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DAN RESIKO
Dr. Andi Muhammad Subhan S, S.T.,M.T
CONTOH IDENTIFIKASI BAHAYA DAN RESIKO
Accident,
Moving Slippery Loss of Injuries,
Vehicle Road Slow Down Control ABS Fatalities
Managing Safety and Health Risk -
Objectives
To ensure that:
The hazards inherent in the operations have been systematically
identified and assessed and are fully understood at the appropriate
levels in the organisation.
Bahaya yang melekat dalam operasi/pekerjaan telah diidentifikasi dan dinilai secara
sistematis dan sepenuhnya dipahami pada tingkat yang sesuai dalam organisasi.
At workplace categorized:
Hazard Physical, Chemical, Biological & Physcosocial
Hazard - examples
Chemical
Physical
Biological
Toxicological lab
(catering facility at distant work station)
Physcosocial
List Top Events or Incidents which will result when hazards are released and
Daftar Top Events atau Insiden yang akan terjadi ketika bahaya dilepaskan
Loss of containment
Electrical shock
People
Asset
Hazard Top Event Damage
(Incident)
Environment
Reputation
Consequences - examples
Serious injury
Death
Latent illness or disease which has long gestation period
Property damage - own or public
Environmental damage
Loss of reputation leading to loss in current and
prospective business
Loss of revenue - paying for compensation, medical
expenses, production loss or deferment
Step 4 - Hazard register
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
Step 5 -Risk ranking
Using the Risk Matrix & brainstorming techniques rank the hazards
occurring
RISK MATRIX
A B C D E
NEVER HEARD OF INCIDENT HAPPENS HAPPENS
RATING PEOPLE ASSETS ENVIRONMENT REPUTATION INCIDENT HAS SEVERAL SEVERAL
HEARD OF
IN OCCURRED TIMES TIMES
IN PER YEAR PER YEAR
INDUSTRY IN OUR
INDUSTRY COMPANY IN CO. AT LOCATION
No No No No
0 injury damage impact impact
RM Manage for
1 Slight Slight Slight Slight Continuous Inprovement
injury damage impact impact
RM
2 Minor Minor Minor Limited Demonstrate
injury damage impact impact
RM ALARP
Major Local Localised Considerable
3 damage impact impact
injury
RM
4 Single Major Major Major
fatality damage impact national INTOLERABLE
RM Incorporate Risk
5 Multiple Extensive Massive Major Reduction measures
fatalities damage impact international Prepare HSE Case
RM
Ranking Risk Probability
X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X
Consequence - definition
Harm to people
No. Description
1 Slight Injury or health effects (including first aid case and medical traement case) -Not affecting work
performance or causing disability
2 Minor injury or health effects(Lost Time Injury) - Affecting work performance, such as restriction to work
activities (Restricted Workday Case) or a need to take a few days to fully recover(Lost Workday Case).
Limited health effects are reversible e.g. skin irritation, food poisoning.
3. Major injury or health effects ( including Permanent Partial Disability) - Affecting work performance in the longer
term,such as prolonged absence from work. Irreversible health damage without loss of life, e.g. noise induced
hearing loss, chronic back injuries
Damage to Asset
No. Description
0 Zero Damage
No. Description
1 Slight effect - Local environment damage. Within the fence and within systems. Negligible financial
consequences
2 Minor effect - Contamination. Damage sufficiently large to attack the environment. Single exceedance of
statutory or prescribed criterion. Single complaint. No permanent effect on the environment.
3. Localised effect - Limited loss of discharges of known toxicity. Repeated exceedance of statutory or
prescribed limit. Affecting neighbourhood.
4. Major effect - Severe environmental damage. The company is required to take extensive measures to
restore the contaminated environment to its original state. Extended exceedance of statutory or prescribed
limits
5. Massive effect - Persistent severe environmental damage or severe nuisance extending over a large area.
In terms of commercial or recreational use of nature conservancy, a major economic loss for the
company. Constant, high exceedance of statutory or prescribed limits.
Consequence - definition
Impact on Reputation
No. Description
1 Slight impact - Public awareness may exist, but there is no public concern.
2 Limited impact - Some local public concern. Some local media and / or local political attention with
potentially adverse aspects for company operations.
3. Considerable impact - Regional public concern. Extensive adverse attention in local media. Slight national
media and/ or local / regional political attention. Adverse stance of local government and / or action groups.
4. National impact - National public concern. Extensive adverse attention in the national media. Regional /
national policies with potentially restrictive measures and / or impact on grant of licences. Mobilisation of
action groups.
5. International impact - International public attention. Extensive adverse attention in international media.
National / International policies with potentially severe impact on access to new areas, grants of
licences and / or tax legislation
Step 6 - Threats
A possible cause that will release the hazard to become a top event-
includes thermal, biological, electrical, chemical, kinetic, climatic,
radiation or human factors
People
Threat
Asset
Threat Damage
Hazard Top Event
(Incident)
Environment
Threat
Reputation
Threat - examples
High temperature
Corrosion
Bacteria
Overpressure
Erosion
High voltage
Ultraviolet radiation
Environmental conditions
Human incompetence
Design / process unknowns
Step 7 - Barriers
A Barrier is defined as :
People
Threat Barrier Barrier
Asset
Threat Barrier Barrier Damage
Hazard Top Event
(Incident)
Environment
Threat Barrier Barrier
Reputation
Barrier - examples
M P R
C E
I
O
H T B T S
A H A
N
T I
A T
Z R R A O
TOP G
A R I R
E EVENT A
R I N A
A T
D
T
E M
E I
E T
I
R
N
O O
T
N N
R
Consequences
Recovery Measures - examples
Recovery People
Threat Barrier Barrier Measures
Recovery Asset
Threat Barrier Barrier Measures Damage
Hazard Top Event
(Incident)
Recovery Environment
Threat Barrier Barrier Measures
Recovery
Measures Reputation
Escalation
controls
Escalation Controls - Examples
Recovery People
Threat Barrier Barrier Measures
Recovery Asset
Threat Barrier Barrier Measures Damage
Hazard Top Event
(Incident)
Recovery Environment
Threat Barrier Barrier Measures
Recovery
Measures Reputation
Escalation
controls
Completed Hazards & Effects Register
C5
X X X X X X X X X X D4,5 X
E3,4,5
X X X X X X X X
C5
X X X X X X X X X X D4,5
E3,4,5
X X X X X X X X X
Step 11
Hazard Performance
Measures
Standards
Barrier Procedures Reports
Inputs Outputs
Control
HSE HSE
critical Critical activity
Top task
Event
Recovery
Measures Staff
Competency
Design & Construction
Operations
Consequences Maintenance
Supervisor
Inspection
Business Activity
Activity Hazard relationship
Input Output Performance criteria
Maint. procedures Tank repair Trend on corrosion of
Maint. Strategy report tank
Failure record
Responsible party Competence
External coating of
Barrier tanks
Example on Barrier
Hydrocarbon liquid under
Hazard pressure in tanks
Activity Hazard relationship
Input Output Performance criteria
Govt. Regulations Emergency Trend in emergency
ERP/Oil spill response Drill report response
plan
Responsible party Competence
Example on
Hydrocarbon liquid under Recovery Measure
Hazard pressure in tanks
51
Control
Assess
Recovery
Identify
Accident,
Moving Slippery Loss of Injuries,
Vehicle Road Slow Down Control ABS Fatalities
Incompetent driver
Spill/contamination
Not sure discharge procedure Loss of
Poor attitude containment Stop work order
Companys reputation
Training ER procedure
Supervision Bund-wall
Design of skid tank Supervision C
Threat 1 O
Consequence n
N
Refined hydrocarbon
Threat 2 S
Consequence 3 E
Threat 3 Recovery Q
Barriers Top Event Preparedness
Measures U
Threat 4
Consequence 2 E
N
Consequence 1
C
Threat n Multiple supplier Bundwall E
non standard fittings valve open
S
Escalation factors
(saboteur)
x
x
x
x
x
x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
The Children & the Bull
Hazard = the bull
Top Event = Loss of containment (escape of bull)
Threats Controls/Barriers Escalation Factors
corroded fence galvanised material acid rain
rotting posts treated wood termites, age
metal posts corrosion
bull leans on fence barbed wire anger (state of mind)
Red Ball, barking dog
bull charges fence barbed wire, 4 strands yelling child, dog
metal posts
electric fence
falling tree limbs prune trees weather, age, insects
gate unlatched/open sign, lock ability to read,
vandalism
The Children & the Bull
Consequences = multiple fatalites
Top Event = Loss of containment (escape of bull)
Recovery Measures Esalation. Factors Escalation Factor Controls
dog attack bull dog not trained send for regular training
run to car panic situation carry out simulation exercise
failed to fire Regular service of gun
shoot the bull
Therapy and practice
climb tree Height phobia
run in different panic situation carry out simulation exercise
directions
Coincident or Not ?
If,
ABC D EFGHI J K L M N O PQ R S T U V W X Y
Z
Equals,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26
Then,
K+ N +O +W+ L +E+D+G+E
11 + 14 + 15 + 23 + 12 + 5 + 4 + 7 + 5 = 96%
H+A+R +D+W+ O+ R +K
8 + 1 + 18 + 4 + 23 + 15 + 18 + 11 = 98%
Both are important, but the total falls just short of 100%
But,
A+T +T + I+T + U +D+E
Safety really1 +is20
about
+ 20 attitude. Make
+ 9 + 20 + 21 + 4 +100%
5 = Safe
100% Behavior your choice
both ON and OFF the job