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NGHIÊN CỨU CHẾ TẠO HẠT NANO BẠC VÀ KHẢ NĂNG SÁT KHUẨN CỦA NÓ - KL
NGHIÊN CỨU CHẾ TẠO HẠT NANO BẠC VÀ KHẢ NĂNG SÁT KHUẨN CỦA NÓ - KL
NGHIN CU CH TO HT NANO BC V KH
NNG ST KHUN CA N
Ngnh: Vt l k thut
H NI - 2011
I HC QUC GIA H NI
NGHIN CU CH TO HT NANO BC V KH
NNG ST KHUN CA N
Ngnh: Vt l k thut
2.1 H NI - 2011
Li cm n
2.1.1 Quy trnh cng ngh ch to dung dch nano bc s dng k thut kh ha hc
vi bc x UV kch thch......................................................................................- 20 -
2.2.3.2 Cy vi khun.............................................................................................- 25 -
2.2.3.3 o OD.......................................................................................................- 25 -
3.2 Kt qu theo di s pht trin ca vi khun khi c mt ca dung dch nano bc- 28 -
Chng 4: KT LUN.............................................................................................- 35 -
Tm tt ni dung kha lun
Chnh v vy, trong kha lun ny, chng ti tp trung vo cc nhim v sau:
1
Chng 1: TNG QUAN V HT NANO BC V NG DNG CA CHNG
TRONG SINH HC
Cng ngh nano l ngnh cng ngh lin quan n vic thit k, phn tch, ch to
v ng dng cc cu trc, thit b v h thng bng vic iu khin hnh dng, kch thc
trn quy m nanmt (nm, 1 nm = 10-9 m) [3]. kch thc nano, vt liu s c nhng
tnh nng c bit m vt liu truyn thng khng c c l do s thu nh kch thc
v vic tng din tch mt ngoi.
-
Chuyn tip t tnh cht c in n tnh cht lng t: i vi vt liu v
m gm rt nhiu nguyn t, cc hiu ng lng t c trung bnh ha vi rt
nhiu nguyn t (1 m3 c khong 1012 nguyn t) v c th b qua cc thng
ging ngu nhin. Nhng cc cu trc nano c t nguyn t hn th cc tnh
cht lng t th hin r rng hn.
-
Hiu ng b mt: Khi vt liu c kch thc nm, cc s nguyn t nm trn b
mt s chim t l ng k so vi tng s nguyn t. Chnh v vy cc hiu ng
c lin quan n b mt, gi tt l hiu ng b mt s tr nn quan trng lm
cho tnh cht ca vt liu c kch thc nanomet khc bit so vi vt liu
dng khi.
2
-
Kch thc ti hn: Cc tnh cht vt l, ha hc ca cc vt liu u c mt
gii hn v kch thc. Nu vt liu m nh hn kch thc ny th tnh cht
ca n hon ton b thay i. Ngi ta gi l kch thc ti hn. Vt liu
nano c tnh cht c bit l do kch thc ca n c th so snh c vi kch
thc ti hn ca cc tnh cht ca vt liu[3].
Bin ht 1-10
nhn b mt 1-10
3
Xc tc Hnh hc topo b mt 1-10
Cu trc nh cp 1-10
-
Chn on: S dng cc ht nano (ht nano vng, nano t, chm lng t)
nh du cc phn t sinh hc, vi sinh vt, pht hin cc chui gen nh vo
c ch bt cp b xung ca DNA hoc c ch bt cp khng nguyn khng
th.
-
Vn chuyn thuc: Cung cp thuc cho tng t bo c th bng cch s dng
cc ht nano nhm tit kim thuc v trnh cc tc dng ph.
-
M k thut: Cng ngh nano c th gip c th ti sn xut hoc sa cha
cc m b h hng bng cch s dng gin da trn vt liu nano v cc yu
t tng trng[7].
4
Hnh 1: Ht nano vng s dng trong truyn dn thuc.
1.2 Ht nano bc
1 31
5 3900
5
20 250000
Sau khi thuc khng sinh c pht minh v a vo ng dng vi hiu qu cao
ngi ta khng cn quan tm n tc dng khng khun ca bc na. Tuy nhin, t
nhng nm gn y, do hin tng cc chng vi sinh ngy cng tr nn khng thuc,
ngi ta li quan tm tr li i vi vic ng dng kh nng dit khun v cc ng dng
khc ca bc, c bit l di dng ht c kch thc nano.
6
1.2.3 C ch khng khun ca bc
C mt c ch tc ng ca cc ion bc ln vi khun ng ch c m t nh
sau: Sau khi Ag+ tc ng ln lp mng bo v ca t bo vi khun gy bnh n s i vo
bn trong t bo v phn ng vi nhm sunfuahydrin SH ca phn t enzym chuyn
ha oxy v v hiu ha men ny dn n c ch qu trnh h hp ca t bo vi khun [14].
7
Ngoi ra cc ion bc cn c kh nng lin kt vi cc base ca DNA v trung ha
in tch ca gc phosphate do ngn chn qu trnh sao chp DNA[15].
- Phng php kh sinh hc: Dng vi khun l tc nhn kh ion kim loi. Ngi
ta cy vi khun MKY3 vo trong dung dch c cha ion bc thu c ht nano bc.
Phng php ny n gin, thn thin vi mi trng v c th to ht vi s lng
ln[6].
Knh hin vi in t truyn qua (TEM) hot ng trn nguyn tc ging thu knh
quang hc, ch khc l s dng sng in t thay cho bc sng nh sng nn c bc
sng rt ngn) v s dng cc thu knh in t - magnetic lens thay cho thu knh quang
hc[5].
9
Hnh 5: M hnh nguyn l ca TEM so vi knh hin vi quang hc
10
Hnh 6: nh TEM ca cc ht nano bc kch thc 10 nm[11].
11
Hnh 7: nh UV-VIS ca cc ht nano bc[10].
-
Cc dng c cha thc phm: Nhng dng bng nha c pha thm ht
nano bc c tc dng kh trng. Qua kim tra cho thy chng c kh nng dit
99.9% vi khun.
12
Hnh 8: Bnh sa lm bng nha c pha thm nano bc
-
may mc: ht nano bc c tm vo cc loi si dit khun v kh
mi.
13
-
Cc thit b in t: iu ha, t lnh, my git
-
Y t:
+ Khu trang nano bc: c thit k vi 3-4 lp gm 2 lp vi, mt lp vt liu
tm nano bc v than hot tnh gia, loi khu trang ny c kh nng dit khun, dit
virus, lc khng kh rt tt. Lp vi tm nano bc c chc nng dit vi khun, virus, nm
b gi li trn khu trang ng thi c tc dng kh mi.
14
+ Sn xut thuc cha bnh
-
Cc sn phm khc:
15
1.3 S sinh trng v pht trin ca vi khun
Giai on tim pht di hay ngn lin quan n bn thn tng loi vi sinh vt v
tnh cht ca mi trng. Nu tnh cht ha hc ca mi trng mi sai khc nhiu vi
16
mi trng c th giai on tim pht s ko di. Ngc li, nu cy t giai on logarit
vo mt mi trng c thnh phn tng t th giai on tim pht s rt ngn li. Nu
cy vi sinh vt t giai on tim pht hay t giai on t vong th giai on tim pht s
ko di[8].
17
Vic tiu hao cht dinh dng v vic tch ly cc cht thi c hi s lm tn tht
n mi trng sng ca vi sinh vt, lm cho s lng t bo sng gim xung. l c
im ca giai on t vong.
Mc du phn ln vi sinh vt t vong theo phng thc logarit nhng sau khi s
lng t bo t nhin gim xung th tc cht ca t bo chm li. l do mt s c
th sng li nh c tnh khng c bit mnh. V iu ny v nhng nguyn nhn khc
lm cho ng cong ca giai on t vong c th kh phc tp[8].
1.3.2.1 Xc nh s lng t bo
Vi t bo vi khun cn nhum mu hoc l dng knh hin vi tng phn pha hay
knh hin vi hunh quang (phase-constrast or fluoresence microscope) d quan st
hn. Phng m c cu trc c mt su nht nh li c chia ra thnh cc nh.
Khi m s lng ta a dch pha long vo phng m, y l knh (lamelle/ cover
glass) ln trn, sau tin hnh m s lng di knh hin vi.
18
Hnh 17: Phng m Petroff-Hauser:
19
nhau th tng lng cht trong t bo c tng quan trc tip vi tng sinh khi vi
sinh vt[8].
20
Chng 2: NGHIN CU THC NGHIM
2.1 Phng php ch to ht nano bc
Trong nghin cu ny, dung dch nano bc c cung cp bi Vin tin tin Khoa
hc v cng ngh (AIST) ca i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni. Dung dch nano bc c
ch to bng k thut kh ha hc s dng bc x UV kch thch vi cht hot ng b
mt l axit oleic.
2.1.1 Quy trnh cng ngh ch to dung dch nano bc s dng k thut kh
ha hc vi bc x UV kch thch.
- Nc ct sch.
21
Hnh 19: S quy trnh iu ch ht nano bc s dng k thut kh hoc hc vi bc
x UV kch thch[1]
- Ly 1.7 g bc nitrat AgNO3 (dng mui kt tinh mu trng) ha tan trong 100ml
nc ct.
22
- Phn ng kh c thc hin nhit phng trong khong 8 gi.
-
u tin, bc x UV kch thch cc ion [Ag(NH 3)2]+ hot ng. Khi cc
phn t ng glucose nhng in t cho Ag + v to ra ht nhn nguyn t
bc Ag0
h
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + RCHOH Ag0 + 2NH3 + H+ + RCOH
nAg0 (Agn)0
-
Tip theo, cc ion Ag+ trong dung dch hp ph ln trn b mt nguyn t bc
v to ra mt lp in tch dng. Cc in tch dng Ag + s ht cc ion
RCOO- mang in tch m tri du v to ra lp bo v th nht. Do nhm
carboxyl ca ion oleate hng v pha b mt ca bc nn u k nc c
hng ra pha ngoi. Khi cc ion oleate trong dung dch tip tc gn kt
vi lp bo v u v hnh thnh lp bo v th hai vi u a nc hng ra
ngoi. Chnh cu trc ny khin cc ht nano bc phn tn u trong nc v
khng b kt m[1].
23
2.2 nh hng ca nano bc ln s pht trin ca vi khun
Trong :
-
A l mt quang ti bc sng .
-
I0 l cng sng trc khi qua mu.
-
I l cng sng sau khi qua mu.
H s chuyn i c mc nh l 5x108.
2.2.3.2 Cy vi khun
25
- a vo mi bnh 1 ml dung dch E. coli (Vin vi sinh vt v cng ngh sinh
hc HQG H Ni)
- Cho ln lt vo mi bnh 0 ml, 1.5 ml, 3.0 ml 4.5 ml, 6.0 ml v 7.5 ml dung
dch cha ht nano bc 100 ppm (ppm = 1/1 000 000 = 10-4%) c cc dung
dch vi nng ht nano bc 0 g/ml, 5 g/ml, 10 g/ml, 15 g/ml, 25 g/ml.
26
Hnh 23: Dung dch cha ht nano bc cc nng khc nhau
Phn tch ph UV-VIS ca mu dung dch c nng 100ppm cho thy s xut
hin nh hp th cc i ti bc sng 422nm. iu ny cho thy s c mt ca
cc ht nano bc trong dung dch.
27
Hnh24: Ph UV-VIS ca dung dch nano bc nng 100 ppm
Kt qu phn tch t nh TEM cho thy cc ht nano trong dung dch c hnh cu vi
kch thc trung bnh khong 9-10 nm. Cc ht nano bc phn tn u, khng b kt m
cho thy hiu qu ca vic s dng axit oleic lm cht hot ng b mt.
28
Hnh 25: nh TEM ca mu dung dch nano bc
Theo di s pht trin ca vi khun E. coli bng phng php o OD, ta c bng
kt qu sau:
Bng 3: Kt qu o OD
29
KT QU O OD
M1 M2 M1 M2 M1 M2 M1 M2 M1 M2
0.5 0.154 0.173 0.129 0.121 0.130 0.118 0.145 0.133 0.151 0.148
1.0 0.181 0.209 0.123 0.124 0.129 0.133 0.139 0.138 0.148 0.149
1.5 0.252 0.301 0.125 0.120 0.127 0.119 0.142 0.136 0.151 0.152
2.0 0.421 0.444 0.131 0.124 0.126 0.131 0.141 0.145 0.150 0.162
2.5 0.610 0.673 0.117 0.129 0.128 0.121 0.143 0.128 0.151 0.154
3.0 0.749 0.877 0.126 0.122 0.125 0.119 0.144 0.140 0.151 0.155
3.5 1.262 1.170 0.409 0.127 0.128 0.122 0.146 0.140 0.155 0.154
4.0 1.372 1.389 0.144 0.135 0.128 0.123 0.145 0.141 0.156 0.155
4.5 1.490 1.521 0.142 0.135 0.137 0.121 0.153 0.149 0.156 0.157
5.0 1.612 1.645 0.143 0.139 0.133 0.121 0.148 0.151 0.155 0.157
5.5 1.675 1.713 0.107 0.107 0.081 0.077 0.104 0.010 0.111 0.108
30
OD
t (gi)
a)
OD
t (gi)
Hnh 27: ng cong sinh trng ca E. coli khi c s xut hin ca nao bc
a) Nng 5(g/ml)
31
b)
OD
t (gi)
b) Nng 10(g/ml)
c)
OD
t (gi)
c) Nng 15(g/ml)
32
d)
OD
t (gi)
d) Nng 25(g/ml)
OD
t (gi)
33
khun trong mu i chng cha t ti pha cn bng. iu ny chng t hiu qu khng
khun ca nano bc.
34
Hnh 29: Cc bnh nui sau 8 gi: Ta thy bnh khng c cha ht nano (ngoi cng bn
phi) b vn c chng t vi khun pht trin mnh. Cc bnh cn li c cha cc ht nano bc
bnh gn nh khng i mu.
35
Trong phng php o bn knh vng v khun, ta tm dung dch nano bc vo mt
a giy nng nht nh, ri t a c tm ln mt mi trng thch c cy vi
khun th nghim trc . Dung dch nano bc s nhanh chng khuch tn trn mi
trng thch c ch s sinh trng v pht trin ca vi khun, to vng v khun. Tnh
khng khun mnh hay yu tu thuc vo ng knh vng v khun ln hay nh [11]. u
im ca phng php ny l n gin, d thc hin. Tuy nhin, phng php ny ch
gip ta bit c mc khng khun cui cng ca dung dch nano bc (th hin qua
bn knh vng v khun)[11].
Chng 4: KT LUN
36
1. Th nghim ch to ht nano bc dng dung dch theo cc nng t 5 g/ml
n 25 g/ml.
2. Nghin cu tc ng ca nano bc ln s pht trin ca vi khun bng k thut
OD (trong 11 gi).
Ting vit
37
[3] Cng ngh nano. Vi.wikipedia.org
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_ngh%E1%BB%87_nano
[4] Cng ngh nano v nhng ng dng trong thc tin, Trang 1
www.prt.vn/upload/Nghiencuu/Congnghenanovaungdung.doc
http://svtunhien.net/mybb/printthread.php?tid=693
http://maxreading.com/sach-hay/vi-sinh-vat/sinh-truong-va-phat-trien-cua-vi-sinh
vat-37171.html
[14] Nguyn Ngc T. Nghin cu gel nc thng minh nhy pH lai nano bc.
Kha lun tt nghip i hc chnh quy 2009. Trang 8-9.
Ting Anh
[1] Anh-Tuan Le*, P.T. Huy, Phuong Dinh Tam, Tran Quang Huy, Phung Dac
Cam, A.A. Kudrinskiy, Yu A. Krutyakov, Green synthesis of finely-dispersed
38
highly bactericidal silver nanoparticles via modified Tollens technique, Current
Applied Physics, Vol. 10, pp. 910-916.
[2] Ales Pana cek, Milan Kola r, Renata Vecerova, Robert Prucek, Jana
Soukupova, Vladimr Krystof , Petr Hamal, Radek Zboril, Libor Kvtek,
Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles against Candida spp, Biomaterials 30
(2009), pp. 63336340.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver
http://cnx.org/content/m19597/latest/
http://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=2318
[15] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3807907
39