Chuyn hng ng thc v ng dng

Chuyn : HNG NG THC V NG DNG

A. p dng nhng hng ng thc
1. Bnh phng ca mt tng: A B A2 2 AB B 2 = A B 4 AB
2 2

2. Bnh phng ca mt hiu: A B B A A2 2 AB B 2 = A B 4 AB

2 2 2

3. Hiu ca hai bnh phng: A 2 B 2 A B A B

4. Lp phng ca tng: A B A3 3 A2 B 3 AB 2 B 3 A3 B 3 3 AB A B
3

5. Lp phng ca hiu: A B A3 3 A2 B 3 AB 2 B 3 A3 B 3 3 AB A B
3

6. Tng hai lp phng: A3 B 3 A B A2 AB B 2 A B 3 AB.( A B)
3

7. Hiu hai lp phng: A3 B 3 A B A 2

AB B 2 ( A B) 3
3 AB.( A B)
* Mt s hng ng thc tng qut
1. an bn = (a- b)(an-1 + an-2b + + abn-2 + bn-1)
2. a2k b2k = (a + b )(a2k-1 a2k-1b + + a2k-3b2 b2k-1)
3. a2k+1 b2k+1 = (a + b )(a2k a2k-1b + a2k-2b2 - + b2k)
n( n 1) n-2 2 n( n 1) 2 n-2
4. (a + b)n = an + nan-1b + a b ++ a b +nabn-1 + bn
1 .2 1 .2
n( n 1) n-2 2 n( n 1) 2 n-2
5. (a -b)n = an - nan-1b + a b - - a b +nabn-1 - bn
1 .2 1 .2
Bi tp1: Chng minh cc hng ng thc sau :
1 A B C A2 B 2 C 2 2 AB BC AC
2

2. A B C A3 B 3 C 3 3 A B
. B C
. A C
3

3. 2 A2 B 2 A B A B
2 2

4. A2 B 2 . X 2

Y 2 AX BY AX BY
2 2

Bi tp 2. Tnh :
a/ A = 12 22 + 32 42 + 20042 + 20052
b/ B = (2 + 1)(22 +1)(24 + 1)(28 + 1)(216 + 1)(232 + 1) 264
Gii
a/ A = 12 22 + 32 42 + 20042 + 20052
A = 1 + (32 22) + (52 42)+ + ( 20052 20042)
A = 1 + (3 + 2)(3 2) + (5 + 4 )(5 4) + + (2005 + 2004)(2005 2004)
A = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + + 2004 + 2005
A = ( 1 + 2002 ). 2005 : 2 = 2011015
b/ B = (2 + 1)(22 +1)(24 + 1)(28 + 1)(216 + 1)(232 + 1) 264
B = (22 - 1) (22 +1)(24 + 1)(28 + 1)(216 + 1)(232 + 1) 264
B = ( 24 1)(24 + 1)(28 + 1)(216 + 1)(232 + 1) 264
B=

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 Chuyn hng ng thc v ng dng
B =(232 - 1)(232 + 1) 264
B = 264 1 264
B=-1
* Ch : Quan st v bin i bi ton bng cch s dng hng ng thc A2 B2
Bi tp 3: Tm gi tr nh nht hay gi tr ln nht ca cc biu thc sau:
a/ A = x2 4x + 7
b/ B = x2 + 8x
c/ C = - 2x2 + 8x 15
Gii
a/ A = x2 4x + 7 = x2 4x + 4 + 3 = ( x - 2)2 + 3 > 3
Du = xy ra x 2 = 0 x = 2
Vy gi tr nh nht ca biu thc A l 3 khi x = 2.
b/ B = x2 + 8x = (x2 + 8x + 16 ) 16 = (x 4)2 16 > - 16
Du = xy ra x 4 = 0 x = 4
Vy gi tr nh nht ca biu thc A l -16 khi x = 4.
c/ C = - 2x2 + 8x 15 = 2(x2 4x + 4) 7 = 2( x - 2)2 7 < - 7
Du = xy ra x 2 = 0 x = 2
Vy gi tr ln nht ca biu thc A l - 7 khi x = 2.
* Ch :
tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc A ta cn:
- Chng minh A > m vi m l mt hng s.
- Ch ra du = c th xy ra.
- Kt lun: Gi tr nh nht ca A l m ( k hiu minA )
tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc A ta cn:
- Chng minh A < t vi t l mt hng s.
- Ch ra du = c th xy ra.
- Kt lun: Gi tr ln nht ca A l t ( k hiu maxA )
Bi tp 4: Chng minh rng nu ( a + b + c )2 = 3(ab + bc + ac ) th a = b = c
Gii
2
( a + b + c ) = 3(ab + bc + ac )
a2 + 2ab + b2 + 2bc + 2ac + c2 = 3ab + 3bc + 3ac
a2 + b2 + c2- ab - bc ac = 0
2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2- 2ab - 2bc 2ac = 0
( a2 2ab + b2) + ( b2 2bc + c2) + ( c2 2ac + a2) = 0
( a b)2 + ( b c)2 + ( c a)2 = 0
( a b)2 =0 hay ( b c)2 = 0 hay ( c a)2 = 0
a = b hay b = c hay c = a
a=b=c

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 Chuyn hng ng thc v ng dng
* Ch :
Quan st v bin i bi ton bng cch s dng cc hng ng thc
(a + b + c )2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc
(a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2
Bi tp 5. Chng minh rng:
a/ 7.52n + 12.6n 19 ( n N)
b/ 11n+2 + 122n+1 133 ( n N)
Gii
a/ 7.52n + 12.6n = 7.(25n 6n) + 19.6n 19
V ( 25n 6n ) ( 25 6) nn ( 25n 6n ) 19 v 19.6n 19
Vy 7.52n + 12.6n 19 ( n N)
b/ 11n+2 + 122n+1 133 = 112 . 11n + 12.122n
= 12.( 144n 11n) + 133.11n 133
V (144n 11n) (144 11) nn (144n 11n) 133
* Ch :
Quan st v bin i bi ton bng cch s dng cc hng ng thc
an bn = (a- b)(an-1 + an-2b + + abn-2 + bn-1) do (an bn) (a- b)
Bi tp 6. Tm x, y, z bit rng: 2x2 + 2y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2xz + 2yz + 10x + 6y + 34 = 0
Gii
2x2 + 2y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2xz + 2yz + 10x + 6y + 34 = 0
(x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2xz + 2yz) + (x2 + 10x + 25) + (y2+ 6y + 9) = 0
( x + y + z)2 + ( x + 5)2 + (y + 3)2 = 0
( x + y + z)2 = 0 ; ( x + 5)2 = 0 ; (y + 3)2 = 0
x = - 5 ; y = -3; z = 8
* Ch : Quan st v bin i bi ton bng cch s dng cc hng ng thc
(a + b + c )2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc
(a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2
Bi tp 7: Cho x = 11
15 ; y = 11
... 19 . Chng minh rng xy + 4 l s chnh phng.
...
n chso 1 n chso 1
Ta c : y = 11
19 = 11
... 15 + 4 = x + 4
...
n chso 1 n chso 1
Do : xy + 4 = x(x + 4) + 4 = x2 + 4x + 4 = ( x + 2 )2
l s chnh phng.
2
hay xy + 4 = 11...
17
n chso 1
B. ng dng hng ng thc
Xt bi ton phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t: a3 + b3 + c3 3abc

Ta c: a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = (a + b)3 3ab(a+b) + c3 3abc

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 Chuyn hng ng thc v ng dng
= [(a+b)3+c3 ] 3ab(a+b+c)

= (a+b+c) [(a+b)2c(a+b)+c2 ] 3ab (a+b+c)

= (a+b+c) (a2 + 2ab + b2 ac- ab + c2- 3ab)

= (a +b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ac)

1
= (a + b + c) [(a-b)2 + (b-c)2 + (a-c)2]
2

Nhn xt: Nu a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc th a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = 0

1
=> (a+b+c) [(a-b)2 + (b-c)2 + (a-c)2] = 0
2

a b c 0 a b c 0
=> => a b c
(a b) (b c) (a c) 0
2 2 2

p dng nhn xt trn vo gii mt s dng ton:

Dng 1: Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t.

Dng 2: Tnh gi tr biu thc.

Dng 3: Gii phng trnh, h phng trnh

Dng 4: Chng minh ng thc.

DNG 1: PHN TCH A THC THNH PHN T

Bi 1: Phn tch a thc (x-y)3 + (y z)3 + (z - x)3 thnh phn t.

Ta thy : x y + y z + z x = 0 => p dng nhn xt ta c:

(x-y)3 + (y z)3 + (z - x)3 = 3(x-y) (y-z) (z-x)

Bi 2: Phn tch a thc (x2 + y2)3 + (z2 x2)3 (y2 + z2)3 thnh nhn t.

Ta c (x2 + y2)3 + (z2 x2)3 (y2 + z2)3 = (x2 + y2)3 + (z2 x2)3 + (-y2 - z2)3

Ta thy x 2 + y2 + z2 x2 y2 z2 = 0 => p dng nhn xt ta c:

(x2+y2)3+ (z2-x2)3+ -y2-z2)3 = 3(x2 + y2) (z2 x2) (-y2 z2) = 3(x2+y2) (x+z)(x-z)(y2+z2)

Bi 3 : Phn tch a thc (x+y+z)3 x3 y3 z3 thnh nhn t

(x+y+z)3 x3-y3-z3 =[(x +y) +z]3 x3 y3 z3.

= (x+y)3 + 3 (x+y) (x+y+z) x3-y3-z3

= x3 + y3+3xy(x+y)+z3+3z(x+y)(x+y+z) x3-y3-z3.

= 3(x+y) (xy+ yz +xz +z2) = 3(x+y)(y+z)(z+x)

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 Chuyn hng ng thc v ng dng
Bi 4: Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t.

(x+y+z)3 (x+y-z)3-(x-y+z)3 -(-x+y+z)3

t x+y-z=a; x-y+z=b, -x+y+z=c.

=>x+y+z = a+b+c

=>(a+b+c)3 - a3- b3-c3 = 3(a+b)(b+c)(a+c) = 24xyz

DNG 2: TNH GI TR BIU THC:

1 1 1 xy yz zx
Bi 1: Cho 0 tnh P =
x y z z 2 x2 y 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 3
T 0 => 3 3 3
x y z x y z xyz

xy yz zx xyz xyz xyz 1 1 1 xyz 3

=> P = 2
2 2 3 3 3 xyz 3 3 3 3
z x y z x y x y z xyz

a b c
Bi 2: Cho abc 0, a3+b3+c3 = 3abc tnh A = 1 1 1
b c a

a b c 0
T a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc =>
a b c

a b b c a c c a b
Nu a+b+c = 0 th A = . . 1
b c c b c

Nu a = b = c th A = (1+1) (1+1) (1+1) = 8

=> A c 2 gi tr: -1 v 8

x y z
Bi 3: Cho xyz 0 tho mn x3y3 + y3z3 + x3z3 = 3x2y2z2. Tnh P = 1 1 1
y z x

t a= xy, b = yz, c =zx.

a b c 0
Ta c x3y3 + y3z3 + x3z3 = 3x2y2z2 => a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc =>
a b c

Nu a + b + c = 0 hay xy + yz + xz = 0 th (x+z) y = -xz

x y z x y y z z x x y z y z x x z y
P= 1 1 1 . .
y x x y z x yz zx xy

=
xy yz zx 1
zx.xy. yz

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 Chuyn hng ng thc v ng dng
Nu a = b = c hay xy = yz = zx => x = y = z => P =8

Bi 4: Cho a + b + c = 0 tnh gi tr biu thc A = (a-b)c3 + (b-c)a3+(c-a)b3

Ta bin i b-c = b-a+a-c

Ta c A = (a-b)c3 + (b-a)a3 + (a-c)b3 = (a-b)(b-c)(a-c)(a+b+c).

V a+b+c=0 -> A=0

x3 y 3 z 3
Bi 5: Cho x+y+z=0 tnh gi tr biu thc B =
xzy

x3 y 3 z 3 3xyz
3 3 3
v x+y+z=0 => x +y +z = 3xyz => B = 3
xyz xyz

a 2 b2 c 2
Bi 6: Cho a +b +c = 3abc v a+b+c 0 tnh gi tr biu thc. M=
3 3 3
a b c 2
ta c a3+b3+c3- 3abc = (a+b+c) (a2+b2+c2 ab-bc-ca) = 0

=
1
2

a b c a b 2 b c 2 c a 2 0

M a+b+c 0 => (a+b)2+ (b-c)2 + (c-a)2 = 0 => a=b=c

a 2 a 2 a 2 3a 2 1
=> M = 2
3a 2 9a 3

Bi 7: Cho a+b+c=0 (a 0; b 0; c 0) tnh gi tr biu thc

a 2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
A= ; B=
cb ca ab a 2 b2 c2 b2 c2 a 2 c2 a 2 b2

a 3 b3 c3
Ta c A = vi a+b+c=0 => a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
abc

3abc
A= 3
abc

a2 b2 c2
B=
a 2 b2 c2 b2 c2 a 2 c2 a 2 b2

T a+b+c= 0 => a+b = -c => a2+b2+2ab=c2 -> c2-a2-b2= 2ab

TT: a2-b2-c2 =2bc; b2-c2-a2=2ac

a2 b2 c2 a 3 b3 c3
Nn B= ta c a+b+c=0 => a3+b3+c3 = 3abc
a 2bc 2ac 2ab 2abc

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 Chuyn hng ng thc v ng dng
3abc 3
-> B =
2abc 2

Bi 8: Cho a+b+c= 0 tnh gi tr biu thc:

a b b c c a c a b
A=
c a b a b b c c a

a b bc ca
t B =
c a b

c c bc ca c b bc ac a 2
Ta c B . 1 1 .
a b a b a b ab ab

c a b c a b 2c 2 2c 3
=1+ . 1 . 1
a b ab ab abc

a 2a 3 b 2b3
Tng T . B . 1 ; B. 1 ;
bc abc ca abc

By A = 1
2c 3
1
2a 3
1
2b3
3

a 3 b3 c3
abc abc abc abc

2.3abc
V a+b+c = 0 => a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc => A = 3 + 9
abc

DNG 3: GII PHNG TRNH

Bi 1: Gii phng trnh (3x 2)2 (x-3)3 = (2x+ 1)3.

(3x-2)3 (x-2)3 = (2x+1)3 => (3x-2)3 (x-3)3 (2x+1)3 = 0

=> (3x-2)3 + (-x+3)3 + (-2x-1)3 = 0 =>

=> Nhn xt: Ta c 3x -2 -x +x-2x-1 = 0 =>

p dng nhn xt ta c (3x-2)3 + (-x+3)3+(-2x-1)3 = 3(3x-2)(-x+3)(-2x-1)=0

=>(x+y)(-x+2)(-y-2) =2

V x;y Z ta c: 2=1.1.2=(-2)(-1).1=(-1)(-1).2=(-1)..2(-1)

x y 1
x 0
ch xy ra trng hp x 2 2
y.2 1 y 1

Ch :x=2;y=-2 =>phng trnh v nghim

KL: Phng trnh c nghim x=0; y=-1

Bi 2: Tm cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:

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 Chuyn hng ng thc v ng dng
x3 +y3+z3- 3xyz=1

Ta c x3+y3+z3-3xyz=1 <=>

(x+y+z) (x2 +y2+z2-xy-xz-yz)=1

1
Ta xt x2+y2+z2-xy-xz= [(x-y2 +(y-z)2+(z-x)2 ] 0 nn ch c th xy ra
2

x y z 1(1)
2
x y z xy yz zx 1(2)
2 2

T 1 ta c: x2+y2+z2+2(xy+yz+xz) = 1 3

T 2,3 => xy + yz + zx = 0 <2-3>

Nn x2 +y2 + z2 = 1

gi s x2 y2 z2

=>z = 0; y = 0; x = 1

x 1

Nu y 0 khng t/m
z 0

x 1

Nu y 0 T/m phng trnh
z 0

x 0 x 0

v TH: y 1 v y 0
z 0 z 1

DNG 4: CHNG MINH HNG NG THC

Bi 1: Cho tam gic ABC c 3 cnh tng ng l a,b,c tho mn a3+b3+c3 = 3abc.

Hi tam gic ABC l tam gic g?

a b c 0
Ta c a3 +b3+c3 = 3abc
a b c

V a,b,c l 3 cnh ca tam gic ABC nn a+b+c 0 nn ta c a=b=c (a,b,c >0)

=> ABC L tam gic u.

Bi 2: Cho a+bc+c+d = 0 cmr a3+b3+c3+d3 = 3 (d+c) (ab-cd)

t c+d= x ta c a+b+x=0 => a3+b3+x3= 3abx hay a3+b3 +(c+d)3

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 Chuyn hng ng thc v ng dng
=3ab(c+d) => a3+b3+c3+d3 = 3ab (c+d)- 3cd(c+b)

= 3(c+d)(ab-cd)

Bi 3: CMR nu x+y+z = 0 th 2(x5+y5+z5) = 5xyz(x2+y2+z2)

t x+y+z = 0 => -x= y+z => (y+z)5= -x5.

=>y5+5y4z + 10y3z2 + 10y2z3 + 5yz4 + z5 = -x5

=>x5 +y5+z5+5yz (y3 + 2yzz+2yz2+z3) = 0

=>x5+y5+z5+5yz(y+z)(y2+yz+z2)= 0

=> 2(x3+y5+z5)- 5yzx((y2+z2)+ (y+z)2)= 0

=> 2(x3+y5+z5)- 5yzx((x2 +y2+z2)= 0

2(x5+y5+z5)= 5yzx (x2+y2+z2) => pcm.

C. S dng hng ng thc bin i ng cht

Bi tp 1 : Cho a b 0 , bit

ab
a/ 3a 2 3b 2 10ab . Tnh P
ab

ab
b/ 2a 2 2b 2 5ab . Tnh Q
ab

a b a 2 2ab b 2 3a 2 3b 2 6ab 10ab 6ab 1

2
1
a. Xt P
2
2 2 . M P 0 P
ab a 2ab b 3a 3b 6ab 10ab 6ab 4
2 2
2

b. ( Tng t ) Xt E 2 9 E 3

Bi tp 2:

a/ Cho a b c 0 v a 2 b 2 c 2 14 . Tnh A a 4 b 4 c 4

b/ Cho x y z 0 v x 2 y 2 z 2 a 2 . Tnh B x 4 y 4 z 4 theo a

a/ Ta c: 14 2 a 2 b 2 c 2
2

a 4 b 4 c 4 196 2 a 2 b 2 b 2 c 2 c 2 a 2
a2 b2 c2
Ta c: a b c 0 a b c 0 ab bc ac 7
2

ab bc ac 49 a 2 b 2 b 2 c 2 a 2 c 2 2abc(a b c) 49 a 2 b 2 b 2 c 2 a 2 c 2 49
2

Vy A a 4 b 4 c 4 196 2.49 98

2

b/ x y z x 2 y z x 2 y 2 z 2 2 yz x 2 y 2 z 2
2
4y2 z2

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 Chuyn hng ng thc v ng dng

x 4 y 4 z 4 2x 2 y 2 2 y 2 z 2 2x 2 z 2 2 x 4 y 4 z 4 x 2 y 2 z 2 2
a4 B
a4
2

1
Bi tp 3: Cho x 0 v x a . Tnh cc biu thc sau theo a
x

1 1 1 1
A x2 B x3 C x6 D x7
x2 x3 x6 x7

1 1 1 1
D dng chng minh c, khi n>1, ta c: x n 1 n 1
x n n x x n 1 n 1
x x x x

Ta tnh c A a 2 2 B a 3 3a C a 6 6a 4 9a 2 2 D a 7 7a15 14a 3 7a

Bi tp 4: Phn tch cc s sau ra tha s

a/ a 2 b c b 2 c a c 2 a b

b/ a 3 4a 2 29a 24

c/ x 4 6 x 3 7 x 2 6 x 1

d/ x 3 6 x 2 11x 6

e/ x 1
. x 3
. x 5
. x 7 15

f/ x y y z z x
3 3 3

Gi :
a/ Thay b c (c a) (a b)

Sau khi thay, ta c a b c 2 a 2 c a b 2 a 2 a b c a c a b a a b c a c b

b/ p s: a 1a 3a 8

c/ p s: x 2 3x 1 2

d/ p s: x 1 x 2 x 3

e/ p s: x 2 8 x 10 .x 6
. x 2
f/ t x y a yz b zxc

a b c 0 a b c a b c 3
3

a 3 b 3 3aba b c 3 a 3 b 3 c 3 3ab(a b) 3abc

VT 3 x y y z z x

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