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Physics f4 Chapter 4
Physics f4 Chapter 4
CHAPTER 4: HEAT
4.1 : UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
By the end of this subtopic, you will be able to
Explain thermal equilibrium Thermal equilibrium
:Keseimbangan terma
Explain how a liquid-in glass thermometer works
A B
Equivalent to Equivalent to
Hot Cold
object object
1. The net heat will flow from A to B until the temperature of A is the ( same, zero as the
temperature of B. In this situation, the two bodies are said to have reached thermal
equilibrium.
2. When thermal equilibrium is reached, the net rate of heat flow between the two bodies is
(zero, equal)
3. There is no net flow of heat between two objects that are in thermal equilibrium. Two
objects in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature.
4. The liquid used in glass thermometer should
(a) Be easily seen
(b) Expand and contract rapidly over a wide range of temperature
(c) Not stick to the glass wall of the capillary tube
5. List the characteristic of mercury
(a) Opaque liquid
(b) Does not stick to the glass
(c) Expands uniformly when heated
(d) Freezing point -390C
(e) Boiling point 3570C
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
6. ( Heat, Temperature ) is a form of energy. It flows from a hot body to a cold body.
7. The SI unit for ( heat , temperature) is Joule, J.
8. ( Heat , Temperature ) is the degree of hotness of a body
9. The SI unit for (heat , temperature) is Kelvin, K.
10. Lower fixed point (l 0 )/ ice point : the temperature of pure melting ice/00C
11. Upper fixed point( l 100)/steam point: the temperature of steam from water that is boiling
under standard atmospheric pressure /1000C
l - l
Temperature, = 0 x 1000C
l100 - l0
l0 : length of mercury at ice point
l100 : length of mercury at steam point
l : length of mercury at point
Exercise 4.1
Section A: Choose the best answer
1. The figure shows two metal blocks. 2. When does the energy go when a cup
Which the following statement is of hot tea cools?
false? A. It warms the surroundings
B. It warms the water of the tea
C. It turns into heat energy and
disappears.
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
2. The length of the mercury column at the steam point and ice point and are 65.0 cm and
5.0cm respectively. When the thermometer is immersed in the liquid Q, the length of the
mercury column is 27.0 cm. What is the temperature of the liquid Q?
Temperature, = l l0 x 1000C
l100 l0
= 27 5 x 1000C
65 - 5
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Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
= 36.670C
3. The distance between 00C and 1000C is 28.0 cm. When the thermometer is put into a
beaker of water, the length of mercury column is 24.5cm above the lower fixed point. What
is the temperature of the water?
Temperature, = l l0 x 1000C
l100 l0
= 24.5 0 x 1000C
28 - 0
= 87.50C
4. The distance between 00C and 1000C is 25 cm. When the thermometer is put into a beaker
of water, the length of mercury column is 16cm above the lower fixed point. What is the
temperature of the water? What is the length of mercury column from the bulb at
temperatures i) 300C
Temperature, = l l0 x 1000C
l100 l0
= 16 0 x 1000C
25 - 0
= 64.00C
Temperature, = l l0 x 1000C
l100 l0
300C = x 0 x 1000C
25 - 0
x = 7.5cm
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
2. What do you mean by heat and temperature?
Heat is the energy that transfers from one object to another object because of a
....
temperature difference between them.
Temperature is a measure of degree of hotness of a body.
1. The heat capacity of a body is the amount of heat that must be supplied to the
body to increase its temperature by 10C.
2. The heat capacity of an object depends on the
Temperature of the body
(a) .
Mass of the body
(b) .
Type of material
(c)
3. The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat that must be
supplied to increase the temperature by 1 0C for a mass of 1 kg of the substance. Unit
Jkg-1 K-1 Q__
Specific heat capacity , c =
m
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
6. Conversion of energy
Heater
Electrical energy
Electrical energy Heat energy
Power = P Pt = mc
Equal rate of
heat supplied
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
Exercise 4.2
SECTION A : Choose the best answer
1. The change in the temperature of ethanol. The temperature of the ethanol
an object does not depend on rises faster. This is because the ethanol..
A. the mass of the object A. is denser than water
B. the type of substance the object is B. is less dense than water
made of C. has a larger specific heat capacity
C. the shape of the object than water
D. the quantity of heat received D. has a smaller specific heat capacity
than water
2. Which of the following defines
the specific heat capacity of a substance 4. In the experiment to determine
correctly? the specific heat capacity of a metal
A. The amount of heat energy required block, some oil is poured into the hole
to raise the temperature of 1kg of the containing thermometer. Why is this
substance done?
B. The amount of heat energy required A. To ensure a better conduction of
to raise 1kg of the substance by 10C. heat
C. The amount of heat energy required B. To reduce the consumption of
to change 1kg of the substance from electrical energy
the solid state to the liquid state. C. To ensure the thermometer is in an
upright position.
3. Heat energy is supplied at the D. To reduce the friction between the
same rate to 250g of water and 250g of thermometer and the wall of the
block.
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Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
4. 750g block of a aluminium at 1200C is cooled until 450C. Find the amount of
heat is released. . (Specific heat capacity of aluminium = 900 J kg-1 C-1).
5kg
2.25kg
A
B
1000C 200C 10
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Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
(c) Suggest one method to reduce the energy loss to the surroundings.
Put them in a sealed polystyrene box.
..
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Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
Gas
Boiling
Latent heat absorbed Condensation
Latent heat released
Solidification
Solid Latent heat released Liquid
2. The heat absorbed or the heat released at constant temperature during a change of
phase is known as latent heat. Q= ml
Temperature
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.
Time
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
(b) Boiling
Temperature
.
Time
(c) Solidification
Temperature
Time .
(d) Condensation
Temperature
.
Time
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Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
ice water
heat lost
( freezing)
gas
water
heat lost
( condensation)
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Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
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Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
EXERCISE 4.3
Section A:
1. The graph in figure below shows C. The mass of water produced by
how the temperature of some wax melting ice
changes as it cools from liquid to solid. D. The temperature change of the ice.
Which section of the graph would the
wax be a mixture of solid and liquid?
A. PQ
B. QR
C. RS
D. ST
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Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
Q = ml
Pt = 1.5 x 3.34 x 105
500 x t = 501 000
t = 1002s
4. 300 g of water at 400C is mixed with x g of water at 800C. The final
temperature of the mixture is 700C. Find the value of x
7. Find the amount of heat needed to convert 0.5 kg of ice at 15 0C into steam
at 1000C
8. Calculate the amount of heat needed to convert 100 g of ice at 0 0C into steam
at 1000C.
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Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
9. The specific latent heat of vaporization of water is 2300 kJ kg-. How much
heat will be absorbed when 3.2 kg of water is boiled off at its boiling point.
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P1
V
That is PV = constant Small volume
molecules hit wall
Or P V = P V more often, greater
1 1 2 2
pressure
1. Boyles law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is inversely
proportional to its volume when the temperature is kept constant.
2. Boyles law can be shown graphically as in Figure above
P
P
0 V 0 1/V
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Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
3. The volume of an air bubble at the base of a sea of 50 m deep is 250cm 3. If the
atmospheric pressure is 10m of water, find the volume of the air bubble when it reaches
the surface of the sea.
P2= 10m
P1V1 = P2V2
60m (250 x 10-6)m3 = 10m x V2
PI=50m + 10m 1.5 x 10-3 m3 = V2
4.4.2 Charless Law
V1=250cm3
VT
that is V = constant
T
Higher temperature,
Relationship between faster molecules,
volume and temperature larger volume to keep
the pressure constant
Lower temperature
1. Charles law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the volume of the gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature when its pressure is kept constant.
2. The temperature -2730C is the lowest possible temperature and is known as the absolute
zero of temperature.
3. Fill the table below.
Temperature Celsius scale (0C) Kelvin Scale(K)
Absolute zero -273 0
Ice point 0 273
Steam point 100 373
Unknown point ( + 273 )
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P T
That is P = constant
T
Higher temperature
molecules move
faster, greater
pressure
Relationship between pressure
and temperature
1. The pressure law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature when its volume is kept constant.
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Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
2. The volume of an air bubble at the base of a sea of 50 in deep is 200 cm3. If the
atmospheric pressure is 10 in of water, find the volume of the air bubble when it reaches the
surface of the sea.
3. The volume of an air bubble is 5 mm3 when it is at a depth of h in below the water
surface. Given that its volume is 15 mm3 when it is at a depth of 2 in, find the value of h.
(Atmospheric pressure = 10 m of water)
4. An air bubble has a volume of V cm3 when it is released at a depth of 45m from the
water surface. Find its volume (V) when it reaches the water surface. (Atmospheric pressure
= 10 m of water)
5. A gas of volume 20m3 at 370C is heated until its temperature becomes 870C at
constant pressure. What is the increase in volume?
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Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
6. The air pressure in a container at 330C is 1.4 X 1O5 N m2. The container is heated
until the temperature is 550C. What is the final air pressure if the volume of the container is
fixed?
7. The volume of a gas is 1 cm 3 at 150C. The gas is heated at fixed pressure until the
volume becomes triple the initial volume. Calculate the final temperature of the gas.
9. The pressure of a gas decreases from 1.2 x 10 5 Pa to 9 x 105 Pa at 400C. If the volume
of the gas is constant, find the initial temperature of the gas.
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Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
PART A: CHAPTER 4
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Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
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PART B;
1. A research student wishes to carry out an investigation on the temperature change of the
substance in the temperature range -500C to 500C. The instrument used to measure the
temperature is a liquid in glass thermometer.
Thermometer A B C D
Liquid Mercury Mercury Alcohol Alcohol
Freezing point of liquid (0C) -39 -39 -112 -112
Boiling point of liquid (0C) 360 360 360 360
Diameter of capillary tube Large Small Large Small
Cross section
Table 1
(a) (i) State the principle used in a liquid- in glass thermometer.(1m)
Principle of thermal equilibrium
........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Briefly explain the principle stated in (a)(i) (3m)
A system is in a state of thermal equilibrium if the net rate of heat flow between
.
the component of the system is zero. This means that the component of the system
.
are at the same temperature
.
(b) Table 1 shows the characteristic of 4 types of thermometer: A,B C and D. On the basis
of the information given in Table 1, explain the characteristics of, and suggest a suitable
thermometer for the experiment.(5 m)
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Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
Alkohol freezing point is less than -50C, boiling point higher than 50C.Thus the
alcohol will not boil.
Capillary tube has small diameter will produce a large change in the length thus
making the change clearly visible.
Small diameter increases sensitivity of the thermometer
..
(c) The length of the mercury column in uncalibrated thermometer is 6.0cm and 18.5 cm at
00C and 1000C. respectively. When the thermometer is placed in a liquid, the length of
the mercury column is 14.0cm
(i) Calculate the temperature of the liquid
The temperature of the liquid = 8.0 x 100
12.5
= 64 0C
(ii) State two thermometric properties which can be used to calibrate a thermometer. (6m)
Change of volume of gas with temperature
Change of electrical resistance with temperature
Figure 2
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
Assuming that the heat absorbed by the polystyrene cup and heat loss to the
surroundings are negligible.{Specific heat capacity of water 4 200 j kg-1 C-1)
Calculate
(a) the quantity of heat gained by water the polystyrene cup
Q = mc
= 0.250 x 4200 x (42-30)
= 12 600J
(b) the rate of heat supplied to the water
Rate of heat supplied to the water = 12 600J
120s
= 105 Js-1
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Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
(a) State the energy change each time the tube is inverted.
Gravitational potential energy kinetic energy heat energy
..
..
(b) What is the average distance taken by the lead shot each time the tube is
inverted?
45.0 cm
(c) Calculate the time taken by the lead shot to fall from the top to the
bottom of the tube.
S = ut + at2
0.45 = 0 + (10)t2
t = 0.3s
(d) After inverting the tube 100 times, the temperature of the lead shot is
found to have increased by 30C.
i. Calculate the work done on the lead shot.
Work done = (100) mgh
= 100 x 0.500 x 10 x 0.45
= 225 J
ii. Calculate the specific heat capacity of lead.
mc = 225 J
c = 225
(0.500 x 3)
= 150 Jkg-1 C-1
PART C: EXPERIMENT
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
1. Before travelling on a long journey, Luqman measured the air pressure the tyre of
his car as shown in Figure (a) He found that the air pressure of the tyre was 200 kPa.
After the journey, Luqman measured again the air pressure of the tyre as shown in Figure
(b) He found that the air pressure had increase to 245 kPa. Luqman also found that the
tyre was hotter after the journey although the size of the tyre did not change.
Using the information provided by Luqman and his observations on air pressure in the
tyre of his car:
Choose suitable apparatus such as pressure gauge, a round-bottomed flask and any other
apparatus that may he necessary. In your description, state clearly the following:
i. Aim of the experiment,
ii. Variables in the experiment,
iii. List of apparatus and materials,
iv. Arrangement of the apparatus,
v. The procedure of the experiment including the method of controlling the
manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable,
vi. The way you would tabulate the data,
vii. The way you would analyse the data. [10 marks]
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Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
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Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
completely immersed.
The water is stirred and the initial temperature reading
taken. The pressure reading from the bourdon gauge is also
taken.
The water is heated and constant stirred. When the water
temperature increases by 100C, the Bunsen burner is
removed and the stirring of water is continued. The
temperature and pressure readings of the trapped air are
recorded in the table
The above procedure is repeated until the water temperature
almost reaches boiling point.
Tabulation of Data
Analysis of Data
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