1.17: Khi bo v v iu khin, khi to dao ng.

S l d hiu hn nu ta phn tch hai khi ny cng mt lc.

 27

Ta nhn thy, mun c dng np cho c-quy th Q1 cn c iu khin

ng m. Mun Q1 c ng m, ng ra U2 cn xut chui xung ng m Q2,
qua Q1 cng c ng m. Mun U1 hot ng to ra chui xung th chn 3
ca U2 iu khin chn 4 (chn reset) ca U1 phi mc cao. Mun vy, ta phi
tho mn 2 iu kin:

iu kin 1: Phi c xung mc thp a n chn 2 ca U2. iu ny

c quyt nh bi ng ra ca U8A (chn 1). Bin tr R13 s c
iu chnh sao cho in p t vo chn 6 ca U8 s l 6,8V. Khi c-
quy kt ni vi my sc, in p trn c-quy a qua cu phn p gm
R9 v R10, in p trn chn 7 s l 0,5 ln in p trn c-quy. Khi
in p trn c-quy nh hn 13,6V th chn 2 ca U2 s nhn c
xung mc thp.

iu kin 2: chn 4 (chn reset) ca U2 phi mc cao. iu kin

ny c quyt nh bi 2 b so snh U8C v U8D, ng ra ca 2 b
so snh ny phi mc tr khng cao ch khng phi mc GND.

in p 12V a qua cu phn p gm R11 v R12 s to in p

khong 4,8V. Khi in p chn 9 ln hn 4,8V (hay in p trn
c-quy ln hn 9,6V), my sc s nhn bit ang c c-quy kt ni
vo my sc v kt ni ng cc. Qua , ta c th nhn nt start
bt u sc c-quy. Ng ra U8C s mc tr khng cao. Nu
kt ni c-quy ngc cc, in p t vo chn 10 ca U8 s c
gi tr m. Nu khng c c-quy kt ni vi my sc, in p chn
10 s l 0V. C hai trng hp trn th ng ra ca U8C u l mc
GND.

U8D dng bt u v kt thc vic np. Qua cu phn p gm

R8 v R17, in p ti chn 10 l khong 1,1V. Khi cha nhn nt
start, in p ti chn 11 l 0V, ng ra ca U8D s mc GND.
Khi nhn nt start, t C1 s np in p 12V; gn nh lp tc, in
 28

p chn 11 s ln hn chn 10. T C s nhn c dng np t

ng ra ca U2 khi ng ra ny ln mc cao. Ng ra U8D s mc
tr khng cao.

Khi tho 2 iu kin trn, qu trnh np c th bt u. Khi no in

p c-quy vt ngng 13,6V th s khng cn xung mc thp tc ng n chn 2
ca U2. U2 hot ng kt chu k khong hn 8 pht ca mnh, kt thc chu k hot
ng ng ra U2 s l mc thp. Thi gian U2 mc thp s l thi gian kim tra.
Tu thuc vo gi tr ca in tr ca bin tr R36 m thi gian ny c th ko di
2,2 13,4s . Trong thi gian ny, t khng cn nhn c dng np t ng ra ca U2

nn in p s gim xung. Nu in p t C1 cha gim xung n 1,1V m in

p c-quy st p xung thp hn 13,6V th s c xung mc thp tc ng n chn
2 ca U2, ng ra U2 li mc cao. Sau hn 8 pht, ng ra U2 li xung mc
thp theo ng chu k hot ng. Nu trong thi gian kim tra m in p bnh vn
ln hn 13,6V, khng c xung mc thp tc ng n chn 2. Khi t C1 gim in
p xung di 1,1V th U2 s b reset. Qu trnh np kt thc.

Q3 v Q5 s c iu khin bi tn hiu iu khin chn reset ca U2

iu khin hai n bo. C th, khi Q3 dn th n mu xanh s sng ln bo
trng thi ang np, khi Q5 dn s c n sng ln bo my sc khng sc c-
quy.

Hot ng ca mch iu khin c th c m t nh hnh 1.18

Hnh 1.18: S trng thi hot ng ca mch iu khin.

 29

1.2.2.4.1. Bo v ngc cc cho c-quy

in tr R11 v R12 to ra mt cu phn p. Ti im ni gia R1 v

2,2 K.12V
R2 th in p s l: = 4,8V .
2,2 K + 3,3K

in p ca c-quy s c phn p qua hai in tr R9 v R10, ti

im ni gia R9 v R10 s bng 0,5 ln in p c-quy.

U8C dng bo v ngc cc. Nu c-quy kt ni ng cc v in

p c-quy 4,8.2 = 9,6V , mch iu khin s bit c c-quy cm ng cc, in p
chn 9 ln hn chn 8, ng ra chn 14 s c mc tr khng cao, thay v l GND
GND. Cc hot ng tip theo sc c-quy cho php c thc hin.

Ngc li, nu khng c c-quy kt ni vi my sc, in p chn 9

l 0V. Nu kt ni ngc cc, in p chn 9 s khc 0V nhng li mang gi tr m.
Trong c hai trng hp ny, chn 14 s l mc GND. IC U2 b reset. Ng ra U2 l
mc thp lm ng ra U1 mc thp, Q1 s ngng dn, c ch bo v c thit lp.

1.2.2.4.2. Khi ng v kt thc vic sc

U8A dng pht hin xem c-quy c kt ni y cha. Nu

y th s qu trnh sc khng th bt u. Theo , chn 6 s c ghim mc
6,8V qua cch chnh bin tr R13. in p c-quy s c phn p qua cu phn p
gm R9 v R10, in p a v chn 7 s bng 0,5 ln in p c-quy. iu ny c
ngha l: ch khi no in p c-quy mc 13,6V th chn 1 mi lun lun mc
tr khng cao, nu khng th s c thi im chn 1 l GND khi ng cho U2
to mc cao ng ra nu U2 khng b reset.

U8D l mt b so snh, c tc dng khi ng qu trnh sc. Chn 10

1K.12V
ni vo im ni gia R8 v R17. in p chn 10 s l: 1,1V .
1K + 10 K
 30

Mi khi ng my sc, in p ti chn 11 l V11 = 0V , in p chn

10 s ln hn in p chn 11 ( V10 = 1,1V ), ng ra l in p GND ch khng phi l
tr khng cao.

Nu nhn nt SW3, in c np cho t C1, gn nh lp tc, in p

chn 11 s ln hn in p chn 10, ng ra U8D (chn 13) s mc tr khng cao.
Nu c-quy u ni ng cc th U2 khng cn b reset. Cng thm vi vic c-quy
cha y (lc chn 2 mc thp) th U2 s to ra mc cao ng ra, U1 v th
cng c php hot ng, qu trnh np c bt u. Ng ra U1 s lin tc to ra
cc chui xung ng m Q1 to phn on dng np. Ngoi ra, ng ra ca U1
cn c ni n J3 trong mch ngun xung qua J26. Nu U1 xut mc cao ng
ra, ngun xung cng c php hot ng v ngc li. in p chn 3 ca U2
cng c a n np cho t C1 qua R28 v D23.

Trong qu trnh phn on dng np, khi Q1 ngng dn, nu c-quy

cha y th chn 2 ca U1 li b p xung mc thp. Chu trnh c lin tip xy ra
nh vy cho n khi c-quy gn y (qu trnh st p c-quy din ra chm li). Lc
, ng ra ca U2 mc cao mt thi gian s li chuyn xung mc thp. Trong
thi gian mc thp ny, nu in p c-quy vn ln hn 13,6V th sau khong mt
thi gian vi giy (thi gian ny tu thuc vo bin tr R36), t C1 s x in lm
in p chn 11 thp hn 1,1V nn U2 b reset dn n U1 cng b reset, Q1 ngng
dn hon ton, qu trnh sc kt thc. U1 khng cn truyn tn hiu mc cao n
cho php ngun xung hot ng, ngun xung cng b ngt.

Tn hiu iu khin Q3 v Q5 cng l tn hiu iu khin chn reset

(chn 4) ca U2.

Khi tn hiu mc cao a n chn reset ca U2 th cng kch dn

Q3, mt n c mu xanh kt ni vi J21 c kch dn, bo hiu
c c-quy ang c sc.
 31

Khi tn hiu mc thp a n chn reset ca U2, Q3 ngng dn

v Q5 c kch dn. Mt n mu c kt ni vi J5, bo
hiu rng my khng ang sc bt k mt c-quy no.

Kt lun:

c th hon thnh tt ti, nhm thc hin cn xc nh c hng i

ng n cho mt vn c th. Chng 1 l nn tng l thuyt, l hng i trong
vic thit k m nhm thc hin xc nh cho mnh. N to iu kin nhm
thc hin c th tnh ton, la chn cc linh kin chng 2. Mc ch cui cng l
hin thc ho tng to nn mt sn phm c th.
 32

CHNG 2:

TNH TON, LA CHN LINH KIN V THI CNG

2.1. Yu cu ca ti

Mc tiu ca ti l thit k v thi cng mt chic my sc c-quy, vy

trc ht ta hy ch n cc thng s ca c-quy. ti hng n vic thit k
v thi cng my sc cho cc c-quy kh t 7,2Ah tr xung. Do , nhm thc hin
xin a ra thng s ca ba loi c-quy sau:

Bng 2.1: Thng s mt s loi c-quy.

Loi c-quy Nh sn xut in p sc Dng sc ln nht

12V 7,2Ah Panasonic 13,6V 14,9V 2,88 A

12V 5,0Ah Xinwei 13,6V 14,9V 1,20 A

12V 3,2Ah Panasonic 13,6V 14,9V 2,10 A

Gi s ta sc c-quy vi in p 13,6V th in p c-quy khi y khng th

vt qu 13,6V. Vy, khi c-quy t 13,6V th c th xem l c-quy y. thun
li cho qu trnh t ng ho, in p c-quy s c so snh vi mt in p
chun, sao cho khi kim tra in p c-quy, nu c-quy khng tt p di 13,6V
trong vi giy l c th xc nh c-quy y.

Qua bng thng s bng 2.1, ta thy dng sc cho cc c-quy khng ln hn 3A.
m bo h s an ton cho qu trnh s dng, nhm thc hin s thit k ngun
xung c thng s ng ra 16Volt 4Ampere. Chn in p ng ra l 16V khi thit k
v in p t mch ngun phi qua b phn phn on dng np, qua s c s rt
p trn b phn ny.
 33

2.2. Tnh ton, la chn v thi cng cho mch ngun xung

2.2.1. Khi chnh lu in p ng vo

310V
R41 5R6/5W

INPUT D5

C10 C6 ~ J2
103/1KV 150uF/400V F1 2A
D1 L1 1
1 2 104/1KV 2
R15 C22 RV1
1M
- + 3 4 431K
CON2
5mH
5A
~

15VIN
~ 3 T2 1
15VIN
C15 - +
C12 1000uF 4 2
104 D14
BIEN AP 9V
~ 2A

Hnh 2.1: Khi chnh lu in p ng vo.

Thnh phn cn tnh ton, la chn phn ny chnh l t C6 [7]

Vi in p AC ng vo l 85265 Vrms, ta chn s b t ng vo l 2-
3 F cho mi watt cng sut ng vo (Pin). Cng sut ng vo c tnh da trn
hiu sut khi thit k v cng sut ng ra Pout .

Ta c: Pout = I out .U out = 4.16 = 64W (2.1)

Chn hiu sut ca mch ngun l E ff = 80% , cng sut ng vo s l:

Pin 64
Pin = = = 80W (2.2)
E ff 0,8

Vy, s b chn t ng vo l 150 F /400V

Theo yu cu hot ng ca mch, in p ng vo ch cho php dao ng

trong khong in p nht nh gi l VDC
max
, gi tr ny c cho bi cng thc:

Pin (1 Dch )
VDC
max
= min
(2.3)
2Vline .2 f L .C DC

Khi chn t CDC t yu cu, gi tr VDC

max
phi tho iu kin:
 34

VDC
max
(0,1 0,15). 2Vline
min
(2.4)

Chn: VDC
max
= 0,1. 2Vline
min
= 0,1. 2 .195 27,6V

Trong cng thc trn:

Pin l cng sut ng vo, Pin = 80W .

Dch : l t s gia thi gian li in cung cp nng lng cho t

cng mch pha sau v thi gian t phi mt mnh cung cp in

cho mch pha sau. Thng thng Dch = 0,2 0,25 . Ta chn,
Dch = 0,2 .

Hnh 2.2: Cch xc nh h s Dch.

Vline
min
: in p hiu dng ng vo mc thp nht.

Theo tiu chun v in p li in Vit Nam, in p li in s

l: 220V 10% , c ngha l cho php in p li in dao ng trong
khong: 198V 242V . Ta chn:
min
Vline = 195V

max
Bn cnh ta cng chn: Vline = 240V do s dng varistor bo v

qu p khi in p hiu dng ln hn 240V.

f L : tn s li in, y f L = 50 Hz .

CDC : gi tr t lc ng vo, ta chn s b: CDC = 150F .

 35

Thay cc gi tr c vo cng thc tnh VDC

max
, ta c:

80.(1 0,2)
VDC
max
= 15,5V < 27,6V
2 .195.2.50.150.10 6

Vy: chn t t yu cu.

Ta cng tnh c:

in p DC cc tiu ng vo:
min
VDC = 2 .Vline
min
VDC
max
= 2 .195 15,5 260V (2.5)

in p DC cc i ng vo:
max
VDC = 2 .Vline
max
= 2 .240 340V (2.6)

2.2.2. Khi chuyn i cng sut [1]

D16
FR107
T1
12 2
F2 D12_2 C17 R33
J6 CON2 4A 15V_OUT 310V 8K2/2W
1 L 20uH R37 0.1R/5W 221/1KV
2 1 2 D12 10 3
R31 R32 BTTH3003C 9 4
470/1W 4k7 C11 R30
2200uF/35V C16 8K2/2W
D12_1 221/1KV
7 6
D6
OUTPUT FER 33 D15
FR107

10K
R28
Q2 Q1
KHOI NGUON PHU CHO QUAT FET A K1120 FET B K1120

TAN NHIET R29

10K

+SENSE
J1 U6 15V_OUT R16 PC817 +IN
1

1 3 1 0.1R/2W ISO5
GND

2 VOUT VIN
C23
220uF
QUAT 7812
2

Hnh 2.3: Khi chuyn i cng sut.

Khi chuyn i cng sut c nhim v chuyn t in p DC cao p cn

nhiu nhp nh gn sng sang in p DC thp p n nh ng ra. Trong khi
ny, ta cn tnh ton cc thng s ca cc phn sau:

Tnh thng s cho my bin p.

Tnh ton cho phn mch snubber.

 36

Tnh cc thng s cho MOSFET cng sut.

Tnh thng s ca mch lc LC ng ra.

Tnh in tr bo v qu dng cho ng ra.

2.2.2.1. Tnh thng s cho my bin p [1]

Cc thng s ch yu cn phi tnh ca my bin p l s vng dy s cp

v th cp, tit din dy s cp v th cp.

2.2.2.1.1. Tnh ton v la chn s vng s cp

S vng dy s cp c suy ra t nh lut Faraday trong vt liu t:

dB 8
E = N . Ae . .10 (2.7)
dt

Trong cng thc ny:

E: l in p trn mt cun cm hay cun dy bin p (V).

dB: t thng bin thin trong li (Gauss).

dt: l thi gian t thng bin thin (s).

N: s vng cun dy (vng).

Ae: l din tch mt ct nhnh trung tm li t (cm2).

p dng nh lut ny trong tnh hung c th, ta c cng thc tnh s

vng s cp:
min
(VDC 1).Tonmax .108
NP = (2.8)
Ae .dB

Trong :

VDC
min
= 260V : in p DC cc tiu ng vo, tnh trn. Ta tr i

1 vn do ri p trn MOSFET cng sut.

 37

Tommax : thi gian m ln nht ca MOSFET cng sut, trong iu

kin in xu nht l in p DC cp cho bin p xung t cc tiu,
n b rng buc khng bao gi ln hn 80% ca na chu k, hay:
0,8.T
Tonmax = (2.9). Vi tn s chuyn mch f = 50kHz c la
2
chn, thi gian ca chu k l:

1 1 0,8.2.10 5
T= = = 2.10 5 s v Tonmax = = 0,8.10 5 s
f 50000 2

Ae: din tch tit din mt ct nhnh trung tm ca li t, ph thuc

vo loi li t c la chn. Trong phm vi ti ny, nhm thc
hin chn li t EI33 c Ae = 0,95.1,25 = 1,18cm 2 (Li t ny c s
dng trong b ngun vi tnh c cng sut 300-500W).

Hnh 2.4: Cch xc nh tit din mt ct nhnh trung tm ca li

ferrite. [7]

Trn l thuyt, c th chn dB = 3200G vi li khng c khe h v

hot ng tn s chuyn mch 50KHz. Chn dB = 2000G do c
dng ming m bng plastic cho li c khe h l 0,05mm
( 2mil ). S d phi to ra khe h ny v n s lm nghing dc
ca vng t tr, vn gi im qua mc zero-Gauss c nh nh
hnh 2.
 38

Hnh 2.5: Vng tr t b nghing vi li c khe h.

Ch thch:

H: l lc khng hay lc kh t, l n v ca cng t trng.

1 Oe = 79,58V/m.

B: mt t thng ca li t (Gauss).

Tm li: khe h 0,05mm s ko di vng lm vic tuyn tnh ca li t,

ngn chn t thng khng cn bng lm li hot ng vng bo ho t.
(Lc dng in qua MOSFET s cc ln v lm hng n)

Thay cc gi tr c vo cng thc tnh NP (cng thc 2.8), ta

c:

(260 1).0,8.10 5.108

NP = 88vng
1,18.2000

Chn: N P = 90vng .
 39

2.2.2.1.2. Tnh ton v la chn ng knh dy s cp

Vi dy c chiu di hn 1m, mt dng in thng dng l

DP=5A/mm2. [7]

Cun dy s cp c chiu di trn 1m, c th hot ng c

lin tc m khng tng nhit qu mc, ta chn mt dng in l
DP=3A/mm2.

Dng in hiu dng s cp c tnh theo cng thc:

0,986.Pout 0,986.80
I rms ( p ) = min
= 0,3 A (2.10)
VDC 260

I rms ( p ) 0,3
Tit din dy s cp: S P = = = 0,1mm 2
Dp 3

0,1
ng knh dy s cp: d P = 2. 0,36mm

Chn: ng knh dy s cp c 0,4 mm.

2.2.2.1.3. Tnh ton v la chn s vng th cp

S vng th cp c cho bi cng thc:

V .T N 16.2.10 5 90
N s = s + 1. minP = 5
+ 1. 7,3vng (2.11)
2
on.T V
DC 1 2 . 0,8 . 10 260 1

Chn: s vng s cp l 9 vng.

2.2.2.1.4. Tnh ton v la chn ng knh dy th cp

Cun dy th cp c chiu di di 1m, mt dng in thng

dng l: Ds = 6 10 A / mm2 . [7]

mch c th hot ng lu di m khng sinh ra qu nhiu

nhit, chn: Ds = 6 A / mm2 .
 40

Dng in hiu dng qua mi na cun th cp:

I rms ( s ) = 0,632.I dc = 0,632.4 2,53 A (2.12)

I rms ( s ) 2,53
Tit din dy th cp: S s = = = 0,42mm 2
Ds 6

0,42
ng knh dy th cp: d S = 2. 0,73mm

Chn: ng knh dy th cp l d s = 0,8mm .

2.2.2.1.5. Thi cng my bin p xung

Nu nh bin p st t c bn sn trn th trng th bin p xung hon

ton ngc li. Mun cho bin p xung hot ng th cn c mch iu khin. Mi
ngi li c cch thit k ring, dng nhng h IC iu khin khc nhau, in p
ng ra li khc nhau tu theo yu cu ca mi ngi. Do , khng ai qun bin p
xung bn sn trn th trng (ngoi tr cc bin p xung cao p trong tivi). Do
, vic nhm thc hin t qun bin p xung l hon ton cn thit. Qui trnh thi
cng bin p xung c m t nh trong hnh 2.6.

A B
 41

C D

E G

H I

K L
 42

M N

O P

Q R

Hnh 2.6: Cch thi cng bin p xung.

T mt li nha qun dy (cn gi l nng), ta bng mt lp bng

keo chuyn dng chng xc lp dy trong cng; iu ny l cn thit v b mt
li nha tip xc vi dy ng c th khng tht bng phng, n c th gy xc
lp cch in ca dy ng. (hnh 2.6A)

Quy nh v tr chn s 1, sau ct hai on dy ng ng knh

0,4mm qun 90 vng s cp, mt dy qun vo chn 2, dy cn li qun vo
chn 4. Chp hai dy vo v qun song hnh 90 vng. Trong qu trnh qun, c
 43

qun c 20 vng s tm mt lp keo c nh cht cc vng dy, hn ch vic

my bin p pht ra ting ku khi lm vic. Keo c dng l hn hp ca vc-ni
(cnh kin) v nha thng vi t l thch hp. (hnh 2.6B n hnh 2.6E)

Sau khi qun 90 vng, cui ca dy c u qun vo chn 2 s qun

vo chn 4, cui ca dy c u qun vo chn 4 s qun vo chn 6. (Trn s
nguyn l, chn 3 v 4 ca bin p xung c ni vi nhau, khi thi cng ngoi thc
t s ch dng mt chn 4, do , dy c u ni vo chn 2, thay v cui ni vo
chn 3 th n s ni vo chn 4). Sau s bng vi vng bng keo chuyn dng
cho bin p xung. (hnh 2.6G)

Tng t, ta ct 2 on dy ng c ng knh 0,8mm qun 9

vng dy th cp. Mt dy s ni vo chn 7, dy cn li ni vo chn 9 (do chn 9
v chn 10 ni chung, do , ta c th ni u dy cn li vo chn 9, cui dy c
u ni vo chn 7 s qun vo chn 10, s hon i ny khng lm sai nguyn l
hot ng ca bin p). Qun 9 vng, cui dy c u ni vo chn 7 s qun
vo chn 10 nh ni, cui dy c u ni vo chn 9 s ni vo chn 12. Sau
s ph mt lp keo v qun vi vng bng keo. (hnh 2.6H n hnh 2.6L)

Qut mt lp keo mng ln thnh li nha c nh li t vo li

nha qun dy. Ct mt ming plastic dy khong 0,05mm, t vo gia na ch E
v na ch I ca li t. Qun bng keo c nh hai na ch E v ch I, ct bng
keo tha l qu trnh qun bin p hon tt (hnh 2.6M n hnh 2.6R). Ta cn phi
nng 2-3 ngy cho keo dn bin p kh, sau ta c th dng bin p c.

2.2.2.2. Tnh cc thng s cho MOSFET cng sut

Hai thng s quan trng nht l dng in c th dn ca MOSFET v

in p chu ng c ca MOSFET.

2.2.2.2.1. in p chu ng c ca MOSFET

C th thy c qua nhng im chm ca bin p, khi mt trong hai

MOSFET m, cc D ca MOSFET i din chu t nht gp hai ln in p cung
 44

cp DC v c hai na cun s cp c s vng tng ng, ngoi ra cn c s ng

gp thm ca nhng xung nhn in cm r. Trong thc t thit k, gi s rng
xung in cm c th bng 30% ca gp hai ln in p ng vo DC cc i. an
ton, in p chu ng ca MOSFET c cho bi cng thc:

Vms = 1,3.(2.Vdcmax ) = 1,3.(2.340) = 884V (2.13)

2.2.2.2.2. Kh nng dn dng in ca MOSFET

Dng in cn c dn bi MOSFET cng sut chnh l dng nh s

cp, n c tnh theo cng thc:

P
= 1,56.
64
I pft ( p ) = 1,56 out
min = 0,38 A (2.14)
Vdc 260

an ton, chn MOSFET K1120 c:

Dng in dn c: I D = 8 A .

in p ln nht c th chu: VDSS = 1000V .

2.2.2.3. Tnh ton, la chn linh kin cho phn mch snubber

D16
FR107
T1
12 2
C17 R33
310V 8K2/2W
221/1KV
10 3
9 4
R30
C16 8K2/2W
221/1KV
7 6

FER 33 D15
FR107

10K
R28
Q2 Q1
FET A K2717 FET B K2717

R29
10K

+SENSE

R16 PC817 +IN

1

0.1R/2W ISO5
2

Hnh 2.7: Cc linh kin trong mch snubber.

Mch snubber ca transistor Q1 gm: D16, C17, R33.

 45

Mch snubber ca transistor Q1 gm: D15, C16, R30.

Mch snubber ni chung dng gim tn hao chuyn mch th hin

di dng nhit nng tch t trn transistor. Khi transistor nng ln, kh nng dn
dng km i, i hi din tch nhm tn nhit ln ln nu khng mun transistor b
nh thng v nhit.

Vi vic dng MOSFET, chc nng chnh ca snubber khng cn l

gim tn hao chuyn mch. MOSFET chy nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi transistor
lng cc, do tn hao chuyn mch l khng ln. Khi dng MOSFET, chc
nng chnh ca mch snubber l gim bin ca xung in p in cm r. V cc
xung nhn in p in cm r t l thun vi di/dt, do mt MOSFET c thi
gian tt dng in nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi mt transistor lng cc s c xung r
in p ln hn rt nhiu.

2.2.2.3.1. Tnh gi tr t trong mch snubber

Gi tr t in C c cho bi cng thc:

I pft ( p )
.Toff
C= 2 (2.15)
Vdcmax

Trong :

I pft ( p ) l dng nh s cp, I pft ( p ) = 0,38 A .(cng thc 2.14)

Toff : thi gian tt ca transistor cng sut, vi Transistor K1120,

Toff = 100ns = 10-7s. [5]

Thay nhng gi tr c vo cng thc (2.15), ta c:

0,38 .10 7
C= 2 6,2.10 11 F = 56 pF
340

Nh vy, ta c th chn t no c gi tr ln hn hoc bng 56 pF l

c.
 46

Trong qu trnh thc hin ti, nhm thc hin ch c th tm c

trn th trng t cao p c gi tr nh nht 220pF, do chn:

C16 = C17 = 220pF

2.2.2.3.2. Tnh gi tr in tr trong mch snubber [1]

Gi tr in tr R30 v R33 trong mch snubber c chn theo cng

thc:

3R.C = ton
min
(2.16)

0,8T
Vi tonmax = = 0,8.10 5 s (cng thc 2.9) l thi gian m ln nht ca
2
MOSFET cng sut, ng vi thi im in p DC ng vo l Vdcmin = 260V .

Vi tonmin l thi gian m nh nht ca MOSFET cng sut, ng vi thi

im in p DC ng vo l Vdcmax = 340V .

260.0,8.10 5
Vy: t onmax = = 0,61.10 5 s
340

T cng thc (2.13) v cc gi tr c, ta tnh c gi tr ca R30 v

R33:

3R.220.10 12 = 0,61.10 5

0,61.10 5
Suy ra: 3R.220.10 12 = 9242
3.220.10 12

m bo t x ht in p trong thi gian, chn gi tr in tr nh

hn gi tr tnh. Chn: R30 = R33 = 8200 .

Cng sut to nhit trn mi in tr R30 v R33 c tnh theo cng

thc:

0,5.C.(Vdcmax ) 2 0,5.220.1012.3402
PDR = = 0,6W (2.17)
T 2.10 5
 47

Ta phi chn cng sut danh nh ca in tr ln hn hoc bng hai

ln cng sut to nhit ca n [3], do chn R30 v R33 l in tr 2W.

2.2.2.4. Tnh thng s ca mch lc LC ng ra

2.2.2.4.1. Chn gi tr t lc

Gi tr t lc ng ra c cho bi cng thc:

0,2.I rms ( s )
C = 65.10 6. (2.18)
Vor

Vi Vor l in p gn sng nh nh ng ra, chn: Vor = 0,025V

0,2.4
Vy: C = 65.10 6. = 2,08.10 3 F
0,025

Chn: t C = 2200F / 25V .

2.2.2.4.2. Tnh gi tr cun cm

Gi tr cun cm ng ra c cho bi cng thc:

0,5.Vout .T 0,5.16.2.10 5
L= = = 4.10 5 H (2.19)
I rms ( s ) 4

T gi tr tnh c, ng dng vo thc t th nhm thc hin thy rng

cun dy c gi tr L = 20H s tt hn cho mch nn gi tr ny c chn.
 48

2.2.2.5. Tnh in tr bo v qu dng cho ng ra

T1
12 2
F2 D12_2
J6 CON2 4A 15V_OUT
1 L 20uH R37 0.1R/5W
2 1 2 D12 10 3
R31 R32 BTTH3002C 9 4
470/1W 4k7 C11
2200uF/35V
D12_1
7 6
D6
OUTPUT FER 33

15V_OUT

R11
470

VREF
1

PC817
ISO2
Q5
GATE MCR100
R18
2

Q3 2K2 R21

1K C1815 R34 1K R26

470
R27
SHUTDOWN

470

Hnh 2.8: Mi quan h gia khi chuyn i cng sut v khi hi tip
dng in.

in p ri trn R37 cng l in p VBE ca Q3. Khi in p ny bng

0,6V, in p ng ra s b ngt.

Trn l thuyt, phi chn in tr R37 sao cho dng in trn ti l 4A th

in p rt trn in tr ny l 0,6V, in tr ca R37 l:

0,6
Rt = = 0,15
4

Tuy nhin, trn thc t phi chn R37 c gi tr ln hn. Do c phn on

dng np, khi transistor phn on chuyn t ngng dn sang dn, dng ban u
ny c th gy ngt in ng ra do tng nhm qu ti d dng in trung bnh trn
ti cha n 4A. Bn cnh , khi hot ng th R37 s b nng ln, in tr ca n
v th cng s tng ln.

Thc t chn in tr R37 = 0,1 , cng sut 5W.

 49

2.2.3. Tnh ton, la chn thng s cho cu ch

Khi thc hin ti ny, nhm thc hin quyt nh lm cu ch cho

ng vo v ng ra mch ngun xung chnh t ng in, kiu thit k ny hay c
s dng trong cc thit b in t trong cng nghip. Theo kch thc ng
mch lm cu ch s c tnh ph hp vi kh nng dn dng ca n.

V cch tnh, nhm thc hin s dng bng tra ca hng P&M Services
[R] Ltd.
 50

Hnh 2.9: Giao din phn mm c s dng.

Vi cc board ng c s dng ti Vit Nam, chiu dy lp ng phn

ln l 1oz/ft, kh nng to nhit ra mi trng nn chn l 100C.
 51

Vi cng ngh gia cng mch hin c, ng mch in nh nht c th gia

cng l 0,2mm, nhng khi gia cng s rt d b t mch. Kch thc mch thng
phi t 0,25mm tr ln.

2.2.3.1. Thit k ng mch in lm cu ch ng vo

Ta chn cu ch 1Ampere cho ng vo. Tra bng, ta c s liu nh sau:

Hnh 2.10: S liu v kch thc ng mch in ng vi dng in cn

dn l 1Ampere.

Theo s liu bng tra trn, dng in 1Ampere ch cn ng mch in

rng 0,09mm. Tuy nhin, m bo tnh vng chc cho ng mch, nhm thit
k quyt nh chn ng mch c kch thc 0,4mm lm cu ch ng vo.

2.2.3.2. Thit k ng mch in lm cu ch ng ra

Vi cu ch ng ra l 4Ampere, nhm thc hin chn ng mch in l

1,2mm theo ng cch tnh t phn mm.

Hnh 2.11: S liu v kch thc ng mch in ng vi dng in cn

dn l 4Ampere.

Sau khi hon tt vic tnh ton, la chn thng s cho cc linh kin, nhm nghin
cu tin hnh v mch in trn phn mm ORCAD. Board mch sau khi c gia
cng c hnh dng nh sau:
 52

Hnh 2.12: Mt trc v mt sau ca board mch ngun xung.

Sau y l hnh nh board mch sau khi hon tt:

Hnh 2.13. Board mch ngun xung sau khi hon tt.
 53

2.3. Tnh ton, la chn linh kin v thi cng cho mch iu khin

2.3.1. Khi bo v v iu khin

15V_OUT
12V 12V
12V
R9

VREF
R11 2K2
3K3 U8C U8A 12V J18

3
DUNG CUC DO 9 + DO 7 + 1
14 RESET 10K 1 RESTART 2
R12 DUNG CUC 8 - 6 -
2K2 R10
2K2 R13 RESTART

12

12
LM339 LM339

J21
12V
1 12V
10K 2
R8 R16
12V U8D
12 RESET Q5
1K LM339 NAP
R17 10 - Q3 2K2 A1013
13 RESET 2N7000
11 + D19
SW3 J5
START 1 DAY
2
3

J15 12V 12V

1 R21
2 100K 12V DAY R15
R
START
R28 D23 R36
OUT_DELAY 500K

22K C1
4148 10uF

Hnh 2.14: Khi bo v v iu khin.

Qua thc nghim, ta thy rng gi tr t C1, R21 v R36 nh vy l t yu

cu, yu cu ca phn tnh ton l tnh cho c thi gian m ng ra U8D chuyn
trng thi khi in p chn 10 ln hn in p chn 11 (do t C1 x nng lng qua
R21 v R36, cng thm l t C1 khng c cp in t nt nhn hoc t U2 qua
R28 v D23).

Nhn nt SW3, t C1 np vi mc in p 12V. Nu cc iu kin tho

mn th ngay sau nhn nt SW3, ng ra ca U3 c mc cao a n np cho t. Tuy
nhin, ng ra (chn 3) ca U2 c mc cao khong 11V vi ngun cung cp cho U3
l 12V, in p ny cng rt p trn D23 l 0,7V. Do , ch khi no t C1 x in
cn thp hn 10,3V th D23 mi phn cc thun v duy tr dng np cho t.

Nh ni phn 1.2.2.4.2., in p chn 10 vo khong 1,1V. Vy, khi t

C1 x t in p 10,3V va xung di 1,1V th ng ra o trng thi. Thi gian
ny c tnh nh sau:
 54

t
v(t ) = V0 .e RC
[2]

t v (t )
=> = ln
R .C V0

v(t )
=> t = R.C. ln (2.20)
V0

Trong :

V(t): in p t ti thi im t, n v l V.

V0: in p t ti thi im ban u, n v l V.

R1 v R2 n v l .

C2 n v l F.

Trng hp R36 0 (qua cch iu chnh bin tr m ta c gi tr

ny), ta c:

1,1
t1 = 105.10 5. ln 2,2s
10,3

Trng hp R36 = 500 K , ta c:

1,1
t 2 = (10 5 + 5.10 5 ).10 5. ln 13,4 s
10,3

Vy thi gian kim tra c-quy y l nm trong khong 2,2 13,4s , ty

thuc vo cch chnh bin tr R36.
 55

2.3.2. Khi to dao ng

12V J1 J2
2 2
1 1
R14 IN Q1 B688
4K7
12V 12V 12V SBL2040 ACQUY
RESET OUT_DELAY 15V_IN D18

C7 R6 U2 R29 U1 R3
8

4
104 1M 4K7 R2 R4 2K2 330/2W 15V_OUT
1K2 3
VCC

RST

VCC

RST
12V OUT
7 3 7
6 DSCHG OUT DSCHG J26 Q2
C9 THR R22 D26 R1 1 C2383
470uF NE555 4K7 470 2 R26
4148 6 22K
GND

GND
2 RESTART 2 THR
CV

CV
TRG TRG XUNG
C2
22uF NE555
1

5
C10 C3
104 104

Hnh 2.15: Khi to dao ng.

2.3.2.1. Tnh ton thi gian cho IC U1

Qua thc nghim, ta thy rng vi tn s phn on dng np trn

35Hz th kim ng h ampere k dao ng vi bin kh nh, thun li cho qu
trnh gim st dng np.

Chu k dao ng ca U1 cho bi cng thc:

1
T= = 0,693.( R1 + R 2).C 2 [4] (2.21)
f

Trong :

T n v l s

R1 v R2 n v l

C2 n v l F

Chn trc: C 2 = 22F , tng tr ca R1+R2 s l:

1 1
R1 + R 2 = = 1874
f .0,693.C 2 35.0,693.22.10 6

thi gian np ln gp i thi gian ngng np trong vic phn dng

np, chn:

R1 = 1,2 K R 2 = 470 .
 56

2.3.2.2. Tnh ton thi gian cho IC U2

Khi c-quy gn y, thi gian ngng dn ca Q1 khi phn on dng

np khng c-quy gim in p thp chn 2 b p xung mc thp. Do
, U2 s hot ng ht chu k ca mnh. Trong thit k, ta mun thi gian mc
cao ny l khong 10 pht khi chn 2 hon ton khng b p xung mc thp
na. t yu cu trn, ta s phi tnh gi tr cho R6 v C9. Thi gian ng ra U2
mc cao c tnh theo cng thc:

t H (U 2) = 1,1.R6.C 9 [4] (2.22)

Trong :

t H (U 2) n v l s

R6 n v l

C9 n v l F

Chn trc: C 9 = 470F = 470.10 6 F

Gi tr in tr R6 s l:

t H (U 2 ) 600
R6 = = 1,16.10 6 = 1,16 M
1,1.C 9 1,1.470.10 6

V thi gian ng ra U2 mc cao khng cn tht chnh xc.

Chn: R6 = 1M .
 57

2.3.3. Tnh ton thi gian cho khi m cnh bo

12V 12V
12V 12V

U5A U5B

14

14
U5C
U5D

14

14
1 5 4011
3 4 12 8
2 6 11 10
13 9

4011 R30 4011

7

7
2M4 4011

7
C12
12V

470K R32
C104 R5 R7

2
R33 D9 22 22
1 2 D11
R19 1N4148
4K7 100K 1N4148 LS1
C13

1
12V R34
Q4 SPEAKER
1

C102 C1815
ISO1
PC817 R18 4K7
Q6
C1815
2

R20
D16 1K2 1K2
4148

15V_OUT

Hnh 2.16: Khi m cnh bo.

Nh trnh by trn, U5C v U5D l khi to ra m bo chun. Cc

gi tr in tr, t l s k tha ca ngi i trc. to ra m beep ngt qung
vi tn s thch hp do ti t ra l khong 2Hz, ta s phi tnh gi tr R30 v
C12. Tn s ny c cho bi cng thc:

1
f = [4] (2.23)
2,2 R.C

R chnh l gi tr in tr ca R30 () .

C chnh l gi tr ca t C12 (F ) .

Chn trc t C12 c gi tr 0,1F (tc l t 104), gi tr in tr R s

l:

1 1
R= = 6
2,28.106 = 2,28M
2,2 f .C 2,2.2.0,1.10

Trn thc t, chn R30 c gi tr l 2,4M .

 58

2.3.4. Tnh ton thi gian cho khi pht m nhc

12V
12V
D2
R41 RA C20 C21 2 1
470 100K 100uF 100nF
U11 1N4001

5
U10
C25 J1

+Vs
2 1 1 C24
GND

VCC OUT IN+ 4 1

D3 1uF 2 OUTPUT 2
IN-

-Vs
UM66
2V R44 1000uF
3

100K R42 TDA2030 1R 8R/0.5W

3
R44
RB
CB 100K
22uF R43 150K D1 C23
4K7 1 2 C22 104
104
1N4001

C25
2.2uF

D5 4148
12V
15V_OUT
R31
8

R27 10K 10K U3B

5 +
7
12V 6 -
BAO DAY LM393
R25 R24 12V
D4 R48 3K3 4K7 BAO DAY
4

4K7 R49
4148 10K R50
8

U3A 10K
12V 3 + Q4
R45 1 IRFZ44
10K 2 -
R47 470K LM393 R51
Q7 C25 10K
C1815 100uF R50 R51
4

R46 10K 10K

10K

12V

Hnh 2.17: Khi pht m nhc.

Ta cn tnh gi tr ca t C25 v in tr R47 sao cho thi gian t C25

x in t 12V xung 6V l 30s. S dng li cng thc 2.20:

v(t )
t = R.C. ln
V0

Chn trc C25 l 100 F , gi in tr R47 c xc nh nh sau:

t 30
R= = 0,43.10 6
V (t ) 6 6
C. ln 100.10 . ln
V0 12

Chn: in tr R47 l 470 K .

 59

2.3.5. Tnh ton, la chn thng s cho cu ch

Dng in ng vo mch s cp l nh hn 1Ampere. Do , tha

hng kt qu ca phn 2.2.3.1, ta chn ng mch in rng 0,4mm.

Do ngun in t bin p i ra phi qua IC n p 7812 nui cho cc

IC mch iu khin. IC 7812 c tnh nng bo v ngn mch nn khng cn cu ch
ng ra ca bin p mch iu khin.

La chn xong linh kin, nhm hin thc hin v mch trn phn
mm ORCAD, sau y l cc hnh nh v board mch:

Hnh 2.18: Mt trc v mt sau ca board mch iu khin sc c-quy.

 60

Hnh 2.19: Board mch iu khin sc c-quy sau khi thi cng.

Hnh 2.20: Khi pht m nhc c thit k di dng m-un m rng.

 61

2.4. Mt s hnh nh tng quan v my sc xung c thit k

1 2 3

6 5

Hnh 2.21: Giao din ca my sc vi ngi dng.

Ch thch:

1: Ampere k.

2: n bo my khng thc hin chu trnh sc.

3: Cu ch ng vo ca my sc.

4: n xanh bo my ang thc hin chu trnh sc.

5: Nt nhn khi ng chu trnh sc.

6: Nm vn iu chnh dng sc cho c-quy, nu vn v im tn cng bn

tri th dng sc s nh nht. Nu iu chnh v im tn cng bn phi, dng sc
ln nht.
 62

Hnh 2.22: n xanh sng ln khi my ang sc c-quy.

Hnh 2.23: Khi khng thc hin chu trnh sc v c ngun cung cp,

n sng ln. Cng tc in

ng vo

Dy ngun vo

Qut tn nhit

Dy ngun ra

Hnh 2.24: Mt sau my sc c qut tn nhit.

 63

L thng gi L thng gi

Hnh 2.25: Mt bn my sc vi nhng l thng gi.

Kt lun:

Chng 2 l s tng hp li tt c nhng cch tnh, nhng bin php nhm

thc hin c th ho, hin thc ho vn c t ra. Mc d c trnh by
khng di, nh chnh l nhng nt tinh tu nht m nhm thc hin c c sau
mt thi gian nghin cu. C th ni, chng 2 chnh l s m t chi tit nht con
ng dn n thnh cng ca ti.
 64

KT QU
K t ngy lm th nghim v mch chy ng yu cu, khng bng lng vi
nhng ci c, trong vng 3 thng tip sau nhm thc hin lin tc ci tin
mch. Sau rt nhiu ln ch th v cho chy th, cho n ngy hm nay, c th ni
l mch p ng c hon ton cc yu cu c t ra trc .

Trong qu trnh thc hin ti, bn cnh vic tham kho thng tin trn mng
internet, nhm thc hin cng a ra nhng tng to bo, mi m trong thit k.
Do , s mch do nhm thit k hon ton khng ging nh bt k s mch
no hin c trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng.

Vi vic khng a vi iu khin vo mch iu khin s to thun li v gi

thnh cho qu trnh chuyn giao cng ngh sau ny, iu ny cng to thun li cho
vic sa cha bo tr sau ny. Tnh thc tin ca ti cng c tng ln.

Thit k ngun xung l mt cng vic kh kh khn v khng phi ai, sinh vin
no cng c th lm c. Vic nhm c ti liu l thuyt v lm mch thc t
thnh cng th hin c kh nng t hc kh tt ca sinh vin Khoa C in
ni ring, i hc Lc Hng ni chung.

Trong thi gian thc hin ti, nhm tin hnh s dng my sc xung sc
cho mt s c-quy vi dung lng 3,5Ah, 5Ah, 7,2Ah. Kt qu t c nh sau;
cn ch : c-quy c x ht in, thi gian kim tra c-quy y khong 2s.
 65

1. i vi c-quy 3,5Ah ca hng Panasonic.

My sc c chnh ch sc nhanh nht (dng sc ln nht):

Thi gian 8g00 (bt u sc) 8g30 9g00 9g10

(my ngt sc)

Dng sc 1,95A 1,00A 0,70A 0,60A

in p trn c-quy 10,50V 13,40V 13,55V 13,60V

Thi gian sc y: 1 gi 10 pht

My sc c chnh ch sc chm nht (dng sc nh nht):

Thi gian 8g00 (bt u sc) 8g30 9g00 9g30 (my ngt sc)

Dng sc 0,80A 0,60A 0,25A 0,20A

in p trn 10,50V 12,60V 13,26V 13,60V

c-quy

Thi gian sc y: 1 gi 30 pht

Ghi ch: y l c-quy s dng c mt nm.

2. i vi c-quy 5Ah ca hng Xinwei.

My sc c chnh ch sc nhanh nht (dng sc ln nht):

Thi gian 10g00 (bt u sc) 10g30 11g00 11g30 (my ngt sc)

Dng sc 2,90A 2,60A 2,00A 1,50A

in p trn 10,80V 12,55V 13,40V 13,60V

c-quy

Thi gian sc y: 1 gi 30 pht

 66

My c chnh ch sc chm nht (dng sc nh nht):

Thi gian 10g00 (bt u sc) 10g30 11g00 11g30

Dng sc 1,60A 1,32A 1,25A 0,95A

in p trn c- 10,80V 12,40V 12,86V 13,10V

quy

Thi gian 12g00 12g30 13g00 13g20 (my ngt sc)

Dng sc 0,75A 0,60A 0,50A 0,40A

in p trn c- 13,30V 13,44V 13,56V 13,60V

quy

Thi gian sc y: 3 gi 20 pht

Ghi ch: y l c-quy mi s dng c hai thng.

3. i vi c-quy 7,2Ah ca hng Panasonic.

My c chnh ch sc nhanh nht (dng sc ln nht):

Thi gian 15g (bt u sc) 15g30 16g00 16g30 17g 00

Dng sc 3,10A 2,70A 2,50A 1,90A 0,90A

in p trn c-quy 11,20V 12,34V 12,90V 13,40V 13,45V

Thi gian 17g 30 17g55 (my ngt sc)

Dng sc 0,50A 0,40A

in p trn c-quy 13,55V 10,60V

Thi gian sc y: 2 gi 55 pht

 67

My c chnh ch sc chm nht (dng sc nh nht):

Thi gian 15g00 (bt u sc) 15g30 16g00 16g30 17g00

Dng sc 1,90A 1,70A 1,40A 1,20A 1,00A

in p
11,20V 12,50V 12,75V 13,05V 13,25V
trn c-quy

Thi gian 17g30 18g00 18g30 19g00 19g15 (my ngt sc)

Dng sc 0,80A 0,50A 0,30A 0,30A 0,30A

in p trn
13,40V 13,45V 13,50V 13,55V 13,60V
c-quy

Thi gian sc y: 4 gi 15 pht

Ghi ch: y l c-quy s dng c tm thng.

Tm li: Sau khi c thit k v thi cng, my sc xung c nhng tnh nng
sau:

Khi ng qu trnh sc bng nt start, chu trnh sc v kim tra in p c-

quy s din ra t ng. Khi c-quy y, my s t tt ngun sc v pht ra
mt on nhc trong 30s.

C kh nng iu chnh v cp dng sc cho c-quy, dng sc cng c hin

th qua ampere k, thun tin cho vic gim st ca ngi s dng.

C n bo ch hot ng ca my sc: ang sc c-quy (n xanh) hoc

ngng sc (n ).

Bo v ngc cc khi kt ni c-quy vi ngun sc. Theo s khng lm

hng my sc v c-quy.
 68

C kh nng bo v ngn mch ng ra ca my sc, trnh h hng cho my.

C tnh nng nhn bit khi c-quy b mt kt ni vi my sc v ngng chu

trnh sc.

Vi nhng tnh nng ny, c th ni ti hon thnh cc mc tiu c ra

khi thit k.
 69

KIN NGH
Mc d lm thnh cng mch ngun xung, tuy nhin, nhm thc hin ch da
vo nhng ti liu hin c v rt kinh nghim t thc t hon thnh ti. Nhm
thc hin khng c c nhng my chuyn dng thm nh cht lng li
ferrite. Khi a vo sn xut thc t, vic dng nhng my chuyn dng kim tra
cht lng li ferrite cn c quan tm ng mc, qua , c th pht huy tt nht
cng sut li ferrite c s dng.

V mt kch thc, my sc c-quy do nhm ch to c kch thc ln hn so

vi my sc c cng cng sut hin c trn th trng. Do , ti u kch thc
mch cng l iu ng lu tm khi my sc c a vo sn xut phc v cuc
sng.

Khi thit k ng mch in, vi nhng ng mch cung cp in p DC ra

ngoi, ngoi vic tnh ton kch thc theo dng in c kh nng ti ca ng
mch, cn ch n vic st p trn ng mch, trnh gy st p qu nhiu trn
ng mch do kch thc ng mch qu nh. iu ny s nh hng khng nh
n tnh chnh xc in p ng ra.

Hn hp keo c nh cc vng dy cn c ch trng hn na, m bo khi

bin p xung hot ng th hon ton khng pht ra ting ku d l nh nht.

Nu nhm thc hin c h tr v mt k thut v kinh ph c th sn xut

sn phm theo quy m cng nghip, gi thnh ca sn phm s mc thp nht, c
th cnh tranh vi cc sn phn hin c trn th trng.
 70

HNG PHT TRIN

Ngy nay, my sc c th iu chnh v cp ca mt s hng nh hng Robot ch
gii hn dng ng ra l 30A [8]. Da trn nn tng cng ngh ca chic my sc
ny, vic thit k nhng my sc c dng in ng ra ln hn 30A m vn c th
chnh v cp dng sc l hon ton c th. Bn cnh , nu pht trin my sc hin
c sc nhng c-quy dung lng ln hn th cng sut tn hao cho mch iu
khin gn nh l khng thay i. Do , ch to nhng my sc cng sut ln hn
s lm tng hiu sut ca my sc ln kh nhiu.

Khi ni n ngun xung, ngi ta lun ngh n kh nng n p ng ra, vi s

thay i in p ng vo trong mt phm vi rng. Vic s dng ngun ph nui
cho SG3525 l bin p st t hn ch kh nng n p ny. Do , trong nhng
nghin cu tip theo th nn dng ngun ph cng l bin p xung cng sut nh.

Vic pht trin c th sc cho nhiu loi quy: 6V, 12V, 24V trn cng mt
my sc l hon ton c th c. Vic nng cp ny cng khng qu phc tp.
 71

DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Ti liu ting Vit

[1]. thanh Hi, Trng Trng Tun (2001), Phn tch & thit k ngun n
nh chuyn mch, Nxb Gio Dc.
[2]. Nguyn Trung Lp, L thuyt mch, ti xung theo ng dn:
http://www.ebook.edu.vn/?page=1.6&view=226
[3]. Ng nh Thiu Giao, Linh kin in t, Ti liu lu hnh ni b trong
trng i hc Lc Hng.

[4]. PGS.TS Nguyn Hu Phng (2001), Mch s, Nxb Thng K.

2. Ti liu ting Anh

[5]. Datasheet ca MOSFET K1120.

[6]. Datasheet ca IC SG3525.

[7]. Hang-Seok Choi, Design guidelines for off-line forward converters using
fairchild power switch, ti xung vi tn AN-4134 ti
www.fairchildsemi.com.

[8]. www.robot.com.vn.