CHNG 1

TNG QUAN V CC HP CHT POLYCLOBIPHENYL

1.1. Cng thc ha hc:

Polyclobiphenyl( PCBs) l hn hp cc hp cht dn xut clo ca Biphenyl
C12H10-nCln

Trn l thuyt, PCBs c 209 ng ng nhng ngi ta ch thy xut hin c

130 ng ng trong sn phm thng mi.
Bng 1.1 Cc ng ng ca Policlobiphenyl

Cc ng ng PCBs S nguyn t Cl S cht

Monoclobiphenyl
Diclobiphenyl
Triclobiphenyl
Tetraclobiphenyl
Pentaclobiphenyl
Hexaclobiphenyl
Heptaclobiphenyl
Octaclobiphenyl
Nonaclobiphenyl
Decaclobiphenyl
1 3
2 12
3 24
4 42
5 46
6 42
7 24
8 12
9 3
10 1

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Chng ti trch dn tham kho tn thng mi ca hn hp cc PCBs bng 1.2
Bng 1.2 Tn thng mi ca mt s hn hp PCB

SST Tn thng mi ca PCB Nc sn xut

1 Apirolio
2 Aroclor Hoa K
3 Clophen c
4 Delor Sc-Slovakia
5 Elaol c
6 Fenclor
7 Kanechlor Nht
8 Phenoclor hoc Pyralene Php
9 Pyranol Canada, Hoa K
10 Pyroclor Anh
11 Santotherm Nht
12 Sorol hoc Solvol Nga

1.2. Tnh cht vt l:

Tng ng ng ca PCBs thng l cc hp cht kt tinh khng mu. Khi
to hn hp PCBs thng mi thng cho hn hp mu vng nht sng, trong sut,
c th dng lng du, sp mm hoc trng thi rn. Cc ng ng ca PCBs t
tan trong nc v c tnh i du. nhit thp, PCBs khng kt tinh nhng s
chuyn sang dng nha do. PCBs t tan trong nc nhng d tan trong cc dung
mi hu c, h s chit ca cc ng ng PCBs trong khong Log KOW= 4.46-
8.18. Cc hp cht PCBs d tan trong du nn chng d i vo cc chui thc n,
tch gp trong cc m m ca sinh vt.
Sau y l mt s i lng vt l ca mt s hn hp PCBs nu trong bng 1.3:

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 Bng 1.3 Mt s i lng vt l ca mt s hn hp PCBs (Aroclo), 25oC [40]

Hn PCBs+ tan p sut T Trng thi Hng s im

hp %Clorin trong bay hi trng khc x Henry si (750
Aroclo nc (torr) (g/cm3) (atm- torr)
3
(mg/L) m /mol
Du, trong 1.6215-
1016 41.5 0.42 4.0 x 10-4 1.37 2.9 x 10-4 325-356
sut 1.6135
Du, trong
1.617- 275-320
1221 21 0.59 6.7 x 10-3 1.18 sut 3.5 x 10-3
1.618

Lng, mu
1.6375-
1254 54 0.021 7.7 x 10-5 1.54 vng sng 2.0 x 10-3 365-390
1.6415

Cht do
-5
1260 60 0.0027 4.0 x 10 1.62 nht, mu - 4.6 x 10-3 385-420
vng sng

1.3. Tnh cht ha hc:

Trong cng nghip, ngi ta iu ch PCBs t phn ng Clorin ha hp
cht Biphenyl c phng trnh phn ng nh sau:

FeCl3
nCl2 n HCl

Cl y
Cl x
X+Y =n

Bn cnh phn ng trn, ta cng lun nhn c hn hp cc ng ng t cc

chuyn ha c phng trnh dng sau:

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PCBs bn, tr nhit thng thm ch ngay c trong mi trng cht oxi ha c
mt ca Oxi, kim loi 170oC, nhng khi nhit cao trn 2000C v cc dn
xut clo ca biphenyl ch tham gia kh in ha. Bn phn ng kh ca PCBs:

Cl X
2 X+Y e X+Y Cl
Cl Y
0
E = 0.5 - 1.0 V

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1.4. ng dng, ngun xm nhim, c tnh, quy nh v tn lng ca cc hp
cht Polyclobiphenyl
PCBs c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc, trong c cc cht lng in mi
[8 ]
dng trong t in v my bin th , cht lng chuyn nhit, cht lng thy lc,
du bi trn, cng nh cc cht ph gia trong thuc tr su, sn, giy copy khng
cacbon, cht dnh v thuc hm cho knh hin vi....
Nh tnh bn vng v mt ha hc v sinh ha cng nh tnh ha tan mnh
trong cht bo, PCBs xm nhp vo chui thc n nh mt cht tch ly sinh
hc; kt qu l cc ng vt ng u chui ny nh ng vt n tht v con ngi
thng b nhim c cao hn nhiu so vi thc vt. C th tm thy PCBs khp
ni trong nc thi, bn y sng, trong nc bin, trong t, trong khng kh. . . .
Vit Nam, PCBs c tm thy vi hm lng cao nht trong t l 92g/g tnh
Ty Ninh( khu sn bay c) v thng l cc hp cht PCBs c bc Clo cao. PCBs i
vo mi trng theo ba con ng chnh [6]: do thi b cht thi c PCBs ra cc bi
rc ri t PCBs xm nhp vo nc ngm, ra sng, ra bin; th hai l do thiu
t khng hon ton cht thi c cha PCBs khin cho PCBs c th phn tn vo
trong kh quyn; th ba do PCBs r r t cc thit b in nh bin th, t in. S
vn chuyn ca PCBs trong mi trng l do tc ng ca khng kh, nc, ng
vt v mt s con ng khc. . ..
Cc hp cht PCBs kh bn, kh b phn hy, tn ti dai dng trong mi
trng gy tc hi n mi trng sinh thi v i sng ca sinh vt. PCBs l
nguyn nhn gy ung th ng vt v cng l tc nhn gy ung th ngi
(PCBs thuc phn loi nhm c 2A, IAFRS). PCBs v cc hp cht clo hu c
hp thnh nhm cht gy ri lon ni tit khi c hm lng t 10-5 -10-6 M c tc
ng n s sinh sn pht trin v hot ng ca tuyn ni tit.
Cc bin php x l[2,8]: chn lp (khi hm lng PCBs <50ppm), t (khi hm
lng PCBs t 50-500ppm), kh c trong h thng chuyn bit( khi hm lng
PCBs ln ti 1.000 10.000 ppm). Phng php kh c tnh s dng cc cht ha

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hc tn cng vo lin kt gia clo v cacbon trong phn t PCBs; di nhng iu
kin phn ng thch hp, clo c tch ra khi phn t biphenyl v biphenyl s
trng ngng to thnh polymer di dng bn khng tan. Bn ny s uc lc khi
du my bin th.
Theo tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 6984:2001, v TCVN 5945:2005 ta c gii hn
tng hm lng PCBs trong mi trng nh bng 1.4 v 1.5:
Bng 1.4 Hm lng tng s PCBs cho php theo TCVN

Phn loi Hm lng PCBs tng

(mg/L)
Nc dng cho nng nghip v nui trng thy sn 0.01-0.02
Nc thi loi A 0.003
Nc thi
Nc thi loi B 0.01-0.02

Theo tiu chun ca Hip hi bo v mi trng ca M (EPA)

Bng 1.5 Hm lng tng s PCBs cho php theo EPA

Phn loi Hm lng PCBs tng (g/L)

Nc ung 5.10 -4
Nc ngm 0.02
Nc cung cp cho hot ng sn xut 0.5 mg/L

1.5. Cc hp cht Polyclobiphenyl s dng trong nghin cu ny

Trn thc t, hn hp PCBs bao gm cc ng ng t t n nhiu Clo.
Chng ti thy rng mt khi phn tch xc nh thy hm lng ca bt k mt
PCBs no trong mu thc t, hm lng trn gii hn cho php u phi thu gom
x l ngay. Qua tham kho ti liu, chng ti nhn thy hn hp cc cht PCBs
c tm thy Vit Nam thng gm cc cht trong bng sau, do chng ti la
chn cc cht ny trong nghin cu ca mnh, xem bng 1.6:

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 Bng 1.6 Cc ng ng PCBs trong nghin cu ny

Tn Tn gi khc Khi lng im chy tan Cng thc phn t

phn t im si oC mg/L
PCB 18 2,2,5- C12H7Cl3 - -
triclobiphenyl 200
257.54
PCB 31 2,4,5- C12H7Cl3 - -
triclobiphenyl 206-207
257.54

PCB 28 2,4,4- C12H7Cl3 57-58 0.085-

triclobiphenyl 206-207 0.266
257.54

PCB 52 2,4,5,5- C12H6Cl4 86-89 0.046-

tetraclobiphenyl 210 0.184
291.99

PCB 44 2,2,3,5- C12H6Cl4 - -

tetraclobiphenyl 215
291.99

PCB 2,2,4,5,5- C12H5Cl5 76.5-77.5 -

101 pentaclobiphenyl 228
326.43

PCB 2,2,3,4,5,6- C12H4Cl6 - -

149 hexaclobiphenyl 238
360.88

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Tn Tn gi khc Khi lng im chy tan Cng thc phn t
phn t im sioC mg/L

PCB 2,2,3,4,4,5- C12H4Cl6 - 0.042-

118 hextaclobiphenyl 230 0.0027
360.88

PCB 2,2,4,4,5,5- C12H4Cl6 102-104 0.00095

153 hexaclobiphenyl 246 0.0012
360.88

PCB 2,2,3,4,4,5- C12H4Cl6 78.5-80 0.0015-

138 hexaclobiphenyl 250 0.0024
360.88

PCB 2,2,3,4,4,5,5_ C12H3Cl7 109-110 0.00031-

180 heptaclobiphenyl 258 0.00053
395.32

PCB 2,2,3,3,4,4,5_ C12H3Cl7 - -

170 heptaclobiphenyl 260
395.32

PCB 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5_ C12H2Cl8 - -

194 octaclobiphenyl 270
429.52

PCB 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6, C12Cl10 - 0.00027-

209 6_ decaclobiphenyl 280 0.00042
498.4