BT ToanCaoCap T2 PDF

Bi tp ton cao cp
Tp 2
Nguyn Thy Thanh
NXB i hc quc gia H Ni 2007, 158 Tr.
T kho: Bi tp ton cao cp, Gii hn dy s, Gii hn hm s, Tnh lin tc

ca hm s, Hm lin tc, Php tnh vi phn hm mt bin,
o hm, Vi phn, Cng thc Taylor, o hm ring, Vi phn ca hm nhiu
bin, Cc tr ca hm nhiu bin.
Ti liu trong Th vin in t H Khoa hc T nhin c th s dng cho mc

ch hc tp v nghin cu c nhn. Nghim cm mi hnh thc sao chp, in n
phc v cc mc ch khc nu khng c s chp thun ca nh xut bn v
tc gi.
N THUY
NGUYE THANH
BAI TA
.P
P
TOAN CAO CA
Ta.p 2
Phep tnh vi phan cac ham
T BA
NHA XUA C GIA HA NOI
N DAI HOC QUO
. . .
Mu.c lu.c
7 Gio.i ha.n va lien tu.c cua ham so 3

7.1 Gio.i ha.n cua day so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
7.1.1 Cac bai toan lien quan to.i di.nh ngha gio.i ha.n . 5
7.1.2 Chu.ng minh su.. ho.i tu. cua day so du..a tren cac
` gio.i ha.n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
di.nh ly ve 11
7.1.3 Chu.ng minh su.. ho.i tu. cua day so du..a tren die ù
kie.n du de day ho.i tu. (nguyen ly
Bolzano-Weierstrass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7.1.4 Chu.ng minh su.. ho.i tu. cua day so du..a tren die ù
` n va du de day ho.i tu. (nguyen ly ho.i tu.
kie.n ca
Bolzano-Cauchy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.2 .
Gio i ha.n ham mo.t bien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.2.1 Cac khai nie.m va di.nh ly co. ban ve ` gio.i ha.n . . 27
7.3 Ham lien tu.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.4 Gio.i ha.n va lien tu.c cua ham nhie
` u bien . . . . . . . . 51
8 Phep tnh vi phan ham mo.t bien 60

8.1 D- a.o ham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
8.1.1 D - a.o ham cap 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
8.1.2 D - a.o ham cap cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
8.2 Vi phan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
8.2.1 Vi phan cap 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2 MU
. C LU
.C
8.2.2 Vi phan cap cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

8.3 Cac di.nh ly co. ban ve
` ham kha vi. Quy tac lHospital.
Cong thu.c Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
8.3.1 Cac d i.nh ly co. ban ve
` ham kha vi . . . . . . . . 84
.
8.3.2 Khu cac da.ng vo di.nh. Quy tac Lopitan
(LHospitale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
8.3.3 Cong thu.c Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
9 Phep tnh vi phan ham nhie ` u bien 109

9.1 D- a.o ham rieng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
9.1.1 D - a.o ham rieng cap 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
9.1.2 D - a.o ham cua ham ho..p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
9.1.3 Ham kha vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
9.1.4 D - a.o ham theo hu.o.ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
9.1.5 D - a.o ham rieng cap cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
9.2 Vi phan cua ham nhie ` u bien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
9.2.1 Vi phan cap 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
9.2.2 Ap du.ng vi phan de tnh ga ` n dung . . . . . . . 126
9.2.3 Cac tnh chat cua vi phan . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
9.2.4 Vi phan cap cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
9.2.5 Cong thu.c Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
9.2.6 Vi phan cua ham an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
9.3 Cu..c tri. cua ham nhie
` u bien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
.
9.3.1 Cu. c tri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
9.3.2 Cu..c tri. co die
` u kie.n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
9.3.3 Gia tri. lo.n nhat va be nhat cua ham . . . . . . 147
Chu.o.ng 7
Gio.i ha.n va lien tu.c cua

ham so
7.1 Gio.i ha.n cua day so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

7.1.1 Cac bai toan lien quan to.i di.nh ngha gio.i
ha.n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7.1.2 Chu.ng minh su.. ho.i tu. cua day so du..a tren
` gio.i ha.n . . . . . . . . . . . .
cac di.nh ly ve 11
7.1.3 Chu.ng minh su.. ho.i tu. cua day so du..a
` u kie.n du de day ho.i tu. (nguyen
tren die ly
Bolzano-Weierstrass) . . . . . . . . 17
` n va du de day ho.i tu. (nguyen
` u kie.n ca
die
ly ho.i tu. Bolzano-Cauchy) . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.2 Gio.i ha.n ham mo.t bien . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.2.1 Cac khai nie.m va di.nh ly co. ban ve
` gio.i ha.n 27
7.3 Ham lien tu.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

` u bien . 51
4 Chu.o.ng 7. Gio.i ha.n va lien tu.c cua ham so
7.1 Gio.i ha.n cua day so

Ham so xac di.nh tren ta.p ho..p N du.o..c go.i la day so vo ha.n. Day so
thu.o.ng du.o..c viet du.o.i da.ng:
a1, a2, . . . , an , . . . (7.1)
hoa.c {an }, trong do an = f (n), n N du.o..c go.i la so ha.ng tong quat

cua day, n la so hie.u cua so ha.ng trong day.
` n lu.u y cac khai nie.m sau day:
Ta ca
i) Day (7.1) du.o..c go.i la bi. cha.n neu M R+ : n N |an | 6
M; va go.i la khong bi. cha.n neu: M R+ : n N |an | > M.
ii) So a du.o..c go.i la gio.i ha.n cua day (7.1) neu:
> 0, N () : n > N |an a| < . (7.2)
iii) So a khong phai la gio.i ha.n cua day (7.1) neu:
> 0, N : n > N |an a| > . (7.3)
iv) Day co gio.i ha.n du.o..c go.i la day ho.i tu., trong tru.o.ng ho..p ngu.o..c
la.i day (7.1) go.i la day phan ky.
v) Day (7.1) go.i la day vo cung be neu lim an = 0 va go.i la day
n
vo cung lo.n neu A > 0, N sao cho n > N |an | > A va viet
lim an = .
` n de day ho.i tu. la day do phai bi. cha.n.
` u kie.n ca
vi) Die
Chu y: i) He. thu.c (7.2) tu.o.ng du.o.ng vo.i:
< an a < a < an < a + . (7.4)

7.1. Gio.i ha.n cua day so 5
He. thu.c (7.4) chu.ng to ra`ng mo.i so ha.ng vo.i ch so n > N cua day
` u na`m trong khoang (a , a + ), khoang nay go.i la -lan
ho.i tu. de
ca.n cua diem a.
Nhu. va.y, neu day (7.1) ho.i tu. den so a th mo.i so ha.ng cua no tru.
ra mo.t so hu.u ha.n so ha.ng de ` u na`m trong -lan ca.n bat ky be bao
nhieu tuy y cua diem a.
ii) Ta lu.u y ra`ng day so vo cung lo.n khong ho.i tu. va ky hie.u
lim an = () ch co ngha la day an la vo cung lo.n va ky hie.u do
hoan toan khong co ngha la day co gio.i ha.n.
7.1.1 Cac bai toan lien quan to.i di.nh ngha gio.i
ha.n
De chu.ng minh lim an = a ba`ng cach su. du.ng di.nh ngha, ta ca ` n tien
. .
hanh theo cac bu o c sau day:
i) La.p bieu thu.c |an a|
ii) Cho.n day bn (neu die ` u do co lo..i) sao cho |an a| 6 bn n va
vo.i du be bat ky bat phu.o.ng trnh doi vo.i n:
bn < (7.5)
co the giai mo.t cach de dang. Gia su. (7.5) co nghie.m la n > f (),
f () > 0. Khi do ta co the lay n la [f ()], trong do [f ()] la pha `n
nguyen cua f ().
CAC VI DU .
V du. 1. Gia su. an = n(1) . Chu.ng minh ra`ng:
n
i) Day an khong bi. cha.n.

ii) Day an khong phai la vo cung lo.n.
Giai. i) Ta chu.ng minh ra`ng an thoa man di.nh ngha day khong
bi. cha.n. Tha.t va.y, M > 0 so ha.ng vo.i so hie.u n = 2([M] + 1) ba`ng
n va lo.n ho.n M. Die ` u do co ngha la day an khong bi. cha.n.
ii) Ta chu.ng minh ra`ng an khong phai la vo cung lo.n. Tha.t va.y,
ta xet khoang (2, 2). Hien nhien mo.i so ha.ng cua day vo.i so hie.u le
` u thuo.c khoang (2, 2) v khi n le th ta co:
de
n
n(1) = n1 = 1/n (2, 2).
Nhu. va.y trong khong (2, 2) co vo so so ha.ng cua day. Tu. do,
theo di.nh ngha suy ra an khong phai la vo cung lo.n. N
V du. 2. Dung di.nh ngha gio.i ha.n day so de chu.ng minh ra`ng:
(1)n1 n
1) lim = 0. 2) lim = 1.
n n n n+1
Giai. De chu.ng minh day an co gio.i ha.n la a, ta ca ` n chu.ng minh
ra`ng doi vo.i mo i so > 0 cho tru.o.c co the tm du.o..c so N (N phu.
thuo.c ) sao cho khi n > N th suy ra |an a| < . Thong thu.o.ng ta
co the ch ra cong thu.c tu.o.ng minh bieu die n N qua .
1) Ta co:
(1)n1 1

|an 0| = =
n n
Gia su. la so du.o.ng cho tru.o.c tuy y. Khi do:
1 1
<n>
n
V the ta co the lay N la so tu.. nhien nao do thoa man die
` u kie.n:
1 1
N> < .
N
(Chang ha.n, ta co the lay N = [1/], trong do [1/] la pha
` n nguyen
cua 1/).
Khi do n > N th:
1 1
|an 0| = 6 < .
n N
(1)n
` u do co ngha la lim
Die = 0.
n n
2) Ta lay so > 0 bat ky va tm so tu.. nhien N () sao cho n >
N () th:
n

1 < .
n+1
Bat dang thu.c
1 1
|an 1| < < 1.
n+1
1
Do do ta co the lay so N () la pha
` n nguyen cua 1, tu.c la:

N () = E((1/) 1).
Khi do vo.i mo.i n > N ta co:

n 1 1 n

1 = 6 < lim = 1. N
n+1 n+1 N +1 n n + 1
V du. 3. Chu.ng minh ra`ng cac day sau day phan ky:
1) an = n, nN (7.6)
2) an = (1)n ,nN (7.7)
1
3) an = (1)n + (7.8)
n
Giai. 1) Gia su. day (7.6) ho.i tu. va co gio.i ha.n la a. Ta lay = 1.
Khi do theo di.nh ngha gio.i ha.n to ` n ta.i so hie.u N sao cho n > N th
ta co |an a| < 1 ngha la |n a| < 1 n > N . Tu. do 1 < n a < 1
n > N a 1 < n < a + 1 n > N.
Nhu.ng bat dang thu.c n < a + 1, n > N la vo ly v ta.p ho..p cac
so tu.. nhien khong bi. cha.n.
2) Cach 1. Gia su. day an ho.i tu. va co gio.i ha.n la a. Ta lay lan
1 1
ca.n a , a + cua diem a. Ta viet day da cho du.o.i da.ng:
2 2
{an } = 1, 1, 1, 1, . . . . (7.9)
1 1
V do. dai cua khoang a , a + la ba`ng 1 nen hai diem 1
2 2
1 1
va +1 khong the do ` ng tho.i thuo.c lan ca.n a , a + cua diem a,
2 2
v khoang cach giu.a 1
va +1 ba`ng 2. Die ` u do co ngha la o. ngoai
1 1
lan ca.n a , a + co vo so so ha.ng cua day va v the (xem chu
2 2
y o. tren) so a khong the la gio.i ha.n cua day.
1
Cach 2. Gia su. an a. Khi do > 0 (lay = ) ta co
2
1
|an a| < n > N.
2
V an = 1 nen
1 1
|1 a| < , | 1 a| <
2 2
1 1
2 = |(1 a) + (1 + a)| 6 |1 a| + |a + 1| 6 + =1
2 2
2 < 1, vo ly.
1
3) Lu.u y ra`ng vo.i n = 2m a2m = 1 + ` vo.i no
. So ha.ng ke
2m
co so hie.u le 2m + 1 (hay 2m 1) va
1 1
a2m+1 = 1 + < 0 (hay a2m1 = 1 + 6 0).
2m + 1 2m 1
Tu. do suy ra`ng
|an an1 | > 1.
Neu so a nao do la gio.i ha.n cua day (an ) th bat da

` u tu. so hie.u nao
1
do (an ) thoa man bat dang thu.c |an a| < . Khi do
2
1 1
|an an+1 | 6 |an a| + |an+1 a| < + = 1.
2 2
Nhu.ng hie.u giu.a hai so ha.ng ke ` nhau bat ky cua day da cho luon luon
lo.n ho.n 1. Die ` u mau thua n nay chu.ng to ra`ng khong mo.t so thu..c
nao co the la gio.i ha.n cua day da cho. N
BAI TA
.P
Hay su. du.ng di.nh ngha gio.i ha.n de chu.ng minh ra`ng
2n 1
1. lim an = 1 neu an =
n 2n + 2
3 3n2 + 1
2. lim an = neu an = 2
n 5 5n 1
` u tu. so hie.u N nao th:
Bat da
|an 3/5| < 0, 01 (DS. N = 5)
3n + 1
3. lim an = 1 neu an = .
n 3n
cos n
4. lim = 0.
n n
2n + 5 6n
5. lim = 5.
n 3n + 6n
3
n2 sin n2
6. lim = 0.
n n+1
7. Chu.ng minh ra`ng so a = 0 khong phai la gio.i ha.n cua day an =
n2 2
.
2n2 9
8. Chu.ng minh ra`ng
n2 + 2n + 1 + sin n
lim = 1.
n n2 + n + 1
9. Chu.ng minh ra`ng day: an = (1)n + 1/n phan ky.

10. Chu.ng minh ra`ng day; an = sin n0 phan ky.
11. Tm gio.i ha.n cua day: 0, 2; 0, 22; 0, 222; . . . , 0, 22 . . . 2}, . . .
| {z
n
n. Bieu die n an du.o.i da.ng
Ch da
2 22 2
an = 0, 22 . . . 2 = + + + n (DS. lim an = 2/9)
10 10 10
12. Tm gio.i ha.n cua day so:

0, 2; 0, 23; 0, 233; 0, 2333; . . . , 0, 2 33 . . . }3, . . .
| {z
n
n. Bieu die n an du.o.i da.ng
Ch da
2 3 3 3
an = + + + + n (DS. 7/30)
10 102 103 10
13. Chu.ng minh ra`ng neu day an ho.i tu. den a, con day bn da
` n den
th day an /bn da` n den 0.

n
i) lim n = 0.
n 2
n
ii) lim n = 0 (a > 1).
n a
n. i) Su. du.ng he. thu.c:
Ch da
n(n 1) n(n 1) n2
2n = (1 + 1)n = 1 + n + + + 1 > n + >
2 2 2
va u.o.c lu.o..ng |an 0|.
ii) Tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. i). Su. du.ng he. thu.c:
n(n 1)
an = [1 + (a 1)]n > (a 1).
2
1 1
lim an = 2 neu an = 1 + + + n
2 2
Ch da n. Ap du.ng cong thu.c tnh tong cap so nhan de tnh an ro
ì
u.o.c lu.o..ng |an 2|.
16. Biet ra`ng day an co gio.i ha.n, con day bn khong co gio.i ha.n. Co
` gio.i ha.n cua day:
the noi g ve
i) {an + bn }.
ii) {an bn }.
(DS. i) lim{an + bn } khong to ` n ta.i. Hay chu.ng minh.
ii) Co the ga.p ca hai tru.o.ng ho..p co gio.i ha.n va khong co gio.i ha.n,
v du.:
n1 1
an = , bn = (1)n ; an = , bn = (1)n .
n n
` gio.i ha.n
cac di.nh ly ve
De tnh gio.i ha.n cua day so, ngu.o.i ta thu.o.ng su. du.ng cac di.nh ly va
khai nie.m sau day:
Gia su. lim an = a, lim bn = b.
i) lim(an bn ) = lim an lim bn = a b.
ii) lim an bn = lim an lim bn = a b.
` u tu. mo.t so hie.u nao do day an /bn xac
iii) Neu b 6= 0 th bat da
di.nh (ngha la N : n > N bn 6= 0) va:
an lim an a
lim = =
bn lim bn b
iv) Neu lim an = a, lim bn = a va bat da ` u tu. mo.t so hie.u nao do
an 6 zn 6 bn th lim zn = a (Nguyen ly bi. cha.n hai phia).
v) Tch cua day vo cung be vo.i day bi. cha.n la day vo cung be.
1
.
vi) Neu (an ) la day vo cung lo n va an 6= 0 th day la day vo
an 1
cung be; ngu.o..c la.i, neu n la day vo cung be va n 6= 0 th day
n
la vo cung lo.n.
Nha.n xet. De ap du.ng dung dan cac di.nh ly tren ta ca ` n lu.u y mo.t
so nha.n xet sau day:
i) Di.nh ly (iii) ve` gio.i ha.n cua thu.o.ng se khong ap du.ng du.o..c neu
tu. so va ma u so khong co gio.i ha.n hu.u ha.n hoa.c ma u so co gio.i ha.n
ba`ng 0. Trong nhu.ng tru.o.ng ho..p do nen bien doi so. bo. day thu.o.ng,
chang ha.n ba`ng cach chia hoa.c nhan tu. so va ma u so vo.i cung mo.t
bieu thu.c.
ii) Doi vo.i di.nh ly (i) va (ii) cung ca

` n phai tha.n tro.ng khi ap du.ng.
. . .
Trong tru o ng ho. p nay ta ca ` n phai bien doi cac bieu thu.c an bn va
an bn tru.o.c khi tnh gio.i ha.n (xem v du. 1, iii).
iii) Neu an = a const n th lim an = a.
n
CAC VI DU
.
V du. 1. Tm lim an neu:
1) an = (1 + 7n+2 )/(3 7n )
2) an = (2 + 4 + 6 + + 2n)/[1 + 3 + 5 + + (2n + 1)]
3) an = n3 /(12 + 22 + + n2)
Giai. De giai cac bai toan nay ta dung ly thuyet cap so
1) Nhan tu. so va ma u so phan thu.c vo.i 7n ta co:
1 + 7n+2 7n + 72
an = =
3 7n 3 7n 1
Do do
7n + 72
lim an = lim = 49 v lim 7n = 0, n .
3 7n 1
2) Tu. so va ma u so de
` u la cap so co.ng nen ta co:
2 + 2n
2 + 4 + 6 + + 2n = n;
2
1 + (2n + 2)
1 + 3 + 5 + + (2n + 1) = (n + 1).
2
Do do
n
an = lim an = 1.
n+1
3) Nhu. ta biet:
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
12 + 22 + + n2 =
6
va do do:
6n3
lim an = lim
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6
= lim = 3. N
(1 + 1/n)(2 + 1/n)
V du. 2. Tm gio.i ha.n
1 1 1
1+ + + + n
lim 2 4 2
1 1 1
1 + + + + n
3 9 3
Giai. Tu. so va ma u so de
` u la cap so nhan nen
1 1 2(2n 1)
1+ + + = ,
2 2n 2n
1 1 3(3n 1)
1 + + + =
3 3n 2 3n
va do do:
2(2n 1) 2 3n 2n 1 2 3n
lim an = lim = 2 lim lim
2n 3(3n 1) 2n 3 3n 1
2 1 2 4
= 2 lim[1 (1/2)n ] lim n
=21 1= N
3 1 (1/3) 3 3
V du. 3.

1) an = n2 + n n

2) an = 3 n + 2 3 n

3) an = 3 n2 n3 + n
Giai.
1) Ta bien doi an ba`ng cach nhan va chia cho da.i lu.o..ng lien ho..p

( n2 + n n)( n2 + n + n) n 1
an = = =p
n2 + n + n n2 + n + n 1 + 1/n + 1
Do do
1 1
lim an = p =
lim ( 1 + 1/n + 1) 2
n
2) Bien doi an tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. 1) ta co:

3
3 3
n+2 3n
an = 2 2
3
n+2 + 3n+2 3n+ 3n
2
an = 2 2
3
n+2 + 3n+2 3n+ 3n
Bieu thu.c ma u so ba`ng:

p 2 p
n2/3 3 1 + 2/n + 3 1 + 2/n + 1
khi n va do do lim an = 0.

3) Ta co the viet n = n3 va ap du.ng cong thu.c:
3
a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 ab + b2)
suy ra
2
3
n2 n3 + n 3
n2 n3 n 3 n2 n3 + n2
an = 3
2
n2 n3 n 3 n2 n3 + n2
n2
= 3
2
n2 n3 n 3 n2 n3 + n2
1
=
[1/n 1] [1/n 1]1/3 + 1
2/3
1
suy ra lim an = N
3
V du. 4. Tm gio.i ha.n cua cac day sau
n n
an = , bn = ,
2
n +n 2
n +1
1 1 1
cn = + + +
n+1 n2 + 2 n2 + n
` u tien ta chu.ng minh lim an = 1. Tha.t va.y:
Giai. Da
n 1
lim an = lim p = lim p = 1.
n 1 + 1/n 1 + 1/n
Tu.o.ng tu.. lim bn = 1.

De tm gio.i ha.n cua cn ta se ap du.ng Nguyen ly bi. cha.n hai pha.
Mo.t ma.t ta co:
1 1 1 n
cn < + + + = = bn
n2 +1 n2 +1 n2 +1 2
n +1
nhu.ng ma.t khac:
1 1 1
cn > + + + = an .
n2 + n n2 + n n2 + n
Nhu. va.y an < cn < bn va lim an = lim bn = 1. Tu. do suy ra

n n
lim cn = 1. N
n
V du. 5. Chu.ng minh ra`ng day (q n ) la: 1) day vo cung lo.n neu
|q| > 1; 2) day vo cung be khi |q| < 1.
Giai. 1) Gia su. |q| > 1. Ta lay so A > 0 bat ky. Tu. dang thu.c
|q|n > A ta thu du.o..c n > log|q| A. Neu ta lay N = [log|q|A] th n > N
ta co |q|n > A. Do do day (q n ) la day vo cung lo.n.
h 1 n i1 1
. n
2) Gia su |q| < 1, q 6= 0. Khi do q = . V > 1 nen
q q
1 h 1 i1
n n
day la day vo cung lo.n va do do day la vo cung
q q
be, tu.c la day (q n ) la day vo cung be khi |q| < 1.
3) Neu q = 0 th q n = 0, |q|n < n va do do (q n ) la vo cung be.
N
BAI TA
.P
Tm gio.i ha.n lim an neu

n
n2 n
1. an = . (DS. )
n n

2. an = n2 (n n2 + 1). (DS. )
1 + 2 + 3 + + n
3. an = . (DS. 1/6)
9n4 + 1

n cos n
4. an = . (DS. 0)
n+1
5n sin n
5. an = + . (DS. 5)
n+1 n
n3 3n2
6. an = 2 . (DS. 1/3)
n + 1 3n + 1
n cos n
7. an = . (DS. 1)
n + 11 10n
n3 + 1
8. an = 2 (DS. )
n 1
cos n3 3n 1
9. an = . (DS. )
n 6n + 1 2
n
(1)
10. an = . (DS. 0)
5 n+1

n2 + 1 + n
11. an = 3
. (DS. +)
n3 + n n

12. an = 3 1 n3 + n. (DS. 0)

n2 + 4n
13. an = 3
. (DS. 1)
n3 3n2
(n + 3)!
14. an = . (DS. )
2(n + 1)! (n + 2)!
2 + 4 + + 2n
15. an = 2. (DS. 1)
n+2
1
16. an = n 3 n3 n2 . (DS. )
3
1 2 + 3 4 + 5 2n 1
17. an = . (DS. )
n2 + 1 + 4n2 + 1 3
1 1 1
18. an = + + + .
12 23 n(n + 1)
1 1 1
n. Ap du.ng
Ch da = (DS. 1)
n(n + 1) n n+1
1 1 1 (1)n1 3
19. an = 1 + + + . (DS. )
3 9 27 3n1 4
2n+1 + 3n+1
20. an = . (DS. 3)
2n + 3n
n + (1)n
21. an = . (DS. 1)
n (1)n
1 1 1 1
22. an = + + +
n 1+ 3 3+ 5 2n 1 + 2n + 1
n. Tru.c can thu.c o. ma u so cac bieu thu.c trong dau ngoa. c.
Ch da
1
(DS. )
2
1 1 1
23. an = + + +
123 234 n(n + 1)(n + 2)
. . .
n. Tru o c het ta chu ng minh ra`ng
Ch da
1 1h 1 1 i 1
= (DS. )
n(n + 1)(n + 2) 2 n(n + 1) (n + 1)(n + 2) 4
1 1 1 1
24. an = + + + . (DS. )
a1a2 a2 a3 an an+1 a1 d
trong do {an } la cap so co.ng vo.i cong sai d 6= 0, an 6= 0.
1
25. an = (1 1/4)(1 1/9) (1 1/(n + 1)2 ). (DS. )
2
n+2
n. Ba`ng quy na.p toan ho.c chu.ng to ra`ng an =
Ch da .
2n + 2
` u kie.n du de day ho.i tu. (nguyen ly
die
Bolzano-Weierstrass)
Day so an du.o..c go.i la:
i) Day tang neu an+1 > an n
ii) Day giam neu an+1 < an n
Cac day tang hoa.c giam con du.o..c go.i la day do.n die.u. Ta lu.u y
ra`ng day do.n die.u bao gio. cung bi. cha.n t nhat la mo.t pha. Neu day
do.n die.u tang th no bi. cha.n du.o.i bo.i so ha.ng da` u tien cua no, day
. . ` u. Ta co di.nh ly sau day
do n die.u giam th bi. cha.n tren bo i so ha.ng da
thu.o.ng du.o..c su. du.ng de tnh gio.i ha.n cua day do.n die.u.
- i.nh ly Bolzano-Weierstrass. Day do.n die.u va bi. cha.n th ho.i tu..
D
Di.nh ly nay khang di.nh ve ` su.. to
` n ta.i cua gio.i ha.n ma khong ch
ra du.o..c phu.o.ng phap tm gio.i ha.n do. Tuy va.y, trong nhie ` u tru.o.ng
ho..p khi biet gio.i ha.n cua day to
` n ta.i, co the ch ra phu.o.ng phap tnh
no. Vie.c tnh toan thu.o.ng du..a tren dang thu.c dung vo.i mo.i day ho.i
tu.:
lim an+1 = lim an .

n n
Khi tnh gio.i ha.n du..a tren dang thu.c vu.a neu tie.n lo..i ho.n ca la su.
du.ng cach cho day ba`ng cong thu.c truy ho ` i.
CAC VI DU
.
V du. 1. Chu.nh minh ra`ng day:
1 1 1
an = + 2 + + n ho.i tu..
5+1 5 +1 5 +1
Giai. Day da cho do.n die.u tang. Tha.t va.y v:
1
an+1 = an + nen an+1 > an .
5n+1 + 1
Day da cho bi. cha.n tren. Tha.t va.y:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
an = + 2 + 3 + + n < + 2 + + n
5+1 5 +1 5 +1 5 +1 5 5 5
1 1
5
n+1
5 1 1 1
= = 1 n <
1 4 5 4
1
5
Nhu. va.y day an da cho do.n die.u tang va bi. cha.n tren nen no ho.i
tu.. N
2n
V du. 2. Chu.ng minh ra`ng day an = hoi tu va tm gio.i ha.n cua
n! . .
no.
2 22 2n
Giai. Day da cho co da.ng , , . . . , , . . .
1 2 n!
Day an do.n die.u giam. Tha.t va.y
an+1 2n+1 2n 2
= : = < 1 n > 1.
an (n + 1)! n! n+1
Do do an+1 < an va day bi. cha.n tren bo.i pha ` n tu. a1 . Ngoai ra
an > 0, n nen day bi. cha.n du.o.i. Do do day do.n die.u giam va bi.
cha.n. No ho.i tu. theo di.nh ly Weierstrass. Gia su. a la gio.i ha.n cua no.
Ta co:
an+1 2 2
= an+1 = an .
an n+1 n+1
Tu. do
2an 2
lim an+1 = lim = lim lim an
n+1 n+1
2n
va nhu. va.y: a = 0 a a = 0. Va.y: lim = 0. N
n!

V du. 3. Cho day an = 2, an+1 = 2an . Chu.ng minh ra`ng day ho.i
tu. va tm gio.i ha.n cua no.
Giai. Hien nhien ra`ng: a1 < a2 < a3 < < . Do la day do.n die.u

tang va bi. cha.n du.o.i bo.i so 2. Ta chu.ng minh ra`ng no bi. cha.n tren
bo.i so 2.
Tha.t va.y

a1 = 2; a2 = 2a1 < 2 2 = 2.
Gia su. da chu.ng minh du.o..c ra`ng an 6 2.

Khi do:

an+1 = 2an 6 2 2 = 2.
` quy na.p ta co an 6 2 n.
Va.y theo tien de
Nhu. the day an do.n die.u tang va bi. cha.n nen no co gio.i ha.n do
la a.
Ta co:

an+1 = 2an a2n+1 = 2an .
Do do:
lim a2n+1 = 2 lim an
hay a2 2a = 0 va thu du.o..c a1 = 0, a2 = 2.

V day do.n die.u tang n nen gio.i ha.n a = 2. N
V du. 4. Chu.ng minh tnh ho.i tu. va tm gio.i ha.n cua day
q

x1 = a; x2 = a + a, . . . ,
r q

xn = a + a + + a, a > 0, n dau can.
Giai. i) Ro rang: x1 < x2 < x3 < < xn < xn+1 < . . . ngha la
day da cho la day tang.
ii) Ta chu.ng minh day xn la day bi. cha.n. Tha.t va.y, ta co:

x1 = a < a+1
q q q

x2 = a + a < a + a + 1 < a + 2 a + 1 = a + 1.

Gia su. da chu.ng minh du.o..c ra`ng: xn < a + 1.

` n chu.ng minh xn+1 < a + 1. Tha.t va.y, ta co:
Ta ca
q q

xn+1 = a + xn < a + a + 1 < a + 2 a + 1 = a + 1.
Do do nho. phep quy na.p toan ho.c ta da chu.ng minh ra`ng day da

cho bi. cha.n tren bo.i a + 1.

iii) De tm gio.i ha.n ta xet he. thu.c xn = a + xn1 hay
x2n = a + xn1 .
Tu. do:
lim x2n = lim(a + xn1 ) = a + lim xn1
hay neu gia thiet lim xn = A th: A2 = a + A A2 A a = 0 va

1 + 1 + 4a 1 1 + 4a
A1 = , A2 =
2 2
V A2 < 0 nen gia tri. A2 bi. loa.i v xn > 0.
Do do;

1 + 1 + 4a
lim xn = N
2
V du. 5. Tm gio.i ha.n cua day an du.o..c xac di.nh nhu. sau: a1 la so
tuy y ma
0 < a1 < 1, an+1 = an (2 an ) n > 1. (7.10)
` u tien chu.ng minh ra`ng an bi. cha.n, ma cu. the la ba`ng

Giai. i) Da
phep quy na.p toan ho.c ta chu.ng minh ra`ng
0 < an < 1. (7.11)
Ta co 0 < a1 < 1. Gia su. (7.11) da du.o..c chu.ng minh vo.i n va ta

se chu.ng minh (7.11) dung vo.i n + 1 .
Tu. (7.10) ta co; an+1 = 1 (1 an )2.
Tu. he. thu.c nay suy ra 0 < (1 an )2 < 1, v 0 < an < 1.
Tu. do suy ra: 0 < an+1 < 1 n.
ii) Bay gio. ta chu.ng minh ra`ng an la day tang.
Tha.t va.y, v an < 1 nen 2 an > 1. Chia (7.10) cho an ta thu
du o..c:
.
an+1
= 2 an > 1.
an
Tu. do an+1 > an n. Nhu. va.y day an do.n die.u tang va bi. cha.n.
` n ta.i va ta ky hie.u no la a.
Do do theo di.nh ly Weierstrass, lim An to
iii) Tu. (7.10) ta co:
lim an+1 = lim an lim(2 an )
hay a = a(2 a).

Tu. do a = 0 va a = 1. V x1 > 0 va day an tang nen
a = 1 = lim an . N
n!
V du. 6. Chu.ng minh ra`ng day an = n ho.i tu. va tm gio.i ha.n cua
n
no.
Giai. i) Ta chu.ng minh ra`ng day an do.n die.u giam, tha.t va.y:
(n + 1)! n! n! nn nn
an+1 = = = = an
(n + 1)n+1 (n + 1)n nn (n + 1)n (n + 1)n
v
nn
< 1 nen an+1 < an .
(n + 1)n
V an > 0 nen no bi. cha.n du.o.i va do do lim an to
` n ta.i, ky hie.u
lim an = a va ro rang la a = lim an > 0.
ii) Ta chu.ng minh a = 0. Tha.t va.y ta co:
(n + 1)n n + 1 n 1 n n
n
= = 1 + > 1 + = 2.
n n n n
Do do:
nn 1 1
n
< va an+1 < an .
(n + 1) 2 2
a
Chuyen qua gio.i ha.n ta du.o..c a 6 a = 0. N
2
BAI TA
.P
1. Cho cac day so:
5n2 2n
1) an = 2) bn = (1)n sin n. 3) cn = n cos n.
n2 + 3 n+1
Hay ch ra day nao bi. cha.n va day nao khong bi. cha.n.
(DS. 1) va 2) bi. cha.n; 3) khong bi. cha.n)
2. Chu.ng minh ra`ng day:
a0 a1 a2
a1 = , a2 = , a3 = ,...,
a + a0 a + a1 a + a2
an1
an = , . . . (a > 1, a0 > 0)
a + an1
ho.i tu..
3. Chu.ng minh cac day sau day ho.i tu.
n2 1
1) an =
n2
1 1 1
2) an = 2 + + + +
2! 3! n!
n. Tnh bi. cha.n du.o..c suy tu. n! > 2n1 va do do
Ch da
1 1 1 1
an 6 2 + + 2 + + n1 = 3 n1 < 3.
2 2 2 2
4. Chu.ng minh cac day sau day ho.i tu. va tm gio.i ha.n a cua chung

1) a1 = k 5, an+1 = k 5an , k N. (DS. k1 5)
2n
2) an =
(n + 2)!
a 2
n. n+1 =
Ch da < 1. (DS. a = 0)
an n+3
E(nx)
3) an = trong do E(nx) la pha` n nguyen cua nx.
n
n. Su. du.ng he. thu.c: nx 1 < E(nx) 6 nx. (DS. a = x)
Ch da
5. Chu.ng minh ra`ng day: an = a1/2 ho.i tu. va tm gio.i ha.n cua no
n
(a > 1).
n. Chu.ng minh ra`ng an la day do.n die.u giam

(DS. a = 1. Ch da
v
n+1 n2)
an+1 = a1/2 = a1/(2 = an , an > 1)
6. Chu.ng minh ra`ng day

1 1 1
an = 1 + + + +
22 32 n2
ho.i tu..
n. Chu.ng to ra`ng day do.n die.u tang, tnh bi. cha.n cua no
Ch da
du.o..c xac la.p ba`ng cach su. du.ng cac bat dang thu.c:
1 1 1 1
2
< = , n > 2.
n n(n 1) n1 n
7. Chu.ng minh ra`ng day
1 1 1
an = + 2 + + n
3+1 3 +2 3 +n
co gio.i ha.n hu.u ha.n.
Ch da n. Tnh bi. cha.n cua an du.o..c xac la.p ba`ng cach so sanh an
vo.i tong mo.t cap so nhan nao do.
1 n+1 .
8. Chu.ng minh ra`ng day 1 + do n die.u giam va
n
1 n+1
lim 1 + = e.
n n
9. Tnh lim an , neu
n
1 n
1) an = 1 + , k N. (DS. e)
n+k
n n 1
2) an = . (DS. )
n+1 e
1 n
3) an = 1 + . (DS. e)
2n
2n + 1 2n
4) an = . (DS. e)
2n
` n va du de day ho.i tu. (nguyen
` u kie.n ca
die
ly ho.i tu. Bolzano-Cauchy)
Tren day ta da neu hai phu.o.ng phap chu.ng minh su.. ho.i tu. cua day.
Hai phu.o.ng phap nay khong ap du.ng du.o..c doi vo.i cac day khong do.n
die.u du.o..c cho khong ba`ng phu.o.ng phap giai tch ma du.o..c cho ba`ng
phu.o.ng phap khac (chang ha.n ba`ng phu.o.ng phap truy ho ` i). Ma.t
khac, trong nhie ` u tru o ng ho. p ngu o i ta ch quan tam den su.. ho.i tu.
. . . . .
hay phan ky cua day ma thoi. Sau day ta phat bieu mo.t tieu chuan
co tnh chat no.i ta.i cho phep ket lua.n su.. ho.i tu. cua day ch du..a
tren gia tri. cua cac so ha.ng cua day:
Nguyen ly ho.i tu.. Day (an ) co gio.i ha.n hu.u ha.n khi va ch khi no
` u kie.n:
thoa man die
> 0, N0 = N0 () N : n > N0 va p N
|an an+p | < .
Tu. nguyen ly ho.i tu. rut ra: Day (an ) khong co gio.i ha.n khi va ch
` u kie.n:
khi no thoa man die
> 0, N N n > N m > N |an am | > .
CAC VI DU
.
V du. 1. Chu.ng minh ra`ng day
cos 1 cos 2 cos n

an = + 2 + + n , nN
3 3 3
ho.i tu..
Giai. Ta u.o.c lu.o..ng hie.u

cos(n + 1) cos(n + p)

|an+p an | = + +
3n+1 3n+p
1 1
6 n+1 + + n+p
3 3
1
1 1 3p 1 1 1
= n+1 < n < n
3 1 2 3 3
1
3
1
Gia su. la so du.o.ng tuy y. V lim n = 0 nen vo.i so > 0 do,
n 3
1
` n ta.i so N N sao cho n > N ta co n < . Ngha la neu n > N ,
to
3
con p la so tu.. nhien tuy y th
1
|an+p an | < < .
3n
Do do theo tieu chuan ho.i tu. day da cho ho.i tu.. N
V du. 2. Chu.ng minh ra`ng day
1 1 1
an = + + +
1 2 n
phan ky.
Giai. Ta u.o.c lu.o..ng hie.u
1 1 1

|an an+p | = + + +
n+1 n+2 n+p
p
> n, p N.
n+p
Da.c bie.t vo.i p = n ta co

n 1
|an a2n | > > n. (*)
2 2
1
Ta lay = . Khi do N N to` n ta.i nhu.ng gia tri. n > N va
2
p N sao cho |an an+p | > . Tha.t va.y, theo bat dang thu.c (*) ta
7.2. Gio.i ha.n ham mo.t bien 27
` n lay so n > N bat ky va p = n. Tu. do theo me.nh de

ch ca ` phu di.nh
nguyen ly ho.i tu. ta co day da cho phan ky. N
BAI TA
.P
Su. du.ng tieu chuan ho.i tu. de chu.ng minh su.. ho.i tu. cua day (an )
neu
Pn sin n
1. an = , R.
k=1 2n
P
n
2. an = ak q k , |q| < 1, |ak | < M k, M > 0.
k=1
Pn (1)k1
3. an =
k=1 k(k + 1)
Pn (1)k
4. an =
k=1 k!
5. an = 0, 77 . . . 7}.
| {z
nchu. so
P
n 1
6. an =
k=1 2k +k
Chu.ng minh ra`ng cac day sau day phan ky:
1 1
7. an = 1 + + + , n N.
2 n
1 1 1
8. an = + + + , n = 2, . . .
ln2 ln3 lnn
7.2 Gio.i ha.n ham mo.t bien

7.2.1 Cac khai nie.m va di.nh ly co. ban ve
` gio.i ha.n
Di.nh ngha gio.i ha.n cua cac ham doi vo.i nam tru.o.ng ho..p: x a,
x a 0, x du.o..c phat bieu nhu. sau.
1) So A du.o..c go.i la gio.i ha.n cua ham f (x) ta.i diem a (khi x a)
neu > 0 be bao nhieu tuy y tm du.o..c so = () > 0 ( = () >
0) sao cho x ma
x Df {x; 0 < |x a| < ()}
th
|f (x) A| < .
Ky hie.u: lim f (x) = A.

xa
2) So A du.o..c go.i la gio.i ha.n ben phai (ben trai) cua ham f (x) ta.i
diem x = a neu > 0, = () > 0 sao cho vo.i mo.i x thoa man
` u kie.n
die
x Df {x : a < x < a + } (x Df {x : a < x < a})
th
|f (x) A| < .
Ky hie.u:

lim f (x) = f (a + 0) lim f (x) = f (a 0) .
xa+0 xa0
Tu.o.ng tu..:
3) lim f (x) = A > 0 > 0 : x Df {x : x > }
x+
|f (x) A| < .
Di.nh ngha gio.i ha.n khi x du.o..c phat bieu tu.o.ng tu...
4) Neu lim f (x) = lim f (x) = A th ngu.o.i ta viet
x+ x
lim f (x) = A.
x
Tru.o.ng ho..p da.c bie.t neu A = 0 th ham f (x) du.o..c go.i la ham vo
cung be khi x a (x a 0, x ).
Khai nie.m ham vo cung lo.n ta.i diem a cung du.o..c phat bieu doi
vo.i ca nam tru.o.ng ho..p.
Chang ha.n, ham f (x) du.o..c go.i la ham vo cung lo.n ta.i diem a neu
M > 0 = (M) > 0 : x Df {x : 0 < |x a| < }
|f (x)| > M.
Ngoai ra, neu f (x) > 0 (f (x) < 0) x Df {x : 0 < |x a| < }
th ta viet

lim f (x) = + lim f (x) = .
xa xa
Ta lu.u y ra`ng cac ky hie.u vu.a neu ch chu.ng to f (x) la vo cung

lo.n chu. hoan toan khong co ngha ra`ng f co gio.i ha.n.
Khi tnh gio.i ha.n ta thu.o.ng su. du.ng cac die
` u khang di.nh sau day.
- i.nh ly 7.2.1. Neu cac gio.i ha.n lim f1(x), lim f2(x) to
D ` n ta.i hu.u ha.n
xa xa
th
1) lim[f1 (x) + f2 (x)] = lim f1 (x) + lim f2 (x)
xa xa xa
2) lim[f1 (x) f2 (x)] = lim f1 (x) lim f2(x)
xa xa xa
f1 (x) lim f1 (x)

xa
3) Neu lim f2 (x) 6= 0 th lim =
xa xa f2 (x) lim f2 (x)
xa
4) Neu trong lan ca.n U (a; ) = {x : 0 < |x a| < } ta co

f1(x) 6 f (x) 6 f2 (x) va lim f1(x) = lim f2 (x) = A th lim f (x) = A
xa xa xa
(nguyen ly bi. cha.n hai phia).
Di.nh ngha gio.i ha.n ham so co the phat bieu du.o.i da.ng ngon ngu.
day nhu. sau.
- .inh ly 7.2.2. Gia su. D R, a R la diem tu. cua no; A R,
D
f : D R. Khi do
lim f (x) = A
xa
khi va ch khi (an), an D \ {a}, an a
f (an ) A
Tu. do de chu.ng minh mo.t ham nao do khong co gio.i ha.n khi x a,
` n chu.ng minh ra`ng (an ), (a0n) de
ta ch ca ` u ho.i tu. den a nhu.ng
lim f (an ) 6= lim f 0 (an ).

xa xa
Cac di.nh ly co. ban ve ` gio.i ha.n da phat bieu tren day khong ap
du.ng du.o..c doi vo.i cac gio.i ha.n sau day khi x a, a R.
1) lim [f (x)+g(x)]; f , g la cac vo cung lo.n (vo di.nh da.ng ).

xa
f (x)
2) lim ` ng tho.i la hai vo cung be, hoa.c do
; f , g hoa.c do ` ng tho.i
xa g(x)
la hai vo cung lo.n (vo di.nh da.ng 0/0 hoa.c /).
3) lim f (x) g(x); f la vo cung be, con g la vo cung lo.n hoa.c ngu.o..c
xa
la.i (vo di.nh da.ng 0 ).
g(x)
4) lim f (x) :
xa
a) khi f (x) 1, g(x) (vo di.nh da.ng 1 )
b) khi f (x) 0, g(x) 0 (vo di.nh da.ng 00 )
c) khi f (x) , g(x) 0 (vo di.nh da.ng 0 )
Vie.c tnh gio.i ha.n trong cac tru.o.ng ho..p nay thu.o.ng du.o..c go.i
la khu. da.ng vo di.nh. Trong nhie ` u tru.o.ng ho..p khi tnh gio.i ha.n ta
thu.o.ng su. du.ng cac gio.i ha.n quan tro.ng sau day:
sin x
lim = 1, (7.12)
x0 x
1
lim(1 + x) x = e (7.13)
x0
va cac he. qua cua (7.13)

1 x
lim 1 + = e, (7.14)
x x
loga (1 + x) 1
lim = , 0 < a 6= 1, (7.15)
x0 x lna
ax 1
lim = lna, 0 < a 6= 1. (7.16)
x0 x
CAC VI DU
.
V du. 1. Su. du.ng ( ) - di.nh ngha gio.i ha.n de chu.ng minh ra`ng
lim x2 = 9.
x3
Giai. Ta ca ` n chu.ng minh ra`ng > 0, > 0 sao cho vo.i

|x + 3| < th ta co |x2 9| < .
` n u.o.c lu.o..ng hie.u |x2 9|. ta co
Ta ca
|x2 9| = |x 3||x + 3|.
Do thu.a so |x 3| khong bi. cha.n tren toan tru.c so nen de u.o.c lu.o..ng
tch do.n gian ho.n ta trch ra 1 - lan ca.n cua diem a = 3 tu.c la
khoang (4; 2). Vo.i mo.i x (4; 2) ta co |x 3| < 7 va do do
|x2 9| < 7|x + 3|.
V -lan ca.n diem a = 3 [tu.c la khoang (3 ; 3 + )]khong

du.o..c vu.o..t ra khoi ranh gio.i cua 1-lan ca.n nen ta lay = min 1, .
7
Khi do vo.i 0 < |x + 3| < |x2 9| < . Do va.y lim x2 = 9. N
x3
.
V du. 2. Chu ng minh ra`ng lim 11 x = 3.
x2
Giai. Gia su. > 0 la so du.o.ng cho tru.o.c be bao nhieu tuy y. Ta
xet bat phu.o.ng trnh

| 11 x 3| < . (7.17)
Ta co

11 x 3 >
(7.17) < 11 x 3 <
11 x 3 <

x 11 < (3 )2 x 2 < 6 3

x 11 > (3 + )2 x 2 > (6 + 2).
V 6 2 < | (6 + )2 | = 6 + 2 nen ta co the lay () la so

6 6 2. Vo.i so do ta thay ra`ng khi x thoa man bat dang thu.c

0 < |x 2| < th | 11 x 3| < va

lim 11 x = 3. N
x2
V du. 3. Tnh cac gio.i ha.n
2x x2 0
1) lim (vo di.nh da.ng );
x2 x 2 0

2) lim cotg2x cotg x (vo di.nh da.ng 0 );
x 4 4
1 1 x
3) lim e x + (vo di.nh da.ng 1 ).
x x
Giai
1) Ta co
2x x2 2x 22 (x2 22 ) 2x2 1 x2 4
= =4
x2 x2 x2 x2
Tu. do suy ra`ng
2x x2 2x2 1 x2 4
lim = 4 lim lim = 4ln2 4.
x2 x 2 x2 x 2 x2 x 2

2) Da.t y = x. Khi do
4

lim cotg2x cotg x = lim cotg 2y cotgy
x 4 4 y0 2
sin 2y cos y
= lim = 2.
y0 sin y cos 2y
1
3) Da.t y = . Khi do
x
1 1 x 1 lim
ln(ey +y)
y y
lim e x + = lim(e + y) = e
y y0
;
x x y0
ln(ey + y) ln[1 + (ey + y 1)] ey + y 1
lim = lim
y0 y y0 ey + y 1 y
ln(1 + t) e 1
y
= lim lim 1 + = 2.
t0 t y0 y
Tu. do suy ra`ng
1y
lim ey + y = e2. N
y0
1
V du. 4. Chu.ng to ra`ng ham f (x) = sin khong co gio.i ha.n khi
x
x 0.
Giai. Ta lu.u y me.nh de
` phu di.nh doi vo.i di.nh ngha gio.i ha.n:
lim f (x) 6= A 0 > 0 > 0 x (0 < |x a| < )

xa
|f (x0) A| > 0.
1 2
Neu A = 0 ta lay 0 = va xk = . Khi do > 0,
2 + 2k
2
k N : 0 < xk < va
|f (xk ) 0| = |f (xk )| = 1 > 0
va nhu. va.y A = 0 khong phai la gio.i ha.n cua ham da cho khi x 0.
|A| 1
Neu A 6= 0 th ta lay 0 = va xk = . Khi do > 0,
2 2k
k N : 0 < xk < th |f (xk ) A| = |A| > . Nhu. va.y mo.i so
1
` u khong la gio.i ha.n cua ham sin khi x 0. N
A 6= 0 de
x
V du. 5. Ham Dirichlet D(x):

1 neu x Q,
D(x) =
0 neu x R \ Q
khong co gio.i ha.n ta.i a R.

Giai. Ta chu.ng minh ra`ng ta.i mo.i diem a R ham D(x) khong
thoa man Di.nh ly 2. De lam vie.c do, ta ch ca
` n ch ra hai day (an ) va
(an ) cung ho.i tu. den a sao cho lim D(an ) 6= lim D(a0n ).
0
n n
` u tien ta xet day cac diem hu.u ty (an ) ho.i tu. den a. Ta co
Da
D(an ) = 1 n va do do lim D(an ) = 1. Bay gio. ta xet day (a0 ) - n
n
day cac diem vo ty ho.i tu. den a. Ta co D(a0n )
= 0 n va do va.y
0
lim D(an ) = 0.
n
Nhu. va.y lim D(an ) 6= lim D(a0n ). Tu. do suy ra ra`ng ta.i diem a
n n
ham D(x) khong co gio.i ha.n . N
V du. 6. Gia su. lim f (x) = b, lim g(x) = +. Chu.ng minh ra`ng
xa xa
lim [f (x) + g(x)] = +.

xa
` n chu.ng minh ra`ng M > 0, > 0 sao cho x : 0 <

Giai. Ta ca
|x a| < th f (x) + g(x) > M.
` n ta.i 1-lan ca.n U (a, 1) cua diem a sao cho
V lim f (x) = b nen to
xa
|f (x)| < C, x 6= a (7.18)
trong do C la ha`ng so du.o.ng nao do.

Gia su. M > 0 la so cho tru.o.c tuy y. V lim g(x) = + nen doi
xa
vo.i so M + C, > 0 ( 6 1 ) sao cho x : 0 < |x a| < th
g(x) > M + C (7.19)
Tu. cac bat dang thu.c (7.18) va(7.19) ta thu du.o..c la: vo.i x thoa
` u kie.n 0 < |x a| < 6 1 th
man die
f (x) + g(x) > g(x) |f (x)| > M + C C = M. N
BAI TA
.P
1. Su. du.ng di.nh ngha gio.i ha.n ham so de chu.ng minh cac dang thu.c
sau day:
1
1) lim sin x = ; 2) lim sin x = 1;
x 6 2 x 2
1
3) lim x sin = 0; 4) lim arctgx = .
x0 x x+ 2
1
Ch da n. Dung he. thu.c arctgx < tg arctgx = )
2 2 x
x1 1
5) lim = ; 6) lim loga x = +;
x 3x + 2 3 x+
x2 + 2x 15
7) lim x2 + 1 x = 0; 8) lim = 8;
x+ x5 x+5
x2 3x + 2 1
9) lim(5x2 7x + 6) = 4; 10) lim 2 = ;
x1 x2 x + x 6 5
x sin x
11) lim 2 = 0.
x+ x 100x + 3000
2. Chu.ng minh cac gio.i ha.n sau day khong to ` n ta.i:

1 1
1) lim sin ; 2) lim sin x; 3) lim 2 x ;
x1 x1 x xo
1
4) lim e x ; 5) lim cos x.
x0 x
Neu tu. so va ma u so cua phan thu.c hu.u ty de

` u trie.t tieu ta.i diem
x = a th co the gian u.o.c phan thu.c cho x a (6= 0) mo.t hoa.c mo.t
` n.
so la
Su. du.ng phu.o.ng phap gian u.o.c do, hay tnh cac gio.i ha.n sau day
(3-10).
2x2 11x 21 17
3. lim 2
(DS. )
x7 x 9x + 14 5
x4 x3 + x2 3x + 2
4. lim (DS. 2)
x1 x3 x2 x + 1
x4 + 2x2 3
5. lim 2 (DS. 8)
x1 x 3x + 2
xm 1 m
6. lim n ; m, n Z (DS. )
x1 x 1 n
1 3
7. lim (DS. 1)
x1 1 x 1 x3
a b ab
8. lim ; a, b N (DS. )
x1 1 xa 1 xb 2
(xn 1)(xn1 1) (xnk+1 1)
9. lim (DS. Cnk )
x1 (x 1)(x2 1) (xk 1)
(xn an ) nan1 (x a) n(n 1) n1
10. lim ,nN (DS. a )
xa (x a)2 2
n. Doi bien x a = t.
Ch da
Cac bai toan sau day co the du.a ve

` da.ng tren nho. phep doi bien
(11-14)
p
xq 1 ps
11. lim r (DS. )
x1 x s 1 qr

1+ 3x 5
12. lim (DS. )
x1 1 + 5
x 3

3 3 1+x4 4 1+x+1 1
13. lim (DS. )
x0 22 1+x+x 6
n
1+x1 1
14. lim (DS. )
x0 x n
Mo.t trong cac phu o ng phap tnh gio.i ha.n cua cac bieu thu.c vo ty
. .
la chuyen vo ty tu. ma u so len tu. so hoa.c ngu.o..c la.i (15-26)

1 + x + x2 1 1
15. lim (DS. )
x0 x 2

3 + x + x2 9 2x + x2 1
16. lim 2
(DS. )
x2 x 3x + 2 2
5x 15
17. lim 3
3
(DS. )
x0 1+x 1x 2
3

1 + 3x 3 1 2x
18. lim (DS. 2)
x0 x + x2

19. lim x2 + 1 x2 1 (DS. 0)
x

3

20. lim 1 x3 + x (DS. 0)
x

21. lim x2 + 5x + x (DS. +)
x+
5
22. lim x2 + 5x + x (DS. )
x 2

23. lim x2 + 2x x (DS. 1)
x+

24. lim x2 + 2x x . (DS. +)
x
h 2 2
i
25. lim (x + 1) 3 (x 1) 3 (DS. 0)
x
p
26. lim n (x + a1)(x + a2) (x + an ) x
x+
a1 + a2 + + an
(DS. )
n
Khi giai cac bai toan sau day ta thu.o.ng su. du.ng he. thu.c
(1 + t) 1
lim = (27-34)
t0 t

5

1 + 3x4 1 2x
27. lim 3
(DS. 6)
x0 1+x 1+x

n

a+x n ax 2 1
28. lim ,nN (DS. a n 1 )
x0 x n

3

5

7
1 + 3x + 1 + x 1 + x 1 + x 313
29. lim
4

6
(DS. )
x0 1 + 2x + x 1 + x 280

3

a2 + ax + x2 3 a2 ax + x2 3 1
30. lim (DS. a 6 )
x0 a+x ax 2
n n
1 + x2 + x 1 + x2 x
31. lim (DS. 2n)
x0 x

n

a+x n ax 2na
32. lim , n N, a > 0 (DS. )
x0 x na

n
1 + ax k 1 + bx ak bn
33. lim , n N, a > 0 (DS. )
x0 x nk
p n+1
34. lim n (1 + x2 )(2 + x2 ) (n + x2 ) x2 (DS. )
x 2
Khi tnh gio.i ha.n cac bieu thu.c lu.o..ng giac ta thu.o.ng su. du.ng cong
thu.c co. ban
sin x
lim =1
x0 x
cung vo.i su.. ket ho..p cac phu.o.ng phap tm gio.i ha.n da neu o. tren
(35-56).
x
sin
35. lim 2 (DS. 0)
x x
arctgx
36. lim (DS. 0)
x 2x
x2 4
37. lim (DS. 4)
x2 arctg(x + 2)
tgx sin x 1
38. lim (DS. )
x0 x3 2
1
39. lim xcotg5x (DS. )
x0 5
x 2
40. lim (1 x)tg (DS. )
x1 2
1 x2 2
41. lim (DS. )
x1 sin x
sin x 1
42. lim 2 2
(DS. )
x x 2
cos mx cos nx 1 2
43. lim 2
(DS. (n m2 ))
x0 x 2
h 1 3 i
44. lim x2 cos cos (DS. 4)
x x x
sin(a + x) + sin(a x) 2 sin a
45. lim (DS. sin a)
x0 x2
cos(a + x) + cos(a x) 2 cos a
46. lim (DS. 2 cos a)
x0 1 cos x

47. lim sin x2 + 1 sin x2 1 (DS. 0)
x

cos x 1 1
48. lim 2
(DS. )
x0 x 4
x x
cos sin 1
49. lim 2 2 (DS. )
x 2 cos x 2

sin x 1
50. lim 3 (DS. )
x 3 1 2 cos x 3

2 cos x 1 1
51. lim 2
(DS. )
x 4 1 tg x 4

1 + tgx 1 tgx
52. lim (DS. 1)
x0 sin x

m
cos x m cos x 2 2
53. lim (DS. )
x0 x2 2m

cos x 3 cos x 1
54. lim 2 (DS. )
x0 sin x 3

1 cos x cos 2x 3
55. lim (DS. )
x0 tgx2 2

1 + x sin x cos x
56. lim x (DS. 4)
x0
sin2
2
De tnh gio.i ha.n lim [f (x)](x), trong do
xa
f (x) 1, (x) khi x a ta co the bien doi bieu thu.c
[f (x)](x) nhu. sau:
n 1
o(x)[f (x)1]
lim [f (x)](x) = lim [1 + (f (x) 1)] f (x)1
xa xa
lim (x)[f (x)1]
= exa
o. day lim (x)[f (x) 1] du.o..c tnh theo cac phu.o.ng phap da neu tren
xa
day. Neu lim (x)[f (x) 1] = A th
xa
lim [f (x)](x) = eA (57-68).

xa
2x + 3 x+1
57. lim (DS. e)
x 2x + 1
x2 1 x 4
58. lim (DS. 0)
x x2
59. lim (1 + tgx)cotgx (DS. e)
x0
2x
60. lim (1 + 3tg2 x)cotg (DS. e3)
x0
cos x 12 3
x
61. lim (DS. e 2 )
x0 cos 2x
1
62. lim (sin x) cotgx (DS. 1)
x 2
63. lim (tgx)tg2x (DS. e1 )

x 2
h icotg2x
64. lim tg +x (DS. e)
x0 4
1 1
65. lim cos x x2 (DS. e 2 )
x0
1 9
66. lim cos 3x sin2 x (DS. e 2 )
x0
1 + tgx sin1 x
67. lim (DS. 1)
x0 1 + sin x
tg2 2x 1
68. lim sin 2x (DS. e 2 )
x 4
Khi tnh gio.i ha.n cac bieu thu.c co chu.a ham lodarit va ham mu ta
thu.o.ng su. du.ng cac cong thu.c (7.15) va (7.16) va cac phu.o.ng phap
tnh gio.i ha.n da neu o. tren (69-76).
lnx 1
69. lim (DS. e1 )
xe x e
lgx 1 1
70. lim (DS. )
x10 x 10 10ln10
2
ex 1
71. lim (DS. 2)
x0 1 + sin2 x 1
2
ex cos x 3
72. lim (DS. )
x0 sin2 x 2
7.3. Ham lien tu.c 41
ex ex
73. lim (DS. 1)
x0 sin x sin x
esin 5x esin x
74. lim (DS. 2)
x0 ln(1 + 2x)
2 2
ax bx 1 a
75. lim , a > 0, b > 0 (DS. ln )
x0 ln cos 2x 2 b
h asin x + bsin x i x1
76. lim , a > 0, b > 0 (DS. ab)
x0 2
7.3 Ham lien tu.c

- i.nh ngha 7.3.1. Ham f (x) xac di.nh trong lan ca.n cua diem x0
D
du.o..c go.i la lien tu.c ta.i diem do neu
lim f (x) = f (x0 ).

xx0
Di.nh ngha 7.3.1 tu.o.ng du.o.ng vo.i

D
du.o..c go.i la lien tu.c ta.i diem x0 neu
> 0 > 0 x Df : |x x0| < |f (x) f (x0 )| < .
Hie.u x x0 = x du.o..c go.i la so gia cua doi so, con hie.u f (x)
f (x0) = f du.o..c go.i la so gia cua ham so ta.i x0 tu.o.ng u.ng vo.i so
gia x, tu.c la
x = x x0 , f (x0 ) = f (x0 + x) f (x0 ).
Vo.i ngon ngu. so gia di.nh ngha 7.3.1 co da.ng

D
du.o..c go.i la lien tu.c ta.i x0 neu
lim f = 0.
x0
Ba`ng ngon ngu. day ta co di.nh ngha tu.o.ng du.o.ng

- i.nh ngha 7.3.1. Ham f (x) xac di.nh trong lan ca.n diem x0 Df
D
du.o..c go.i la lien tu.c ta.i diem x0 neu
(xn ) Df : xn x0 lim f (xn ) = f (x0 ).

n
- i.nh ly 7.3.1. Die

D ` n va du de ham f (x) lien tu.c ta.i diem
` u kie.n ca
x0 la ham f (x) thoa mac cac die ` u kie.n sau day:
i) Ham phai xac di.nh ta.i mo.t lan ca.n nao do cua diem x0 .
ii) Ham co cac gio.i ha.n mo.t pha nhu. nhau
lim f (x) = lim f (x).

xx0 0 xx0 +0
iii) lim = lim = f (x0).

xx0 0 xx0 +0
Gia su. ham f (x) xac di.nh trong nu.a lan ca.n ben phai (ben trai)
cua diem x0 , ngha la tren nu.a khoang [x0, x0 + ) (tu.o.ng u.ng: tren
(x0 , x0]) nao do.
Ham f (x) du.o..c go.i la lien tu.c ben phai (ben trai) ta.i diem x0 neu
f (x0 + 0) = f (x0 ) (tu.o.ng u.ng: f (x0 0) = f (x0 )).
- i.nh ly 7.3.2. Ham f (x) lien tu.c ta.i diem x0 Df khi va ch khi
D
no lien tu.c ben phai va ben trai ta.i diem x0.
Ham lien tu.c ta.i mo.t diem co cac tnh chat sau.
I) Neu cac ham f (x) va g(x) lien tu.c ta.i diem x0 th f (x) g(x),
f (x) g(x) lien tu.c ta.i x0 , va f (x)/g(x) lien tu.c ta.i x0 neu g(x0) 6= 0.
II) Gia su. ham y = (x) lien tu.c ta.i x0, con ham u = f (y) lien
tu.c ta.i y0 = (x0). Khi do ham ho..p u = f [(x)] lien tu.c ta.i x0.
Tu. do suy ra ra`ng

lim f [(x)] = f lim (x) .
xx0 xx0
Ham f (x) go.i la gian doa.n ta.i diem x0 neu no xac di.nh ta.i nhu.ng
` n x0 bao nhieu tuy y nhu.ng ta.i chnh x0 ham khong thoa man
diem ga
` u kie.n lien tu.c o. tren.
t nhat mo.t trong cac die
Diem x0 du.o..c go.i la

1) Diem gian doa.n khu. du.o..c cua ham f (x) neu to ` n ta.i lim f (x) =
xx0
.
b nhu ng hoa.c f (x) khong xac di.nh ta.i diem x0 hoa.c f (x0) 6= b. Neu
bo sung gia tri. f (x0 ) = b th ham f (x) tro. nen lien tu.c ta.i x0, tu.c la
gian doa. n co the khu. du.o..c.
2) Diem gian doa.n kieu I cua ham f (x) neu f (x0 +0) va f (x0 0)
nhu.ng f (x0 + 0) 6= f (x0 0).
3) Diem gian doa.n kieu II cua ham f (x) neu ta.i diem x0 mo.t trong
cac gio.i ha.n lim f (x) hoa.c lim f (c) khong to ` n ta.i.
xx0 +0 xx0 0
Ham f (x) du.o..c go.i la ham so. cap neu no du.o..c cho bo.i mo.t bieu
thu.c giai tch la.p nen nho. mo.t so hu.u ha.n phep tnh so ho.c va cac
phep ho..p ham thu..c hie.n tren cac ham so. cap co. ban.
Mo.i ham so. cap xac di.nh trong lan ca.n cua mo.t diem nao do la
lien tu.c ta.i diem do.
Lu.u y ra`ng ham khong so. cap co the co gian doa.n ta.i nhu.ng diem
no khong xac di.nh cung nhu. ta.i nhu.ng diem ma no xac di.nh. Da.c bie.t
la neu ham du.o..c cho bo.i nhie` u bieu thu.c giai tch khac nhau tren cac
khoang khac nhau th no co the co gian doa. n ta.i nhu.ng diem thay doi
bieu thu.c giai tch.
CAC VI DU
.
V du. 1. Chu.ng minh ra`ng ham f (x) = sin(2x 3) lien tu.c x R.
Giai. Ta lay diem x0 R tuy y. Xet hie.u
sin(2x 3) sin(2x0 3) = 2 cos(x + x0 3) sin(x x0) = (x).
V | cos(x + x0 3)| 6 1 va sin(x x0)| < |x x0 | nen khi x x0

ham sin(x x0 ) la ham vo cung be. Tu. do suy ra`ng (x) la tch cua
ham bi. cha.n vo.i vo cung be va
lim sin(2x 3) = sin(2x0 3). N

xx0

V du. 2. Chu.ng minh ra`ng ham f (x) = x + 4 lien tu.c ta.i die `m
x0 = 5.
Giai. Ta co f (5) = 3. Cho tru.o.c so > 0. Theo di.nh ngha 1 ta

la.p hie.u f (x) f (5) = x + 4 3 va u.o.c lu.o..ng modun cua no. Ta
co
|x 5| |x 5|
| x + 4 3| = < (*)
| x + 4 + 3| 3
Neu ta cho.n = 3 th vo.i nhu.ng gia tri. x ma |x 5| < = 3

ta se co | x + 4 3| < . Tu. do suy ra`ng ham f (x) lien tu.c ta.i diem
x0 = 5. N

V du. 3. Chu.ng minh ra`ng ham f (x) = x lien tu.c ben phai ta.i
diem x0 = 0.

Giai. Gia su. cho tru.o.c so > 0 tuy y. Bat dang thu.c | x 0| <
tu.o.ng du.o.ng vo.i bat dang thu.c 0 6 x < 2. Ta lay = 2. Khi do

tu. bat dang thu.c 0 6 x < suy ra`ng x < . Die ` u do co ngha ra`ng

lim x = 0. N
x0+0
V du. 4. Chu.ng minh ra`ng ham y = x2 lien tu.c tren toan tru.c so.
Giai. Gia su. x0 R la diem tuy y tren tru.c so va > 0 la so cho
tru.o.c tuy y. Ta xet hie.u
|x2 x20| = |x + x0 ||x x0 |
` n u.o.c lu.o..ng no. V |x + x0| khong bi. cha.n tren R nen de u.o.c
va ca
lu.o..ng hie.u tren ta xet mo.t lan ca.n nao do cua x0, chang ha.n U (x0 ; 1) =
(x0 1; x0 + 1). Vo.i x U (x0; 1) ta co
|x + x0 | = |x x0 + 2x0 | 6 |x x0| + 2|x0 | < 1 + 2|x0|
va do do
|x2 x20| < (1 + 2|x0 |)|x x0|.

m x0 ca
ca.n cua die
V -lan ` n phai na`m trong U (x0 ; 1) nenta lay

= min .
; 1 va vo i |x x0| < = min ; 1 ta se
1 + 2|x0 | 1 + 2|x0|
co
|x2 x20| < . N
V du. 5. Xac di.nh va phan loa.i diem gian doa. n cua ham
1
f (x) = 1
1 + 2 x1
Giai. Ham da cho xac di.nh x 6= 1. Nhu. va.y diem gian doa. n la
diem x0 = 1. 1

Neu (xn ) la day ho.i tu. den 1 va xn > 1 th la day vo
xn 1 1
cung lo.n vo.i mo.i so ha.ng de
` u du.o.ng. Do do 1 + 2 xn 1 la day vo
1
cung lo.n. Tu. do suy ra`ng f (xn ) = 1 la day vo cung be, tu.c
1+2 xn 1
la lim f (xn ) = 0 va lim f (x) = 0.

n x1+0
1
Neu (xn ) 1 va xn < 1 th la day vo cung lo.n vo.i cac
1 n x 1
` u am. Do va.y 2 xn 1 0 (n ) va
so ha.ng de
1
f (xn ) = 1 1 (n ),
1 + 2 xn 1
tu.c la lim f (x) = 1. Do do diem x0 = 1 la diem gian doa.n kieu I. N

x10
V du. 6. Xac di.nh va phan loa.i diem gian doa. n cua ham

1

x cos khi x < 0

x

f (x) = 0 khi x = 0

1

cos khi x > 0.
x
Giai. Diem gian doa.n co the co cua ham la x0 = 0. Ta xet cac gio.i
ha.n mo.t pha ta.i diem x0 = 0.
i) Ta chu.ng minh ra`ng lim f (x) = 0. Tha.t va.y, neu day (xn )
x00
ho.i tu. den 0 va xn < 0 n th
1

0 6 |f (xn )| = |xn | cos 6 |xn |.
xn
V |xn | 0 khi n nen lim f (xn ) = 0.
n
ii) Ham da cho khong co gio.i ha.n ben phai ta.i diem x0 = 0. De
chu.ng minh die ` u do ta xet hai day ho.i tu. den 0 la.p nen tu. cac day
1 1
so du.o.ng xn = va x0n = . Neu nhu. ham f co gio.i ha.n
+ n 2n
2
ben phai ta.i diem x0 = 0 th hai day f (xn ) va f (x0n ) phai ho.i tu. den
cung mo.t gio.i ha.n. The . 0
nhu ng f (xn ) = cos 2n = 1 ho.i tu. den 1, con

f (xn ) = cos + n = 0 ho.i tu. den 0.
2
Tu. do suy ra`ng ham co gian doa.n kieu II ta.i diem x0 = 0. N
V du. 7. Tm va phan loa.i cac diem gian doa.n cua cac ham:
1) y = (signx)2; 2) y = [x]
Giai
1) Tu. di.nh ngha ham signx suy ra`ng

1, x 6= 0
2
(signx) =
0, x = 0.
Tu. do suy ra`ng ham y = (signx)2 lien tu.c x 6= 0 (hay du..ng do `

thi. cua ham) va ta.i diem x0 = 0 ta co y(0 0) = y(0 + 0) 6= y(0).
` u do co ngha ra`ng x0 = 0 la diem gian doa. n khu. du.o..c.
Die
2) Gia su. n Z. Neu n 1 6 x < n th [x] = n 1, neu
n 6 x < n + 1 th [x] = n (hay du..ng do ` thi. cua ham pha ` n nguyen
` n ta.i lan ca.n cua diem x0 (khong chu.a cac so
[x]). Neu x0 6 Z th to
nguyen) sao cho ta.i do ham ba`ng ha`ng so. Do va.y no lien tu.c ta.i x0.
Neu x0 = n la so nguyen th [n 0] = n 1, [n + 0] = n. Tu. do suy
ra`ng x0 = n la diem gian doa.n kieu I. N
V du. 8. Khao sat su.. lien tu.c va phan loa.i diem gian doa.n cua cac
ham

x 2 x neu x 6 1
x1
1) f (x) = , 2) f (x) = e , 3) f (x) =
x lnx neu x > 1.
Giai
1) Ham f (x) = x neu x 6= 0 va khong xac di.nh khi x = 0. V a
ta co lim x = a nen khi a 6= 0:
xa
lim f (x) = a = f (a)

xa
va do va.y ham f (x) lien tu.c x 6= 0. Ta.i diem x = 0 ta co gian doa.n

khu. du.o..c v to
` n ta.i
lim f (x) = lim x = 0.

x0 x0
2) Ham f (x) = e x la ham so. cap v no la ho..p cua cac ham

1
y = x1 va f = ey . Hien nhien la ham f (x) xac di.nh x 6= 0 va

do do no lien tu.c x 6= 0. V ham f (x) xac di.nh trong lan ca.n diem
x = 0 va khong xac di.nh ta.i chnh diem x = 0 nen diem x = 0 la diem
gian doa. n. Ta tnh f (0 + 0) va f (0 0).
Ta xet day vo cung be tuy y (xn ) sao cho xn > 0 n. V
1 1
= nen lim e xn = 0. Tu. do suy ra`ng lim e x = 0.
1
lim
x xn x x0+0
Bay gio. ta xet day vo cung be bat ky (x0n ) sao cho x00 < 0 n. V
1 1 1
lim 0 = + nen lim e xn0 = +. Do do lim e x = +
n xn x0 x00
tu.c la f (0 0) = +.
Nhu. va.y gio.i ha.n ben trai cua ham f (x) ta.i diem x = 0 khong to
`n
ta.i do do diem x = 0 la diem gian doa.n kieu II.
3) Ta chu.ng minh ra`ng f (x) lien tu.c ta.i diem x = a 6= 1. Ta lay

< |a 1|, > 0. Khi do -lan ca.n cua diem x = a khong chu.a diem
x = 1 neu < |a 1|. Trong -lan ca.n nay ham f (x) hoa.c trung vo.i
ham (x) = x neu a < 1 hoa.c trung vo.i ham (x) = lnx neu a > 1.
V cac ham so. cap co. ban nay lien tu.c ta.i diem x = a nen ham f (x)
lien tu.c ta.i diem x = a 6= 1.
Ta khao sat tnh lien tu.c cua ham f (x) ta.i diem x = a = 1. De lam
` n tnh cac gio.i ha.n mo.t pha cua f (x) ta.i diem x = a = 1.
vie.c do ta ca
Ta co
f (1 + 0) = lim f (x) = lim lnx = 0,

x1+0 x1+0
f (1 0) = lim f (x) = lim x = lim x = 1.

x10 x10 x1
Nhu. va.y f (1 + 0) 6= f (1 0) va do do ham f (x) co gian doa. n kieu

I ta.i x = a = 1.
BAI TA
.P
Khao sat tnh lien tu.c va phan loa.i diem gian doa.n cua ham
|2x 3| 3
1. f (x) = (DS. Ham xac di.nh va lien tu.c x 6= ; ta.i
2x 3 2
3
x0 = ham co gian doa. n kieu I)
2

1 neu x 6= 0
2. f (x) = x
1 neu x = 0.
(DS. Ham lien tu.c x R)
` n ta.i hay khong gia tri. a de ham f (x) lien tu.c ta.i x0 neu:
3. Co to

4 3x neu x < 0
1) f (x) =
2a + x khi x > 0.
(DS. Ham f lien tu.c x R neu a = 2)

x sin 1 , x 6= 0;
2) f (x) = x .
a, x = 0, x = 0.
0
(DS. a = 0)

1 + x , x 6= 1
3) f (x) = 1 + x3

a, x = 1, x0 = 1.
1
(DS. a = )
3
cos x, x 6 0;
4) f (x) =
a(x 1), x > 0; x0 = 0.
(DS. a = 1)
| sin x|
4. f (x) =
sin x
(DS. Ham co gian doa.n ta.i x = k, k Z v:

1 neu sin x > 0
f (x) =
1 neu sin x < 0)
5. f (x) = E(x) E(x)

(DS. Ham co gian doa.n khu. du.o..c ta.i x = n, x Z v:

1 neu x = n
f (x) =
0 neu x 6= n.)

e1/x khi x 6= 0
6. f (x) =
0 khi x = 0.
(DS. Ta.i diem x = 0 ham co gian doa.n kieu II; f (0) = 0, f (+0) =
)
Tm diem gian doa.n va tnh bu.o.c nhay cua cac ham:
x+2
7. f (x) = x +
|x + 2|
(DS. x = 2 la diem gian doa.n kieu I, (2) = 2)
2|x 1|
8. f (x) =
x2 x3
(DS. x = 0 la diem gian doa.n kieu II, x = 1 la diem gian doa. n kieu
I, (1) = 4)
Hay bo sung cac ham sau day ta.i diem x = 0 de chung tro. thanh
lien tu.c
tgx
9. f (x) = (DS. f (0) = 1)
x

1+x1 1
10. f (x) = (DS. f (0) = )
x 2
sin2 x
11. f (x) = (DS. f (0) = 2)
1 cos x
12. Hie.u cua cac gio.i ha.n mo.t pha cua ham f (x):
d = lim f (x) lim f (x)

xx0 +0 xx0 0
du.o..c go.i la bu.o.c nhay cua ham f (x) ta.i diem x0 . Tm diem gian doa. n
va bu.o.c nhay cua ham f (x) neu:

1 x2 neu x 6 2,
1) f (x) = 2
x neu x > 2.
(DS. x0 = 2 la diem gian doa.n kieu I; d = 4)

2 x neu 0 6 x 6 1;

2) f (x) = 4 2x neu 1 < x 6 2, 5;

2x 7 neu 2, 5 6 x < +.
(DS. x0 = 2, 5 la diem gian doa.n kieu I; d = 1)

2x + 5 neu < x < 1,
3) f (x) = 1
neu 1 6 x < +.
x
(DS. x0 = 0 la diem gian doa.n kieu II; diem x0 = 1 la diem gian
doa. n kieu I, d = 4)
7.4. Gio.i ha.n va lien tu.c cua ham nhie
` u bien 51

ù
bien
1. Gia su. u = f (M) = f (x, y) xac di.nh tren ta.p ho..p D. Gia su.
M0(x0 , y0) la diem co di.nh nao do cua ma.t phang va x x0 , y y0,
khi do diem M(x, y) M0 (x0, y0 ). Die ` u nay tu.o.ng du.o.ng vo.i khoang
cach (M, M0 ) giu.a hai diem M va M0 da ` n den 0. Ta lu.u y ra`ng
(M, M0 ) = [(x x0)2 + (y y0)2 ]1/2.
Ta co cac di.nh ngha sau day:

i) Di.nh ngha gio.i ha.n (theo Cauchy)
So b du.o..c go.i la gio.i ha.n cua ham f (M) khi M M0 (hay ta.i
diem M0 ) neu
> 0, = () > 0 : M {D : 0 < (M, M0 ) < ()}

|f (M) b| < .
ii) Di.nh ngha gio.i ha.n (theo Heine)

So b du.o..c go.i la gio.i ha.n cua ham f (M) ta.i diem M0 neu doi vo.i
day diem {Mn } bat ky ho.i tu. den M0 sao cho Mn D, Mn 6= M0
n N th day cac gia tri. tu.o.ng u.ng cua ham {f (Mn )} ho.i tu. den b.
Ky hie.u:
i) lim f (M) = b, hoa.c
M M 0
ii) lim f (x, y) = b

x x0
y y0
Hai di.nh ngha gio.i ha.n tren day tu.o.ng du.o.ng vo.i nhau.
Chu y. Ta nhan ma.nh ra`ng theo di.nh ngha, gio.i ha.n cua ham khong
phu. thuo.c vao phu.o.ng M da ` n to.i M0 . Do do neu M M0 theo
cac hu.o.ng khac nhau ma f (M) da ` n den cac gia tri. khac nhau th khi
M M0 ham f (M) khong co gio.i ha.n.
iii) So b du.o..c go.i la gio.i ha.n cua ham f (M) khi M neu
> 0, R > 0 : M {D : (M, 0) > R} |f (M) b| < .
Doi vo.i ham nhie

` u bien, cung vo.i gio.i ha.n thong thu.o.ng da neu o.
tren (gio.i ha.n kep !), ngu.o.i ta con xet gio.i ha.n la.p. Ta se xet khai
nie.m nay cho ham hai bien u = f (M) = f (x, y).
Gia su. u = f (x, y) xac di.nh trong hnh chu. nha.t
Q = {(x, y) : |x x0| < d1 , |y y0 | < d2 }
co the tru. ra chnh cac diem x = x0 , y = y0. Khi co di.nh mo.t gia tri.
y th ham f (x, y) tro. thanh ham mo.t bien. Gia su. doi vo.i gia tri. co
di.nh y bat ky thoa man die ` n ta.i gio.i ha.n
` u kie.n 0 < |y y0| < d2 to
lim f (x, y) = (y).

xx0
y co di.nh
Tiep theo, gia su. lim (y) = b to ` n ta.i. Khi do ngu.o.i ta noi ra`ng
yy0
` n ta.i gio.i ha.n la.p cua ham f (x, y) ta.i diem M0 (x0 , y0) va viet
to
lim lim f (x, y) = b,

yy0 xx0
trong do gio.i ha.n lim f (x, y) go.i la gio.i ha.n trong. Tu.o.ng tu.., ta
xx0
y co di.nh
0<|yy0 |<d2
co the phat bieu di.nh ngha gio.i ha.n la.p khac lim lim f (x, y) trong
xx0 yy0
do gio.i ha.n
lim f (x, y)
yy0
x co di.nh
0<|xx0 |<d1
la gio.i ha.n trong.

Moi quan he. giu.a gio.i ha.n kep va cac gio.i ha.n la.p du.o..c the hie.n
trong di.nh ly sau day:
` u bien 53
Gia su. ta.i diem M0 (x0, y0 ) gio.i ha.n kep va cac gio.i ha.n trong cua
cac gio.i ha.n la.p cua ham to
` n ta.i. Khi do cac gio.i ha.n la.p to
` n ta.i va
lim lim f (x, y) = lim lim = lim f (x, y).

xx0 yy0 yy0 xx0 xx0
yy0
Tu. di.nh ly nay ta thay ra`ng vie.c thay doi thu. tu.. trong cac gio.i
ha.n khong phai bao gio. cung du.o..c phep.
Doi vo.i ham nhie
` u bien ta cung co nhu.ng di.nh ly ve
` cac tnh chat
so ho.c cua gio.i ha.n tu.o.ng tu.. cac di.nh ly ve
` gio.i ha.n cua ham mo.t
bien.
2. Tu. khai nie.m gio.i ha.n ta se trnh bay khai nie.m ve
` tnh lien tu.c
cua ham nhie ` u bien.
Ham u = f (M) du.o..c go.i la lien tu.c ta.i diem M0 neu:
i) f (M) xac di.nh ta.i chnh diem M0 cung nhu. trong mo.t lan ca.n
nao do cua diem M0 .
ii) Gio.i ha.n lim f (M) to ` n ta.i.
M M0
iii) lim f (M) = f (M0 ).
M M0
Su.. lien tu.c vu.a du.o..c di.nh ngha go.i la su.. lien tu.c theo ta.p ho..p
bien so.
Ham f (M) lien tu.c trong mie ` n D neu no lien tu.c ta.i mo.i diem cua
mie` n do.
Diem M0 du.o..c go.i la diem gian doa.n cua ham f (M) neu doi vo.i
diem M0 co t nhat mo.t trong ba die ` u kie.n trong di.nh ngha lien tu.c
khong thoa man. Diem gian doa. n cua ham nhie ` u bien co the la nhu.ng
diem co la.p, va cung co the la ca mo.t du.o.ng (du.o.ng gian doa. n).
Neu ham f (x, y) lien tu.c ta.i diem M0 (x0 , y0) theo ta.p ho..p bien so
th no lien tu.c theo tu.ng bien so. Die
` u khang di.nh ngu.o..c la.i la khong
dung.
Cung nhu. doi vo.i ham mo.t bien, tong, hie.u va tch cac ham lien
tu.c hai bien ta.i diem M0 la ham lien tu.c ta.i diem do; thu.o.ng cua hai
ham lien tu.c ta.i M0 cung la ham lien tu.c ta.i M0 neu ta.i diem M0 ham
ma u so khac 0. Ngoai ra, di.nh ly ve` tnh lien tu.c cua ham ho..p va n
dung trong tru.o.ng ho..p nay.
Nha.n xet. Tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. tren ta co the trnh bay cac khai nie.m co.
ban lien quan den gio.i ha.n va lien tu.c cua ham ba bien,...
CAC VI DU
.
V du. 1. Chu.ng minh ra`ng ham
1 1
f (x, y) = (x + y) sin sin la vo cung be ta.i diem O(0, 0).
x y
Giai. Theo di.nh ngha vo cung be (tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. doi vo.i ham mo.t
` n chu.ng minh ra`ng
bien) ta ca
limf (x, y) = 0.
x0
y0
Ta ap du.ng di.nh ngha gio.i ha.n theo Cauchy. Ta cho so > 0 tuy

y va da.t = . Khi do neu
2
p
M(x, y), O(0, 0) = x2 + y 2 < th |x| < , |y| < .
Do do
1 1

|f (x, y) 0| = (x + y) sin sin 6 |x| + |y| < 2 = .
x y
` u do chu.ng to ra`ng
Die
limf (x, y) = 0.
x0
y0
V du. 2. Tnh cac gio.i ha.n sau day:

2 p
2 x2 + (y x)2 + 1 1
1) lim 1 + xy x + xy , 2) lim ,
x0 x0 x2 + (y 2)2
y2 y2
4 4
x +y
3) lim .
x0 x2 + y2
y0
` u bien 55
Giai. 1) Ta bieu die n ham du.o.i dau gio.i ha.n du.o.i da.ng
1 2y
h i
1 + xy xy x + y .
!
x0
V t = xy 0 khi nen
y0
1 1

lim 1 + xy xy = lim 1 + t t = e.
x0 t0
y2
2
Tiep theo v lim = 2 (theo di.nh ly thong thu.o.ng ve
` gio.i ha.n
x0 x + y
y2
cua thu.o.ng), do do gio.i ha.n ca ` n tm ba`ng e2 .
2) Ta tm gio.i ha.n vo.i die
` u kie.n M(x, y) M0 (0, 2). Khoang cach
giu.a hai diem M va M0 ba`ng
p
= x2 + (y 2)2 .
Do do
p
2 + 1 1 (2 + 1) 1
lim f (x, y) = lim = lim p
x0 0 2 0 2 ( 2 + 1 + 1)
y2
1 1
= lim p =
0 2
+1+1 2
3) Chuyen sang to.a do. cu..c ta co x = cos , y = sin . Ta co
x4 + y 4 4 (cos4 + sin4 )
= = 2 (cos4 + sin4 ).
x2 + y 2 2 (cos2 + sin2 )
V cos4 + sin4 6 2 nen
x4 + y 4
lim = lim 2 (cos4 + sin4 ) = 0.
x0 x2 + y 2 0
y0
V du. 3. 1) Chu.ng minh ra`ng ham

xy
f1 (x, y) =
x+y
khong co gio.i ha.n ta.i diem (0, 0).
2) Ham
xy
f2 (x, y) =
x2 + y2
co gio.i ha.n ta.i diem (0, 0) hay khong ?
Giai. 1) Ham f1 (x, y) xac di.nh khap no.i ngoa. i tru. du.o.ng thang
x + y = 0. Ta chu.ng minh ra`ng ham khong co gio.i ha.n ta.i (0, 0). Ta
lay hai day diem ho.i tu. den diem (0, 0):
1
Mn = , 0 (0, 0), n ,
n
1
Mn0 = 0, (0, 0), n .
n
Khi do thu du.o..c
1
0
lim f1 (Mn ) = lim n = 1;
n n 1
+0
n
1
0
lim f1 (Mn0 ) = lim n = 1.
n n 1
0+
n
Nhu. va.y hai day diem khac nhau cung ho.i tu. den diem (0, 0) nhu.ng
hai day gia tri. tu.o.ng u.ng cua ham khong co cung gio.i ha.n. Do do
theo di.nh ngha ham khong co gio.i ha.n ta.i (0, 0).
2) Gia su. diem M(x, y) da ` n den diem (0, 0) theo du.o.ng thang
y = kx qua goc to.a do.. Khi do ta co
xy kx2 k
lim = lim =
x0 x2 + y 2 x0 x2 + k 2 x2 1 + k2
y0
(y=kx)
` u bien 57
Nhu. va.y khi da ` n den diem (0, 0) theo cac du.o.ng thang khac nhau
(tu.o.ng u.ng vo.i cac gia tri. k khac nhau) ta thu du.o..c cac gia tri. gio.i
ha.n khac nhau, tu.c la ham da cho khong co gio.i ha.n ta.i (0, 0). N
V du. 4. Khao sat tnh lien tu.c cua cac ham

x2 + 2xy + 5
1) f (x, y) = 2
y 2x + 1
1
2) f (x, y) = 2
x + y2 z
x+y
3) f (x, y) = 3
x + y3
Giai. 1) Die ` u kie.n lien tu.c cua ham da cho bi. vi pha.m ta.i nhu.ng
diem cua ma.t phang R2 ma to.a do. cua chung thoa man phu.o.ng trnh
y 2 2x + 1 = 0. Do la phu.o.ng trnh du.o.ng parabon vo.i dnh ta.i diem
1
, 0 . Nhu. va.y cac diem cua parabon nay la nhu.ng diem gian doa.n
2
- do la du.o.ng gian doa.n cua ham. Nhu.ng diem cua ma.t phang R2
khong thuo.c parabon do la nhu.ng diem lien tu.c.
2) Ham da cho lien tu.c ta.i mo.i diem cua khong gian R3 ma to.a do.
cua chung thoa man die ` u kie.n x2 + y 2 z 6= 0. Do la phu.o.ng trnh
ma.t paraboloit tron xoay. Trong tru.o.ng ho..p nay ma.t paraboloit la
ma.t gian doa.n cua ham.
3) V tu. so va ma u so la nhu.ng ham lien tu.c nen thu.o.ng la ham
lien tu.c ta.i nhu.ng diem ma ma u so x3 + y 3 6= 0. Ham co gian doa.n ta.i
nhu.ng diem ma x3 + y 3 = 0 hay y = x. Ngha la ham co gian doa.n
tren du.o.ng thang y = x.
Gia su. x0 6= 0, y0 6= 0. Khi do
x+y 1 1
lim = lim 2 = 2
3
xx0 x + y 3 xx0 x xy + y 2 x0 x0 y0 + y02
yy0 yy0
Tu. do suy ra ra`ng cac diem cua du.o.ng thang y = x (x 6= 0) la

nhu..ng diem gian doa.n khu. du.o..c. V

x+y 1
lim 3 3
= lim 2 = +
x0 x + y x0 x xy + y 2
y0 y0
nen diem O(0, 0) la diem gian doa.n vo cung.
BAI TA
.P
` n xac di.nh cua cac

Trong cac bai toan sau day (1-10) hay tm mie
ham neu:
p
1. w = x2 y 2. (DS. |y| 6 |x|)

2. w = xy. (DS. x > 0, y > 0 hoa.c x 6 0, y 6 0)
p
3. w = a2 x2 y 2. (DS. x2 + y 2 6 a2 )
1
4. w = p . (DS. x2 + y 2 > a2)
x + y 2 a2
2
r
x2 y 2 x2 y 2
5. w = 1 2 2 . (DS. 2 + 2 6 1)
a b a b
6. w = ln(z x y 1). (DS. x2 + y 2 z 2 < 1)
2 2 2
x
7. w = arcsin + xy. (DS. Hai nu.a bang vo ha.n thang du.ng
2
{0 6 x 6 2, 0 6 y < +} va {2 6 x 6 0, < y 6 0})
p
8. w = x2 + y 2 1 + ln(4 x2 y 2).
(DS. Vanh tron 1 6 x2 + y 2 < 4)
p
9. w = sin (x2 + y 2 ). (DS. Ta.p ho..p cac vanh do` ng tam
2 2 2 2
0 6 x + y 6 1; 2 6 x + y 6 3; . . . )
p
10. w = ln(1 + z x2 y 2 ).
` n trong cua ma.t paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 1).
(DS. Pha
Trong cac bai toan sau day (11-18) hay tnh cac gio.i ha.n cua ham
` u bien 59
sin xy
11. lim . (DS. 1)
x0 xy
y0
sin xy
12. lim . (DS. 0)
x0 x
y0
xy
13. lim . (DS. 2)
x0 xy + 1 1
y0
x2 + y 2
14. lim p . (DS. 2)
x0 x 2 + y2 + 1 1
y0
p
Ch da n. Su. du.ng khoang cach = x2 + y 2 hoa.c nhan - chia
vo.i da.i lu.o..ng lien ho..p vo.i ma u so.
y
2 2
15. lim 1 + xy 2 x y + xy . (DS. e3)
x0
y3
x2 y
16. lim . (DS. 0)
x0 x2 + y 2
y0
p
(x2 + (y 5)2 + 1 1 1
17. lim . (DS. )
x0 x2 + (y 5)2 2
y5
tg(2xy)
18. lim . (DS. 2).
x1 x2 y
y0
Chu.o.ng 8
Phep tnh vi phan ham mo.t

bien
8.1 - a.o ham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

D
8.1.1 - a.o ham cap 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

D
8.1.2 - a.o ham cap cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

D
8.2 Vi phan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
8.2.1 Vi phan cap 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
8.2.2 Vi phan cap cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

` ham kha vi. Quy
c lHospital. Cong thu.c Taylor . . . . . . 84
ta
8.3.1 Cac d i.nh ly co. ban ve

` ham kha vi . . . . . 84
8.3.2 Khu. cac da.ng vo di.nh. Quy ta

c Lopitan
(LHospitale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
8.3.3 Cong thu.c Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

- a.o ham
8.1. D 61
8.1 - a.o ham

D
8.1.1 - a.o ham cap 1
D
Gia su. ham y = f (x) xac di.nh trong -lan ca.n cua diem x0 (U (x0 ; ) =
{x R : |x x0 | < ) va f (x0) = f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) la so gia cua
no ta.i diem x0 tu.o.ng u.ng vo.i so gia x = x x0 cua doi so.
Theo di.nh ngha: Neu to ` n ta.i gio.i ha.n hu.u ha.n
f (x0 + x) f (x0)
lim
x0 x
khi x 0 th gio.i ha.n do du.o..c go.i la da.o ham cua ham f (x) ta.i
diem x0 va du.o..c ch bo.i mo.t trong cac ky hie.u:
f (x0 + x) f (x0) dy d
lim f (x) f 0 (x) y 0.
x0 x dx dx
Da.i lu.o..ng
y y
f+0 (x0) = f 0 (x0 + 0) = lim = lim
x0 x x0+0 x
x>0
va
y y
f0 (x0 ) = f 0 (x0 0) = lim = lim
x0 x x00 x
x<0
du.o..c go.i la da.o ham ben phai va da.o ham ben trai cua ham y = f (x)
ta.i diem x0 neu cac gio.i ha.n da neu to
` n ta.i.
. .
Su du.ng khai nie.m gio i ha.n mo.t pha ta co:
- i.nh ly 8.1.1. Ham y = f (x) co da.o ham ta.i diem x khi va ch khi
D
`ng nhau:
` n ta.i va ba
cac da.o ham mo.t pha to
f 0 (x + 0) = f 0 (x 0) = f 0 (x).
Ham f (x) kha vi neu no co da.o ham f 0 (x) hu.u ha.n. Ham f (x) kha
vi lien tu.c neu da.o ham f 0 (x) to
` n ta.i va lien tu.c. Neu ham f (x) kha
` u khang di.nh ngu.o..c la.i la khong dung.
vi th no lien tu.c. Die
62 Chu.o.ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan ham mo.t bien
8.1.2 - a.o ham cap cao

D
Da.o ham f 0 (x) du.o..c go.i la da.o ham cap 1 (hay da.o ham ba.c nhat).
Da.o ham cua f 0 (x) du.o..c go.i la da.o ham cap hai (hay da.o ham thu.
hai) cua ham f (x) va du.o..c ky hie.u la y 00 hay f 00(x). Da.o ham cua
f 00 (x) du.o..c go.i la da.o ham cap 3 (hay da.o ham thu. ba) cua ham f (x)
va du.o..c ky hie.u y 000 hay f 000(x) (hay y (3), f (3)(x) v.v...
Ta co bang da.o ham cua cac ham so. cap co. ban
f (x) f 0 (x) f (n) (x)
a(a 1)(a 2) (a n + 1)xan ,

xa axa1
x>0
ex ex ex
ax ax lna ax(lna)n
1 1
lnx (1)n1 (n 1)! n , x > 0
x x
1 1
loga x (1)n1 (n 1)! n , x > 0
xlna x lna
n
sin x cos x sin x +
2
- a.o ham
8.1. D 63
f (x) f 0 (x) f (n) (x)

n
cos x sin x cos x +
2
1
tgx
cos2 x
1
cotgx 2
sin x
1
arc sin x , |x| < 1
1 x2
1
arccosx , |x| < 1
1 x2
1
arctgx
1 + x2
1
arccotgx
1 + x2
Vie.c tnh da.o ham du.o..c du..a tren cac quy tac sau day.
d d d
1+ [u + v] = u + v.
dx dx dx
d du
2+ (u) = , R.
dx dx
d du dv
3+ (uv) = v +u .
dx dx dx
d u 1 du dv
4+ = 2 v u , v 6= 0.
dx v v dx dx
d df du
5+ f [u(x)] = (da.o ham cua ham ho..p).
dx du dx
dy
6+ Neu ham y = y(x) co ham ngu.o..c x = x(y) va yx0 6= 0 th
dx
dx 1
x0y = 0
dy yx
7+ Neu ham y = y(x) du.o..c cho du.o.i da.ng an bo.i he. thu.c kha vi
F (x, y) = 0 va Fy0 6= 0 th
dy F0
= x0
dx Fy
trong do Fx0 va Fy0 la da.o ham theo bien tu.o.ng u.ng cua ham F (x, y)
khi xem bien kia khong doi.
8+ Neu ham y = y(x) du.o..c cho du.o.i da.ng tham so x = x(t),
y = y(t) (x0(t) 6= 0) th
dy y 0 (t)
= 0
dx x (t)
dn dn u dn v
9+ (u + v) = + ;
dxn dxn dxn
dn X n nk
dk
k d
uv = Cn u v (quy tac Leibniz).
dxn dxnk dxk
k=0
Nha.n xet. 1) Khi tnh da.o ham cua mo.t bieu thu.c da cho ta co the
bien doi so. bo. bieu thu.c do sao cho qua trnh tnh da.o ham do.n gian
ho.n. Chang ha.n neu bieu thu.c do la logarit th co the su. du.ng cac
tnh chat cua logarit de bien doi... ro
` i tnh da.o ham. Trong nhie ù
. . .
tru o ng ho. p khi tnh da.o ham ta nen lay logarit ham da cho ro ` i ap
du.ng cong thu.c da.o ham loga
d y 0 (x)
lny(x) =
dx y(x)
2) Neu ham kha vi tren mo.t khoang du.o..c cho bo.i phu.o.ng trnh
F (x, y) = 0 th da.o ham y 0(x) co the tm tu. phu.o.ng trnh
d
F (x, y) = 0.
dx
CAC VI DU
.
- a.o ham
8.1. D 65
V du. 1. Tnh da.o ham y 0 neu:

r
ex
1) y = ln 3 ; x 6= (2n + 1), n N
1 + cos x
1 + x2
2) y = , x 6= n, n N.
x4 sin7 x
3
Giai. 1) Tru.o.c het ta do.n gian bieu thu.c cua ham y ba`ng cach
du..a vao cac tnh chat cua logarit. Ta co
1 1 x 1
y = lnex ln(1 + cos x) = ln(1 + cos x).
3 3 3 3
Do do
x
1 1 (cos x) 0
1 1 sin x 1 + tg
y0 = = + = 2
3 3 1 + cos x 3 3 1 + cosx 3
.
2) O day tie.n lo..i ho.n ca la xet ham z = ln|y|. Ta co
dz dz dy 1 dy dy dz
= = =y (*)
dx dy dx y dx dx dx
Viet ham z du.o.i da.ng

4
x = ln|y| = ln(1 + x2 ) ln|x| 7ln| sin x|
3
dz 2x 4 cos x
= 2
7
dx 1+x 3x sin x
The bieu thu.c vu.a thu du.o..c vao () ta co
dy 1 + x2 2x 4 cos x
= 7 . N
x4 sin7 x 1 + x2 3x
3
dx sin x
x
V du. 2. Tnh da.o ham y 0 neu: 1) y = (2 +cos x)x, x R; 2) y = x2 ,
x > 0.
Giai. 1) Theo di.nh ngha ta co
y = exln(2+cos x).
Tu. do
0
y 0 = exln(2+cos x) xln(2 + cos x)
h sin x i
xln(2+cos x)
=e ln(2 + cos x) x , x R.
2 + cos x
nen vo.i x > 0 ta co
x lnx
2) V y = e2
x x
h1 i
y 0 = e2 lnx [2x lnx]0 = e2 lnx 2x + 2x ln2 lnx
x
x
1
= 2x x2 + ln2 lnx . N
x
V du. 3. Tnh da.o ham cap 2 cua ham ngu.o..c vo.i ham y = x + x5,
x R.
Giai. Ham da cho lien tu.c va do.n die.u khap no.i, da.o ham y 0 =
1 + 5x4 khong trie.t tieu ta.i bat cu. diem nao. Do do
1 1
x0y = =
yx0 1 + 5x4
Lay da.o ham dang thu.c nay theo y ta thu du.o..c
1 0 20x3
x00yy = x 0
= N
1 + 5x4 x y (1 + 5x4)3
V du. 4. Gia su. ham y = f (x) du.o..c cho du.o.i da.ng tham so bo.i cac
cong thu.c x = x(t), y = y(t), t (a; b) va gia su. x(t), y(t) kha vi cap
2 va x0 (t) 6= 0 t (a, b). Tm yxx 00
.
Giai. Ta co
dy
dy y0 y0
= dt = t0 yx0 = t0
dx dx xt xt
dt
Lay da.o ham hai ve cua dang thu.c nay ta co
y 0 0 y 0 0 1
00
yxx = t0 t0x = t0 0
xt t xt t xt
0 00 0 00
xy y x
= t tt 0 3 t tt N
xt
- a.o ham
8.1. D 67
V du. 5. Gia su. y = y(x), |x| > a la ham gia tri. du.o.ng cho du.o.i
da.ng an bo.i phu.o.ng trnh
x2 y 2
2 = 1.
a2 b
00
Tnh yxx .
Giai. De tm y 0 ta ap du.ng cong thu.c
d
F (x, y) = 0.
dx
Trong tru.o.ng ho..p nay ta co
d x2 y2
1 = 0.
dx a2 b2
Lay da.o ham ta co
2x 2y 0
2 yx = 0, (8.1)
a2 b
b2x
yx0 = 2 , |x| > 0, y > 0. (8.2)
a y
Lay da.o ham (8.1) theo x ta thu du.o..c
1 1 0 2 y 00
2
2
yx 2 yxx =0
a b b
va tu. (8.2) ta thu du.o..c yx00:
00 1 h b2 i 1 h b2
0 2 b4 x2 i
yxx = yx =
y a2 y a2 a4 y 2
b4 h x2 y 2 i b4
= 2 3 2 2 = 2 3 , y > 0. N
ay a b ay
1
V du. 6. Tnh y (n) neu: 1) y = 2 ; 2) y = x2 cos 2x.
x 4
Giai. 1) Bieu die n ham da cho du.o.i da.ng tong cac phan thu.c co.
ban
1 1h 1 1 i
=
x2 4 4 x2 x+2
va khi do
1 (n) 1 h 1 (n) 1 (n) i
= .
x2 4 4 x2 x+2
Do
1 (n)
= (1)(2) (1 n + 1)(x 2)1n
x2
1
= (1)n n!
(x 2)n+1
nen
1 (n) (1)n n! h 1 1 i
= .
x2 4 4 (x 2)n+1 (x + 2)n+1
2) Ta ap du.ng cong thu.c Leibniz doi vo.i da.o ham cua tch
(x2 cos 2x) = Cn0x2 (cos 2x)(n) + Cn1 (x2)0 (cos 2x)n1
+ Cn2 (x2)0 (cos 2x)n2 .
` u = 0 v
Cac so ha.ng con la.i de
(k)
x2 =0 k > 2.
Ap du.ng cong thu.c

n
(n) n
(cos 2x) = 2 cos 2x +
2
ta thu du.o..c
n(n 1) n
(x2 cos 2x)(n) = 2n x2 cos 2x +
4 n
2
n
+ 2 nx sin 2x + . N
2
V du. 7. Vo.i gia tri. nao cua a va b th ham

ex , x 6 0,
f (x) =
x2 + ax + b, x > 0
- a.o ham
8.1. D 69
co da.o ham tren toan tru.c so.

Giai. Ro rang la ham f (x) co da.o ham x > 0 va x < 0. Ta ch
` n xet diem x0 = 0.
ca
V ham f (x) phai lien tu.c ta.i diem x0 = 0 nen
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = lim f (x)

x0+0 x00 x0
tu.c la
lim (x2 + ax + b) = b = e0 = 1 b = 1.
x0+0

Tiep do, f+0 (0) = (x0 + ax + b)0 x =0 = a va f0 (0) = ex x =0 = 1.
0 0
` n ta.i neu a = 1 va b = 1. Nhu. va.y vo.i a = 1, b = 1
Do do f 0 (0) to
ham da cho co da.o ham x R. N
BAI TA
.P
Tnh da.o ham y 0 cua ham y = f (x) neu:

4 5 3 3 10 9
1. y = x3 + 2 3 + 2. (DS. 3 + 4)
x x 4 x x
4
x
ln24
2. y = log2 x + 3log3x. (DS. )
xln2 ln3
1 x
3. y = 5x + 6x + . (DS. 5x ln5 + 6x ln6 7x ln7)
7
1
4. y = ln(x + 1 + x2 + 2x + 3). (DS. )
x2 + 2x + 3
10
5. y = tg5x. (DS. )
sin 10x
1
6. y = ln(ln x). (DS. )
2xln x
r
1 + 2x 2
7. y = ln . (DS. )
1 2x 1 4x2

2x 1
8. y = xarctg 2x 1 . (DS. arctg 2x 1)
2
9. y = sin2 x3. (DS. 3x2 sin 2x3 )
10. y = sin4 x + cos4 x. (DS. sin 4x)

x e x (1 + x)
11. y = xe . (DS. )
2 x
1 1
sin x
12. y = e cos x . (DS. e cos x )
cos2 x
1
1
e lnx
13. y = e lnx . (DS. )
xln2 x
2e2x
14. y = ln e2x + e4x + 1. (DS. )
e4x + 1
r
e4x 2
15. y = ln 4x
. (DS. 4x )
e +1 e +1
7tg7x
16. y = log5 cos 7x. (DS. )
ln5

tg 1 + x
17. y = log7 cos 1 + x. (DS. )
2 1 + xln7
x2
x2
xe 2
18. y = arccos e 2 . (DS. )
1 ex2
sin cos(cos x)
19. y = tg sin cos x. (DS. )
cos2 (sin cos x)
2
x2 cotg3x xec cotg3x
20. y = e . (DS. (sin 6x 3x))
sin2 3x

1+lnx e 1+lnx
21. y = e . (DS. )
2x 1 + lnx
1 1
22. y = x x . (DS. x x 2 (1 lnx))
23. y = ex. (DS. xx (1 + lnx))
- a.o ham
8.1. D 71
24. y = xsin x . (DS. xsin x cos x lnx + xsin x1 sin x)

h 1 i
sin x sin x
25. y = (tgx) . (DS. (tgx) cos xlntgx + )
cos x
h i
sin x sin x sin x
26. y = x . (DS. x + lnx cos x )
x
2 2 +1
27. y = xx . (DS. xx (1 + 2lnx))

x x
28. y = xe . (DS. ex xe x1 + lnx))
1
29. y = logx 7. (DS. )
xlnxlog7x
1 x a 1
30. y = ln . (DS. 2 )
2a x + a x a2
cos ln|x|
31. y = sin ln|x|. (DS. )
x
32. y = ln| sin x|. (DS. cotgx)
1
33. y = ln|x + x2 + 1|. (DS. ).
x2 + 1
Trong cac bai toan sau day (34-40) tnh da.o ham cua ham y du.o..c
cho du.o.i da.ng tham so.
00 1
34. x = a cos t, a sin t, t (0, ). yxx ? (DS. )
a sin3 t
2
35. x = t3 , y = t2 . yxx
00
? (DS. 4 )
9t
at at 00
36. x = 1 + e , y = at + e . yxx ? (DS. 2e3at e2at)
1
37. x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t. yxx
00
? (DS. )
3a sin t cos4 t
2
38. x = et cos t, y = et sin t. yxx
00
? (DS. t )
e (cos t sin t)3
00 1
39. x = t sin t, y = 1 cos t. yxx ? (DS. )
t4
4 sin
2
1
40. x = t2 + 2t, y = ln(1 + t). yxx
00
? (DS. ).
4(1 + t)4
Trong cac bai toan sau day (41-47) tnh da.o ham y 0 hoa.c y 00 cua
ham an du.o..c xac di.nh bo.i cac phu.o.ng trnh da cho
2a 2x y
41. x + xy + y = a. y 0 ? (DS. )
x + 2y a
y p x+y
42. arctg = ln x2 + y 2 . y 0 ? (DS. )
x xy
ex sin y + ey sin x
43. ex sin y ey cos x = 0. y 0 ? (DS. )
ex cos y + ey cos x
y 2x3y 2xy 3 + y
2
44. x y + arctg = 0. y 0 ? (DS. )
x x4 + x2 y 2 + x
(ey ex )(ex+y 1)
45. ex ey = y x. y 00 ? (DS. )
(ey + 1)3
4(x + y)
46. x + y = exy . y 00 ? (DS. )
(x + y + 1)3
(2y 2 + 2)
47. y = x + arctgy. y 00 ? (DS. ).
y5
Trong cac bai toan sau day (48-52) tnh da.o ham cua ham ngu.o..c
vo.i ham da cho.
1
48. y = x + x3, x R. x0y ? (DS. x0y = )
1 + 3x2
x
49. y = x + lnx, x > 0. x0y ? (DS. x0y = , y > 0)
x+1
1
50. y = x + ex. x0y ? (DS. x0y = , y R)
1+yx
1
51. y = chx, x > 0. x0y ? (DS. x0y = p )
2
y 1
x2 0 0 x3
52. y = , x < 0. x y ? (DS. x y = , y (0, 1)).
1 + x2 2y 2
53. Vo.i gia tri. nao cua a va b th ham

x3 neu x 6 x0,
f (x) =
ax + b neu x > x0
- a.o ham
8.1. D 73
lien tu.c va kha vi ta.i diem x = x0 ?

(DS. a = 3x20 , b = 2x30 ).
54. Xac di.nh va de cac ham sau: a) lien tu.c khap no.i; b) kha vi
khap no.i neu

x + neu x 6 1
1) f (x) =
x2 neu x > 1

+ x2 neu |x| < 1,
2) f (x) = 1

neu |x| > 1.
|x|
(DS. 1) a) + = 1, b) = 2, = 1; 2) a) + = 1, b)
3 1
= , = ).
2 2
.
55. Gia su ham y = f (x) xac di.nh tren tia (, x0) va kha vi ben
trai ta.i diem x = x0. Vo.i gia tri. nao cua a va b th ham

f (x) neu x 6 x0 ,
f (x) =
ax2 + b neu x > x0
kha vi ta.i diem x = x0 (x0 6= 0) ?

f 0 (x0 0) x0
(DS. a = , b = f (x0 ) f 0 (x0 0)).
2x0 2
Trong cac bai toan (56-62) tnh da.o ham y 00 neu
2 2
56. y = ex . (DS. 2ex (2x2 1))
2 sin x
57. y = tgx. (DS. )
cos3 x
1
58. y = 1 + x2 . (DS. )
(1 + x2)3/2
x x
59. y = arcsin . (DS. )
2 (4 x2)3/2
1 2x
60. y = arctg . (DS. )
x (1 + x2 )2
2 x2
61. y = x arcsinx. (DS. )
(1 x2) 1 x2
62. y = f (ex ). (DS. exf 0 (ex ) + e2xf 00(ex )).
Trong cac bai toan (63-69) tnh da.o ham cap 3 cua y neu:
x 4(3x 4)
63. y = arctg . (DS. )
2 (4 + x2 )3
64. y = xex . (DS. ex (3 x))
65. y = ex cos x. (DS. 2ex (cos x + sin x))
66. y = x2 sin x. (DS. 2ex (cos x + sin x))
67. y = x32x . (DS. 2x (x3ln3 2 + 9x2 ln2 x + 18xln2 + 6))
68. y = x2 sin 2x. (DS. 4(2x2 cos 2x + 6x sin 2x 3 cos 2x))
69. y = (f (x2 ). (DS. 12xf 00 (x2 ) + 8x3 f 000(x2)).
Trong cac bai toan (70-84) tnh da.o ham y (n) neu
n
70. y = sin 3x. (DS. 3n sin 3x + )
2
x x
1 n
72. y = e 2 . (DS. e 2 )
2
73. y = 23x . (DS. 23x (3ln2)n )

74. y = cos2 x. (DS. 2n1 cos 2x + n )
2
75. y = (4x + 1)n . (DS. 4n n!)
an
76. y = ln(ax + b). (DS. (1)n1 (n 1)! )
(ax + b)n
n
4 4 n1
77. y = sin x + cos x. (DS. 4 cos 4x + )
2
3 1
n. Chu.ng minh ra`ng sin4 x + cos4 x = + cos 4x.
Ch da
4 4
3 n 3n
78. y = sin3 x. (DS. sin x + sin 3x + n )
4 2 4 2
n. Dung cong thu.c sin 3x = 3 sin x 4 sin3 x.
Ch da
8.2. Vi phan 75
79. y = sin x sin x.

1 1
(DS. ( )n cos[( )x + n ] ( + )n cos[( + )x + n ])
2 2 2 2
n. Bien doi tch thanh tong.
Ch da
80. y = ex sin x.
n h n(n 1) n2 2 i
(DS. ex sin x n + ... +
12
h n(n 1)(n 2) n3 3 i
+ cos x nn1 + ... )
123
n. Dung quy tac Leibniz.
Ch da
81. y = ex (3x2 4). (DS. ex [3x2 + 6nx + 3n(n 1) 4])

ax + b ax + b
82. y = ln >0
ax b ax b
h 1 1 i
n1 n
(DS. (1) a (n 1)! )
(ax + b)n ax b)n
x (1)n n! h 3 1 i
83. y = 2 . (DS. + )
x 4x 12 4 (x 6)n+1 (x 2)n+1
3 2x2 h 2n 1 i
n
84. y = 2 . (DS. (1) n! + )
2x + 3x 2 (2x 1)n+1 (x + 2)n+1
` n bieu die n ham da cho du.o.i da.ng
n. De giai bai 83 va 84 ca
Ch da
tong cac phan thu.c do.n gian.
8.2 Vi phan
8.2.1 Vi phan cap 1

Gia su. ham y = f (x) xac di.nh trong lan ca.n nao do cua diem x0 va
x = x x0 la so gia cua bien do.c la.p. Ham y = f (x) co vi phan cap
1 (vi phan thu. nhat) ta.i diem x0 neu khi doi so di.ch chuyen tu. gia tri.
x = x0 den gia tri. x = x0 + x so gia tu.o.ng u.ng cua ham f (x) co the
bieu die n du.o.i da.ng

f (x0) f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) = D(x0 )x + o(x) (8.3)
o(x)
trong do D(x0 ) khong phu. thuo.c x va 0 khi x 0. Tch
x
D(x0 )x du.o..c go.i la vi phan cap 1 cua ham f (x) ta.i diem x0 va du.o..c
ky hie.u
dy
dy df dx.
dx
So gia x cua bien do.c la.p x du.o..c go.i la vi phan cua bien do.c la.p,
tu.c la theo di.nh ngha: dx = x.
- i.nh ly 8.2.1. Ham y = f (x) co vi phan cap 1 ta.i diem x0 khi va
D
ch khi ham do co da.o ham hu.u ha.n ta.i do va D(x0 ) = f 0 (x0).
Vi phan df (x0 ) cua ham f ta.i diem x0 bieu die n qua da.o ham f 0 (x0 )
bo.i cong thu.c
df (x0 ) = f 0 (x0)dx (8.4)
Cong thu.c (8.4) cho phep tnh vi phan cua cac ham, neu biet da.o ham
cua chung.
Tu. (8.3) suy ra
y(x0 + x) = y(x0) + df (x0 ) + o(dx), dx 0.
Neu df (x0 ) 6= 0 th de tnh gia tri. ga
` n dung cua ham f (x) ta.i diem
x0 + x ta co the ap du.ng cong thu.c
y(x0 + x) y(x0) + df (x0 ) (8.5)
Vi phan cap 1 co cac tnh chat sau.
1+
d(u + v) = du + dv,
d(uv) = udv + vdu,
u vdu udv
d = , v 6= 0.
v v2
8.2. Vi phan 77
2+ Cong thu.c vi phan dy = f 0 (x)dx luon luon thoa man bat lua.n
x la bien do.c la.p hay la ham cua bien do.c la.p khac. Tnh chat nay
du.o..c go.i la tnh bat bien ve
` da.ng cua vi phan cap 1.
8.2.2 Vi phan cap cao

Gia su. x la bien do.c la.p va ham y = f (x) kha vi trong lan ca.n nao
do cua diem x0 . Vi phan thu. nhat df = f 0 (x)dx la ham cua hai bien
x va dx, trong do dx la so tuy y khong phu. thuo.c vao x va do do
(dx)0 = 0.
Vi phan cap hai (hay vi phan thu. hai) d2 f cua ham f (x) ta.i diem
x0 du.o..c di.nh ngha nhu. la vi phan cua ham df = f 0 (x)dx ta.i diem x0
vo.i cac die
` u kie.n sau day:
1) df phai du.o..c xem la ham cua ch mo.t bien do.c la.p x (noi cach
khac: khi tnh vi phan cua f 0 (x)dx ta ca ` n tnh vi phan cua f 0 (x), con
dx du.o..c xem la ha`ng so);
2) So gia cua bien do.c la.p x xuat hie.n khi tnh vi phan cua f 0 (x)
du.o..c xem la ba`ng so gia da
` u tien, tu.c la ba`ng dx.
Nhu. va.y theo di.nh ngha ta co
d2 f = d(df ) = d(f 0 (x)dx) = (df 0 (x))dx = f 00(x)dxdx

= f 00(x)(dx)2
hay la
d2 f = f 00(x)dx2 , dx2 = (dx)2. (8.6)
Ba`ng phu.o.ng phap quy na.p, doi vo.i vi phan cap n ta thu du.o..c
cong thu.c
dn f = f (n) (x)dxn (8.7)

Vi phan cap n (n > 1) cua bien do.c la.p x du.o..c xem la ba`ng 0, tu.c
la
dn x = 0 vo.i n > 1. (8.8)
Neu dn f va dn g va , R th
dn (f + g) = dn f + dn g (8.9)
Xn
n
d fg = Cnk dnk f dk g. (8.10)
k=0
Chu y. 1) Khi n > 1, cac cong thu.c (8.6) va (8.7) ch dung khi x
la bien do.c la.p. Doi vo.i ham ho..p y = y(x(t)) cong thu.c (8.6) du.o..c
khai quat nhu. sau:
d2 y = d(dy) = d(yx0 dx) = d(yx0 )dx + yx0 d(dx)
va do do
d2 y = yxx
00
dx2 + yx0 d2 x. (8.11)
Trong tru.o.ng ho..p khi x la bien do.c la.p th d2 x = 0 (xem (8.8)) va

cong thu.c (8.11) trung vo.i (8.6).
2) Khi tnh vi phan cap n ta co the bien doi so. bo. ham da cho.
Chang ha.n neu f (x) la ham hu.u ty th ca ` n khai trien no thanh tong
hu.u ha.n cac phan thu.c hu.u ty co. ban; neu f (x) la ham lu.o..ng giac
` n ha. ba.c nho. cac cong thu.c ha. ba.c,...
th ca
3) Tu. cong thu.c (8.7) suy ra ra`ng
dn f
f (n) (x) =
dxn
tu.c la da.o ham cap n cua ham y = f (x) ta.i mo.t diem nao do ba`ng ty
so giu.a vi phan cap n cua ham f (x) chia cho luy thu.a ba.c n cua vi
phan cua doi so.
8.2. Vi phan 79
CAC VI DU
.
V du. 1. Tnh vi phan df neu
x
1) f (x) = ln(arctg(sin x)); 2) f (x) = x 64 x2 +64arcsin .
8
Giai. 1) Ap du.ng cac tnh chat cua vi phan ta co
d[arctg(sin x)] d(sin x)
df = =
arctg(sin x) (1 + sin2 x)arctg(sin x)
cos xdx
=
(1 + sin2 x)arctg(sin x)
2)
h xi
df = d[x 64 x2 ] + d 64arcsin
8

2

2
x
= xd 64 x + 64 x dx + 64d arcsin
x 8
d(64 x2 ) d
=x + 64 x2 dx + 64 r 8
2 64 x2 x2
1
64
x2dx dx
= + 64 x2 dx + 64
64 x 2 64 x2

= 2 64 x2dx, |x| < 8. N
V du. 2. Tnh vi phan cap 2 cua cac ham

1) f (x) = xex , neu x la bien do.c la.p;
2) f (x) = sin x2 neu
a) x la bien do.c la.p,
b) x la ham cua mo.t bien do.c la.p nao do.
Giai. 1) Phu.o.ng phap I. Theo di.nh ngha vi phan cap 2 ta co
d2 f = d[df ] = d[xdex + ex dx]

= d(xex dx + ex dx) = d(xex )dx + d(ex )dx
= (xdex + ex dx)dx ex dx2
= xex dx2 ex dx2 ex dx2 = (x 2)ex dx2.
Phu.o.ng phap II. Tnh da.o ham cap hai f 00(x) ta co
f 00(x) = (xex )00 = (ex xex)0 = ex ex + xex = (x 2)ex
va theo cong thu.c (8.6) ta co
d2 f = (x 2)ex dx2 .
2) a) Phu.o.ng phap I. Theo di.nh ngha vi phan cap hai ta co
d2 f = d[d sin x2] = d[2x cos x2 dx] = d[2x cos x2]dx

= 2 cos x2 dx + 2x( sin x2 )2xdx dx
= (2 cos x2 4x2 sin x2)dx2 .
Phu.o.ng phap II. Tnh da.o ham cap hai fxx

00
ta co
fx0 = 2x cos x2 , 00
fxx = 2 cos x2 4x2 sin x2
va theo (8.6) ta thu du.o..c
d2 f = (2 cos x2 4x2 sin x2 )dx2.
b) Neu x la bien trung gian th noi chung d2 x 6= 0 va do do ta co
d2 f = d(2x cos x2dx) = (2x cos x2)d2 x + [d(2x cos x2)]dx

= 2x cos x2 d2 x + (2 cos x2 4x2 sin x2)dx2 . N
V du. 3. Ap du.ng vi phan de tnh ga ` n dung cac gia tri.:

r
2 0, 15
1) 5 ; 2) arcsin 0, 51; 3) sin 29 .
2 + 0, 15
Giai. Cong thu.c co. ban de u.ng du.ng vi phan de tnh ga
` n dung la
f (x0 ) df (x0 ) f (x0 + x) f (x0) f 0 (x0)x

f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0)x
8.2. Vi phan 81
Tu. do, de tnh ga ` n thu..c hie.n nhu. sau:

` n dung cac gia tri. ta ca
1+ Ch ra bieu thu.c giai tch doi vo.i ham ma gia tri. ga
` n dung cua
` n phai tnh.
no ca
2+ Cho.n diem M0 (x0 ) sao cho gia tri. cua ham va cua da.o ham cap
1 cua no ta.i diem ay co the tnh ma khong dung bang.
3+ Tiep den la ap du.ng cong thu.c vu.a neu.
r
2 0, 15
1) Tnh ga ` n dung 5
2 + 0, 15
So da cho la gia tri. cua ham
r
5 2x
y=
2+x
ta.i diem x = 0, 15. Ta da.t x0 = 0; x = 0, 15. Ta co

r
2x
4 5
2+x 4y 1
y0 = = y 0
(x 0 ) = y 0
(0) =
5(4 x2) 5(4 x2) 5
Do do v y(0) = 1 nen
y(0, 15) y(0) + y 0 (0)x

1
= 1 (0, 15) = 1 0, 03 = 0, 97.
5
2) Tnh ga ` n dung arcsin 0, 51.

Xet ham y = arcsin x. So ca ` n tnh la gia tri. cua ham ta.i diem
0, 51; tu.c la y(0, 51).
Da.t x0 = 0, 5; x = 0, 01. Khi do ta co
arcsin(x0 + x arcsinx0 + (arcsinx)0x=x0 x

arcsin(0, 5 + 0, 01) arcsin0, 5 + (arcsinx)0 0, 01 x=0,5
1
= +p (0, 01).
6 1 (0, 5)2
p
Co the tnh ga
` n dung 1 (0, 5)2 = 0, 75 0, 88 va do do

arcsin0, 51 + 0, 011 0, 513.
6

3) So sin 29 la gia tri. cua ham y = sin x khi x = 29. Ta da.t
180
1
3
x0 = 30 = ; y = , y = cos x y 0 = cos =
180 6 6 2 6 6 2
29
Da.t x = x x0 = = . Do do
180 6 180

0 1 3
sin 29 y +y x = + 0, 48. N
6 6 2 2 180
BAI TA
.P
Tnh vi phan df neu:

1 dx
1. f (x) = arctg . (DS. df = )
x 1 + x2
2 2 dx
2. f (x) = 2tg x . (DS. 2tg x ln2 2tgx )
cos2 x
2x ln2dx
3. f (x) = arccos(2x ). (DS. )
1 e2x
4. f (x) = x3 lnx. (DS. x2(1 + 3lnx)dx)
dx
5. f (x) = cos2( x). (DS. 2 cos x sin x )
2 x
6. f (x) = (1 + x2)arcotgx. (DS. (2xarccotgx 1)dx)
arctgx 1 xarctgx
7. f (x) = . (DS. dx)
1+x 2 (1 + x2)3/2
8. f (x) = sin3 2x. (DS. 3 sin 2x sin 4xdx)

cotg x
9. f (x) = ln(sin x). (DS. dx)
2 x
8.2. Vi phan 83
1
1
cos tgx e cos x
10. f (x) = e x . (DS. dx)
cos x
2 2
11. f (x) = 2x . (DS. 2xex ln2dx)
2xdx
12. f (x) = arctg x2 + 1. (DS. )
2 + x2

1 x
13. f (x) = xarctg x. (DS. arctg x + dx)
2 x 1+x
h x i
x 2arcsinx
x2 1 x2
14. f (x) = . (DS. dx).
arcsinx (arcsinx)2
Tnh vi phan cap tu.o.ng u.ng cua cac ham sau
2 2
15. f (x) = 4x ; d2 f ? (DS. 4x 2ln4(2x2 ln4 1)(dx)2 )
p 4lnx 4 ln3x
16. f (x) = ln2 x 4. d2 f ? (DS. p (dx)2 )
2
x (lnx 4) 3
17. f (x) = sin2 x. d3 f ? (DS. 4 sin 2x(dx)3)

15
18. f (x) = x 1, d4 f ? (DS. (dx)4)
16(x 1)7/2
6
19. f (x) = xlnx, d5 f ? (DS. 4 (dx)5, x > 0)
x
20. f (x) = x sin x; d10 f ? (DS. (10 cos x x sin x)(dx)10)
Su. du.ng cong thu.c ga
` n dung
f df
(khi f 0 (x) 6= 0) de tnh ga

` n dung cac gia tri. sau

21. y = 3, 98. (DS. 1,955)

22. y = 3 26, 19. (DS. 2,97)
s
(2, 037)2 3
23. y = . (DS. 0,35)
(2, 037)2 + 5
24. y = cos 31 . (DS. 0,85)
25. y = tg45 100 . (DS. 0,99)

26. y = ln(10, 21). (DS. 1,009)
27. y = sin 31 . (DS. 0,51)
28. y = arcsin0, 54. (DS. 0,57)
29. y = arctg(1, 05). (DS. 0,81)
30. y = (1, 03)5 . (DS. 1,15)

` ham kha vi.
Quy tac lHospital. Cong thu.c Tay-
lor
8.3.1 Cac di.nh ly co. ban ve
` ham kha vi
- i.nh ly Ron (Rolle). Gia su.:
D
i) f (x) lien tu.c tren doa.n [a, b].
ii) f (x) co da.o ham hu.u ha.n trong (a, b).
iii) f (a) = f (b).
Khi do to` n ta.i diem : a < < b sao cho f () = 0.
- i.nh ly Lagrang (Lagrange). Gia su.:
D
i) f (x) lien tu.c tren doa.n [a, b].
ii) f (x) co da.o ham hu.u ha.n trong (a, b).
Khi do tm du.o..c t nhat mo.t diem (a, b) sao cho
f (b) f (a)
= f 0 () (8.12)
ba
hay la
f (b) = f (a) + f 0 ()(b a). (8.13)
Cong thu.c (8.12) go.i la cong thu.c so gia hu.u ha.n.

8.3. Cac di.nh ly co. ban ve
` ham kha vi 85
- i.nh ly Cosi (Cauchy). Gia su.:

D
i) f (x) va (x) lien tu.c tren doa.n [a, b].
ii) f (x) va (x) co da.o ham hu.u ha.n trong (a, b).
` ng tho.i
iii) [f 0 (x)]2 + [0(x)]2 6= 0, ngha la cac da.o ham khong do
`ng 0.
ba
iv) (a) 6= (b).
Khi do tm du.o..c diem (a, b) sao cho:
f (b) f (a) f 0 ()
= 0 (8.14)
(b) (a) ()
Di.nh ly Lagrange la tru.o.ng ho..p rieng cua di.nh ly Cauchy v khi

(x) = x th tu. (8.14) thu du.o..c (8.13). Di.nh ly Ron cung la tru.o.ng
ho..p rieng cua di.nh ly Lagrange vo.i die
` u kie.n f (a) = f (b).
CAC VI DU
.
V du. 1. Gia su. P (x) = (x + 3)(x + 2)(x 1).
Chu.ng minh ra`ng trong khoang (3, 1) to ` n ta.i nghie.m cua phu.o.ng
trnh P 00() = 0.
Giai. Da thu.c P (x) co nghie.m ta.i cac diem x1 = 3, x2 = 2,
x3 = 1. Trong cac khoang (3, 2) va (2, 1) ham P (x) kha vi va
` u kie.n cua di.nh ly Ron va:
thoa man cac die
P (3) = P (2) = 0,
P (2) = P (1) = 0.
Do do theo di.nh ly Ron, tm du.o..c diem 1 (3, 2); 2 (2, 1)

sao cho:
P 0 (1 ) = P 0 (2 ) = 0.
Bay gio. la.i ap du.ng di.nh ly Ron cho doa.n [1, 2 ] va ham P 0 (x), ta
la.i tm du.o..c diem (1 , 2 ) (3, 1) sao cho P 00() = 0.
V du. 2. Hay xet xem ham f (x) = arcsinx tren doa.n [1, +1] co
thoa man di.nh ly Lagrange khong ? Neu thoa man th hay tm diem
(xem (8.12)).
Giai. Ham f (x) xac di.nh va lien tu.c tren [1, +1]. Ta tm f 0 (x).
1
f 0 (x) = f 0 (x) < , x (1, 1)
1x 2
(Lu.u y ra`ng khi x = 1 da.o ham khong to ` n ta.i nhu.ng dieu do

khong anh hu.o.ng den su.. thoa man die
` u kie.n cua di.nh ly Lagrange !).
.
Nhu va.y ham f thoa man di.nh ly Lagrange.
Ta tm diem . Ta co:
arcsin1 arcsin(1) 1
=p
1 (1) 1 2
r
1 p 2 4
2 2 =p 1 2 = 1,2 = 1 2
2 1 2
Nhu. va.y trong tru.o.ng ho..p nay cong thu.c (8.12) thoa man doi vo.i
hai diem.
V du. 3. Hay khao sat xem cac ham f (x) = x2 2x + 3 va (x) =

x3 7x2 + 20x 5 co thoa man die ` u kie.n di.nh ly Cauchy tren doa. n
[1, 4] khong ? Neu chung thoa man di.nh ly Cauchy th hay tm diem
.
Giai. i) Hien nhien ca f (x) va (x) lien tu.c khi x [1, 4].
ii) f (x) va (x) co da.o ham hu.u ha.n trong (1, 4).
` u kie.n thu. iii) cung thoa man v:
iii) Die
g 0 (x) = 3x2 14x + 20 > 0, x R.
iv) Hien nhien (1) 6= (4).

` ham kha vi 87
Do do f (x) va (x) thoa man di.nh ly Cauchy va ta co
f (4) f (1) f 0 () 11 2 2 2
= 0 hay = 2 , (1, 4).
(4) (1) () 27 9 3 14 + 20
Tu. do thu du.o..c 1 = 2, 2 = 4 va o. day ch co 1 = 2 la diem trong

cua (1, 4). Do do: = 2.
V du. 4. Di.nh ly Cauchy co ap du.ng du.o..c cho cac ham f (x) = cos x,
(x) = x3 tren doa. n [/2, /2] hay khong ?
Giai. Hien nhien f (x) va (x) thoa man cac die ` u kie.n i), ii) va
iv) cua di.nh ly Cauchy. Tiep theo ta co: f 0 (x) = sin x; 0(x) = 3x2
va ta.i x = 0 ta co: f 0 (0) = sin 0 = 0; 0 (0) = 0 va nhu. va.y
` u kie.n iii) khong du.o..c thoa man. Ta
[0(0)]2 + [f 0(0)]2 = 0. Do do die
xet ve trai cua (8.14):
f (b) f (a) cos(/2) cos(/2)

= = 0.
(b) (a) (/2)3 (/2)3
Bay gio. ta xet ve phai cua (8.14). Ta co:
f 0 () sin
0
= 2
() 3
Nhu.ng doi vo.i ve phai nay ta co:

sin sin 1
lim = lim lim = .
0 3 2 0 0 3
` u do chu.ng to ra`ng cac ham da cho khong thoa man di.nh ly

Die
Cauchy.
BAI TA
.P

3
` u kie.n cua di.nh
1. Ham y = 1 x2 tren doa.n [1, 1] co thoa man die
ly Ron khong ? Ta.i sao ? (Tra lo.i: Khong)
2. Ham y = 3x2 5 co thoa man di.nh ly Lagrange tren doa.n [2, 0]

khong ? Neu no thoa man, hay tm gia tri. trung gian . (Tra lo.i:
Co)
3. Chu.ng minh ra`ng ham f (x) = x + 1/x thoa man di.nh ly Lagrange
tren doa. n [1/2, 2]. Tm . (DS. = 1)
4. Chu.ng minh ra`ng cac ham f (x) = cos x, (x) = sin x thoa man
di.nh ly Cauchy tren doa.n [0, /2]. Tm ? (DS. = /4)
5. Chu.ng minh ra`ng ham f (x) = ex va (x) = x2 /(1 + x2) khong

thoa man di.nh ly Cauchy tren doa.n [3, 3].
6. Tren du.o.ng cong y = x3 hay tm diem ma ta.i do tiep tuyen vo.i

du.o.ng cong song song vo.i day cung noi diem A(1, 1) vo.i B(2, 8).
(DS. M(1, 1))
n. Du..a vao y ngha hnh ho.c cua cong thu.c so gia hu.u ha.n.
Ch da
8.3.2 Khu. cac da.ng vo di.nh. c Lopitan

Quy ta
(LHospitale)
Trong chu.o.ng II ta da de
` ca.p den vie.c khu. cac da.ng vo di.nh. Bay gio.
ta trnh bay quy tac Lopitan - cong cu. co. ban de khu. cac da.ng vo
di.nh
Da.ng vo di.nh 0/0
Gia su. hai ham f (x) va (x) thoa man cac die ` u kie.n
i) lim f (x) = 0; lim (x) = 0.
xa xa
ii) f (x) va (x) kha vi trong lan ca.n nao do cua diem x = a va
0 (x) 6= 0 trong lan ca.n do, co the tru. ra chnh diem x = a.
` n ta.i gio.i ha.n (hu.u ha.n hoa.c vo cung)
iii) To
f 0 (x)
lim = k.
xa 0 (x)
` ham kha vi 89
Khi do
f (x) f 0 (x)
lim = lim 0
xa (x) xa (x)
Da.ng vo di.nh /
Gia su. f (x) va (x) thoa man cac die ` u kie.n ii) va iii) cua di.nh ly
` u kie.n i) du.o..c thay bo.i die
tren day con die ` u kie.n:
i) lim f (x) = , lim (x) = .
xa xa
Khi do:
f (x) f 0 (x)
lim = lim 0
xa (x) xa (x)
Chu y. Neu thu.o.ng f 0 (x)/0 (x) la.i co da.ng vo di.nh 0/0 (hoa.c
/) ta.i diem x = a va f 0 , 0 thoa man cac die ` u kie.n i), ii) va iii)
(tu.o.ng u.ng i) , ii) va iii)) th ta co the chuyen sang da.o ham cap hai,...

Cac da.ng vo di.nh khac

a) De khu. da.ng vo di.nh 0 lim f (x) = 0, lim (x) = ta
xa xa
bien doi tch f (x) (x) thanh:
f (x)
i) (dang 0/0)
1/(x) .
(x)
ii) (dang /).
1/f(x) .
b) De khu. da.ng vo di.nh
Ta bien doi f (x) (x) (trong do lim f (x) = , lim (x) = )
xa xa
thanh tch
h 1 1 i
f (x) (x) = f (x)(x)
(x) f (x)
hoa.c thanh tch da.ng

h (x) i
f (x) (x) = f (x) 1
f (x)
hoa.c
h f (x) i
f (x) (x) = (x) 1 .
(x)
c) Da.ng vo di.nh 00 , 0, 1
Khi tnh gio.i ha.n cua ham da.ng F (x) = [f (x)](x) thong thu.o.ng
ta ga.p cac da.ng vo di.nh 00 , 0 hoa.c 1 . Trong nhu.ng tru.o.ng ho..p
nay ta co the bien doi F (x) de du.a ve
` da.ng vo di.nh 0 da noi trong
1) nho. phep bien doi
(x)
F (x) = [f (x)](x) = eln[f (x)] = e(x)lnf (x)
va do tnh lien tu.c cua ham mu ta se co:
lim [f (x)](x) = elim[(x)lnf (x)]

xa
Chu y. Ta lu.u y ra`ng ma.c du quy tac Lopitan la mo.t cong cu.
ma.nh de tnh gio.i ha.n nhu.ng no khong the thay toan bo. cac phu.o.ng
phap tnh gio.i ha.n da xet trong chu.o.ng II. Die
` u do du.o..c chu.ng to
trong v du. 7 sau day.
CAC VI DU
.
x2 1 + lnx
V du. 1. Tnh lim
x1 ex e
Giai. Ta co vo di.nh da.ng 0/0. Ap du.ng quy tac LHospital ta
thu du.o..c
1
x2 1 + lnx (x2 1 + lnx)0 2x +
lim = lim = lim x = 3. N
x1 x
e e x1 x
(e e) 0 x1 ex e
xn
V du. 2. Tnh lim
x+ ex
` ham kha vi 91
Giai. Ta co vo di.nh da.ng /. Ap du.ng quy tac LHospital n

` n ta thu du.o..c
la
xn nxn1 n(n 1)xn2 n(n 1) 2 1

lim = lim = lim = = lim
x ex x1 ex x1 ex x1 ex
n!
= lim x = 0. N
x1 e
V du. 3. Tnh lim xlnx.

x0+0
Giai. Ta co vo di.nh da.ng 0 . Nhu.ng

lnx
xlnx =
1
x
va ta thu du.o..c vo di.nh da.ng /. Do do
1
(lnx)0
lim xlnx = lim 0 = lim x = lim x = 0. N
x0+0 x0+0 1 x0+0 1 x0+0
2
x x
V du. 4. Tnh lim xx .
x0+0
.
Giai. O day ta co vo di.nh da.ng 00 . Nhu.ng
xx = exlnx
va ta thu du.o..c vo di.nh da.ng 0 o. so mu. Trong v du. 3 ta da thu

du.o..c
lim (xlnx) = 0,
x0+0
do do
lim xlnx
lim xx = lim exlnx = ex0+0 = e0 = 1. N
x0+0 x0+0
1
V du. 5. Tnh lim 1 + x2 ex 1x
x0
.
Giai. O day ta co vo di.nh da.ng 1 . Nhu.ng
1 ln(1+x2 )
1 + x2 ex 1x
= e ex 1x
va o. so mu cua luy thu.a ta thu du.o..c vo di.nh da.ng 0/0. Ap du.ng

quy tac LHospital ta thu du.o..c
2x
ln(1 + x2 ) 2 2x
lim x = lim 1x+ x = lim x
x0 e 1 x x0 e 1 x0 (e 1)(1 + x2 )
2 2
= lim x 2 x
= = 2. N
x0 e (1 + x ) + (e 1)2x 1
2 cos x
V du. 6. Tnh lim tgx .
x 2
Giai. Ta co vo di.nh da.ng 0 . Nhu.ng

2 cos x 2ln tgx
tgx = e2 cos xln tgx = e 1/ cos x
va o. so mu cua luy thu.a ta thu du.o..c vo di.nh da.ng /. Ap du.ng

quy tac LHospital ta co
1 1
2ln tgx cos2 x tgx
lim = 2 lim = 2 lim cos2 x
x 2 1 x 2 + sin x x 2 tg x
cos x 2
cos x
sin x
2
= 2 lim cos x = lim cos x = 0.
x 2 1 x 2
2tgx
cos2 x
Do do
2 cos x lim 2 cos xln tgx
lim tgx = ex 2 = e0 = 1. N
x 2
V du. 7. Chu.ng minh ra`ng gio.i ha.n

x2 sin(1/x)
1) lim =0
x0 sin x
` ham kha vi 93
x sin x
2) lim =1
x x + sin x
khong the tm du.o..c theo quy tac LHospital. Hay tnh cac gio.i ha.n
do.
Giai. 1) Quy tac LHospital khong ap du.ng du.o..c v ty so cac da.o
ham [2x sin(1/x) cos(1/x)]/ cos x khong co gio.i ha.n khi x 0.
Ta tnh tru..c tiep gio.i ha.n nay.
x2 sin(1/x) x 1
lim = lim lim x sin = 1 0 = 0.
x0 sin x x0 sin x x0 x
2) Quy tac LHospital khong ap du.ng du.o..c v ty so cac da.o ham
1 cos x
= tg2 (x/2)
1 + cos x
khong co gio.i ha.n khi x .
Ta tnh tru..c tiep gio.i ha.n nay
x sin x [1 (sin x)/x]

lim = lim = 1 v | sin x| 6 1.
x x + sin x x [1 + (sin x)/x]
Nhu. o. pha ` u cua tiet nay da noi, quy tac LHospital la mo.t
` n da
cong cu. ma.nh de tm gio.i ha.n nhu.ng die ` u do khong co ngha la no co
the thay cho toan bo. cac phu o ng phap tm gio.i ha.n. Ca
. . ` n lu.u y ra`ng
f (x)
quy tac LHospital ch la die ` n ta.i gio.i ha.n: lim
` u kie.n du de to
xa g(x)
. ` `
chu khong phai la dieu kie.n can.
BAI TA
.P
Ap du.ng quy tac LHospital de tnh gio.i ha.n:

x4 16 16
1. lim 3 2
. (DS. )
x2 x + 5x 6x 16 13
xm am m
2. lim n n
. (DS. amn )
xa x a n
e2x 1
3. lim . (DS. 2)
x0 sin x
1 cos ax a2
4. lim . (DS. 2 )
x0 1 + cos bx b
x x
e e 2x
5. lim . (DS. 2)
x0 x sin x
ln(1 + x2 )
6. lim . (DS. 0)
x0 cos 3x ex
2
e1/x 1 1
7. lim 2
. (Ds. )
x 2arctgx 2
2x + 1
8. lim . (DS. 0)
x 3x2 + x 1
ln(1 + x2)
9. lim . (DS. 2)
x ln[(/2) arctgx]

x2 1
10. lim . (DS. 1)
x x
x
11. lim . (DS. +)
x ln(1 + x)
ln sin x
12. lim . (DS. 1)
ln sin 5x
x+0
xa
13. lim arcsin cotg(x a). (DS. 1/a)
xa a
14. lim ( 2arctgx)lnx. (DS. 0)
x
15. lim (a1/x 1)x, a > 0. (DS. lna)

x
x
16. lim (2 x)tg 2 . (DS. e2/ )
x1
h 1 x i
17. lim . (DS. 1)
x1 lnx lnx
18. lim (x x2ln(1 + 1/x)). (Ds. 1/2)
x
1
2
19. lim 2 cotg x . (DS. 2/3)
x0 x
x
20. lim x1/ln(e 1) . (DS. e)
x0
` ham kha vi 95
tgx
21. lim cotgx . (DS. 1)
x0+0
5 1/ sin x
22. lim . (DS. e1/30)
x0 2 + 9+x
cotg2 x
23. lim cos x . (DS. e1/2)
x0
1/lnx
24. lim ln2x . (DS. 1)
x0+0
1/tg2 x
25. lim 1 + sin2 x . (DS. e)
x0
1/lnx
26. lim cotgx . (DS. e1)
x0+0
tgx
27. lim sin x . (DS. 1)
x/2
e+x ex 2x
28. lim . (DS. 2)
x0 sin x x
x2
ex 1 + x 1
29. lim 2 . (DS. )
x 3
x0 e 1 6
x 4
e 1+x 1
30. lim . (DS. )
x0 sin 2x 2
x
2 1 xln2 ln2 2
31. lim . (DS. )
x0 (1 x)m 1 + mx m(m 1)
2 1/x 2
32. lim arccosx . (DS. e )
x0
lnx
33. lim , > 0. (DS. 0)
x x
xm
34. lim x , 0 < a 6= 1. (DS. 0)
x a
ln sin x 1
35. lim . (DS. )
x0+0 ln(1 cos x) 2
h1 i 2
36. lim 2 cotg2 x . (DS. )
x0 x 3
tg2x 1
37. lim tgx . (DS. e )
x 4
cotgx
38. lim

tgx . (DS. 1)
x 2 0
8.3.3 Cong thu.c Taylor

Gia su. ham f (x) xac di.nh trong lan ca.n nao do cua diem x0 va n la
`n
kha vi ta.i diem x0 th
f 0 (x0) f 00 (x0)
f (x) = f (x0 ) + (x x0) + (x x0)2 + +
1! 2!
f (n) (x0)
+ (x x0)n + o((x x0)n )
n!
khi x x0 hay:
X
n
f (k) (x0)
f (x) = (x x0 )k + o((x x0 )n ), x x0 . (8.15)
k!
k=0
Da thu.c
X
n
f (k) (x0)
Pn (x) = (x x0 )k (8.16)
k!
k=0
du.o..c go.i la da thu.c Taylor cua ham f (x) ta.i diem x0, con ham:
Rn (x) = f (x) Pn (x)
du.o..c go.i la so ha.ng du. hay pha ` n du. thu. n cua cong thu.c Taylor.
Cong thu.c (8.15) du.o..c go.i la cong thu.c Taylor cap n doi vo.i ham
f (x) ta.i lan ca.n cua diem x0 vo.i pha ` n du. da.ng Peano (no cung con
du.o..c go.i la cong thu.c Taylor di.a phu.o.ng). Neu ham f (x) co da.o ham
den cap n th no co the bieu die n duy nhat du.o.i da.ng:
X
n
f (x) = ak (x x0 )k + o((x x0 )n ), x x0
k=0
vo.i cac he. so ak du.o..c tnh theo cong thu.c:
f (k) (x0 )
ak = , k = 0, 1, . . . , n.
k!
` ham kha vi 97
Neu x0 = 0 th (8.15) co da.ng

X
n
f (k) (0)
f (x) = xk + o(xn ), x0 (8.17)
k!
k=0
va go.i la cong thu.c Macloranh (Maclaurin).

Sau day la cong thu.c Taylor ta.i lan ca.n diem x0 = 0 cua mo.t so
ham so. cap
Pn xk
I. ex = + o(xn )
k=0 k!
x3 x5 (1)n x2n+1
II. sin x = x + + + + o(x2n+2 )
3! 5! (2n + 1)!
X
n
x2k+1
= (1)k + o(x2n+2 )
(2k + 1)!
k=0
P
n x2k
III. cos x = (1)k + o(x2n+1 )
k=0 (2k!)
X
n
( 1) . . . ( k + 1)

IV. (1 + x) = 1 + xk + o(xn )
k=1
k!
!
Xn

=1+ xk + o(xn )
k=1
k

( 1) . . . ( k + 1) neu R,
= k
k!

C k
neu N.
Tru.o.ng ho..p rieng:

1 Pn
IV1. = (1)k xk + o(xn ),
1 + x k=0
1 P
n
IV2. = xk + o(xn ).
1 x k=0
X
n
(1)k1
V. ln(1 + x) = xk + o(xn ).
k=1
k
X
n
xk
ln(1 x) = + o(xn ).
k
k=1
Phu.o.ng phap khai trien theo cong thu.c Taylor

Nhu. va.y, de khai trien ham f (x) theo cong thu.c Taylor ta phai ap
du.ng cong thu.c
f (x) = Tn (x) + Rn+1 (x),

Xn
Tn (x) = ak (x x0)k ,
k=0
f (k) (x0 )
ak = (8.18)
k!
1) Phu.o.ng phap tru..c tiep: du..a vao cong thu.c (8.18). Vie.c su.
du.ng cong thu.c (8.18) da n den nhu.ng tnh toan rat co ` ng ke` nh ma.c
du no cho ta kha nang nguyen tac de khai trien.
2) Phu.o.ng phap gian tiep: du..a vao cac khai trien co sa n I-V sau
khi da bien doi so. bo. ham da cho va lu.u y den cac quy tac thu..c hie.n
cac phep toan tren cac khai trien Taylor.
Neu
X
n
f (x) = ak (x x0)k + o((x x0)n )
k=0
Xn
g(x) = bk (x x0)k + o((x x0)n )
k=0
th
P
n
a) f (x) + g(x) = (ak + bk )(x x0)k + o((x x0 )n );
k=0
` ham kha vi 99
P
n
b) f (x)g(x) = ck (x x0)k + o((x x0)n )
k=0
X
k
ck = ap bkp
p=0
P
n hP
n ij
k
c) F (x) = f [g(x)] = aj (bk (x x0 ) x0
j=0 k=0
P n n
+o bk (x x0 )k x0
k=0
3) De khai trien cac phan thu.c hu.u ty theo cong thu.c Taylor thong
thu.o.ng ta bieu die n phan thu.c do du.o.i da.ng tong cua da thu.c va cac
phan thu.c co. ban (toi gian !) ro
` i ap du.ng VI1, IV2.
4) De khai trien tch cac ham lu.o..ng giac thong thu.o.ng bien doi
tch thanh tong cac ham.
5) Neu cho tru.o.c khai trien da.o ham f 0 (x) theo cong thu.c Taylor
th vie.c tm khai trien Taylor cua ham f (x) du.o..c thu..c hie.n nhu. sau.
Gia su. cho biet khai trien
X
n
0
f (x) = bk (x x0)k + o((x x0)n ),
k=0
(k+1)
f (x0)
bk =
k!
` n ta.i f (n+1) (x0) va do do ham f (x) co the bieu die n du.o.i
Khi do to
da.ng
X
n+1
f (x) = ak (x x0 )k + o((x x0)n+1 )
k=0
X
n
= f (x0 ) + ak+1 (x x0)k+1 + o((x x0)n+1 )
k=0
trong do
f (k+1) (x0) f (k+1) (x0 ) 1 bk
ak+1 = = =
(k + 1)! k! k+1 k+1
Do do
Xn
bk
f (x) = f (x0 ) + (x x0 )k+1 + o((x x0)n+1 ) (8.19)
k=0
k+1
trong do bk la he. so cua da thu.c Taylor doi vo.i ham f 0 (x).
CAC VI DU
.
V du. 1. Khai trien ham f (x) theo cong thu.c Maclaurin den so ha.ng
o(xn ), neu
3+x
1) f (x) = (x + 5)e2x ; 2) f (x) = ln
2x
Giai 1) Ta co f (x) = xe + 5e . Ap du.ng I ta thu du.o..c
2x 2x
X
n1 k k
2 x Xn
2k xk
n1
f (x) = x + o(x ) +5 + o(xn )
k=0
k! k=0
k!
X
n1 k
2 X
n
5 2k
k+1
= x + xk + o(xn ).
k=0
k! k=0
k!
P
n1 2k xk+1 Pn 2k1 k
V = x nen ta co
k=0 k! k=1 (k 1)!
n h
X 2k1 5 2k i k
f (x) = 5 + + x + o(xn )
k=1
(k 1)! k!
X
n
2k1
= (k + 10)xk + o(xn ).
k=0
k!
2) Tu. dang thu.c

3 x x
f (x) = ln + ln 1 + ln 1
2 3 2
va V ta thu du.o..c
3 X 1 1 (1)k1 k
n
f (x) = ln + + x + o(xn ). N
2 k 2k 3k
k=1
` ham kha vi 101
V du. 2. Khai trien ham f (x) theo cong thu.c Taylor ta.i lan ca.n diem
x0 = 1 den so ha.ng o((x + 1)2n ) neu
3x + 3
f (x) =
3 2x x2
Giai. Ta co
3(x + 1) 3 (x + 1)2 12
f (x) = p = (x + 1) 1 .
4 (x + 1)2 2 4
Ap du.ng cong thu.c IV ta thu du.o..c

X
n1 1
3 3 (x + 1)2k
f (x) = (x + 1) + (x + 1) 2 (1)k k
+ o((x + 1)2n )
2 2 k=1 k 4
trong do
1 1 1
1 1 . . . (k 1)
2 (1)k = (1)k 2 2 2
k k!
(2k 1)!!
=
2k k!
Do do
3 X 3(2k 1)!!
n1
f (x) = (x + 1) + 3k+1
(x + 1)2k+1 + o((x + 1)2n ). N
2 2 k!
k=1
V du. 3. Khai trien ham f (x) theo cong thu.c Taylor ta.i lan ca.n diem
x0 = 2 den so ha.ng o((x 2)n ), neu
f (x) = ln(2x x2 + 3).
Giai. Ta bieu die n
2x x2 + 3 = (3 x)(x + 1) = [1 (x 2)][3 + (x 2)]

h x 2i
= 3[1 (x 2)] 1 + .
3
Tu. do suy ra ra`ng

h x 2i
f (x) = ln3 + ln[1 (x 2)] + ln 1 +
3
. . .
va ap du.ng cong thu c V ta thu du o. c
Xn
1 X n
(x 2)k
k
f (x) = ln3 (x 2) + (1)k1 + o((x 2)n )
k k3k
k=1 k=1
h
X (1)
n k1 i (x 2)k
= ln3 + 1 + o((x 2)n ). N
3k k
k=1
V du. 4. Khai trien ham f (x) = ln cos x theo cong thu.c Maclaurin
den so ha.ng chu.a x4 .
Giai. Ap du.ng III ta thu du.o..c
h x2 x4 i
ln(cos x) = ln 1 + + o(x4 ) = ln(1 + t),
2 24
trong do ta da.t
x2 x4
t=+ + o(x4 ).
2 24
Tiep theo ta ap du.ng khai trien V
t2
ln(cos x) = ln(1 + t) = t + o(t2 )
2
x2 x4 1 x2 x4
4 4 2
= + + o(x ) + + o(x )
2 24 2 2 4
x2 x4 2
+o + + o(x4 )
2 24
x2 x4 x4 x2 x4
= + + o(x4 ) = + o(x4). N
2 24 8 2 12
V du. 5. Khai trien ham f (x) = e x cos x
theo cong thu.c Maclaurin
den so ha.ng chu.a x3 .
Giai. Khai trien ca ` n tm phai co da.ng
X
3
x cos x
e = ak xk + o(x3 ).
k=0
` ham kha vi 103
V x cos x = x + 0(x), (x cos x)k = xk + o(xk ), k = 1, 2, . . . nen

trong cong thu.c
X
n
wk
ew = + o(wn ), w = x cos x
k=0
k!
` n lay n = 3. Ta co
ta ca
x3
w = x cos x = x + o(x4 )
2!
w2 = x2 + o(x3), w3 = x3 + o(x3 )
va do do
X
3
wk
x cos x
e = + o(w3 )
k!
k=0
x3 1 1 3
=1+x + o(x4 ) + x2 + 0(x3) + x + o(x3) + 0(x3 )
2! 2 3!
1 2 1 3
= 1 + x + x x + o(x3 ). N
2 3
V du. 6. Khai trien theo cong thu.c Maclaurin den o(x2n+1 ) doi vo.i
cac ham
1) arctgx, 2) arc sin x.
Giai. 1) V
1 X n
0
(arctgx) = = (1)k x2k + o(x2n+1 )
1 + x2
k=0
nen theo cong thu.c (8.19) ta co

X
n
x2k+1
arctgx = (1)k + o(x2n+2 ).
(2k + 1)
k=0
Vo.i n = 2 ta thu du.o..c

x3 x5
arctgx = x + + o(x6 )
3 5
2) Ta co

1
X
n
0 1 k 2k
(arcsinx) =
2
=1+ (1) 2 x + o(x2n+1 )
1x k=1 k
X
n
(2k 1)!! 2k
=1+ (1)k k
x + o(x2n+1 ).
2 k!
k=1
Tu. do ap du.ng cong thu.c (8.19) ta co
Xn
(2k 1)!! 2k+1
arc sin x = x + k
x + o(x2n+2 ).
k=0
2 k!(2k + 1)
Vo.i n = 2 ta thu du.o..c

1 3
arc sin x = x + x3 + x5 + o(x6 ). N
6 40
V du. 7. Khai trien ham f (x) = tgx theo cong thu.c Maclaurin den
o(x5 ).
Giai. Ta se dung phu.o.ng phap he. so bat di.nh ma no.i dung du.o..c
the hie.n trong lo.i giai sau day.
V tgx la ham le va tgx = x + o(x) nen
tgx = x + a3 x3 + as x5 + o(x6 ).
Ta su. du.ng cong thu.c sin x = tgx cos x va cac khai trien II va III
ta co
x3 x5 x2 x4
x + + o(x6 ) = x + a3x3 + a5x5 + o(x6) 1 + + 0(x5 )
3 5 2! 4!
Can ba`ng cac he. so cua x3 va x5 o. hai ve ta thu du.o..c

1 1
= + a3
6 2

= a3 + a5
1 1
5! 4! 2!
` ham kha vi 105
1 2
Tu. do suy ra a3 = , a5 = . Do do
3 15
x3 2x5
tgx = x + + + o(x6 ). N
3 15
V du. 8. Ap du.ng cong thu.c Maclaurin de tnh cac gio.i ha.n sau:
x2
sin x x e 2 cos x
1) lim , 2) lim
x0 x3 x0 x3 sin x
Giai. 1) Ap du.ng khai trien doi vo.i ham sin x vo.i n = 2 ta co
x3
sin x x + o(x4) x
x
lim = lim 3!
x0 x3 x0 x3
1 o(x4 ) 1 1
= + lim 3 = + 0 =
3! x0 x 3! 3!
2) Ap du.ng cac khai trien bang doi vo.i et, cos t, sin t cho tru.o.ng
ho..p nay ta co
x2 x4 4 x2 x4
e
2
x2
cos x 1+ + o(x ) 1 + + 0(x4 )
lim = lim 2 8 2 24
x0 x3 sin x x0 x3(x + 0(x))
x4 x4 1 1 o(x4 )
+ 0(x4) +
= lim 8 4 24 4 = lim 8 24 x4
4
x0 x + 0(x ) x0 0(x )
1+
x4
1 1
+0 1
= 8 24 = N
1+0 12
BAI TA
.P
Khai trien cac ham theo cong thu.c Maclaurin den o(xn ) (1-8)
1 P
n 3k k
1. f (x) = . (DS. (1)k x + o(xn ))
3x + 4 k=0 4k+1
1 P
n k (2k1)!!
2. f (x) = . (DS. (1)k 2 k!
xk + o(xn ))
1 + 4x k=0
1 P
n
3. f (x) = . (DS. (k + 1)xk + o(xn ))
(1 x)2 k=0
2 3x 2 Pn (4)k 9k
4. f (x) = ln . (DS. ln + xk + o(xn ))
2 + 3x 3 k=1 k6k
5. f (x) = ln(x2 + 3x + 2).
Pn (1)k1
(DS. ln2 + (1 + 2k )xk + o(xn ))
k=1 k
Pn (1)k1 2k
6. f (x) = ln(2 + x x2). (DS. ln2 + xk + o(xn ))
k=1 k
1 2x2
7. f (x) = .
2 + x x2
1 P n (1)k+1 7 2(k+1)
(DS. + xk + o(xn ))
2 k=1 3
3x2 + 5x 5 5 P n
8. f (x) = 2 . (DS. + (1)k 2(k+1) 1 xk + o(xn )).
x +x2 2 k=1
Khai tren ham theo cong thu.c Maclaurin den 0(x2n+1 ) (9-13)
Pn (1)k+1 24k3
9. f (x) = sin2 x cos2 x. (DS. x2k + o(x2n+1 ))
k=1 (2k)!
Pn 3(1)k
10. f (x) = cos3 x. (DS. (32k1 + 1)x2k + o(x2n+1 ))
k=0 4(2k)!
1 3
n. cos3 x = cos 3x + cos x.
Ch da
4 4
11. f (x) = cos4 x + sin4 x.
P
n 42k 2k
(DS. 1 + (1)k x + 0(x2k+1 ))
k=1 (2k)!
3 1
n. Chu.ng minh ra`ng cos4 x + sin4 x = + cos 4x.
Ch da
4 4
6 6
12. f (x) = cos x + sin x.
P
n 3(1)k 42k1
(DS. 1 + x2k + o(x2n+1 ))
k=1 2(2k)!
` ham kha vi 107
13. f (x) = sin x sin 3x.

Pn (1)k 22k1
(DS. (1 22k )x2k + o(x2n+1 )).
k=0 (2k)!
Khai trien ham theo cong thu.c Taylor trong lan ca.n diem x0 den
o((x x0)n ) (14-20)

1
Pn
14. f (x) = x, x0 = 1. (DS. 2 (x 1)k + o((x 1)n ))
k=0 k
15. f (x) = (x2 1)e2x, x0 = 1.
P
n e2 2k2 (k 5)
(DS. (x + 1)k + o((x + 1)n ))
k=1 (k 1)!
16. f (x) = ln(x2 7x + 12), x0 = 1.
Pn 2k + 3k
(DS. ln6 (x 1)k + o(x 1)n ))
k=1 k
(x 1)x2
17. f (x) = ln , x0 = 2.
3x
Pn 1 (1)k
(DS. (x 2) + + (x 2)k + o((x 2)n ))
k=2 k k 1
(x 2)2 P
n
18. f (x) = , x0 = 2. (DS. (x 2)k + o((x 2)n ))
3x k=2
2
x 3x + 3
19. f (x) = , x = 3.
x2
P
n
(DS. 3 + (1)k (x 3)k + o((x 3)n ))
k=2
2
x + 4x + 4
20. f (x) = , x0 = 2.
x2 + 10x + 25
Pn (1)k (k 1)
(DS. k
(x + 2)k + o((x + 2)n )).
k=2 3
Ap du.ng cong thu.c Maclaurin de tnh gio.i ha.n
ex ex 2x
21. lim . (DS. 2)
x0 x sin x
tgx + 2 sin x 3x
22. lim . (DS. 0)
x0 x4
ex ex 2
23. lim . (DS. 1)
x0 x2
1 1
24. lim . (DS. 0)
x0 x sin x
x2
cos x e 2 1
25. lim 4
. (DS. )
x0 x 12

1 1 + x cos x2 1
26. lim 4
. (DS. )
x0 x 3
x 2
ln cos x + 1
27. lim 2 . (DS. )
x0 x(sin x x) 4

3
sin(sin x) x 1 x2 19
28. lim 5
. (DS. )
x0 x 90
Chu.o.ng 9
Phep tnh vi phan ham

` u bien
nhie
9.1 - a.o ham rieng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

D
9.1.1 - a.o ham rieng cap 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
D
9.1.2 - a.o ham cua ham ho..p . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
D
9.1.3 Ham kha vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
9.1.4 - a.o ham theo hu.o.ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
D
9.1.5 - a.o ham rieng cap cao . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
D
9.2 ` u bien . . . . . . . . . 125
Vi phan cua ham nhie
9.2.1 Vi phan cap 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
9.2.2 Ap du.ng vi phan de tnh ga
` n dung . . . . . 126
9.2.3 Cac tnh chat cua vi phan . . . . . . . . . . 127
9.2.4 Vi phan cap cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
9.2.5 Cong thu.c Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
9.2.6 Vi phan cua ham an . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
` u bien . . . . . . . . . 145
110 Chu.o.ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan ham nhie
` u bien
9.3.1 Cu..c tri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

` u kie.n . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
9.3.3 Gia tri. lo.n nhat va be nhat cua ham . . . . 147
9.1 - a.o ham rieng

D
9.1.1 - a.o ham rieng cap 1
D
Gia su. w = f (M), M = (x, y) xac di.nh trong lan ca.n nao do cua diem
M(x, y). Ta.i diem M ta cho bien x so gia tuy y x trong khi va n giu.
gia tri. cua bien y khong doi. Khi do ham f (x, y) nha.n so gia tu.o.ng
u.ng la
x w = f (x + x, y) f (x, y)
go.i la so gia rieng cua ham f (x, y) theo bien x ta.i diem M(x, y).
Tu.o.ng tu.. da.i lu.o..ng
y w = f (x, y + y) f (x, y)
go.i la so gia rieng cua ham f (x, y) theo bien y ta.i diem M(x, y).
- i.nh ngha 9.1.1
D
` n ta.i gio.i ha.n hu.u ha.n
1. Neu to
x w f (x + x, y) f (x, y)
lim = lim
x0 x x0 x
th gio.i ha.n do du.o..c go.i la da.o ham rieng cua ham f (x, y) theo bien
x ta.i diem (x, y) va du.o..c ch bo.i mo.t trong cac ky hie.u
w f (x, y)
, , fx0 (x, y), wx0 .
x x
- a.o ham rieng
9.1. D 111
2. Tu.o.ng tu..: neu to

` n ta.i gio.i ha.n
y w f (x, y + y) f (x, y)
lim = lim
y0 y y0 y
th gio.i ha.n do du.o..c go.i la da.o ham rieng cua ham f (x, y) theo bien
y ta.i diem M(x, y) va du.o..c ch bo.i mo.t trong cac ky hie.u
w f (x, y)
, , fy0 (x, y), wy0 .
y y
Tu. di.nh ngha suy ra`ng da.o ham rieng cua ham hai bien theo bien
x la da.o ham thong thu.o.ng cua ham mo.t bien x khi co di.nh gia tri.
cua bien y. Do do cac da.o ham rieng du.o..c tnh theo cac quy ta c va
cong thu.c tnh da.o ham thong thu.o.ng cua ham mo.t bien.
Nha.n xet. Hoan toan tu.o.ng tu.. ta co the di.nh ngha da.o ham rieng
cua ham ba (hoa.c nhie` u ho.n ba) bien so.
9.1.2 - a.o ham cua ham ho..p

D
Neu ham w = f (x, y), x = x(t), y = y(t) th bieu thu.c w =
f [x(t), y(t)] la ham ho..p cua t. Khi do
dw w dx w dy
= + (9.1)
dt x dt y dt
Neu w = f (x, y), trong do x = x(u, v), y = y(u, v) th

w w x w y

= + ,
u x u y u
(9.2)

w w x w y
= +
v x v y v
9.1.3 Ham kha vi

Gia su. ham w = f (M) xac di.nh trong mo.t lan ca.n nao do cua diem
M(x, y). Ham f du.o..c go.i la ham kha vi ta.i diem M(x, y) neu so gia
` u bien
f (M) = f (x + , y + y) f (x, y) cua ham khi chuyen tu. diem

M(x, y) den dieN (x + , y + y) co the bieu die n du.o.i da.ng
f (M) = D1 x + D2 y + o(), 0
p
trong do = x2 + y 2.
Neu ham f (x, y) kha vi ta.i diem M(x, y) th
f f
(M) = D1 , (M) = D2
x y
va khi do
f f
f (M) = (M)x + y + o(), 0. (9.3)
x y
9.1.4 - a.o ham theo hu.o.ng

D
Gia su.:
(1) w = f (M) la ham xac di.nh trong lan ca.n nao do cua diem
M(x, y);
(2) ~e = (cos , cos ) la vecto. do.n vi. tren du.o.ng thang co hu.o.ng
L qua diem M(x, y);
(3) N = N (x + x, y + y) la diem thuo.c L va e la do. dai cua
doa. n thang MN .
` n ta.i gio.i ha.n hu.u ha.n
Neu to
w
lim
`0 `
(N M )
th gio.i ha.n do du.o..c go.i la da.o ham ta.i diem M(x, y) theo hu.o.ng cua
w
vecto. ~e va du.o..c ky hie.u la , tu.c la
~e
w w
= lim
~e `0 `
- a.o ham rieng
9.1. D 113
Da.o ham theo hu.o.ng cua vecto. ~e = (cos , cos ) du.o..c tnh theo
cong thu.c
f f f
= (M) cos + (M) cos . (9.4)
~e x y
trong do cos va cos la cac cosin ch phu.o.ng cua vecto. ~e.

f F f f
Vecto. vo.i cac to.a do. va (tu.c la vecto. , ) du.o..c go.i
x y x y
la vecto. gradien cua ham f (M) ta.i diem M(x, y) va du.o..c ky hie.u la
gradf (M).
f
Tu. do da.o ham theo hu.o.ng co bieu thu.c la
~e
f

= gradf, ~e .
~e
Ta lu.u y ra`ng: 1) Neu ham w = f (x, y) kha vi ta.i diem M(x, y)

th no lien tu.c ta.i M va co cac da.o ham rieng cap 1 ta.i do;
2) Neu ham w = f (x, y) co cac da.o ham rieng cap 1 theo mo.i bien
trong lan ca.n nao do cua diem M(x, y) va cac da.o ham rieng nay lien
tu.c ta.i diem M(x, y) th no kha vi ta.i diem M.
Neu ham f (x, y) kha vi ta.i diem M(x, y) th no co da.o ham theo
mo.i hu.o.ng ta.i diem do.
Chu y. Neu ham f (x, y) co da.o ham theo mo.i hu.o.ng ta.i diem M0
th khong co g dam bao la ham f (x, y) kha vi ta.i diem M0 (xem v
du. 4).
9.1.5 - a.o ham rieng cap cao

D
Gia su. mie
` n D R2 va
f :DR
` u bien
la ham hai bien f (x, y) du.o..c cho tren D. Ta da.t

n f o
Dx = (x, y) D : 6= ,
x
n f o
Dy = (x, y) D : 6= .
y
D = Dx Dy
f f . .
- i.nh ngha. 1) Cac da.o ham rieng
D va du o. c go.i la cac da.o
x y
ham rieng cap 1.
f f
2) Neu ham : Dx R va : Dy R co cac da.o ham rieng
x y
f 2f 2f
= = ,
x x xx x2
f 2f
= ,
y x xy
f 2f
= ,
x y yx
f 2f 2f
= =
y y yy y 2
th chung du.o..c go.i la cac da.o ham rieng cap 2 theo x va theo y.
Cac da.o ham rieng cap 3 du.o..c di.nh ngha nhu. la cac da.o ham rieng
cua da.o ham rieng cap 2, v.v...
. . 2f
`
Ta lu u y rang neu ham f (x, y) co cac da.o ham ho n ho. p va
xy
2f
lien tu.c ta.i diem (x, y) th ta.i diem do cac da.o ham ho n ho..p nay
yx
ba`ng nhau:
2f 2f
=
xy yx
CAC VI DU
.
- a.o ham rieng
9.1. D 115
V du. 1. Tnh da.o ham rieng cap 1 cua cac ham

1) 4w = x2 2xy 2 + y 3. 2) w = xy .
w . .
Giai. 1) Da.o ham rieng du o. c tnh nhu. la da.o ham cua ham w
x
theo bien x vo.i gia thiet y = const. Do do
w
= (x2 2xy 2 + y 3)0x = 2x 2y 2 + 0 = 2(x y 2).
x
Tu.o.ng tu.., ta co
w
= (x2 2xy 2 + y 3)0y = 0 4xy + 3y 2 = y(3y 4x).
y
2) Nhu. trong 1), xem y = const ta co
w 0
= xy x = yxy1 .
x
Tu.o.ng tu.., khi xem x la ha`ng so ta thu du.o..c
w
= xy lnx.
y
(v w = xy la ham mu doi vo.i bien y khi x = const. N
w
V du. 2. Cho w = f (x, y) va x = cos , y = sin . Hay tnh

w
va .

Giai. De ap du.ng cong thu.c (9.2), ta lu.u y ra`ng
w = f (x, y) = f ( cos , sin ) = F (, ).
Do do theo (9.2) va bieu thu.c doi vo.i x va y ta co

w w x w y w w
= + = cos + sin
x y x y
w w x w y w w
= + = ( sin ) + ( cos )
x y x y
w w
= sin + cos . N
x y
` u bien
V du. 3. Tnh da.o ham cua ham w = x2 + y 2x ta.i diem M0 (1, 2) theo

hu.o.ng cua vecto. M0 M1, trong do M1 la diem vo.i to.a do. (3, 0).
` u tien ta tm vecto. do.n vi. ~e co hu.o.ng la hu.o.ng da cho.
Giai. Da
Ta co

M0 M1 = (2, 2) = 2e1 2e2,
M0 M1 2e1 2e2
|M0 M1 | = 2 2 ~e = =
|M0 M1 | 2 2
1 1
= ~e1 ~e2 .
2 2
trong do ~e1, ~e2 la vecto. do.n vi. cua cac tru.c to.a do.. Tu. do suy ra`ng
1 1
cos = , cos =
2 2
Tiep theo ta tnh cac da.o ham rieng ta.i diem M0 (1, 2). Ta co
fx0 = 2x + y 2 fx0 (M0) = fx0 (1, 2) = 6,

fy0 = 2xy fy0 (M0 ) = fy0 (1, 2) = 4.
Do do theo cong thu.c (9.4) ta thu du.o..c

f 1 1
= 6 4 = 2. N
~e 2 2
p
V du. 4. Ham f (x, y) = x + y + |xy| co da.o ham theo mo.i hu.o.ng
ta.i diem O(0, 0) nhu.ng khong kha vi ta.i do.
Giai. 1. Su.. to
` n ta.i da.o ham theo mo.i hu.o.ng.
Ta xet hu.o.ng cua vecto. ~e di ra tu. O va la.p vo.i tru.c Ox goc . Ta
co
p
e f (0, 0) = x + y + |xy|
p
= cos + sin + | cos sin | ,
- a.o ham rieng
9.1. D 117
p
trong do = x2 + y 2, x = cos , y = sin .
Tu. do suy ra
f e f (0, 0) p
(0, 0) = lim = cos + sin + | sin cos |
~e 0
. . . ` n ta.i theo mo.i hu.o.ng.
tu c la da.o ham theo hu o ng to
2. Tuy nhien ham da cho khong kha vi ta.i O. Tha.t va.y, ta co
p
f (0, 0) = f (x, y) f (0, 0) = x + y + |x| |y| 0.
V fx0 = 1 va fy0 = 1 (ta.i sao ? ) nen neu f kha vi ta.i O(0, 0) th
p
f (0, 0) = x + y + |xy| = 1 x + 1 y + ()
p
() 0( 0), = x2 + y 2
hay la lu.u y x = cos , y = sin ta co
p
() = | cos sin |.
Ve phai dang thu.c nay khong phai la vo cung be khi 0 (v no
hoan toan khong phu. thuo.c vao ). Do do theo di.nh ngha ham f (x, y)
da cho khong kha vi ta.i diem O. N
V du. 5. Tnh cac da.o ham rieng cap 2 cua cac ham:
x
1) w = xy , 2) w = arctg
y
` u tien tnh cac da.o ham rieng cap 1. Ta co
Giai. 1) Da
w w
= yxy1 , = xy lnx.
x y
Tiep theo ta co
2w
= y(y 1)xy2 ,
x2
2w
= xy1 + yxy1 lnx = xy1 (1 + ylnx),
yx
2w 1
= yxy1 lnx + xy = xy1 (1 + ylnx),
xy x
2f
= xy (lnx)2 .
y 2
` u bien
2) Ta co
w y w x
= 2 , = 2
x x + y2 y x + y2
Tu. do
2w y 2xy
= = 2 ,
x2 2
x x + y 2 (x + y 2)2
2w x 2xy
= = 2 ,
y 2 2
y x + y 2 x + y2
2w y x2 y 2
= = ,
xy y x2 + y 2 (x2 + y 2)2
2w x x2 y 2
= 2 =
yx x x + y2 (x2 + y 2)2
2w 2w
Nha.n xet. Trong ca 1) la n 2) ta de
` u co = . N
xy yx
V du. 6. Tnh cac da.o ham rieng cap 1 cua ham w = f (x + y 2 , y + x2 )

ta.i diem M0 (1, 1), trong do x va y la bien do.c la.p.
Giai. Da.t t = x + y 2 , v = y + x2 . Khi do
w = f (x + y 2 , y + x2 ) = f (t, v).
Nhu. va.y w = f (t, v) la ham ho..p cua hai bien do.c la.p x va y. No phu.
thuo.c cac bien do.c la.p thong qua hai bien trung gian t, v. Theo cong
thu.c (9.2) ta co:
w f t f v
= +
x t x v x
= ft0 (x + y 2 , y + x2 ) 1 + fv0 (x + y 2 , y + x2 ) 2x
= ft0 + 2xfv0 .
- a.o ham rieng
9.1. D 119
w f
(1, 1) = (0, 2) = ft0 (0, 2) 2fv0 (0, 2)
x x
w f t f v
= + = ft0 ()2y + fv0 ()1
y t y v y
= 2yft0 + fv0
w f
(1, 1) = (0, 2) = 2ft0 (0, 2) + fv0 (0, 2). N
y y
BAI TA
.P
Tnh da.o ham rieng cua cac ham sau day
1. f (x, y) = x2 + y 3 + 3x2 y 3.
(DS. fx0 = 2x + 6xy 3 , fy0 = 3y 2 + 9x2y 2 )
x
2. f (x, y, z) = xyz + .
yz
1 x x
(DS. fx0 = yz + , fy0 = xz 2 , fz0 = xy 2 )
yz y z yz
3. f (x, y, z) = sin(xy + yz). (DS. fx0 = y cos(xy + yz),
fy0 = (x + z) cos(xy + yz), fz0 = y cos(xy + yz))
4. f (x, y) = tg(x + y)ex/y .
ex/y 1
(DS. fx0 = 2
+ tg(x + y)ex/y ,
cos (x + y) y
ex/y x
fy0 = + tg(x + y)ex/y
.)
cos2(x + y) y2
x |y| xsigny
5. f = arc sin p . (DS. fx0 = , fy0 = 2 )
x2 + y 2 x2 +y 2 x + y2
6. f (x, y) = xyln(xy). (DS. fx0 = yln(xy) + y, fy0 = xln(xy) + x)

` u bien
y z
7. f (x, y, z) = .
x
y z1 y z y z
(DS. fx0 =z = ,
x x2 x x
z y z y z y
fy0 = , fz0 = ln )
y x x x
8. f (x, y, z) = z x/y .
1 x x
(DS. fx0 = xx/y lnz , fy0 = z x/y lnz , fz
0
= z x/y1 )
y y2 y
yz
9. f (x, y, z) = x .
z 1 z z
(DS. fx0 = y z xy , fy0 = xy zy z1 lnx, fz0 = xy ln(x)z lny)
10. f (x, y, z) = xy y z z x .
(DS. fx0 = xy1 y z+1 z x + xy y z z x lnz, fy0 = xy lnxy z z x + xy y z1 z x+1 ,
fz0 = xy y z lny z x + xy+1 y z z x1)
x+a
11. f (x, y) = ln sin .
y
1 x+a x+a x+a
(DS. fx0 = cotg , fy0 = cotg )
y y y y
x
12. f (x, y) = ex arctgy.
y
1 x ex
(DS. fx0 = exarctgy, fy0 = 2 )
y y 1 + y2
p
13. f (x, y) = ln x + x2 + y 2 .
1 1 y
(DS. fx0 = p , fy0 = p p ).
x2 + y 2 x + x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
Tm da.o ham rieng cua ham ho..p sau day (gia thiet ham f (x, y)
kha vi)
14. f (x, y) = f (x + y, x2 + y 2).
(DS. fx0 = ft0 + fv0 2x, fy0 = ft0 + fv0 2y, t = x + y, v = x2 + y 2 )
x y
15. f (x, y) = f , .
y x
- a.o ham rieng
9.1. D 121
1 y x 1 x y
(DS. fx0 = ft0 2 fv0 , fy0 = 2 ft0 + fv0 , t = , v = )
y x y x y x
16. f (x, y) = f (x y, xy).
(DS. fx0 = ft0 + yfv0 , fy0 = ft0 + xfv0 , t = x y, v = xy)
17. f (x, y) = f (x y 2, y x2 , xy).
(DS. fx0 = ft0 2xfv0 + yfw0 , fy0 = 2yft0 + fv0 + xfw0 ,
t = x y 2, v = y x2, w = xy)
p p
18. f (x, y, z) = f ( x2 + y 2 , y 2 + z 2, z 2 + x2 ).
xf 0 xf 0 yf 0 yf 0
(DS. fx0 = p t + w , fy0 = p t + v ,
x2 + y 2 z 2 + x2 x2 + y 2 x2 + z 2
zf 0 zf 0 p
fz0 = p v + w , t = x2 + y 2 ,
x2 + y 2 z 2 + x2
p
v = y 2 + z 2 , w = z 2 + x2 )
19. w = f (x, xy, xyz).
(DS. fx0 = ft0 + yfu0 + yzfv0 ,

fy0 = xfu0 + xzfv0 ,
fz0 = xyfv0
t = x, u = xy, v = xyz).
Trong cac bai toan sau day hay chu.ng to ra`ng ham f (x, y) thoa
man phu.o.ng trnh da cho tu.o.ng u.ng (f (x, y)-kha vi).
f f
20. f = f (x2 + y 2), y x = 0.
x y
y f f
n
21. f = x f 2 , x + 2y = nf .
x y y
f f
22. f = yf (x2 y 2), y 2 + xy = xyf .
x y
y2 f f
23. f = + f (x, y), x2 xy + y 2 = 0.
3x x y
` u bien
y z f f f
24. f = xn f
, ,x + y + z = nf .
x x x y z
xy y z f f f xy
25. f = lnx + xf , ,x +y +z =f + .
z x x x y z z
2f 2 f 2f
26. Tnh , , neu f = cos(xy)
x2 xy y 2
00
(DS. fxx = y 2 cos xy, fxy00 00
= sin xy xy cos xy, fyy =
2
x cos xy)
27. Tnh cac da.o ham rieng cap hai cua ham f = sin(x + yz).
00 00 00 00
(DS. fxx = sin t, fxy = z sin t, fxz = y sin t, fyy = z 2 sin t,
00 00
fyz = yz sin t, fzz = y 2 sin t, t = x + yz)
2f p
28. Tnh neu f = x2 + y 2 ex+y .
xy
ex+y h i
2 2 2 2 2
(DS. 2 xy + (x + y)(x + y ) + (x + y ) )
(x + y 2)3/2
2f 2f 2f
29. Tnh , , neu f = xyz .
xy yz xz
(DS. fxy = xyz1 z(1 + yzlnx), fxz
00 00
= xyz1 y(1 + yzlnx),
00
fyz = lnx xyz (1 + yzlnx))
2f x+y 2f
30. Tnh
neu f = arctg . (DS. = 0)
xy 1 xy xy
00 00 00
31. Tnh fxx (0, 0), fxy (0, 0), fyy (0, 0) neu
f (x, y) = (1 + x)m (1 + y)n .
00 00 00
(DS. fxx (0, 0) = m(m 1), fxy (0, 0) = mn, fyy (0, 0) = n(n 1))
2r p r 2 x2
32. Tnh u r = x2 + y 2 + z 2 . (DS.
ne )
x2 r3
x z
00 00 00
33. Tnh fxy , fyz , fxz neu f = .
y
1 x z1 x
00 2 2 1 z1 00
(DS. fxy = z y xy , fxz = 1 + zln ,
y y y
- a.o ham rieng
9.1. D 123
00 1 x z x
fyz = 1 + zln )
y y y
r
. 2f 2f xy
34. Chu ng minh ra`ng = neu f = arc sin .
xy yx x
Tnh cac da.o ham cap hai cua cac ham (gia thiet hai la
` n kha vi)
35. u = f (x + y, x2 + y 2 ).
(DS. u00xx = ftt00 + 4xftv

00
+ 4x2 fvv
00
+ 2fv0 ,
u00xy = ftt00 + 2(x + y)ftv
00 00
+ 4xyfvv ,
u00yy = ftt00 + 4yftv
00
+ 4y 2fvv
00
+ 2fv0 ,
t = x + y, v = x2 + y 2.)
x
36. u = f xy, .
y
1 00
(DS. u00xx = y 2 ftt00 + 2ftv
00
+ f ,
y 2 vv
x 00 1
u00xy = xyftt00 3
fvv + ft0 2 fv0 ,
y y
2 2
x 00 x 00 2x
u00yy = x2 ftt00 2 2 ftv + 4 fvv + 3 fv0 ,
y y y
x
t = xy, v = )
y
37. u = f (sin x + cos y).
(DS. u00xx = cos2 x f 00 sin x f 0 , u00xy = sin y cos x f 00 ,
u00yy = sin2 y f 00 cos y f 0 )
38. Chu.ng minh ra`ng ham
1 (xx0 )2
f= e 4a2 t
2a t
(trong do a, x0 la cac so) thoa man phu.o.ng trnh truye
` n nhie.t
f 2f
= a2 2
t x
` u bien
1
39. Chu.ng minh ra`ng ham f = trong do
r
p
r = (x x0)2 + (y y0)2 + (z z0 )2
thoa man phu.o.ng trnh Laplace:
2f 2f 2f
f + + 2 = 0, r 6= 0.
x2 y 2 z
Trong cac bai toan 40 - 44 chu.ng minh ra`ng cac ham da cho thoa
man phu.o.ng trnh tu.o.ng u.ng (gia thiet f va g la nhu.ng ham hai la
`n
kha vi)
2u 2
2 u
40. u = f (x at) + g(x + at), = a
t2 x2
2u 2u 2u
41. u = xf (x + y) + yg(x + y), 2 + = 0.
x2 xy y 2
y y 2u 2u 2u
42. u = f + xg , x2 2 + 2xy + y 2 2 = 0.
x x x xy y
y y
43. u = xn f + x1n g ,
x x
2u 2u 2
2 u
x2 + 2xy + y = n(n 1)u.
x2 xy y 2
u 2u u 2u
44. u = f (x + g(y)), =
x xy y x2
45. Tm da.o ham theo hu.o.ng = 135 cua ham so
2
f (x, y) = 3x + xy + y ta.i diem M(1, 2).
4 3
(DS. )
2
46. Tm da.o ham cua ham f (x, y) = x3 3x2y + 3xy 2 + 1 ta.i diem
M(3, 1) theo hu.o.ng tu. diem nay den diem (6, 5). (DS. 0)
p
47. Tm da.o ham cua ham f (x, y) = ln x2 + y 2 ta.i die m M(1, 1)
2
theo hu.o.ng phan giac cua goc pha
` n tu. thu. nhat. (DS. )
2
` u bien
9.2. Vi phan cua ham nhie 125
48. Tm da.o ham cua ham f (x, y, z) = z 2 3xy + 5 ta.i diem

M(1, 2, 1) theo hu.o.ng la.p vo.i cac tru.c to.a do. nhu.ng goc ba`ng nhau.
3
(DS. )
3
49. Tm da.o ham cua ham f (x, y, z) = ln(ex + ey + ez ) ta.i goc to.a do.
va hu.o.ng la.p vo.i cac tru.c to.a do. x, y, z cac goc tu.o.ng u.ng la , , .
cos + cos + cos
(DS. )
3
50. Tnh da.o ham cua ham f (x, y) = 2x2 3y 2 ta.i diem M(1, 0) theo
hu.o.ng la.p vo.i tru.c hoanh goc ba`ng 120 . (DS. 2)
51. Tm da.o ham cua ham z = x2 y 2 ta.i diem M0 (1, 1) theo hu.o.ng

vecto. ~e la.p vo.i hu.o.ng du.o.ng tru.c hoanh goc = 60 . (DS. 1 3)
52. Tm da.o ham cua ham z = ln(x2 + y 2) ta.i diem M0 (3, 4) theo
2
hu.o.ng gradien cua ham do. (DS. )
5
53. Tm gia tri. va hu o ng cua vecto. gradien cua ham
. .
w = tgx x + 3 sin y sin3 y + z + cotgz

ta.i diem M0 , , .
4 3 2
3 8 3
(DS. (gradw)M = ~i + ~j, cos = , cos = )
8 73 73
z
54. Tm da.o ham cua ham w = arc sin p ta.i diem M0 (1, 1, 1)
x2 + y 2
1
theo hu.o.ng vecto. M0 M, trong do M = (3, 2, 3). (DS. )
6
9.2 ` u bien
Vi phan cua ham nhie
Trong mu.c nay ta xet vi phan cua ham nhie ` u bien ma de cho go.n ta
` n trnh bay cho ham hai bien la du. Tru.o.ng ho..p so bien lo.n
ch ca
ho.n hai du.o..c trnh bay hoan toan tu.o.ng tu...
` u bien
9.2.1 Vi phan cap 1

Gia su. ham w = f (x, y) kha vi ta.i diem M(x, y), tu.c la ta.i do so gia
toan pha` n cua ham co the bieu die n du.o.i da.ng
f (M) = f (x + x, y + y) f (x, y)
= D1 x + D2 y + o() (9.5)
p
trong do = x2 + y 2, D1 va D2 khong phu. thuo.c vao x va
y. Khi do bieu thu.c (go.i la pha
` n chnh tuyen tnh doi vo.i x va y
cua so gia f )
D1 x + D2 y
du.o..c go.i la vi phan (hay vi phan toan pha` n hay vi phan thu. nhat)
cua ham w = f (x, y) va du.o..c ky hie.u la df :
df = D1 x + D2 y.
f
V x = dx, y = dy va v f (x, y) kha vi ta.i M nen D1 = ,
y
f
D2 = va
y
f f
df = dx + dy (9.6)
x y
Nhu. va.y, neu w = f (x, y) kha vi ta.i M(x, y) th tu. (9.5) va (9.6)
ta co
f (M) = df (M) + o() hay f (M) = df (M) + () (9.7)
trong do () 0 khi 0.
9.2.2 Ap du.ng vi phan de tnh ga

` n dung
Doi vo.i x va y du be ta co the thay xap x so gia f (M) bo.i vi
phan df (M), tu.c la
f (M) df (M)
` u bien
hay la
f f
f (x + x, y + y) f (x, y) + (M)x + (M)y (9.8)
x y
Cong thu.c (9.8) la co. so. de ap du.ng vi phan tnh ga

` n dung. Doi
vo.i ham co so bien nhie
` u ho.n 2 ta cung co cong thu.c tu.o.ng tu...
9.2.3 Cac tnh chat cua vi phan

Doi vo.i cac ham kha vi f va g ta co:
(i) d(f g) = df dg;
(ii) d(fg) = fdg + gdf , d(f ) = df, R;
f gdf f dg
(iii) d = , g 6= 0;
g g2
(iv) Vi phan cap 1 cua ham hai bien f (x, y) bat bien ve ` da.ng bat
lua.n x va y la bien do.c la.p hay la ham cua cac bien do.c la.p khac.
9.2.4 Vi phan cap cao

Gia su. ham w = f (x, y) kha vi trong mie ` n D. Khi do vi phan cap 1
cua no ta.i diem (x, y) D tu.o.ng u.ng vo.i cac so gia dx va dy cua cac
bien do.c la.p du.o..c bieu die n bo.i cong thu.c
f f
df = dx + dy. (9.9)
x y
.
O day, dx = x, dy = y la nhu.ng so gia tuy y cua bien do.c la.p, do
la nhu.ng so khong phu. thuo.c vao x va y. Nhu. va.y, khi co di.nh dx va
dy vi phan df la ham cua x va y.
Theo di.nh ngha: Vi phan thu. hai d2 f (hay vi phan cap 2) cua
ham f (x, y) ta.i diem M(x, y) du.o..c di.nh ngha nhu. la vi phan cua vi
phan thu. nhat ta.i diem M vo.i cac die
` u kie.n sau day:
(1) Vi phan df la ham ch cua cac bien do.c la.p x va y.
` u bien
(2) So gia cua cac bien do.c la.p x va y xuat hie.n khi tnh vi phan
cua fx0 va fy0 du.o..c xem la ba`ng so gia da
` u tien, tu.c la ba`ng dx va dy.
Tu. do
2 f (M) 2 2f 2f
d2 f (M) = dx + 2 (M)dxdy + (M)dy 2 (9.10)
x2 xy y 2
trong do dx2 = (dx)2, dy 2 = (dy)2 va ta xem cac da.o ham rieng ho n
ho..p ba`ng nhau.
Mo.t cach hnh thu.c dang thu.c (9.10) co the viet du.o.i da.ng
2
2
d f= dx + dy f (x, y)
x y
tu.c la sau khi thu..c hie.n phep bnh phu.o.ng ta ca ` n f (x, y) vao
` n die
o trong.
Tu.o.ng tu..
3
d3 f = dx + dy f (x, y)
x y
3f 3 3f 2 3f 2 3f 3
= dx + 3 dx dy + 3 dxdy + dy ,
x3 x2y xy 2 y 3
v.v... Mo.t cach quy na.p ta co
X
n
nf
n
d f (x, y) = Cnk dxnk dy k . (9.11)
k=0
xnk y k
Trong tru.o.ng ho..p neu
w = f (t, v), t = (x, y), v = (x, y)
th
f f
dw = dt + dx (tnh bat bien ve
` da.ng !)
t v
2f 2 2f 2f 2 f 2 f 2
d2 w = 2
dt + 2 dtdy + 2
dv + d t+ d v. (9.12)
t tv v t v
` u bien
9.2.5 Cong thu.c Taylor

Neu ham f (x, y) la n + 1 la ` n kha vi trong -lan ca.n V cua diem
M0(x0 , y0) th doi vo i diem bat ky M(x, y) V ta co cong thu.c Taylor
.
1 0
f (x, y) = f (x0 , y0) + fx (x0, y0)(x x0) + fy0 (x0 , y0)(y y0 )
1!
1 00
+ f (x0, y0)(x x0)2 + 2fxy 00
(x0 , y0)(x x0 )(y y0 )
2! xx
00

+ fyy (x0 , y0)(y y0)
1 X i n f (x0 , y0)
m
+ + C (x x0 )ni (y y0 )i
n! i=0 n xni y i
1 X n+1 f (, )
n
+ (x x0)ni (y y0), (9.13)
(n + 1)! i=0 xni y i
trong do = x0 + (x x0 ), = y0 + (y y0 ), 0 < < 1.

hay la
1 1
f (x, y) = f (x0 , y0) + df (x0 , y0) + d2 f (x0 , y0) + . . .
1! 2!
1 n
+ d f (x0, y0 ) + Rn+1 ,
n!
= Pn (x, y) + Rn+1 (9.14)
trong do Pn (x, y) go.i la da thu.c Taylor ba.c n cua hai bien x va y,

Rn+1 la so ha.ng du.. Neu da.t
p
= x2 + y 2
th (9.14) co the viet du.o.i da.ng
f (x, y) = Pn (x, y) + 0(), 0,
o. day Rn+1 = o() la pha

` n du. da.ng Peano.
` u bien
9.2.6 Vi phan cua ham an

Theo di.nh ngha: bien w du.o..c go.i la ham an cua cac bien do.c la.p
x, y, ..., t neu no du.o..c cho bo.i phu.o.ng trnh
F (x, y, . . . , w) = 0
khong giai du.o..c doi vo.i w.

De tnh vi phan cua ham an w ta lay vi phan ca hai ve cua phu.o.ng
trnh (xem nhu. do ` ng nhat thu.c) ro
` i tu. do tm dw. De tnh d2 w ta ca
`n
lay vi phan cua dw vo.i lu.u y ra`ng dx va dy la ha`ng so, con dw la vi
phan cua ham.
Ta cung co the thu du.o..c vi phan dw ba`ng cach tnh cac da.o ham
rieng:
Fx0 () Fy0 ()
wx0 = , wy0 = ,...
Fw0 () Fw0 ()
` i the vao bieu thu.c
ro
w w w
dw = dx + dy + + dt, v.v...
x y t
CAC VI DU.
V du. 1. Tnh vi phan df neu
p
1) f (x, y) = xy 2, 2) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 .
Giai. 1) Ta co
0
fx0 = xy 2 x = y 2, fy0 = xy 2)0y = 2xy.
Do do
df (x, y) = y 2dx + 2xydy.
2) Ta tnh cac da.o ham rieng:

x y
fx0 = p , fy0 = p
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
` u bien
Do do
x y xdx + ydy
df = p dx + p dy = p N
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
2 2 2
V du. 2. Tnh df (M0 ) neu f (x, y, z) = ex +y +z va M0 = M0 (0, 1, 2).
Giai. Ta co
f f f
df (M) = (M)dx + (M)dy + (M)dz, M = M(x, y, z).
x y z
Ta tnh cac da.o ham rieng
f 2 2 2 f
= 2xex +y +z (M0 ) = 0, (v x = 0)
x x
f 2 2 2 f
= 2yex +y +z (M0) = 2e5 ,
y y
f 2 2 2 f
= 2zex +y +z (M0 ) = 4e5 .
z z
Tu. do
df (M0 ) = 2e5 dy + 4e5dz. N
V du. 3. Tnh dw ta.i diem M0 (1, 1) neu
w = f (x + y 2 , y + x2 ).
Giai. Cach 1. Tnh cac da.o ham rieng cua ham f (x, y) theo x va
` i ap du.ng cong thu.c (9.9). Tu. v du. 4, mu.c 9.1 ta co
theo y ro
f
(M0 ) = ft0 (0, 2) 2fv0 (0, 2)
x
f
(M0 ) = 2ft0 (0, 2) + fv0 (0, 2)
y
t = x + y 2 , v = y + x2
va do do

df (M0 ) = ft0 (0, 2) 2fv0 (0, 2) dx + 2 2ft0 (0, 2) + fv0 (0, 2) dy.
` u bien
Cach 2. Ap du.ng tnh bat bien ve

` da.ng cua vi phan cap 1.
Ta co
t = x + y 2 dt = dx + 2ydy,
v = y + x2 dv = 2xdx + dy.
Do do
f f
df (M0 ) = (0, 2)dt + (0, 2)dv
t v
= ft0 (0, 2)[dx + 2ydy] + fv0 (0, 2)[2xdx + dy]

= ft0 (0, 2) 2fv0 (0, 2) dx + 2ft0 (0, 2) + fv0 (0, 2) dy. N
V du. 4. 1) Cho ham f (x, y) = xy . Hay tm vi phan cap hai cua f

neu x va y la bien do.c la.p.
2) Tm vi phan cap hai cua ham f (x + y, xy) neu x va y la bien
do.c la.p.
Giai. 1) Tu. v du. 2, 1) va cong thu.c (9.10) ta co
2f 2 2f 2f 2
d2 f = dx + 2 dxdy + dy ,
x2 xy y 2
trong do
2f
= y(y 1)xy2 ,
x2
2f
2
= xy (lnx)2,
y
2f
= xy1 (1 + ylnx)
xy
va do do
d2 f = y(y 1)xy2 dx2 + xy1 (1 + ylnx)dxdy + xy (lnx)2dy 2 .
2) Ta viet ham da cho du.o.i da.ng u = f (t, v), trong do t = x + y,

v = xy.
` u bien
1+ Cach I. Tnh cac da.o ham rieng ro ` i ap du.ng (9.10). Ta co:

f
= ft0 (x + y, xy) + fv0 (x + y, xy) y,
x
f
= ft0 (x + y, xy) + fv0 (x + y, xy) x,
y
2f
= ftt00 + ftv
00 00
y + ftv y + fvv 00 2
y
x2
= ftt00 + 2yftv00
+ y 2fvv
00
,
2f
= ftt00 + ftv
00 00
x + ftv 00
y + fvv xy + fv0
xy
= ftt00 + (x + y)ftv
00 00
+ xyfvv + fv0 ,
2f
= ftt00 + ftv
00 00
x + ftv 00 2
x + fvv x
y 2
= ftt00 + 2xftv
00
+ x2fvv
00
.
The cac da.o ham rieng tm du.o..c vao (9.10) ta thu du.o..c
d2 f = (ftt00 + 2yftv
00
+ y 2fvv
00
)dx2 + 2(ftt00 + (x + y)ftv
00 00
+ xyfvv + fv0 )dxdy
+ (ftt00 + 2xftv
00
+ x2 fvv
00
)dy 2.
2+ Cach II. Ta co the thu du.o..c ket qua nay neu lu.u y ra`ng vo.i
t = x + y dt = dx + dy va v = xy dv = xdy + ydx va tu. do
d2 t = d(dx + dy) = d2 x + d2 y = 0
(v x va y la bien do.c la.p) va
d2 v = d(xdy + ydx) = dxdy + dxdy = 2dxdy.
Ap du.ng (9.12) ta co
2f 2f
d2 f = 2 (dx + dy)2 + 2 (dx + dy)(xdy + ydx)
t tv
2f f f
+ 2 (xdy + ydx)2 + 0+ (2dxdy)
v t v
2 2
= ftt00 + 2yftv
00
+ y 2fvv
00
dx + ftt00 + 2xftv 00
+ x2fvv
00
dy

+ 2 ftt00 + (x + y)ftv 00 00
+ xyfvv + fv0 dxdy. N
` u bien
V du. 5. Ap du.ng vi phan de tnh ga ` n dung cac gia tri.:

2,03
1) a = (1, 04)
1, 97
2) b = arctg 1
1, 02
p
3) c = (1, 04)1,99 + ln(1, 02)
sin 1, 49 arctg0, 07
4) d = .
22,95
Giai. De ap du.ng vi phan vao tnh ga ` n dung ta ca ` n thu..c hie.n cac
bu.o.c sau day:
Thu. nhat la ch ro bieu thu.c giai tch doi vo.i ham ma gia tri. ga
`n
dung cua no ca` n phai tnh.
Thu. hai la cho.n diem da ` u M0 sao cho gia tri. cua ham va cua cac
da.o ham rieng cua no ta.i diem ay co the tnh ma khong ca ` n dung
bang.
Cuoi cung ta ap du.ng cong thu.c
f (x0 + x, y0 + y) = f (x0, y0 ) + fx0 (x0, y0)x + fy0 (x0, y0)y.
1) Tnh a = (1, 04)2,03 . Ta xet ham f (x, y) = xy . So a ca

` n tnh la
gia tri. cua ham khi x = 1, 04 va y = 2, 03.
Ta lay M0 = M0 (1, 2). Khi do x = 0, 04, y = 0, 03.
Tiep theo ta co
f f
= yxy1 =2
x x M0
f f
= xy lnx = 1 ln1 = 0.
y y M0
Bay gio. ap du.ng cong thu.c vu.a neu o. tren ta co:
a = f (1, 04; 2, 03) = (1, 04)2,03 f (1, 2) + 2 0, 04 = 1 + 0, 08 = 1, 08.

1, 97
`
2) Ta nha.n xet rang arctg 1 la gia tri. cua ham
1, 02
x
f (x, y) = arctg 1
y
` u bien
ta.i diem M(1, 97; 1, 02).

Ta cho.n M0 = M0 (2, 1) va co
x = 1, 97 2 = 0, 03,
y = 1, 02 1 = 0, 02.
Tiep den ta co
1
f y y
= x 2 = 2
x y + (x y)2
1+ 1
y
f x
= 2
y y + (x y)2
Tu. do
f 1
(M0) = fx0 (2, 1) = 2 = 0, 5
x 1 + (2 1)2
f
(M0) = fy0 (2, 1) = 1.
y
Do do
1, 97 2
arctg 1 = arctg 1 + (0, 5) (0, 03) + 1 (0, 02)
1, 02 1

= 0, 015 0, 02 = 0, 785 0, 035
4
= 0, 75.
p
3) Ta thay ra`ng c = (1, 04)1,99 + ln(1, 02) la gia tri. cua ham

u = f (x, y, z) = xy + lnz ta.i diem M(1, 04; 1, 99; 1, 02).
Ta cho.n M0 = M0 (1, 2, 1). Khi do
x = 1, 04 1 = 0, 04
y = 1, 99 2 = 0, 01
z = 1, 02 1 = 0, 02.
` u bien
Bay gio. ta tnh gia tri. cac da.o ham rieng ta.i diem M0 . Ta co
f yxy1 f 21
= (M0 ) = = 1,
x y
2 x + lnz x 2 1 + ln1
f xy lnx f
= (M0 ) = 0,
y y
2 x + lnz y
f 1 f 1
= (M0 ) =
z 2z xy + lnz z 2
Tu. do suy ra
p
(1, 04)1,99 + ln(1, 02) 1 + ln1 + 1 (0, 04) + 0 (0, 01)
+ (1/2) 0, 02 = 1, 05.
4) Ta thay d la gia tri. cua ham f (x, y, z) = 2x sin y arctgx ta.i diem
M(2, 95; 1, 49; 0, 07)

Ta lay M0 = M0 3, , 0 . Khi do
2
x = 2, 95 (3) = 0, 05
y = 1, 49 1, 57 = 0, 08
z = 0, 07.
Tiep theo ta co
f (M0 ) = 23 sin(/2) arctg0 = 0,

fx0 (M0 ) = 2x ln2 sin y arctgz M = 0,
0

0 x
fy (M0 ) = 2 cos y arctgz M = 0,
0
2 x
sin y
fz0 (M0 ) = = 23 .
1 + z 2 M0
Tu. do ta thu du.o..c
sin 1, 49 arctg0, 07
23 0, 07 0, 01. N
22,95
V du. 6. Khai trien ham f (x, y) = xy theo cong thu.c Taylor ta.i lan
ca.n diem (1, 1) vo.i n = 3.
` u bien
Giai. Trong tru.o.ng ho..p nay cong thu.c Taylor co da.ng sau day
df (1, 1) d2 f (1, 1) d2 f (1, 1)
f (x, y) = f (1, 1) + + + + R3 . (*)
1! 2! 3!
1+ Tnh mo.i da.o ham rieng cua ham cho den xap 3. Ta co
fx0 = yxy1 , fy0 = xy lnx, fx002 = y(y 1)xy2 ,

00
fxy = xy1 + yxy1 lnx, fy002 = xy (lnx)2,
(3) (3)
fx3 = y(y 1)(y 2)xy3 , fx2 y = (2y 1)xy2 + y(y 1)xy2 lnx,
(3) (3)
fxy2 = 2xy1 lnx + yxy1 (lnx)2, fy3 = xy (lnx)3.
2+ Tnh gia tri. cua cac da.o ham rieng ta.i diem (1, 1). Ta co
f (1, 1) = 1, fx0 (1, 1) = 1, fy0 (1, 1) = 0, fx002 (1, 1) = 0,

00 (3) (3)
fxy (1, 1) = 1, fy002 (1, 1) = 0, fx3 (1, 1) = 0, fx2 y (1, 1) = 1,
(3) (3)
fxy2 (1, 1) = 0, fy3 (1, 1) = 0.
3+ The vao cong thu.c (*) ta co
df (1, 1) = fx0 (1, 1)x + fy0 (1, 1)y = x,

d2 f (1, 1) = fx002 (1, 1)x2 + 2fxy
00
(1, 1)xy + fy002 (1, 1)y 2 = 2xy,
d3 f (1, 1) = 3x2y
va do do
1
xy = 1 + x + xy + x2y + R3. N
2
V du. 7. Tnh vi phan cua ham an w(x, y) du.o..c cho bo.i phu.o.ng
trnh
w3 + 3x2 y + xw + y 2w2 + y 2x = 0.
Giai. Ta xem phu.o.ng trnh da cho nhu. mo.t do

` ng nhat va lay vi
phan cua ve trai va ve phai:
3w2 dw + 6xydx + 3x2 dy + wdx + xdw + 2y w2 dy

+ 2y 2 wdw 2dx + dy = 0
` u bien
va tu. do rut ra dw. Ta co
(6xy + w 2)dx + (3x2 + 2yw2 + 1)dy + (3w2 + x + 2y 2w)dw = 0
va do do
2 6xy w 3x2 + 2yw2 + 1
dw = dx dy. N
3w2 + x + 2y 2w 3w2 + x + 2y 2w
V du. 8. Tnh dw va d2 w cua ham an w(x, y) du.o..c cho bo.i phu.o.ng

trnh
x2 y 2 w 2
+ + = 1.
2 6 8
` u tien tm dw. Tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. trong v du. 7 ta co
Giai. Da
ydy wdw 4x 4y
xdx + + = 0 dw = dx dy. (*)
3 4 w 3w
` n dang thu.c thu du.o..c vo.i lu.u y la dx, dy la
La.i lay vi phan toan pha
ha`ng so; dw la vi phan cua ham.
Ta co
wdx xdw 4 wdy ydw
d2 w = 4 2
dx dy
w 3 w2
hay la
1 x2 1 y
2 2 2
d w=4 dx 2 dxdw + dy dydw (**)
w w 3w 3w2
De co bieu thu.c d2 w qua x, y, w, dx va dy ta ca
` n the dw tu. (*) vao
(**). N
V du. 9. Cac ham an u(x, y) va v(x, y) du.o..c xac di.nh bo.i he.
xy + uv = 1,
xv yu = 3.
` u bien
Tnh du(1, 1), d2 u(1, 1); dv(1, 1), d2 v(1, 1) neu u(1, 1) = 1,
v(1, 1) = 2.
` n ta co
Giai. Lay vi phan he. da cho hai la
(
ydx + xdy + udv + vdu = 0,
(I)
xdv + vdx ydu udy = 0.
(
2dxdy + 2dudv + ud2 v + vd2 u = 0,
(II)
2dxdv 2dudv + xd2v yd2u = 0.
The vao (I) gia tri. x = 1, y = 1, u = 1, v = 2 ta co

(
dx + dy + dv + 2du = 0 du = 3dx 2dy
(III)
2dx dy + dv + du = 0 dv = 5dx + 3dy
Tu. (III) ta cung thu du.o..c u0x = 3, u0v = 2; vx0 = 5, vy0 = 3.

Thay vao (II) cac gia tri. x = 1, y = 1, u = 1, v = 2 va du, dv tu.
(III) ta co:
d2 v + 2d2 u = 2dxdy 2(3dx 2dy)(3dy 5dx)

d2 v + d2 u = 2dy(3dx 2dy) 2dx(3dy 5dx)
va do do
d2 u = 4(5dx2 10dxdy + 4dy 2 ),

d2 v = 10(dx2 + 4dxdy 2dy 2 ). N
BAI TA
.P
Tnh vi phan dw cua cac ham sau

1. w = x2y y 2x + 3. (DS. dw = (2xy y 2)dx + (x2 2xy)dy)
2. w = (x2 + y 2)3 . (DS. 6(x2 + y 2)2 (xdx + ydy))
3. w = x 3 sin y. (DS. dw = dx 3 cos ydy)
` u bien
2xdx dy
4. w = ln(x2 + y). (DS.2
+ 2 )
x +y x +y
y x h y x y y x i y x1
5. w = . (DS. ln dx + dy)
x x x x x
y 2ydx 2dy
6. w = ln tg . (DS. + ).
x 2y 2y
x2 sin x sin
x x
Tnh dw(M0 ) cua cac ham ta.i diem M0 da cho (7-14)
y
7. w = e x , M0 (1, 0). (DS. dw(1, 0) = dy)
1
8. w = y 3 x, M0 (1, 1). (DS. dw(1, 1) = dx + dy)
3
yz
9. f (x, y) = , M0 (1, 2, 3). (DS. df M0 = 6dx + 3dy + 2dz)
x

10. f (x, y, z) = cos(xy + xz), M0 1, , .
6 6

3
(DS. df M = dx + dy + dz )
0 2 3

11. f (x, y) = exy , M0 (0, 0). (DS. df = 0)M0

12. f (x, y) = xy , M0 (2, 3). (DS. df M = 12dx + 8ln2dy)
0

13. f (x, y) = xln(xy), M0 (1, 1). (DS. df M = dx + dy)
0
x 1
14. f (x, y) = arctg , M) (1, 2). (DS. df M0 = (2dx dy)).
y 5
Tm vi phan cua cac ham ho..p sau day ta.i cac diem da ch ra (15-18)
15. f (x, y) = f (x y, x + y), M(x, y), M0 (1, 1).

(DS. df M = (ft0 + fv0 )dx + (fv0 ft0 )dy,

df M0 = ft0 (2, 0) + fv0 (2, 0) dx + fv0 (2, 0) ft0 (2, 0) dy,
t = x y, v = x + y)
` u bien
x
16. f (x, y) = f xy, , M(x, y), M0 (0, 1).
y
1 0 x 0
0
(DS. df M = yft + fv dx + xft 2 fv dy,0
y y
0 x
df M = ft (0, 0) + fv (0, 0) dx, t = xy, v = )
0
0 y
17. f (x, y, z) = f (x2 y 2 , y 2 z 2, z 2 x2), M(x, y, z), M0 (1, 1, 1).

(DS. df M = 2(xft0 xfw0 )dx + 2y(fv0 ft0 )dy + 2z(fw0 fv0 )dz,

df = 2(ft0 (0, 0, 0) fw0 (0, 0, 0))dx + 2(fv0 (0, 0, 0) ft0 (0, 0, 0))dy
M0
+ 2(fw0 (0, 0, 0) fv0 (0, 0, 0))dz,

t = x2 y 2 , v = y 2 z 2 , w = z 2 x2 )
18. f (x, y, z) = f (sin x +sin y, cos x cos z), M(x, y, z) va M0 (0, 0, 0).

(DS. df M = (ft0 cos x fv0 sin x)dx + ft0 cos ydy + fv0 sin zdz,

df = f 0 (0, 0)dx + f 0 (0, 0)dy,
M0 t v
t = sin x + sin y, v = cos x cos z).
Tnh vi phan dw va d2 w ta.i diem M(x, y) (19-22) neu:

19. w = f (lnz), z = x2 + y 2 .
2 h
2
(DS. d w = 2 (2x2 ftt00 x2 ft0 + y 2ft0 )dx2
(x + y 2)2
+ (4xyftt00 4xyft0)dxdy + (x2 ft0 yft0 + 2yft002 )dy 2 )
20. w = f (, , ), = ax, = by, = cz; a, b, c-ha`ng so.
(DS. dw = af0 dx + bf0 dy + cf0 dz;

d2 w = a2f002 dx2 + b2f002 dy 2 + c2 f002 dz 2
00 00 00
+ 2(f abdxdy + f bcdydz + f acdxdz))
21. w = f (x + y, x y). (DS. x + y = u, x y = v;
d2 w = (fu002 + 2fuv
00
+ fv002 )dx2 + (fu002 2fv002 )dxdy + (fu002 2fuv
00
+ fv002 )dy 2 )
` u bien
x x 0
x2 0
22. w = xf . (DS. dw = f + f dx 2 f dy,
y y y
2x 00 2 4x 0 2x2 00 2x2 x3 00 2
2 0 0
d w= f + 2 f )dx f + 3 f dxdy f 4 f dy )
y y y2 y y3 y
Tnh vi phan cap hai cua cac ham sau day ta.i cac diem M(x, y)
va M0 (x0, y0 ) neu f la ham hai la
` n kha vi va x, y, z la bien do.c la.p
(23-25)
23. u = f (x y, x + y), M(x, y), M0 (1, 1) .

(DS. d2 uM = ftt00 (dx dy)2 + 2ftv00
(dx2 dy 2 ) + fvv
00
(dx + dy)2,

d2 uM0 = ftt00 (0, 2)dx(dx dy)2 + 2ftv00
(0, 2)(dx2 dy 2 )
00
+ fvv (0, 2)(dx + dy)2 )
24. u = f (x + y, z 2), M(x, y, z), M0 (1, 1, 0).

(DS. d2 uM = ftt00 (dx + dy)2 + 4zftv
00
dz(dx + dy)
+ 4z 2 fvv
00
dz 2 + 2fv0 d2 z,

d2 uM0 = ftt00 (0, 0)(dx + dy)2 + 2fv0 (0, 0)dz 2 ,
t = x + y, v = z 2)
25. u = f (xy, x2 + y 2), M(x, y), M0 (0, 0).

(DS. d2 uM = ftt00 (ydx + xdy)2 + 4ftv
00
(ydz + xdy)(xdx + ydy)
00
+ 4fvv (xdx + ydy)2 + 2ft0 dxdy + 2fv0 (dx2 + dy 2 ),

d2 uM0 = 2ft0 (0, 0)dxdy + 2fv0 (0, 0)(dx2 + dy 2 ),
t = xy, v = x2 + y 2 )
Tnh vi phan dn w (26-27) neu:

26. w = f (ax + by + cz).
(DS. dn w = f (n) (ax + by + cz)(adx + bdy + cdz)n )
` u bien
27. w = f (ax, by, cz).

n
(DS. dn w = a dx + b dy + c dz f (, , ),

= ax, = by, = cz)
Khai trien cac ham da cho theo cong thu.c Taylor den cac so ha.ng
cap 2 (28-30) neu
1
28. f (x, y) =
xy
y x x2 2xy + y 2
(DS. w = + + R2)
(x y)2 (x y)3

29. f (x, y) = x + y.
x + y x2 + 2xy + y 2
(DS. w = + R2 )
2 x+y 8(x + y)3/2
30. f (x, y) = ex+y .
x+y x+y (x + y)2

DS. w = e (x + y) + e + R2 ).
2
Ap du.ng vi phan de tnh ga

` n dung (31-35)
31. i) a = (0, 97)2,02 (DS. 0, 94)

p
ii) b = (4, 05) + (2, 93)2
2 (DS. 4.998)
p
32. i) a = (1.04)2,99 + ln 1, 02. (DS. 1,05)

n. Xet ham xy + ln z.
Ch da
p
ii) b = 3 (1, 02)2 + (0, 05)2 . (DS. 1,013)
p
n. Xet ham 3 x2 + y 2 .
Ch da
33. i) a = sin 29 tg46 . (DS. 0, 502)
ii) b = sin 32 cos 59 . (DS. 0, 273)
34. i) a = ln(0, 093 + 0, 993 ). (DS. 0, 03)
` u bien
n. Xet ham f = ln(x3 + y 3 ), M0(0, 1).

Ch da
p
ii) b = 5e0,02 + (2, 03)2 . (DS. 3, 037)
p
n. Xet ham f = 5ex + y 2, M0 (0, 2).
Ch da
p .
35. Tnh vi phan cua ham f (x, y) = x3 + y 3 . U ng du.ng de tnh
p
xap x (1, 02)3 + (1, 97)3 . (DS. 2, 95)
Trong cac bai toan sau day (36-38) hay tnh vi phan cap 1 cua
ham an z(x, y) xac di.nh bo.i cac phu.o.ng trnh tu.o.ng u.ng
(2y 6xz)dx + 2xdy
36. z 3 + 3x2 z = 2xy. (DS. dz = )
3(x2 + z 2)
37. cos2 x + cos2 y + cos2 z = 1.
sin 2xdx + sin 2ydy

(DS. dz = ).
sin 2z
38. x + y + z = e(x+y+z) . (DS. dz = dx dy)
39. Cho w la ham cua x va y xac di.nh bo.i phu.o.ng trnh
x w
= ln + 1.
w y
Tnh vi phan dw, d2 w.
w(ydx + wdy) w2 (ydx xdy)2

(DS. dw = , d2 w = ).
y(x + w) y 2 (x + w)2
40. Tnh dw va d2 w neu ham w(x, y) du.o..c xac di.nh bo.i phu.o.ng trnh
y
w x = arctg .
wx
(w x)dy
(DS. dw = dx + ,
(w x)2 + y 2 + y
2(y + 1)(w x)[(w x)2 + y 2] 2
d2 w = dy ).
[(w x)2 + y 2 + y]3
9.3. Cu..c tri. cua ham nhie
` u bien 145

` u bien
9.3.1 Cu..c tri.

Ham f (x, y) co cu..c da.i di.a phu.o.ng (hoa.c cu..c tieu di.a phu.o.ng) ba`ng
f (x0, y0 ) ta.i diem M0 (x0, y0 ) D neu to
` n ta.i -lan ca.n cua diem M0
sao cho vo.i mo.i diem M 6= M0 thuo.c lan ca.n ay ta co
f (M) < f (M0 ) (tu.o.ng u.ng : f (M) > f (M0 )).
Go.i chung cu..c da.i, cu..c tieu cua ham so la cu..c tri. cua ham so.
` u kie.n ca
Die ` n ta.i cu..c tri. di.a phu.o.ng: Neu ta.i diem M0 ham
` n de to
f (x, y) co cu..c tri. di.a phu.o.ng th ta.i diem do ca hai da.o ham rieng cap
1 (neu chung to` n ta.i) de` u ba`ng 0 hoa.c t nhat mo.t trong hai da.o ham
rieng khong to ` n ta.i (do la nhu.ng diem to.i ha.n hoa.c diem du.ng cua
ham f (x, y)). Khong phai mo.i diem du.ng de ` u la diem cu..c tri..
` u kie.n du: gia su.
Die
00 00 00
fxx (M0 ) =, fxy (M0 ) = B, fyy (M0 ) = C.
Khi do:
A B

i) Neu (M0) = > 0 va A > 0 th ta.i diem M0 ham f co
B C
cu..c tieu di.a phu.o.ng.

A B

ii) Neu (M0 ) = > 0 va A < 0 th ta.i diem M0 ham f co
B C
cu..c da.i di.a phu.o.ng.

A B

iii) Neu (M0 ) = < 0 th M0 la diem yen ngu..a cua f , tu.c
B C
la ta.i M0 ham f khong co cu..c tri..

A B

iv) Neu (M0) = = 0 th M0 la diem nghi van (ham f co
B C
the co va cung co the khong co cu..c tri. ta.i do).
` u bien

` u kie.n
Trong tru.o.ng ho..p do.n gian nhat, cu..c tri. co die ` u kie.n cua ham f (x, y)
la cu..c da.i hoa.c cu..c tieu cua ham do da.t du.o..c vo.i die ` u kie.n cac bien
x va y thoa man phu.o.ng trnh (x, y) = 0 (phu.o.ng trnh rang buo.c).
De tm cu..c tri. co die
` u kie.n vo.i die
` u kie.n rang buo.c (x, y) ta la.p
ham Lagrange (ham bo tro..)
F (x, y) = f (x, y)(x, y)
trong do la ha`ng so nhan chu.a du.o..c xac di.nh va di tm cu..c tri. thong
thu.o.ng cua ham bo tro.. nay. Day la phu.o.ng phap thu.a so bat di.nh
Lagrange.
` u kie.n ca
Tm die ` n ta.i cu..c tri. co die
` n de to ` u kie.n chung quy la giai
he. phu.o.ng trnh

F f

= + =0

x x x
F f (9.15)
= + =0

y y y

(x, y) = 0
Tu. he. nay ta co the xac di.nh x, y va .

Van de ` n ta.i va da.c tnh cua cu..c tri. di.a phu.o.ng du.o..c minh di.nh
` to
tren co. so. xet dau cua vi phan cap hai cua ham bo tro..
2 2F 2 2F 2F 2
d F = dx + 2 dxdy + dy
x2 xy y 2
du.o..c tnh doi vo.i cac gia tri. x, y, thu du.o..c khi giai he. (9.15) vo.i die
ù
kie.n la

dx + dy = 0 (dx2 + dy 2 6= 0).
x y
Cu. the la:

` u bien 147
i) Neu d2 F < 0 ham f (x, y) co cu..c da.i co die ` u kie.n.

2 .
ii) Neu d F > 0 ham f (x, y) co cu. c tieu co die ` u kie.n.
iii) Neu d2 F = 0 th ca ` n phai khao sat.
Nha.n xet
i) Vie.c tm cu..c tri. cua ham ba bien hoa.c nhie ` u ho.n du.o..c tien hanh
tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. o. 1.
ii) Tu.o.ng tu.. co the tm cu..c tri. co die
` u kie.n cua ham ba bien hoa.c
nhie . .
` u ho n vo i mo.t hoa.c nhie ` u phu o ng trnh rang buo.c (so phu.o.ng
. .
trnh rang buo.c phai be ho.n so bien). Khi do ca ` n la.p ham bo tro.. vo.i
so thu.a so chu.a xac di.nh ba`ng so phu.o.ng trnh rang buo.c.
iii) Ngoai phu.o.ng phap thu.a so bat di.nh Lagrange, ngu.o.i ta con
dung phu.o.ng phap khu. bien so de tm cu..c tri. co die ` u kie.n.
9.3.3 Gia tri. lo.n nhat va be nhat cua ham

Ham kha vi trong mie ` n dong bi. cha.n da.t gia tri. lo.n nhat (nho nhat)
hoa.c ta.i diem du.ng hoa.c ta.i diem bien cua mie
` n.
CAC VI DU .
V du. 1. Tm cu..c tri. di.a phu.o.ng cua ham
f (x, y) = x4 + y 4 2x2 + 4xy 2y 2 .
` n xac di.nh cua ham la toan ma.t phang R2.

Giai. i) Mie
ii) Tnh cac da.o ham rieng fx0 va fy0 va tm cac diem to.i ha.n. Ta
co
fx0 = 4x3 4x + 4y, fy0 = 4y 3 + 4x 4y.
Do do
4x3 4x + 4y = 0
4y 3 + 4x 4y = 0
` u bien
va tu. do
( ( (
x1 = 0 x2 = 2 x3 = 2

y1 = 0 y2 = 2 y3 = 2.
Nhu. va.y ta co ba diem to.i ha.n. V fx0 , fy0 to

` n ta.i vo.i mo.i diem
M(x, y) R2 nen ham khong con diem to.i ha.n nao khac.
iii) Ta tnh cac da.o ham rieng cap hai va gia tri. cua chung ta.i cac
diem to.i ha.n.
00
fxx (x, y) = 12x2 = 4, 00
fxy = 4, 00
fyy = 12y 2 4.
Ta.i diem O(0, 0): A = 4, B = 4, C = 4

Ta.i diem M1( 2, + 2): A = 20, B = 4, C = 20

Ta.i diem M2(+ 2, 2): A = 20, B = 4, C = 20.
iv) Ta.i diem O(0, 0)ta co

A B 4 4

= = 16 16 = 0.
B C 4 4
Dau hie.u du khong cho ta cau tra lo.i. Ta nha.n xet ra`ng trong lan
` n ta.i nhu.ng diem ma f (x, y) > 0 va nhu.ng
ca.n bat ky cua diem O to
diem ma f (x, y) < 0. Chang ha.n do.c theo trung c Ox (y = 0) ta co

f (x, y)y=0 = f (x, 0) = x4 2x2 = x2(2 x2 ) < 0
ta.i nhu.ng diem du ga

` n (0, 0), va do.c theo du.o.ng thang y = x

f (x, y)y=x = f (x, x) = 2x4 > 0
Nhu. va.y, ta.i nhu.ng diem khac nhau cua mo.t lan ca.n nao do cua
diem O(0, 0) so gia toan pha` n f (x, .y) khong co cung mo.t dau va do
do ta.i O(0, 0) ham khong co cu..c tri. di.a phu.o.ng.

Ta.i diem M1( 2, 2) ta co

A B 20 4

= = 400 16 > 0
B C 4 20
` u bien 149

va A > 0 nen ta.i M1 ( 2, 2) ham co cu..c tieu di.a phu.o.ng va
fmin = 8.

Ta.i diem M2 ( 2, 2) ta co AC B 2 > 0 va A > 0 nen ta.i do
ham co cu..c tieu di.a phu.o.ng va fmin = 8.
V du. 2. Khao sat va tm cu..c tri. cua ham
f (x, y) = x2 + xy + y 2 2x 3y.
Giai. i) Hien nhien Df R.

ii) Tm diem du.ng. Ta co
fx0 = 2x + y 2 2x + y 2 = 0,

fy0 = x + 2y 3 x + 2y 3 = 0.
1 4 1 4
. .
He. thu du o. c co nghie.m la x0 = , y0 = . Do do , la diem
3 3 3 3
du.ng va ngoai diem du.ng do ham f khong co diem du.ng nao khac v
fx0 va fy0 to
` n ta.i (x, y).
iii) Khao sat cu..c tri.. Ta co A = fx002 = 2, B fxy
00
= 1, C = fy002 = 2.
Do do

2 1

(M0) = = 3 > 0 va A = 2 > 0
1 2
1 4
nen ham f co cu..c tieu ta.i diem M0 ( , . N
3 3
V du. 3. Tm cu. c tri. cua ham f (x, y) = 6 4x 3y vo.i die
. ` u kie.n la
x va y lien he. vo.i nhau bo.i phu.o.ng trnh x2 + y 2 = 1.
Giai. Ta la.p ham Lagrange
F (x, y) = 6 4x 3y + (x2 + y 2 1).
Ta co
F F
= 4 + 2x, = 3 + 2y
x y
` u bien
va ta giai he. phu.o.ng trnh
4 + 2x = 0
3 + 2x = 0
x2 + y 2 = 1
Giai ra ta co
5 4 3
1 = , x1 = , y1 =
2 5 5
5 4 3
2 = , x 2 = , y2 =
2 5 5
V
2F 2F 2F
= 2, = 0, = 2
x2 xy y 2
nen
d2 F = 2(dx2 + dy 2).
5 4 3 4 3
Neu = , x = , y = th d2 F > 0 nen ta.i diem , ham
2 5 5 5 5
co cu..c tieu co die
` u kie.n.
5 4 3
Neu = , x = , y = th d2 F < 0 va do do ham co cu..c
2 5 5
4 3
` u kie.n ta.i diem , .
da.i co die
5 5
Nhu. va.y
16 9
fmax = 6 + + = 11,
5 5
16 9
fmin = 6 = 1. N
5 5
V du. 4. Tm cu..c tri. co die
` u kie.n cua ham
2 2
1) f (x, y) = x + y + xy 5x 4y + 10, x + y = 4.
2) u = f (x, y, z) = x + y + z 2
(
z x = 1,
y xz = 1.
` u bien 151
Giai. 1) Tu. phu.o.ng trnh rang buo.c x + y = 4 ta co y = 4 x va
f (x, y) = x2 + (4 x)2 + x(4 x) 5x 4(4 x) + 10

= x2 5x + 10,
ta thu du.o..c ham mo.t bien so
g(x) = x2 5x + 10
va cu..c tri. di.a phu.o.ng cua g(x) cung chnh la cu..c tri. co die
` u kie.n cua
ham f (x, y). Ap du.ng phu.o.ng phap khao sat ham so mo.t bien so doi
vo.i g(x) ta tm du.o..c g(x) co cu..c tieu di.a phu.o.ng
5 15
gmin = g =
2 4
Nhu.ng khi do ham f (x, y) da cho co
5 3
cu..c tieu co ù
die kie.n ta.i diem ,
2 2
5 3
(y = 4 x y = 4 = ) va
2 2
5 3 15
fmin = f , =
2 2 4
2) Tu. cac phu.o.ng trnh rang buo.c ta co
z =1+x
y = x2 + x + 1
va the vao ham da cho ta du.o..c ham mo.t bien so
u = f (x, y(x), z(x)) = g(x) = 2x2 + 4x + 2.
De dang thay ra`ng ham g(x) co cu..c tieu ta.i x = 1 (khi do y = 1,

z = 0) va do do ham f (x, y, z) co cu..c tieu co die ` u kie.n ta.i diem
(1, 1, 0) va
fmin = f (1, 1, 0) = 0. N
` u bien
V du. 5. Ba`ng phu.o.ng phap thu.a so bat di.nh Lagrange tm cu..c tri.
` u kie.n cua ham
co die
u = x + y + z2
vo.i die
` u kie.n
(
zx = 1
(9.16)
y xz = 1
(xem v du. 4, ii)).

Giai. Ta la.p ham Lagrange
F (x, y, z) = x + y + z 2 + 1 (z x 1) + 2 (y zx 1)
va xet he. phu.o.ng trnh

F

= 1 1 2 z = 0

x

F

= 1 + 2 = 0
y
F

= 2z + 1 2 x = 0

z

1 = z x 1 = 0

2 = y xz 1 = 0.
He. nay co nghie.m duy nhat x = 1, y = 1, z = 0, 1 = 1 va

2 = 1 ngha la M0 (1, 1, 0) la diem duy nhat co the co cu..c tri. cua
ham vo.i cac die
` u kie.n rang buo.c 1 va 2 .
Tu. cac he. thu.c
zx = 1
y xz = 1
ta thay ra`ng (9.16) xac di.nh ca.p ham an y(x) va z(x) (trong tru.o.ng
ho..p nay y(x) va z(x) de dang rut ra tu. (9.16)). Gia su. the nghie.m
` u bien 153
y(x) va z(x) vao he. (9.16) va ba`ng cach lay vi phan cac do
` ng nhat
. . .
thu c thu du o. c ta co
( (
dz dx = 0 dz = dx
(9.17)
dy xdz zdx = 0 dy = (x + z)dx.
Bay gio. tnh vi phan cap hai cua ham Lagrange
d2 F = 2(dz)2 22 dxdz. (9.18)
Thay gia tri. 2 = 1 va (9.17) vao (9.18) ta thu du.o..c da.ng toan
phu.o.ng xac di.nh du.o.ng la
d2 F = 4dx2 .
Tu. do suy ra ham da cho co cu..c tieu co die

` u kie.n ta.i diem
M0(1, 1, 0) va fmin = 0. N
V du. 6. Tm gia tri. lo.n nhat va nho nhat cua ham
f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 xy + x + y
`n
trong mie
D = {x 6 0, y 6 0, x + y > 3}.
Giai. Mie` n D da cho la tam giac OAB vo.i dnh ta.i A(3, 0),
B(0, 3) va O(0, 0).
i) Tm cac diem du.ng:
fx0 = 2x y + 1 = 0
fy0 = 2y x + 1 = 0
Tu. do x = 1, y = 1. Va.y diem du.ng la M(1, 1).

Ta.i diem M ta co:
f (M) = f (1, 1) = 1.
` u bien
ii) Ta co
00
A = fxx (1, 1) = 2
00
B = fxy (1, 1) = 1
00
C = fyy (1, 1) = 2.
Va.y AC B 2 = 4 1 = 3 > 0, nen ham co bie.t thu.c AC B 2 > 0

va A = 2 > 0. Do do ta.i diem M no co cu..c tieu di.a phu.o.ng va
fmin = 1.
iii) Khao sat ham tren bien cua mie ` n D.
+) Khi x = 0 ta co f = y 2 + y. Doi vo.i ham mo.t bien f = y 2 + y,
3 6 y 6 0 ta co

(fln )x=0 = 6 ta.i diem (0, 3)
1 1
(fnn )x=0 = ta.i diem 0, .
4 2
+) Khi y = 0 ta co ham mo.t bien f = x2 + x, 3 6 x 6 0 va
tu.o.ng tu..:

(fln )y=0 = 6 ta.i diem (0, 3)
1 1
(fnn )y=0 = ta.i diem , 0 .
4 2
+) Khi x + y = 3 y = 3 x ta co f (x) = 3x2 + 9x + 6 va
3 3 3
(fnn )x+y=3 = ta.i diem ,
4 2 2

(fln ) x+y=3 = 6 ta.i diem (0, 3) va (3, 0).
iv) So sanh cac gia tri. thu du.o..c doi vo.i f ta ket lua.n fln = 6 ta.i
(0, 3) va (3, 0) va gia tri. fnn = 1 ta.i diem du.ng (1, 1).
BAI TA
.P
` u bien 155
Hay tm cu..c tri. cua cac ham sau day

1. f = 1 + 6x x2 xy y 2. (DS. fmax = 13 ta.i diem (4, 2))
2. f = (x 1)2 + 2y 2. (DS. fmin = 0 ta.i diem (1, 0))
3. f = x2 + xy + y 2 2x y. (DS. fmin = 1 ta.i diem (1, 0))
4. f = x3y 2 (6 x y) (x > 0, y > 0). (DS. fmax = 108 ta.i diem (3, 2))
5. f = 2x4 + y 4 x2 2y 2 .
(DS. fmax = 0 ta.i diem (0, 0),

9 1 1

fmin = ta.i cac diem M1 , 1 va M2 ,1
8 2 2
9 1 1

fmin = ta.i cac diem M3 , 1 va M4 , 1 )
8 2 2
2 +xy+y 2 )
6. f = (5x + 7y 25)e(x .
(DS. fmax = 313 ta.i diem M1 (1, 3),

1 3
fmin = 26e1/52 ta.i diem M2 , )
26 26
50 20
7. f = xy + + , x > 0, y > 0. (DS. fmin = 30 ta.i diem (5, 2))
x y
8. f = x + xy + y 6x 9y. (DS. fmin = 21 ta.i diem (1, 4))
2 2

9. f = x y x2 y + 6x + 3. (DS. fmax = 15 ta.i diem (4, 4))
2
10. f = (x2 + y) ey . (DS. fmin = ta.i (0, 2))
e
11. f = 2 + (x 1) (y + 1) . (DS. fmin = 2 ta.i diem (1, 1))
4 6
n. Ta.i diem M0 (1, 1) ta co (M0) = 0. Ca

Ch da ` n khao sat dau
cua f (M) f (M0 ) = f (1 + x, 1 + y) f (1, 1).
12. f = 1 (x 2)4/5 y 4/5. (DS. fmax = 1 ta.i diem (2, 0))
n. Ta.i diem (2, 0) ham khong kha vi. Khao sat dau cua
Ch da
f (M) f (M0 ), M0 = (2, 0).
` u bien
Tm cu..c tri. co die

` u kie.n cua cac ham sau day
13. f = xy vo.i die

` u kie.n x + y = 1.
1 1 1
(DS. fmax = ta.i diem , )
4 2 2
14. f = x + 2y vo.i die
` u kie.n x2 + y 2 = 5.
(DS. fmax = 5 ta.i diem (1, 2))

x y
15. f = x2 + y 2 vo.i die
` u kie.n + = 1.
2 3
36 18 12
(DS. fmin = ta.i diem , )
13 13 13
16. f = x 2y + 2z vo.i die ` u kie.n x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9.
(DS. fmin = 9 ta.i diem (1, 2, 2); fmax = 9 ta.i (1, 2, 2).)
17. f = xy vo.i die

` u kie.n 2x + 3y = 5.
25 5 5
(DS. fmax = ta.i diem , )
24 4 6
x y
18. 1) f = x2 + y 2 vo.i die
` u kie.n rang buo.c + = 1.
4 3
144 36 48
(DS. fmin = ta.i , )
25 25 25
2) f = exy vo.i die
` u kie.n x + y = 1.
1 1
(DS. fmax = e1/4 ta.i diem , )
2 2
n. Co the su. du.ng phu.o.ng phap khu. bien.
Ch da
19. f = x2 + y 2 + 2z 2 vo.i die

` u kie.n x y + z = 1.
(DS. fmin = 0, 4 ta.i diem (0, 4; 0, 4; 0, 2))
20. f = x3 + y 2 z 3 + 5 vo.i die

` u kie.n x + y z = 1.
10 4 8 4
(DS. fmin = 5 ta.i diem (0, 0, 0) va fmax = 7 ta.i diem , , )
27 3 3 3
` u bien 157
21. f = xyz vo.i cac die

` u kie.n x + y + z = 5, xy + yz + zx = 8.
4 4 4 7 4 7 4 7 4 4
(DS. fmax = 4 ta.i , , ; , , ; , ,
27 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
fmin = 4 ta.i (2, 2, 1); (2, 1, 2); (1, 2, 2))
Tm gia tri. lo.n nhat va nho nhat cua cac ham so sau.
22. f = x2y(2 x y), D la tam giac du.o..c gio.i ha.n bo.i cac doa.n
thang x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 6.
1
(DS. fln = ta.i diem (1, 2); fnn = 128 ta.i diem (4, 2)).
4
23. f = x + y, D = {x2 + y 2 6 1}.
2 2
(DS. fln = 2 ta.i diem bien , ;
2 2
2 2
fnn = 2 ta.i diem bien , ).
2 2
24. Tu. mo.i tam giac co chu vi ba`ng 2p, hay tm tam giac co die.n tch
lo.n nhat.
n. Da.t a = x, b = y c = 2p x y va ap du.ng cong
Ch da
thu.c Heron
p
S = p(p x)(p y)(x + y p)
` u).
(DS. Tam giac de
25. Xac di.nh gia tri. lo.n nhat va nho nhat cua ham
f = x2 y 2 , D = {x2 + y 2 6 1}
(DS. fln = 1 ta.i (1, 0) va (1, 0);

fnn = 1 ta.i (0, 1) va (0, 1)).
26. Xac di.nh gia tri. lo.n nhat va nho nhat cua ham
f = x3 y 3 3xy, D = {0 6 x 6 2, 1 6 y 6 2}.
` u bien
(DS. fln = 13 ta.i diem (2, 1);

fnn = 1 ta.i diem (1, 1) va (0, 1)).

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Bi tp ton cao cp

Nguyn Thy Thanh

NXB i hc quc gia H Ni 2007, 158 Tr.

T kho: Bi tp ton cao cp, Gii hn dy s, Gii hn hm s, Tnh lin tc

Ti liu trong Th vin in t H Khoa hc T nhin c th s dng cho mc

7 Gio.i ha.n va lien tu.c cua ham so 3

8 Phep tnh vi phan ham mo.t bien 60

8.2.2 Vi phan cap cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

9 Phep tnh vi phan ham nhie ` u bien 109

Gio.i ha.n va lien tu.c cua

7.1 Gio.i ha.n cua day so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

7.3 Ham lien tu.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

7.1 Gio.i ha.n cua day so

a1, a2, . . . , an , . . . (7.1)

hoa.c {an }, trong do an = f (n), n N du.o..c go.i la so ha.ng tong quat

> 0, N () : n > N |an a| < . (7.2)

iii) So a khong phai la gio.i ha.n cua day (7.1) neu:

> 0, N : n > N |an a| > . (7.3)

< an a < a < an < a + . (7.4)

i) Day an khong bi. cha.n.

Khi do vo.i mo.i n > N ta co:

|an an1 | > 1.

Neu so a nao do la gio.i ha.n cua day (an ) th bat da

|an 3/5| < 0, 01 (DS. N = 5)

9. Chu.ng minh ra`ng day: an = (1)n + 1/n phan ky.

12. Tm gio.i ha.n cua day so:

14. Chu.ng minh ra`ng

ii) Doi vo.i di.nh ly (i) va (ii) cung ca

2) Bien doi an tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. 1) ta co:

Bieu thu.c ma u so ba`ng:

Tu.o.ng tu.. lim bn = 1.

Nhu. va.y an < cn < bn va lim an = lim bn = 1. Tu. do suy ra

Tm gio.i ha.n lim an neu

lim an+1 = lim an .

Gia su. da chu.ng minh du.o..c ra`ng an 6 2.

lim a2n+1 = 2 lim an

hay a2 2a = 0 va thu du.o..c a1 = 0, a2 = 2.

lim x2n = lim(a + xn1 ) = a + lim xn1

hay neu gia thiet lim xn = A th: A2 = a + A A2 A a = 0 va

0 < a1 < 1, an+1 = an (2 an ) n > 1. (7.10)

` u tien chu.ng minh ra`ng an bi. cha.n, ma cu. the la ba`ng

0 < an < 1. (7.11)

Ta co 0 < a1 < 1. Gia su. (7.11) da du.o..c chu.ng minh vo.i n va ta

lim an+1 = lim an lim(2 an )

hay a = a(2 a).

1. Cho cac day so:

n. Chu.ng minh ra`ng an la day do.n die.u giam

6. Chu.ng minh ra`ng day

> 0, N N n > N m > N |an am | > .

V du. 1. Chu.ng minh ra`ng day

cos 1 cos 2 cos n

Giai. Ta u.o.c lu.o..ng hie.u

` n lay so n > N bat ky va p = n. Tu. do theo me.nh de

7.2 Gio.i ha.n ham mo.t bien

x Df {x; 0 < |x a| < ()}

Ky hie.u: lim f (x) = A.

x Df {x : a < x < a + } (x Df {x : a < x < a})

Ta lu.u y ra`ng cac ky hie.u vu.a neu ch chu.ng to f (x) la vo cung

f1 (x) lim f1 (x)

4) Neu trong lan ca.n U (a; ) = {x : 0 < |x a| < } ta co

khi va ch khi (an), an D \ {a}, an a

lim f (an ) 6= lim f 0 (an ).

1) lim [f (x)+g(x)]; f , g la cac vo cung lo.n (vo di.nh da.ng ).

V -lan ca.n diem a = 3 [tu.c la khoang (3 ; 3 + )]khong