SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Important concepts

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Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 2013
Science, Research and Innovation System for High Technology led path for India (SRISHTI) is
the main policy goal.

Attracting Young Talent to Science

Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE) is an ongoing initiative for
attraction of talent for science and research.
INSPIRE has three components:
i. Scheme for Early Attraction of Talent (SEATS)
ii. Scholarship for Higher Education (SHE)
iii. Assured Opportunity for Research Careers (AORC)

ASPIRE vs INSPIRE
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Opportunities for Women Scientists
Department has launched several initiatives for women in science under its flagship scheme
namely KIRAN (Knowledge Involvement in Research Advancement through Nurturing).
KIRAN is addressing various issues related with women scientists (e.g. unemployment, relocation
etc.) and aimed to provide opportunities in research (WOS-A), technology
development/demonstration (WOS-B), and self-employment (WOS-C) etc.

Climate Change
- National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE) and National Mission
for
Strategic Knowledge on Climate Change (NMSKCC) launched under National Action Plan for
Climate Change (NAPCC) are under implementation by the Department.

- Himalayas Climate Change Portal has been launched to make the knowledge on Himalayas
readily available for the end users and community.
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National Supercomputing Mission was approved in March 2015. This is a visionary programme
to enable India to leapfrog to the league of world class computing power nations.

The Mission is under implementation jointly by the Department of Science and Technology
(DST) and Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY) at an estimated cost
of 4,500 crore over a period of seven years

DST has launched a new programme viz. Science and Technology of Yoga and Meditation
(SATYAM) in 2015-16 to rejuvenate research in yoga and meditation.

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National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing Innovations (NIDHI) has been evolved as
an umbrella scheme for a seamless innovation ecosystem booster.

specific components of NIDHI are:

I. Promotion and Acceleration of Young and Aspiring innovators & Startups (PRAYAS) -
Support from Idea to Prototype;
II. Entrepreneur in Residence (EIR) - Support system to reduce risk;
III. Startup-NIDHI through Innovation and Entrepreneurship Development Centres (IEDCs) in
academic institutions for encouraging students to promote start-ups;
IV. Start-up Centre in collaboration with MHRD inculcating a spirit of entrepreneurship in
National Institutions of Higher Learning.

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MANAK (Million Minds Augmenting National Aspirations and Knowledge): To widen the
base of the innovation pyramid by cultural intervention, ideas relevant to the national needs to
be invited from 10 lakh school students in any language.

Survey of India (SOI), the national survey and mapping organisation under the Ministry of
Science and Technology.

South pole---- maitri, bharati

North ---- himadri (svalbard)
to better study and quantify the Himalayan glacier responses towards the climate change,
National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR), Goa, under the Ministry of Earth
Sciences has established a high altitude research station in Himalaya called HIMANSH (literally
meaning, a slice of ice), situated above 13,500 ft (> 4000 m) at a remote region in Spiti,
Himachal Pradesh.
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 DEFENCE
. CRUISE vs BALlISTIC.

A ballistic missile is only guided during relatively brief periods of flight (there are unguided
ballistic missiles as well, such as 9K52 Luna-M, although these may well be considered
rockets), and most of its trajectory is unpowered and governed by gravity and air resistance
if in the atmosphere.

This contrasts to a cruise missile, which is aerodynamically guided in powered flight.

Long range intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) are launched on a sub-orbital flight
trajectory and spend most of their flight out of the atmosphere.

Shorter range ballistic missiles stay within the Earth's atmosphere

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IGMDP.

Short range surface-to-surface missile - Prithvi

Short range low-level surface-to-air missile - Trishul
Medium range surface-to-air missile - Akash
Third-generation anti-tank missile - Nag
AGNI
SAGARIKA
DHANUSH NAVAL PRITHVI
SURYA

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Brahmos:
supersonic. Mach 2.8 3.0
290 km -> MTCR -> Raised.
Two satge. Sollid and ramjet liquid.
Fastest anti ship cruise missile.
Moskva+Brahmaputra.
NIRBAHY : subsonic cruise. 700-1000km.

AGNI:
Ballistic. Nuclear.

MIRV
Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle.

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PRITHVI 1- ARMY
PRITHVI 2- AIR FORCE
DHANUSH NAVY

Surface to surface. 350 km ramge. Nuclear capable single stage.

First missile under IGMDP

VARUNASTRA: anti submarine torpedo.

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Tejas. Flying daggers 45. smallest lightest multirole supersonic aircraft.HAL + ADA +
DRDO.
24- MARUT

PROJECT 15B ships with cutting edge advanced tech. comparable to best ships of
similar class in the world. Mormugao.

AEW & CS netra. Airborne early warning and control system.

S- 400. AIR DEFENCE missile system.

BARAK 8.

KAMOV ka-226 helicopters.

DHANUSH- Artillery guns. Indigenous.
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SONAR systems:
Abhay
Humsa
AIDSS
NACS.

INS VIKRAMADITYA:only carrier

RETIRED: INS viraat- world longest serving warship.

INS vishal, vikrant. Under process.

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PROJECT 75 six scorpene class submarines being built
KHANDERI: submarine.
ARIHNAT NUCLEAR SUBMARINE. First indigenous nuclear submarine. Nuclear
missiles. SSBN- SHIP SUBMERSIBLE BALLISTIC NUCLEAR. Assured second strike
capability.Pressurised light water nuclear reactor with enriched uranium)
Kalvari : diesel. Stealth submarine. First indigenous.
Scorpene class?

Solar in ship: first. INS SURVEKSHAK.

SWATHI: weapon locating radar.

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AWACS 360 deg
AEWACS (Airborne Early Warning and Control System) 240 deg

BMD system:
Prithvi exo( >30km)
Ashwin(advanced air defence) endo.( <30km)

ASTRA: indigenous
MICA:
Beyund visual range air to air missiles.

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 SPACE
PSLV
-4 Stages.
-1750kg sun synchronous, polar orbit
-1425kg geosynchronous, geostationary
-PSLV C37- 104 SATELLITES, CARTOSTAT.
-PSLV C36- RESOURCESAT
-PSLV C35- TWO DIFFERENT ORBITS.

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Geostationary orbit
A satellite on a geostationary or geosynchronous orbit stays in the same spot relative to Earth. It flies
at an altitude of about 35,790 km, orbiting with the planet in the same direction.
This is why to people on the ground, it looks like the satellite is stationary.
Geosynchronous satellites are often used to monitor weather events or transmit television and
communications signals.

Polar orbit is one in which a satellite passes above or nearly above both poles of the Earth. It
therefore has an inclination of (or very close to) 90 degrees to the equator. This allows the satellite
to see virtually every part of the Earth as the Earth rotates underneath it.
It takes approximately 90 minutes for the satellite to complete one orbit. These satellites have
many uses such as measuring ozone concentrations in the stratosphere or measuring temperatures
in the atmosphere. Polar orbiting satellites are generally used for photography and mapping.

LEO- remote sensing. Spying.

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MEO. The most common use for satellites in this region is for navigation, communication, and
geodetic/space environment science.
The most common altitude is approximately 20,200 kilometres, which yields an orbital period
of 12 hours, as used, for example, by the Global Positioning System (GPS).Other satellites in
medium Earth orbit include Glonass (with an altitude of 19,100 kilometres and Galileo (with an
altitude of 23,222 kilometres constellations.
Communications satellites that cover the North and South Pole are also put in MEO.
A high Earth orbit is a geocentric orbit with an altitude entirely above that of a
geosynchronous orbit (35,786 kilometres)

A highly elliptical orbit (HEO) is an elliptic orbit with a low-altitude (often under 1,000
kilometres perigee and a high-altitude (often over 35,786 kilometres) apogee. RUSSIA.
Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO, also called a heliosynchronous orbit is a geocentric orbit that
combines altitude and inclination in such a way that the satellite passes over any given point of
the planet's surface at the same local solar time. Such an orbit can place a satellite in constant
sunlight and is useful for imaging, spy, and weather satellites.

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A radiation belt is a zone of energetic charged particles, most of which originate from the solar
wind that is captured by and held around a planet by that planet's magnetic field.
The Earth has two such belts and sometimes others may be temporarily created. Earth's belts
are known as the Van Allen belts
Most of the particles that form the belts are thought to come from solar wind and other particles
by cosmic rays. By trapping the solar wind, the magnetic field deflects those energetic particles
and protects earth atmosphere.
The inner Van Allen Belt extends 1,000 km to 6,000 km above the Earth. outer belt -13,000
to 60,000 kilometres.

TEAM INDUS.
SPACE X.

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A scramjet (supersonic combusting ramjet) is a variant of a ramjet air breathing jet engine in
which combustion takes place in supersonic airflow.

As in ramjets, a scramjet relies on high vehicle speed to forcefully compress the incoming air
before combustion (hence ramjet), but a ramjet decelerates the air to subsonic velocities before
combustion, while airflow in a scramjet is supersonic throughout the entire engine.
This allows the scramjet to operate efficiently at extremely high speeds.

USA, RUSSIA, EU. INDIA.

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SCRAMJET

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cryogenic : hydrogen as fuel. Liquid oxygen as oxidizer.
NASA mission called the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS).

The CYGNSS mission will use eight micro-satellites to measure wind speeds over Earth's oceans,
increasing the ability of scientists to understand and predict hurricanes. Each satellite will take
information based on the signals from four GPS satellites.
New Frontiers program is a series of space exploration missions being conducted by NASA with
the purpose of researching several of the Solar System bodies, including the dwarf planet Pluto.

Goldilock zone? Water.

G waves- oscillations in space time fabric. By massive acceleration of big object.
NAVIC.

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CASPOL- WATER BASED ready to coat. Ceramic polymer hybrid. Temp and fire resistant. VSSC.
SOFIA- PLANE. Airborne observatory. Stratospheric observatory for infrared astronomy.
QUESS SATELLITE.
JAMES WEBB TELESCOPE. SPACE BASED.

SHERLOC TECH: scanning habitable environments with raman and luminescence for organics and
chemicals. For mars 2020n mission
PSYCHE.
100 YEARS PROG- UAE. MARS 2117. NURTURE NATIONAL CADRES/

CHANDRA X RAY OBSERVATORY. SPACE BASED.

COPERNICUS EARTH OBSERVATION PROG- SENTINEL FAMILY. EU.
ALMA TELESCOPE ARRAY- CHILI

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LISA PATHFINDER-
LISA- SPACE BASED. 3 CRAFT. G WAVES. USES LASER INTERFEROMETRY.

NEW HORIZON: BEYOND PLUTO. KUIPER BELT(BEYOND NEPTUNE)

JUNO. JUPITER. GALILEO.

DAWN- ceres(dwarf planet, only one in inner circle of solar system. Largest object in asteroid
belt)
CASSINI-HUYGEN- SATURN.
Breakthrough Starshot, announced April 12, 2016, is a US $100 million program to develop a
proof-of-concept light sail spacecraft fleet capable of making the journey to Alpha Centauri
at 20% the speed of light (60,000 km/s or 215 million km/h) taking about 20 years to get
there, and about 4 years to notify Earth of a successful arrival.

DARK SKY RESERVE: china. Promote astronomy.

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OSIRIS REX--- ASTERIOD SAMPLING MISSION. Bennu asteroid.
NEUTRON STAR
A magnetar is a type of neutron star with an extremely powerful magnetic field. The
magnetic field decay powers the emission of high-energy electromagnetic radiation,
particularly X-rays and gamma rays
A pulsar is a highly magnetized, rotating neutron star or white dwarf, that emits a beam
of electromagnetic radiation
A blazar is a very compact quasar (quasi-stellar radio source) associated with a
presumed supermassive black hole at the center of an active, giant elliptical galaxy.
Blazars are among the most energetic phenomena in the universe

POINT NEMO-OCEANIC POLE OF INACCESSIBILITY. SOUTH PACIFIC.

Astrostat. Multiwave length space observatory.
GRAPES-3 GAMMA RAY ASTRONOMY PeV energies phase 3.
Ooty. Indo japan collaborations. To detect muons from cosmic ray showers. To study solar storms.
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Mission lucy--A trojan asteroid is an asteroid orbiting in the 4th or 5th Lagrange point of a
major planet in the Solar System. Currently there are six planets known to have..

an asteroid belonging to one of two groups which orbit the sun at the same distance as
Jupiter, at the Lagrangian points roughly 60 degrees ahead of it and behind it.

Venus trojans (1)

Earth trojans (1)
Mars trojans (7)
Jupiter trojans (6000+)
Uranus trojans (2)
Neptune trojans (18)

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GREAT RED SPOTS. STRING OF PEARLS.

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CubeSat is a type of miniaturized satellite for space research that is made up of
multiples of 101010 cm cubic units.
CubeSats have a mass of no more than 1.33 kilograms per unit, and often use
commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components for their electronics and structure.
CubeSats are most commonly put in orbit by deployers on the International Space
Station, or launched as secondary payloads on a launch vehicle.
Small spacecraft (SmallSats) focus on spacecraft with a mass less than 180 kilograms and
about the size of a large kitchen fridge. Even with small spacecraft, there is a large
variety of size and mass that can be differentiated.

Minisatellite, 100-180 kilograms

Microsatellite, 10-100 kilograms
Nanosatellite, 1-10 kilograms
Picosatellite, 0.01-1 kilograms
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Kessler syndrome (also called the Kessler effect, collisional cascading or ablation
cascade), proposed by the NASA scientist Donald J. Kessler in 1978, is a scenario in
which the density of objects in low earth orbit (LEO) is high enough that collisions
between objects could cause a cascade where each collision generates space debris
that increases the likelihood of further collisions.
SCATSAT-1 (Scatterometer Satellite-1) is a miniature satellite providing weather
forecasting, cyclone prediction, and tracking services to India.
Asteroid A relatively small, inactive, rocky body orbiting the Sun.
Comet A relatively small, at times active, object whose ices can vaporize in
sunlight forming an atmosphere (coma) of dust and gas and, sometimes, a tail of dust
and/or gas.
Meteoroid A small particle from a comet or asteroid orbiting the Sun.
Meteor The light phenomenon which results when a meteoroid enters the Earths
atmosphere and vaporizes; a shooting star.
Meteorite A meteoroid that survives its passage through the Earths atmosphere
and lands upon the Earths surface.
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NASA's series of Great Observatories satellites are four large, powerful space-based
astrono modules.mical telescopes
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) primarily observes visible light and near-ultraviolet
The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) primarily observed gamma rays, though
it extended into hard x-rays as well.
The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) primarily observes soft x-rays
The Spitzer Space Telescope (SST) observes the infrared spectrum.

Graveyard orbit- supersynchronus.

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DEVSTHAL optical telescope
3.6m Devesthal Optical Telescope is a clear aperture Ritchey-Chretien style
telescope built by Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences(ARIES)
and is located at the Devasthal Observatory site near Nainital, India.
Indo Belgian collaboration.

Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope- china. It consists of a fixed

500 m diameter dish constructed in a natural depression in the landscape. It is the
world's largest filled-aperture radio telescope, and the second-largest single-dish
aperture after the sparsely-filled RATAN-600 in Russia.

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NUCLEAR

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