<\, $\, yk\

(=M, bM, neTT~yTqM)

n] #j<$

2012
 $wjTd
1. <\T
2. $\T
3. yk\T

<\ , $\, yk\

(=M, bM, neTT~yTqM)

|#TsD \+ : 2012

+b+> : b+{H >|,

| ne{ u>*+>+|*, V<su<-44
bH : 27660000
 1. <\T nqT+<+
e n ny ]+{ qT+ m|& > e#<<T. e n >TeT+
+<T n&T>T|{+<+f esTT+{ |\\+<] |+&T> +&~. e#|&T
nqT+<+ ........................................................................ 5 |\\ +<] e ue=q _d{, #{ |T=#~. n+# n~
B |]cs+ .................................................................. 10 +&~>&+ &e > e #fi S fl eTTfiSfl <#T >T+|>& ysT. e
|[fl ejTdT .................................................................. 20
n ek+<+f H eT d+s+> e+&~. H dT \\&+ , s H
neT*q eT*q+ ............................................................... 27
MT<, fT >T&\ MT< |e\M &e TH #sTTw+ . e sTT+{ n+
VjYT VjYT .................................................................... 33
H &Ty+? .............................................................. 43 |Ps\+ |< > +T+~. |{ <>dT \ fi eT z kbdT
nHq n+sjT+ ..................................................... 45 nM @MT e+&e. yTeTT >Te\ s\T TeTT ` m+#+f e
<XeT+f eTqTw\T s? ................................................. 48 sTT+{ n+ eT&, #s+ Bq, e neT m|& eT& T H e+
nd\T n<+ .................................................................... 52 #dT + ~. eT& T q&# |&T s +#\ >TeT+s *+<+f
n<$Te! .................................................................... 56 ## T #* Dd T H kq+ #d eTs Te\d+<! n+#
eTq+ qjTyTH! .............................................................. 61 >=&e+ m+<T >Te\ s\ T Te&+ |< |T<T . ds ,
|]esq ......................................................................... 65 kb\T, fT e+{s! e sTT+{ dE >T]+ MT+>
e<Te d+ nHwD ........................................................ 72 *jTbe#T ` nd<H n+<yTq, $\Tyq edTe+<+f <
b&T#jT yT yfifl se +. s +#\ kb\T= +{ |{sq T+&!
D + qT+ e qeTT&T |< #\ T yT> HjT |>\
sfifl L& y{ MT< |&T +{q+{sT. Mfie Tqd >V +# e
Hq>sT esTT+{ |\\ +<] (including myself) |j >s y T q z

n] #j<$ s 4 <\, $\, yk\ s 5

ns&qT T+> #|\T = |&XsT +{. e n y[fl+{ n+ HqT Ns =qT+{qT n+~ n. H fie T+&+~. q qqNs
(modern) y&sY |<. kbd{, &+> fT yTT<qe HsTT qT=qT eT< n q+~ =qTe&+ @$T{? nd\T e n
y[fl+{. e n eePsT e#|& = = >T&\ T, <s\T n e + <y q|++~. nHH }] qe @+ HqT d# d q
|T e#~. rsT&> & qHfiS Te#Tq. HqT e n Ns q#<? nH> n++! nsTTH |<! H qq Ns HqT
m+ help #d<. =qT+{q+f @eT+{&T? ` yfi +{yfi >~ sVd+>
d++ |+&> e ueL& e#&T nuT. yTeT+<s+ yTTV+ y#T yT |&&y nH nqTeq+ *Z+~H. H
eT]+ d+s|& +. |+&> s |q> e#sT <s . e n $yVyT nqTeq+ yT nsTTe+T+<qTHqT L&. + |< #<Te
eT&fifl +~. |[flnj en ny ]+{ y[b sTT+~ eTeT* n+<] #~$qy&T, qMqjTTe&T, ~ L& 'dictatorial policy' >H
$&. n<+ Xsy e ueeTT k]L& s<T esTT+{. |+#&+ H s yd+ ~. e Hq>sT eT nHjT+! eue
m|& d\e <=s < H n+ e+&y&T. HeTT u |+ e#~. { n qqNs =qTq+f m> ##& n|{ }sT
qT # > q *< + &T\ <>sZ +TH&T e n e+ eTeT* s +{ e# >~ LsT NyT |fy &y ! e Hq>s
n+< e~d nd+ n& yfifl* n =k] n nH< nsTT c|H q\TZ] m<T{ H\T>T y&y & > <T*|ksT . }],
qTe # > sTH\b T & +&b n|&T n *dedT+ ~ |sT jTq L& \=T yfifl &+ ! nd\T eT>yfifl+ n+Hy !
n. +qjT+! q& +&beTHe <T! HqT n& yfi b n+<T |[ #dT e&eT+f H \L& q#~<T. sE HqT
jTq yfi , |, uq+ nM mesT neTsTksT ? nH~ e n. @+ _.m. |y+q~ yTT<\T d++<\T y&+ bs+_+#sT e
yfifl neT>sTHsT>! nqTH< eTqdT. Hq>sT. _.m. nsTTb>H |[fl #d<eT. H e+ $yV+
MT qq \T rdT+<TsT> HL& c|s+ & nHsT e #dT e&+ dTseT w+ <T . + |<# < T e #~$ <>+ #d
Hq>sT nq, ueq. eTT>TZsT yfiflL&<T qTeL& yfifly VsTT> k+ J$+ >&b \ +&~. d $yV+ #dT +f us
n+~ neT yq\. eTeT+< Hq jT\T<sqT. c| yfifl >H #|+< q\T>T J$+ >&|e\dedT+~ ` nTe+{ <k
eTT+<T u+>TfiSsT d\T Ns\T jTeTHsT eHq>sT. <]<| z |PqT H e , k+ #d #+|qT nqTH<.
ju Ns\T ss \$ rd eeTT+<T |&X &T. n+{ { |+ H e\T k>Tj |{+ { nsTT e+! &< nsTT|{ m&
\sY Ns dq{ e$T&|+ <\ n+#T m+ ]++~ qq e H > >&T dT+ ~ J$+! H Xj \q, n_bj\q Ls
n. ~ u>T+~ n+~ e n <d #|d , @+? Ns u> |sT>T #XsT e Hq>sT. m nsTTH+ , _.m. yTT<{ d+es+|
< ? n+ e ue { \sY MT< dq #s\Tq Ns rd | b >H yd$ d\e eTTVAs+ XjT+#XsT. n<e T+ _.m. djTsY
#|+#&T. C nB u>He+~. m+# HeTT |+ \sY nsTTH |P]#k q @&qT. |[nj nqT |+f n> con-
Ns me> u>T+<|++~. e n #$ @~ meu>T+<? n tinue #<T > nHsT e Hq>sT.
sV d+> n&>qT. |+ \sY~ n+~ H #$. e ue n d# d H |[fl m+ |<m TM T< #jT & nH dHV\T #XsT. e
sTqeqe @+ ~ q#<? nH&T. nu, q#be&+ @$T{! }fi eHq>] u&+ |\T&. +<T $TT\+ nH $<\T>

n] #j<$ s 6 <\, $\, yk\ s 7

H |[ |jT bZHsT. Hfi fl eTT+<TqT+N ~ |[fly]\T n
ys #| qs < q T> +~ e \T. V&$& nB #d H z eT\
ds<>H +&~. H us nHy&T ek&T, HqT
usqeTHqT nH ue+ *Zq|& H Xs+ +|+#~. H
k+, e e Hq>sT * dTHsq $wjT+ \|
eq| & j T q| | s q+ | + Z ~ . H H < n>< +
|&b THHy q|+#~, n+<T d+ks+ k>s+ <T'K+ nHsT |<\ T
nqT, > +s+ y& sT $& }sTHqT.
$yV+ Xdj T T+ > ]|+#sT. $yVdeTjT+ e n, ue
m+ V+ |qT\T #XsT. e ne yfiS +T, d]ud\ T
&<+ nqT++f, e n, ue *d +Tf$T{ silly >qT!
<] | rdT >&< &eTq+& mesT H>T Z s #<+ nHsT.
ds n+f ds n || T e eTeT* <] &eTHsT. e n H
| H LsT+~ d\V e&+d+. e ue |[fl=&T | LsT
d\V*dTH &T. yTT+ MT< y[<s eTeT* n\\qT #d T ydXsT.
yTT>|[flys+ #|T ={sT. HqT #Ts#Ts #XqT |[fl=&Td.
n sTqe $jT>s + +&e+ #d+ ~. HqT eT eTT&#d T HqT.
>~ n+ m+ n+<+> n\+]+#sT &yfi+ *d. HqTe+
H dVTs\T *d z >~ LsTH TsT #|P. N{ |&TTq=B
H >T+&\T <&< & =Tk>sTT. e<Te < m+| T{H qqT |e\&
nM yd u> eTTkT #XsT. HqTe< n++f e nj
|&> +T+~ ` s| b<T{qT+ edH #ky! n+~
k>BdT+. |> eue e 'Next Year' #<Te >T]+
n&T>Te < n! n+ |\T]+#&T. n+<s qysT.
uH\j e +<Te\ <>Zs LsTH. n+<s+ +\T
ydT +TH+. + e #\ T e ue seT+TH& n+~. e
n #Tq +~ #|MT+. qT <jYT =u e q!, n+
\\q$+~. HqT yfifl | +~<T. HeT~> k${< e rXqT. n&
<jYT |& >~ LsT s &j $+TH&T n+~ e #\ T.
n] #j<$ s 8
HqT >TeT+ n&T>T |fd ] sTqe e+~ Vq+. de<q+>
sTqe qe<eTqTH m+<T #|sd>TZ H \e+#d+~.
HeT~> y[fl fT <>sZ q T+#TH. >&<q T #Xq HMT< |e n+
>&+ |T H\ | sT . < TsePbqT +> eTqdT |+>H
+~ n <=+> &q+<T.
s &j dq> +^w d+^+ ek+~. >~ n+ X+>
+&&+ eTq d+^yT jT ]++~ u\T! LsT,
s, Ls n nHsT. e +{ H >~ jTH qqT LseTqe\d
e+~. LseTq>H #Tq #\&qT by order nqT!
+^w eT wy T H? nHsT. y+H, nH+> H #
w+ nHqT. H de<q+ $H jTq s &j tone d increase
#XsT. n de<q+ m+<T#H n u<| & qT. + #b\+f
+^w eT n+f H |se T ndV +. , $<+ > de<q+ #|
jTq d+| \TZT +< H n+s |T w++~. jT d+|
|s# & + H H< q+<+ +< Hq|&T >V +#T HqT. sEq
c|, e n q qq~ +& eue qqNs =qT+f
H+|+ e+< \T+f H| { qy=dT+ ~. usus \ eT< qT+&
nqT+<yT d eTqd n+ $|+> jsT #dT+<y!
s #d|{ esL @yy TsT# | H+ yT$T<s + . m+VsTT>
T zjTu >& +~ s.
eTsTH&T <jT + en, ue n&>sT. @yT #<T e>T]+ @eTH&T?,
n. HqT d>T |Z & T nd\T n&> < T HqT $wjT +..... nsTTH $yV+
nj + #<T y$T{? nHqT. e n ue &T |uTqysT!!!
$<], 1952`53 (C+ fiX\ |#T sD)
(eT<* #j<$ |sT sdq =*<)
<\, $\, yk\ s 9
 |e]+#>* +< Hs+ <T . V #dT eyTH dT\uy T y>
+&> u+<y \, k+|T +<\ +|e+ n+ k< eTsTTq
|<T. eTD dT #d eTT+<, yq +qT< T . ~ < <T.
J$+. neTsTT |{+ {yfiSfl, n+{yfiSfl, |\ s ? me]
>T]+N |{+ #Ty\|+#< ?
eTD | ] |]q |\ . <>+ <T . #<T eq~ L& <T.
#<T eq< <T Hq+> <TdT\ T <] +#+, e{& + | . eT]
B |]cs+ n+ <s + m e+<yT? ]MT< n+ qeT+ m ~]+~? yfi
] |b @+#d +&~? n bsTT e+~<! eTfl us
qT$+ m<>jYT nHqT. = D \bT @ Xe T <T <>]Z y[fl bsTT +&< ] <]+#b ? s | ] L& > |e]d
bqT. @+ #dT+~? ]<>Zs n+ #qTy @s&+~? mHfiflqT+? us
@$T{ <X+ nH&T e] \uTqT. nqTeq+ +& +&<? n+<T n n&~&+> eeV]+#&y!
qTeP eTD rdTq sj $TeT* \T#T+f Ck+~ |fiflj mHfi |s+ #d +T+~? |s+ #X < us n\yT,
nHqT. n_bj\ \TdT @e+#T+~. ] n+ dT\u+ > m ns+
n+f ndjT eTs|s C* nH&T ] ys+>. #dT>*+~? ] >T]+ $es+> @+ \TdT+~? \TdT>*q
ndj! me] #d! || qyqT. neX & qT+ e#sTT?
+ @eT+{y $dT>Z n&>&T. H Ts y& bsTT+~ eTD >T]+q #q\. ] eTD deTd
qT$+ eTqTw\ eTqd+ u> \TdTy* >Ts. d\J |]cs+ #X& < u> e +T& *j* . H Ts e+
#<T eq+ eq eTqTw* ns+ #dT +. eTqTw* d]>Z ns+ dy\ |X \T s sTT. yT\ d+ |]|+ #qT. eT<V+ \+#Y
#dT q H&T deTd\T # es |]cseTesTT. eTD deTd dT\u+ > nesY m|&eT+< n m<TsT#XqT. eTT+<T eTD $es\ *d>
|]cs+ nsTT+< qTe++f nejT qy=k+~, ] d+q yT<e\ us\ deTd |]cs+ @$T{ #| + m?
}" n ]qT < $qe+~ bqT ne\qT+. |X \T ydT y[flq < rs eTV VA ] eTT+<T
e{&* r]>Z nHqT. LsTH Hq&q yTT<{ |X , qTe yT<$yH? n. H eTTK+
ds. eT<V+ \+#Y nesY CeTV s. n& LsT MT< sTqe L& <y, ] eTT|{\T _>TdTHsTT H |X
e{&<+. $q>H. $<e+T\+ yT<eq n <X + .
ds qHqT. bqT |fX &T. n+ yT<$ <H? nH&T. n >=+Tq, eTTK+q
+q=B n+ s=V e+> s +> eTD m |+ =+ #k+~. H qy=+~.
n] #j<$ s 10 <\, $\, yk\ s 11
 n~>, n|& ]j]{ +| e d \J b|d s T >]...
n~<T H <X + . <X + qTeP yT<$y < &s Y yVH>.
eT] yT<$ e~d eTs yT<$ |T yfifl& + eTD @+
k~k+~? n+f yT<$> eqe&> yVH d<TZD\T
HjT \TdT sj =+<+{y?
HqT eT m&$ T> n&> |{ ]=+#+ +>sT|&&T +sYeP
usT m<Ts=+Tq <>]>.
uss eY MT ksY nH&T. }" n Ts }b&T. ] \ MT<
|{ eq fifl>dT n+~ |#T >>{ s +&T >T\T >&T. CT
sTe\T rd MTk\T T&T#TH&T.
}"
e{&y+?
@$T{?
n<, $Tddt yVH. k. eTD qTe m+ \+> \TdTqT? MT
<] + nqT+<+ m |]+~?
n+ nqT+<+ @MT<T qTeqTedTqT nH&T ] eTTK+
eTT&T#T.
eT<q HqqTe+#yT$T{ . \TdTy\H V\+
n&T>TTHqT. w+ b #b<T . $& deTd qT$+ dTHjTd+>
|]w]+#>\ T>TTq+<T qT eTqks n_q+~dTH qT. <s +
#dTH eTD us $&#d s>*+<+{y? , MT~ s D n
&T=#d+<+{y? <+ +s+ eeVseTqT. HqT >T
>T n&> + HjT+ <T. qTe dy\T qqT n&>e {
< e*dq u>{ qTe Hy* eT].
] q y*qTq +>s , n | eTq+> LsTH&T.
uq+ yTT<\T|T. yT<e\ us\ deTd\ e e~d eTT+<T
eTq * d+> #&T nHqT. qe +#+ eTT+<T H&T.
n] #j<$ s 12
neqT> , qT$ e qqT +]> \TdTe+ MT eTD
q#TT+<? #| e#y? n | *|> n&H < yq H
<X + ysT . HL, ] dV+ e+< eTD \TdTqT<. |fiflsTTq
sT y L& ] H dV+> eTd* dV +#>\ T>TT+< eTD?
b?
HqT q #| s<T . nsTTH |]wqT rdTy @$T{ nH&T
eT>q eT+ {| & T Tq >=+T.
n"V" n~<T. yfi sy jTyTH d+|T sD <] rdT< y q
H uj T + nHqT nejT+> eTTK+ |{.
eTD n+ d++> dT+ <qTqT nH&T ] _++>.
yfi qT |+ &e&HH sTT @ VA\TH qTe +&
y& qTeP n> |{+ #T+& +&>\ T>Ty? qTe yT<$$<
n d{> n&>qT eTDs | q e\T rdTqT.
H+ #<T e <>+ #dT q ~ <T. n be{. nedse T,
neXeT s<T. nsTTH...
@$T{. #<T e <>\T #d &yfifl e+ n+<s eTq<X+
n |ssTT yTT>yfifl |> sT>TTHs+{y? ] }sT+THs?
n|y<T\T yjT +&q, s# & +&q?
usus \ ]MT< ] e+ qeT+ +&*. +f
d+ks+ k|> k>&+ w+ nH&T ].
neqT eTTe{. , eeT\T> +&~ @$T+f us\
nqTeq+. us* ndVq+. eTD #<Teq~ bsTTH ns+
#dT>\<T qT nHe. + es @+ ns+ #dT+~? m
#dT+~? yVH L& ns+ #dTe{ |jT++<? n
n_sT#T$T{, n_bj$T{ \TdT+<? , |jT+
$|\ Ts+ <+{y? #| , e{&y + ?
|& <& n+ <d+? HqT eTD & e+ bsbT. Hs+
n s|+#{H?
<\, $\, yk\ s 13
 N N m+e+ <T. |> W<s CVsT. MT u$ J$+ @ eTD m&T+~ |&T? nHqT n |s<H u+>+ #d.
$<y T q \\ +& k>\H H +. k>TT+<H qeT+ H H >~H, Vq ds+ e+~ yT.
H. k] eTD HqT \TdTe#? nHqT.
] |+ +#+ #sTT &T H&T >Tq. eTTw+ d| H fifl T> #X&T. @eTqTH& @y.
@jYT. VA }sTsT n #d nHqT qe. ] sT H uT + MT< bjT+> #sTT yX&T.
sTqe qy&T #dq < d>T |Z & T . w+ . m|&= \TdTH ds nH&T.
VA\T > T <>sZ s +&T \ T =qT T>Z |T H+. bqT eTDMT nu+s+ +&<T< nHqT d+<Vd.
nH&T ]. m+<T+T+~? yfi +f m+<T+< \TdT+~< nH&T
n|&H? + eTq+ deTd |]o*+#H < T . eTD deTd e\ *>Z.
|]cs+ nsTTbsTT+~. n us d]|& q yT<e\ us\ nsTT kjT+\+ ]+{=kqT. ds H?
ef$T{? yfifl deTd |]cs+ @$T< n&>e. qTeqT eTD z... u.. n #sTT }b&T. HqT yq ] dtk|t y| q&
|]dT\T ysTe#T. nd+| u<|&TTq us\+<] nqTyq k+#qT.
|]dT\T *dse us qT+ $eTT b+<{, eH d+|T;, n+ eTqd T es T HqT. & s Y y V H \ Td T
+<T $TT\ <seTeeTH uj T +, yTT<q X \ T yq >TsTT. y\| + +~. { m j T e]{ beTHqT. *+d
|\\ Tq d us $& |{ eT]+ +#e\d edT+ ~. <>+ &bsYy T +T yT + yfiflqT.
#dT q <H ds . eTs eT>y&T |[fl |e+ f +#e\dq nqT dT rdT+TH&T. ysTT{ #jTeTH&T |PH. seTT
$wjT + <T. D \< eTs=& <kV+ nq+ >+> < LsTHqT. d *+d MT< z |d + |++~ m<TsT> w\T.
\e <+ e+{<. |]d T \qT ns+ #dT eTqTw\ b\qT V\+ rd #<e&+ yTT<\T|{qT. =+d|{ &sY yVH
dVque+ #&>* dsT b>*q|& @ eTwHH |]D e V, @$T{ $Xw+ nH&T. HqT sTqeqyqT. nqT |d \,
|dT+~. yT<e\ us\ >T]+ qTe ybTHe. us us*<s H fT MT< $ds d d>s { rd eTT{+ #TusTT HL& |s Y
yT<e\sTTq|&T d+|T sD e+<+{y? yT<e\ us \ ef$T{? #X&T. H. <+ nHqT. d>s{ y*+#T+ yfiflMT+ H fifl
<s yT<e\sTT |sd s+ >s$+#Te{, ] H=sT ns+ #X&T sVd+ #~dTqT.
#dTe{ me neX+ e+T+~ nH&T ] eTfl V+ MTL, HL e\+ eTTK |]#jT yT. nsTTH d\ dV <s+>
|+E. rdT d$wjT +`MT >T]+`e{&{ e#qT. H +<T @
eT] n~ *dL& eTD d]dTHe. $& u sD $<y T q kse T <T . d++<+ < e+ #| qT...
n+ $\Te e+ e\H? MT *d+< nH&T yVH. >=+T $#s+>, ++#T
] de<q+ #| <T . |s< q+> \&bj&T. be+ > @MT *jT<T . eeT\T> n&>&T.
n] #j<$ s 14 <\, $\, yk\ s 15
 neq+&. b<Tq ] bH #d #b&T. HqT # \es|& qT d+>+ n&>qT. skud nsTTq\T>T] Hfiflq |& e TT+< yqed n+q
$. @+ y*? nH&T.
@+ MT+<T \es+? ]MT< MTeTH X\T+&y? q s $& n& >&| q THsT < n C| + #XqT.
HqT eT+<V d+ #XqT. MTs nqT+{s H \TdT. ] seTT&+{y & d eTfl @\TH&T.
H $<d++<y T q dVyT> eTs nqT+<+ @MT<T . #qTe> $& eT+ < q |$q T s|+#T+~. eTD>]
e{&Te+ n\yf+~ +s+ $wj\T L&. ] MTsT @+ #jT eT+{sT?
dVT\T { MT <>sZ #qTe \_dT + <H X e#qT. ]|+fH +{b sY nesY #\< nqT. |{ H qT #dq ~
+ MTsT @+ #|<\#T=HsT? d{> #|+&. |sy<T. bsb \TdT yq e $ T+#eT+f eT+ <]q+.
eqd+ > @<H ds T>\ yD MTb{ >V +# +{sT. yVH + ]s+>, sTw + > q n_bj* e+ #k& ,
nqT |> d>s{ |< #d eTqds |TqT> + keTT&, yT<$ n HqT +> }V+#< T . qeT bjqT.
<T . n dsb + ] #&\H <X+ e\+ MT |sTe
sT>TT+< MTsT }V+#s. q c n|++<? d+ $D $TdTHs? $D |eT> eTT+<T #&>\T>Ts?
eTD sTT+ dT| & > _Vy #dT + <qT<T . Bq+{ eT\sD+ n d+<V y*T#qT.
]. Ts Ts #| nejTs* e ydT H&T. < neqT. eTTK+> |sT ed+ n |+THqT. n+q eTTU+.
sH *kdT+~. { sTT{ $_{ nH&T >TeT+d B> < HqT eT&fi fl |s+ #XqT. |H<T* |*+#T eTs
#d. |H<T* ydT H #, X H e. HHe T+ |qT\T #Xq H
HqT MT |P]> @u$ dTH qT. $& # *$ e sj T + $~++< Hs+ e&+<T nH&T ><Z< ds+.
rdTHsT. | \T #jT &+ eqe dV +. $& MTsT q#C| eTD e{&+&, eTD ] se{ |+T+< <
rdTsL&<+&? |C qqbs+ #dTb. \TdT+& <>]Z se+ | sTTbsTT+<y q uj T + yd+ ~.
|{ #sTTC]bsTT+~ eeVs+ n+ nqT sTe\T rd rs qT |H $& yTTssTTd qT @eTsTTb&T?
qT<T|{q #eT T&T#TH&T. qjH, ujH m>H eTD |+ yT eTs+ qT+
q#C| neX H+<? #b#jT+& +{+ y[fl jT|&y d yVH n|+#\ ss TT+#THqT D +.
bsTT+~ <. s> # H bH #sTTdT+ <?... yTTyT T<{ k]> ekq+&. # <+. MTsT eTqdT$| e{&q+<T. HqT
n >=+T |+ < ++~. me]q $wjT + #]+#q VMT dTH qT n qeTd]+#qT.
@< qq+.. nHqT ]+<>. nqT fT e*y|e H \ MT< bjT+> #sTTyX&T
MTq |<< . e+ eT+, eTs<, u< +& s< ? os~dTqT. n fi fifl ]qT> \> |++~. HqT
$& ed MTsT eTfl d]ks? d{> n fifl #d >>u e* e#XqT yfiflkq #|d.

n] #j<$ s 16 <\, $\, yk\ s 17

 nD+ eTfl { e{&T ] sTT+{ yfifl\qTHqT.
ns>+ d| \&H { <=s < T . e] eTs ns>+ ysTT{ #d
dTm * <>sZ ~>qT. nD+ q& VejTY q>sY yfiflqT. sTqs
nsTTbsTT+~. N{ |&b sTT+~. d+<V d \T|{qT. \T| se <T
mes. eTsk] {qT. |*qT+ mesTysT? n dq> $|++~.
Hq+&.. nHqT >{>. y+H \T| ]+~ eTD. qqT #d
s+b \&+~ >TeT+.
|*se# nHqT qe. $& d yq | >H |* #dT +T+~. ] +{ sbjTd] nqTeH\, uj
#=#T yfiflqT. $& \T| |\ >&j T yd+ ~ eTfl.
@+ ] sTT+ s<? nHqT.
<+ &. n< <Ts> e+~ n+~. eTTK+ +>sT ={qT
|k+~ b<Tqq> yfiflsT.
H yT+& ## | #d+~.
MT]& +{sqT<T . ], Hq *d m_wqT yfifl\ yTTH
bH #X+. sTTbsTT+< +>sT |&T e#qT. MTs n+<T H?
$TeT* b<T{ qT+ &e~d m& bj&T #b! nHqT. eTD
\e+#T+~.
nqT yfi MTy] *XqT jTe]{. H ]d] bC jTq
&dt d t #d jTq d\V rdT+<eT yfiflqT. b|+. jTq +{
u>T+&< . eTqdT u>T+&< >. # ~>\T> HsT. |s< q+
e+& H @MT e{& b jsT nHqT eTD eTTKe[\T |>
#d.
jTq ~>\T> eHs? n n&+~ eTD.
neqT. |\ +bTqT> |+#sT. n+ H <Ts< w+
nqT e#XqT.
<T. H <Ts< w+ n ndw+ > >=D+~ eTD $|+N $|+#qT.
@$T+THsT? n |+#qT.
jTq m eHsT? @eTHsT? #| +& n+~.
n] #j<$ s 18
H @MT #| <T . @+ n Hs n&>qTL&. |\ #
u<| & T THsT m+<T. MTsT +{ yfifly ? s yfifl*. m>
n dTH s? HqT kjT+sH? nHqT <Ts>.
] >T]+ nqTedTH s? eTs+ |s y <T . fi+ #$ +{ yfifl
#d y&< +. \T| <>sZ N{ |& d]. |<+ & nHqT qTeTT ms>
q|& <yj \.
|>\ + +]> e+& keX+> q |]d q+ |qseq+
T \ y+{&
+{sTT. us >T]+ Hq ]bsT us q MT< q n_eH,
nqTs> >TsT #T +T+~. | \TdT ~<Ty\qT
+{+~ q+ H. s|{qT HqT. neX+ C]bT+<y q.
V+& u> rdT jT\T<]+~ eTD H. { e{&qT. <s +
|~VqT eTTc y[fl\T #sTH+. +{ B|+ y\T>T+~. M~
\T| { =+d| |{sTT++~ eTD. sT y u H=+~.
m+<T H eT+< HqT N{ >&ys> \&qT.
\T| sT #T+~ =~>. eTD \ e+#T \&+~. yVH s +&
\T| L& ]#&T. eTD |* y[+~. |sy<T n|+#+d|
, N{ #| &T+& M~ e#d { mqT.
s H & sdTHqT:
nb seTD eTD
nqTdsD j T eT+sD
e yT<$ d$
< eTV |<$ .
(9`2`79 +<C d+ yT<$ us < #~y)
(+<C, 20.4.1979)
<\, $\, yk\ s 19

|[fl ejTdT
ys $H H # d+w+ yd+ ~. zT V \_+# ejTdT
sejTT{ qT+ |< $T~ +Z #s *d H ejTdT yfi+ <]H
me d+w+#qT. d+c sD+ H sj \| |
n_sT N<T. |Cke |]s+ #\q |>& y+#<T. H e s$ <>Zs LsuT X<> H]+# ysT. HqT VAyTesY
|<$T~ d+es\ sC+>|s+> >T]+| \_dT+<q d+w+,
s$uT HL& k] >T]+| \_dTq+<T $<yTq
$jT>s + L&q q+<+ *+~.
s$, Hq e\|\\ +.
yT $T<s + |sT e\\yT>, <s + |< T . e <]
sT eT>|\ y &T. sT &|\ e&yT <T. b* L& { <T.
y&T \T|, HqT q\T|. y&T dq> +{&T Hq>]. HqT u<T>
+{qT neT. n>, y& |P]> neTb*\T s<T . Hq>]
q\T| H, neT \T| y& e#sTT. Hq>] dTeTT y&,
&+| HL e#sTT. Hq >] |<q T<TsT, \eTTK+ y&, neT
TE T, >T+& eTTK+ HL e#sTT. neT >T+& fi y&, Hq>]
\fi HL e#sTT. n+<T n+<s eTeT* #&>H #Tq #|
bjTysT. e <] neTb* mes, Hq>] b* mes. y[<]
\D \ deT+> |+#T |{q T+& yfi+ .
n] #j<$ s 20
y& |sT s$. H |sT uT $. s$ q|&T >T\, #=\ yd~
neT. H >qT\, #&\ =&> ~. s$ |, H bfsTT. s$
e #TT|\ sfi *d M~ &T+f @MT nH~<T. HqT
L& y& *d { &{ y& |&~.&|\ \ T n eT>
|\\ *d s&M T< &L &<T , # > es+&H, >~H LsT
&Ty* n #|~. n+<T. >{> | | q$ |&~. n
eT>|\ \ T q$qT $s> & q$ ndV +> +T+<e, ue+&<T
nH~.
s$ |sT|{ |\e< , nqj n |\eeT #|~. y&T HH
|~ eTTc\T eTT+<T |{& ! H H |< yD |sT|{ |\eL&<
#|~.
H \+f w+. s$ esT\T y=#$. Hq >sT
#dT++f neT m+<T +<T |\Td+&~. Hq>] |
seTH, M~ ns{|fifl yD |\eeTH. m+<T +<T. Hq
>sT L& Te+{ $wj \T |{+ #TH ysT <T.
s$ d\T qT+ e# dVT\ *d | >+& y[ &THy&T.
HqT +{H LsT #+<eeT+{ |\, |d \ #<T eH
<. neTL& n+. Hq>sT dVT jT{ y& , neT +{
LsT, e+ |Psj |\, |d\ #<TeH~.
#d #d+ &>H s$ HH H\T>T n+>Tfi\T b&T> ~bj&T.
s$ dyt T { =+<sT HH q sfifl, H eTTfi +{sT. ,
s$ e+ +>H H nqjT nHT> +&y&T. H MT< n<]{
#sTTd +{&T. d, uT M, eT+[fljT y n H# | +#T
>T&T. HH|&H yD n n&, y+H neT|&TT+~.
| <, eT>|\ yD n eTH=#? n+.
neT, Hq>] HqT >{> m~]+#b sTTH, H eTqdT e+
<\, $\, yk\ s 21
u<> &TT +~. neT, Hq>s |\\ | $e #|dT q +<T. nqjT
n+f H |eT b<T . y& Hq+f |yT. nsTTH, y&H qqT
e> #dTHsq ue+ e+ eTT\T >T#T+H +&~.
q fi < <T. b, ejTdT me & +f, |<
yfifl >, qyfi > #&+ dV + nqTe#T. , s$,
Hq &T yfiyT <, * _&\yT <`eT] m+<T &
|+|+?
Te+{ ue+ + eTqdT yT<T\TTH, #<T e HHM T nX<
#jT <T . s$ uT HL eT+ esT#$. y& sY , H
dq T, y& .m.mdt. d ny\ ]. Hq>] L& n<
X. , H _.mdt.d. nj m+.mdt.d. #j \, sT y |.V#Y.&.
d+b~+#\ ]. Hq>sT H ] $, yTTV+! e\qTH
y$T{ #~$+#&+ ? nHsT. eT y<q neX+ e+& jT{
y[b jsT.
neT dd$Ts e<+ ~. |< #<T ed+ bsT>sT |+|+#&+ <s<
K+ > #| +~.
nsTTH, |&T =q |\ bdt >&TjTwq, d n+ LsT+f
m M\eT+~? n+~.
|&T seyT$Te! H+ >&TjTwHH <T . |< $T<fi> ,
+ |P]sTTH <T ! nHqT.
yTTV+! |< $T~ m+ |Pse sTT! |{qT+N d++<\T
#&+ yTT<\T|& <`deTj<se T+f d++<+ <s< ?
@$Te eT neTeT e{&T THy! sE &|\ \ T m++
#<T e\T #<T eTHs #&+< ? mesH $+f qesT L&qT.
|{qT+# |fi$ T{? nHqT.
sp {.$. #|&+<? &|\ |<$T<fi |Pse>H
|s+ |[ #jT T#T. #d |$T{? n+~ neT Be>.
n] #j<$ s 22
qTe fH esL #<TeHe< n qqT L& &^ +&
#<eTH? |< $T<fifl &^ edT+ <qTHy? s$ L& > #ky?
n n&>qT w+>.
neT q$+~. &|\ m+ #~$H K] e+{\T | <T>! nsTTH,
s$ e+$T{? y&T s +! sy { |Pse +< eT>|\ \
|[ #jT &+ Hs+ L& < # ! nB>, y& <>+ sy*,
ds | & *. n|&T < y& |[e \|&+ n+~.
@$T{ nHjT+? &|\ |< $T<fi +&>H |[fl #djTT#?
eT>y& sy d+es\T +&? @+? m+<T? |uT +
m+<T #d+ ~? @$T{ nHjT+?
neH, &|\ \ T s> m<T>TsT eT>|\ \ +f. n+<T eT&fi
eTT+< |{sT |[ ejTdT.|uT e+ *$ <q THy$T{?
n neT yq dT=+~.
\TdH +~ *$. n~ L& eT>yfi |uT yT>! #+ #dq
yfi L& eT>yfi nsTTe+{sT.
neT q$+~ H e\.
H fifleT+&+~ neT qe. H eTqdT y<q. zT V d+
&|\\ eT>|\\ ejTdT XsTT+#sT <. n+f, zT
me]y ss TT+#TH eqd X jTTer jTTe\ ejTdT
deT+> +&\H <! eT], |[ d+>=#d] eT&fi & |&+
<? &< sdTqT+~! ` Xs+> &|\ eT>|\y&H
s> m~ bT+<? |[fl nsTsb T+<? ` eqd X e+
eT>y&T eT&fi eTT+< b+<T&? ` n+f, *$ |< $T<fi
m~q &|\ |<$T<fi m<> eT>|\y&T deqe?
`zTV, $yVs jTTer jTTe\ ejTdT ss TT+#&+ |uT +
$e #|+#&+ yTq +s+ <H?` b, neT nqT
eT>| y & <>+, d+b<q e# |[ #j \ L& < ++<
<\, $\, yk\ s 23
|uT +?` n+f, &|\ <>+ #jT e\dq neds+ <H |uT +
nqTe&+?`
sy d+es\ |Psj T #<T y+? <>+ edT+ <?
<>eX\T m&THsTT? sy d+es\ s~ |<$T~
d+es\ e# #<T y+? e# <>+ @$T{?`eTs+<T+{ #+
#d+~ |uT+?`
u\$yV\T s+& #jT& <= #+ neT\T ]
d]bT+<? eTT+<T> <X+ ss d, sT<> deTd s*+#&+
eTTKe, |[ ejTdT >T]+ |#s+ #jT &+ eTTKe? <>\
#<Te, nqTue+ m nedsy, $yV L& <>s,
djT+bw X neds+ y? $wjT+ eT>|\\T, &|\\
eT< $e m+<T #b*? #+ n\TdT #dTH < neT H
|< $T<fi |P]>H |[ #kq+ yTT<\T |{+ ~! `s$, Hq k]
|{+. nsTTH, y& Hq #<T ee&, <>+ #jT & M< T !
@$T{ nHjT+?`
M< T , HH=|qT n n]#qT.
neT *|&, @$Tf? n+~.
H| & |[ #kq+f HH=|qT. s$ m+es #~$d Hq
n+es #<Te+{qT. y&T <>+ #d Hq #kqT nHqT
|T<\ >.
ue+~ esd! y& |++ @$T{ |<! y& MTk#sTT.
L sy\qT> +~ esd!
ne, C <T...
<, s| qTey& deq+> m+.m.< #~$ n+H
|# < T eyD y =<? qTy< <>+ #d, n+H VA< q
<>dTD y=<? e\qTHy$T{? #<Te\, <>\
|<e sTTq =B y\ y\T + eT]+#=<?
n] #j<$ s 24
m+<T eT]+#*? H+ |+ +<? nd\T, qqT #dTH
y& H H |< #<T e, |< <>+ +&\ m+<T sTy*?
H MT< |q + #sTT+#&?
#<yd q eTbsTT+~! y~d LsT+f eTT+<T H
eTbjTT+~! y] yTT] #q\T |T, eTT+< #<T y< sTT.
e# @&T < |[ e` n+ +~ neT.
, HqsTqT. HqT # d #dT qT. |& #TTHqT`
neT H u~]+|* m+ e+ |{+ #T+& eTTdeTTd qe\T
qe+ y[b sTT+~ e+{+{ y| .
HqT |fi qsT+ LsTHqT. zT $wjT+q, $yV+
$wjT +q eju< \ >T]+# d LsTHqT. H dyt T +<]
{ $wjT + #]+#\, {#s q T L& d+|~+#\, nedsy T
&|\ \ +<s+ *d +<fiq eBj\ |uT + fi ]|+#\,
$yV d |sTw\ ej|]$T q ysT< s|e|esL
}sTL&< XsTT+#THqT.
eTs&T J \+#Y fe TT H dyt T { =+<sT , + s |+ &
+&> |d rdT=#qT. qHes d]jTdt> rdT<T .
|>, &|\\ |fi |see~ nq, usH us me
#<T eqy&, |< <>dT & nsTT e+&yT dV eT, d+kseT
nq, nedsyT + e&+ |<q e{&sT #eT+~.
d V &|\ L& +f + deTd deTdkT+<HsT =+<sT .
dT yfi ef$T{ n +#f< T yfi. dTeT e+ H
=+es @u$ ++~.
, &|\ \ T L& | d]> <>\T #j \, yfi fi MT<
yfi ]+> \&>*q|& |[ #dTy\, + m{
|]d q |[ #dT L&< mes >{> nq<T . |> , &|\ \ +
<>\ >& <X+ sT<> deTd eT]+ rese TeT+<HsT.
<\, $\, yk\ s 25
nedsy T | &|\ \ T <>\>&L &<H sT =+<sT . eTq~
eT+< neT, Hq\ u> \TdT n+ |+#THsT =+<sT`
neT, Hq\T n+~+# dTU\ nyT |&b sTTq yfi!
H # sTV+ *+~. Mfi+ <] ~ deTd n|+q|&T
deTk |]cs >T]+ @+ ksT? @+ w #ksT?
#<T ee&+ bwqT, #<T e+f> eT+ us <=s& T `nH <X +
eyT J edTqT> +~ Mfi #d. e> d+|T+
& @+ #j \H <d<T @ ]. |fij T esL neT, Hq
#ksT, sTy us<. u<`nH <s+ +{sT Mfi. +{>,
jT> d |sTw\ eT< +Tq ndeq Mfi |{+#Ts+?
d++> +#s +? | \, |X e\ L& m~q sy y{
Vs ny d+b~+#T, y{ sD ny #dT+{sTT <` eT>,
& & +&! d j T + bw X k~ + #\H k_ e q+
+&b+<$T{ Mfi ?
kjT+\+ +{ y&T <]b&T>TH y #q\T`d\
nHjT+ #d #{* m es*. de+ b{+# ]yE* m
es*, eTqeT+ m es*`n.
s uq+ #X {.$. eTT+<T LsTHqT. yD seT+ |P]
nj, |#s seT+ yTT<+ ~.`$yV eTT+<T &|\ d+
|< $T~ d+es\ ejTdT, eT>|\ y & d+ sejTT d+es\
ejTdT +&*` $++f +|s+ |{, $dTsT> H >~
y[b jqT #<T e +<eT.
n] #j<$ s 26
neT*q eT*q+
d\e n yfi +{ >&T |<eT yfiqT. seT eTT+<T> s +
sdH yfiqT. rs yfid] yfi sT| |jD+ |THs *d+~.
n q =&T ..{. d{d =+&MT~ = fiD+ #sTTkeT
yTT+~. y& Te+{ y{ MT< qeT\T e. qT w| & #<e &+
e, sjT&+ e d{+~ > <e& <jT e\ < y& y<q.
y<y , +|d T n+ H yddT+~ m+<T H eT+<qT.
yfi y<|y<\T yTT<q deTj yfiqT HqT.
neTjT, seT | e#d+~! seT | Hq &T+& b+ VsTT>.
qTeP, Hq>s, Xo *d sT| y[s+& nH&T e<y. nd\T
d+> \TdT, Hq yD \|]#qT. HL |PC |qks\ MT<
n+ X< <T. >T& yfi&+ n\yT #dT<T.
n }sT<T . yTTV+ +~! n~ d\e eTq+<] ds< >
>&b \ ed <& e~d yTeTT yfi& + @$T{? n~ L& edT+ ~.
ds< > | +T+~ n+<s+ *d yfi n+~ n.
(q\T|, yT 16`31, 1989) n nsTT ekqT`| nHe {` <e& fiD+
# s TT+# & < T ! rs y fi n & H y T & \ Te+
>T+&T={k q+{yy ! nH&T e<y \jT s +&T #T |T ,
y& n_qj y& #\ T Xo, Hq || qy+. nL& qyd.
<\, $\, yk\ s 27
 >T+&=<T , H e s+ #sTT+#T#\T n+~.
#<+ nH&T y&T.
HqT y[q H\T> sEH sT| |j D+. ue>sT n+<] { T
]sY #sTT+#sT.
Xo, e<y #s { <>sZ dsT LsTHsT +bsYy T +{. ue>sT
e<y | |sT| #T|{, < Cs& LsT @< +^w |
#<T ee&+ yTT<\T |{sT . m<T{ usY MT< X | Hq, n LsT
Ts |&+. sT| |j D+ >T]+# e{&T +~ n.
nd\T, +<{ H\H yfi\qTHsT, n|&T ue>] &{
| *, D + r] , <s < T . jTq M\T |& yfi\qT+f
q +~ sE\T. +~ >&# , eT H{ eT+ sE
~]+< #| +~.
+<$T{? &T | H=| nB ek+<? n n&>qT.
nu, n~ <T. Te+{ |j D +<< n+~.
|j D+ by e+ <!.... sE L& eT&T
sE\ J d\e |{ +{ LsTH~ n`neT e |s+. n
#<Te +sY bsTT+~ |fie&+. H e+ n d\e\T
|&+ w+ +&<T . dT \T $Tde&+ w+ <T H.
n< nHqT n. C H sC yTT<+ ~. n n+ yfi
b>+ n&T > T H? eeT\T> y[q T >H jT\T<sqT
H C> HqT+&.
d+> #| >H n c *qT #d+~. mesH $Hsy
nqT n #d+~. nH+> s +&+>Tfi\T yq ]+~!
H Xs+ yd+ ~. eT& <& +{$ n b{+#<T <, <$T{`
nqTHqT.
+{ H #| <y T d+>? n+~ n>=+T +Z sV d+>
e{&TTqT.
|k #TH n+<] {? n>, eeT\T>H... n++f.
n] #j<$ s 28
~ eeT\T $wjT + <T>. eT*q+> q|&T |$ d\ +
n&T>T|& b|+ <Tf! +{ L& <e&T eT+~s+ q >~
yfifl qT deTjT+. X L& yfi eqT n+~ n.
HqT q$, eT*q+ @$Tf! Xu+ > q? \TT #d <e& >~
yfifl &+ eHky? |$, n|$ nH$ eTq }V\T eyT . |<
yfifl #bs, nH~> ek+< >T&> qeT&+`n+. nsTTH, ~
| d<y T q ~. dw u>+. nd\T <efifl dw+ q~ eTqTw>!
nsTTH <e&T +<T>\&+<T & d+<VeTT e\<T nHsT>, eT]
eT+~s+ q >~ | m+<T? nHqT.
@y u, qTe yT&dH #<TeTHe { m nsTTH
e{&> \ e. H uj T +> +~ n+~ n qT#T.
uj
T yT+<T ? q\T>T] \TdT+ <H? uj
T + ns < T . e+
nqTue + < <T> nHqT.
n+<T<T. <e&T k &y q n+~.
HqT qy|HqT`>{> q$ Xo yfiS $ C$T{ eL
#|eT+{syq. +esL yTeTT yT\> e{&T+Tq e\T
s\T #|&T yfifl $|+#&+<T.
b n, b|+ H<>, d qH>. qTe nqeds+ > uj T |&
eTqdT b&T#dT n+, z<sT> n uT + MT< #sTT yjT usTT,
#sTT yq rddTHqT.
n, <e&+ MT |<`eTq | ] |esq |&T,
eT+ #d es*d, | #d d +{&? ||+ #+ e e~jTY ,
eTq<X+ H +eT+~ q+ HsT <`=] MT< | +> H d
+#\+f <e& H k< yTq+{y? nHqT n q#CTTqT.
@yH, y~+#q T. me] eTqd yfi k` n< <e&qT n+~.
n<H, HqHB n<! eTq eTqdT @ eT*qeT b <
ujT|&s<T. eT*q+, neT*q+ nH~ me] n_bj* {, me]
qeT* { y] n n|dT + ~ nHqT.
<\, $\, yk\ s 29
 sy $wjT + eT]bsTTq, @MT s>q HqT ds< >
sT>TTH, n e+ jT\T<s eTT+<Tq V+ <T . =+#+
eTTue+> +~. =+&MT~ yfie sL .
n Hy+, +{ u> <? n zk] n&>sT ue>sT.
nu, n<+<T n+~ n.
|j D+ &* nqTHsT u\T. eTfl |{+ #T<T . Xo, e<y
e+ me] eT& >eT+# d HsT. eT< eT< @< {
+ +&+, s yfifl d| #dq |\Vs\ MT<, uH\ MT<
rsT\T #| &+, eT< yfifl $q C #| &+, qe&+, q$+#&+ ,
e &s ybs <sD MT< $dTsT $ds&+, sj\ >T]+N |uT
$<H\ >T]+N ue>] y~+#&+ , ys| eq $Xc\ MT<
yU+#&+ `M{ |j D+ f nsTTbsTTq|++~.
{ =+& MT~ y[fl, fC keqT dsT H n+<s+ kH\T
#X+. <ekq+ +{H uH\T #d, eTfl fC ]>= kjT+\+
esL |&T , # eTfl C> j s n|&T >T& jT\T<s\
seT+ ss TT+#sT.
kjT+\+ n+<s >T& yfifl & j seu+f, mes $q+&
n b, HqT @< e+|{ fJ +& bqT, MTsT y[fls+ &
n+<eTqTHqT. eT D + eTqdT ~e #dT HqT. @ e+ |{H
Xo, e<y\T }sTsT. nd\T $wjT+ jT\eT+~ ndV+>.
n @< H nqT +f nqTeT, @yT neT +< yTT+&>
jT\T<sqT yfifl *d.
<e <s H n|{ yT\ T b&T>T L +~. &yfiSfl, eT>yfiSfl,
|\\ <e <s q+ d+ V V &T dV q+ ] yq\ sT
NeT\ usT bTHsT.
Mfifl +eT+~ &yfiflHsT. Mfifl+ |$+>H yfi THs+{y
n nHqT yT\>, q yfifl $|+# +&.
yTsyfifl eT+ |#>H |dT+~ n+~ n.
n] #j<$ s 30
H qy=+~.
sT| qT+ ] e# n y[fl+{ HqTq ys+ sE\ ds< >
>&bjsTT. eTfl H Vdt (ds) | Hq`jT ||+#
|{+ #Tq+> dT| eTsTTbsTT+~ H. HqT Vd ++&+
e\ T++ d+>T \T L& n+> |{+ #Te&+ <T .
z ~ys+ H&T Hq>sT e Vd\ T e#sT z f*>+ |T .
ue>] <>sZ q T+ f*>+. n |s wH #sTT+#*. <>sZ mesH
+&{ neT > qqT> |+|+#eT f*>+ ks+X+. neT
eT< _.|. me> +{+~. n+<T qqT y[flse T e\&
eqT #bsT Hq>sT.
e\&+ m+<T? HqT |+& yfiqT. n s>+ H
eTTKe H |qT\T? nHqT. Hq>sT *>Z }|] |\THsT.
HqT eTs& jT\T<sqT. HqT }V+#TqT <T n. eT+#+
MT< +<y nqTHqT. eeT\T> |qT\ #dT + +{
n sT>TH +~. m{N u> sd+ bsTT+~. m$T> +~.
jTTf]dt |usTT& |]>sTT. y+H |swH #sTT+#Ty*
n+~ &s T .n |s wH n+f uj T |&T +~. < <s + #| |s wH
#sTT+#*|&T. ue>s, |\\ m+ #| H dd$Ts n+{+~. n>
u<| & T T+~ > |s wH #sTT+#T<T.
HqT q#C| ujqT`y~ \D \ >T]+ $e]+, |s wH eX
*jTCXqT.
HqT+&> HMT uj T + < n nuj T $T#qT.
yTTV+! ~ > Z T<T. ~ u> e +T&T H $~+q .
| +#TH k< eTjT~ <T. @+ s>\qT+f n~ sT>TT+~ n+~
]|+>.
@$Tf, ns+ y<++! u> e +T&T $~+#&+ @$T{? |&T
qTyeT+ b|+ #Xe! nsTTH, u> e +T& n<|H `mes+ b|+
#Xs d..&. |{, yfifl $~+ @&|+#&!
d, qTe e{&. +es ]+~ #\T! n+~ n H
<\, $\, yk\ s 31
#+| #fi e T|+qT>.
n >=+T ]H XsujqT. @+ e{& +& eTq+>
LsTHqT.
X+ VsT> dT]++~. sT| |j D+ H e\ ]q
n|#s+ eTqdT |T n e{&T +<y qq nqTeq+
*+~. nsTTH, HqT #d+ ~ n|#syT nsTT u> e +T&T qqT + #*
>, eT< nH+<T?
ef nHqT n.
neH, H qeT+ H~ n+~ eTTd ] >.
|+{qT, ~ eT&q eT+ n >T]+#&+ <H H u<. ..
|PC |qks\T n++ meeTHsTT. Xs <s + H
ny my bjsTT. m|& < z < n&T n #| e\T
ydT TTTe es<$. N{ e{ nqeds+ > e\T y&
Xs+ MT< y{ |u e+ @< $<+ > +&<? n<+ eT]bsTT, b|eT
n+ uj T |& @+ u+ ? |&T #jT e\dq<< #&* >!
nHqT.
HqT y~+#H n+~ $dT>Z yTTV+ |{.
#** > H e #jT beH, d+ y< + *dq <qHH
d H e $qT. eT+ dyT < #TTHqT. qTe s>+>
+fH < V+> |qT\T #dT+, nedsyTq|&T sT\
de #jT >\T>Te. eT\T>T eTT |qT\T #dT e&+ @+
dTK+ +~?... k] H e $qT`|* + u> e +T& e~jTY
nHqT n #T \T |T .
u> e +T& e md ] n yT &+~!
@y u, y<e |s wH n+f H ## uj
@+ uj T |& s < T . HqT <>sZ T +& #sTTkqT. qTy+ uj T |&
n M| #T #sTTyXqT.
n] #j<$
VjYT VjYT!
Ls>+ rd d+< fl us H{ n+~+#usTT+~. VQ" n
eTTK+ eTT&T#T >&y| ] |&T H&T sCse. n+ |+
b<T . b<T{ qT+ X$ <\ n s++|Cj T & |jT k+~
d+< . n eTqdT fifl+ jT|&q #| > =T +{+~.
n fifl eT+&b+~. n J$+ +es me] e
+be\dq |]d @s&< T . nTe+{~ H&T us e m<TsT
#| d |&b j&T. n+ sTq |fd + ~. N nqTH&T.
~ H{ deTd<T. d+< @&~ qT+ y&T +{+~ us ` q
jTe]{ yfiSfl {sTT+q +{ e]b<+ seT. d+< |&T
jTe]{ nkdjT { b|d s .Y |H +&fifl qT+N n< +{H
+THsT. +{yfifl # eT+yfifl. \T m+ ks +> q+<Te,
n< me> q+<Te < $& yfifl\H #q m|& s<T
+esL.
@&~ + ` kjT+\+ sCse |d T qT+ s>H y&y & |
T + n+~ qdT>T. d, eTTdeTTd qe\T qe Xuy s n+~. @$T{ nqT
n+ d+< m>~> #X&T.
= +|dt = ss Y j s b jsTT. HL { {sTT+#sT
n+~. V+ d+< >=+T +|++~. fi fl $T\$T&sTT. sCse
(neTT~+) n<MT >eT+#< T .
s 32 <\, $\, yk\ s 33
 ns< #|? nH&T.
b+>TTq b\MT< fifl #*q T d+< VeT+ ~>C]bsTT+~.
nsTTH X e<T\T+&, n<$T+&, m+ n+<yT q fifl. yfi
eyfifl *dy[ fl #k#qT L& n+~.
d+< dVA<>T\T #eT+~ =+ +|dt fifl #]bjsT.
qT L& y[fl +f yfifl ds< > >&# ~ < n eTqdT|
+&~.
n+{ ><T eeVs+. fifl uT s ueH\T L&
j s b jsTT. d{ q b +|dt qT+ }sT es{ q = +|dt
ueH jTe]{ s*+#sT. d+< +{ <syTbsTT+~
jTe]{. d{ d\ + qT+ jTe]{ dT @sT #XsT
= +|dt yfifl &. d yfifl\+f d+< +{ qT+ eTs
dT yfifl*. m|&H deTjT+ <{bsTT+<+f >$+<! @ {H
yfifl\+f u&T KsjT~. b<T|P dT\T bsTTH, dT
n+<Te& b<TH +{ |qT\ |P]#dTH~ d+<.
V&e& |< us =+<s |f~ ` s> eT\+& n+. sp
@< $wjT + MT< >T e +& b<T |P >&e &+ <T . kjT+\+
n\dbsTT +{ e# d+< $dT>T eT]+ myb jT~. |> sCse
|d T sT |d T y[flse&+, qT dT y[flse&+ eT]+
&Tyq + e#~ d+< . d XsD + |++~.
= +|dt + = = fifl j sj sTT. ` eTTK+> q
VA< qyfifl. k] rdTb q|sT *dT + =\ksT .
eTT+<T u jT fifl q q <>T\. n+#, y& = +|dt *qT d+< #sTTe~*+#T, H <ek+~ ` |&T $d+#
|& yfifl*. eTfl + neX+ +&<T . d+< dVA<qT\+<s
>{> d\V #bsT ` m>sTTH us |+ = +|dt e#jTeT.
b<TH us | , qT L& m<TsT> LsT+~. sCse ||sT
#d eT< eT< | >TTH&T. #d #d, d+< @eT+& n+~.
}", @$T{? nH&T sCse jTT< d<e TeTqT.
n] #j<$ s 34
eTfl fi {sTTdTH s+&. k] rdTb + eTfl neX+
+&<T n+~ >>u.
s+#sT. ns< #| nH&T.
k] d+< e<\<\T<T . n~<+&, HH+ +~ |&T THH
#dTHsT < ` jTe]{ yfifl&.
n+f, eTT+<T +~ qqT|&eTH? nH&T sCse
ys+>. <>+ { ned qTe|&T nq s ue+
{| & T +~ n ds+.
d+< n+{ sTV|&b<T.
MTeT+&, MT |d T sT edT+ ~ < MTsT m&TH n+~.
n+<T y[fl n&$ +&eTHy? KdTeTH&T sCse
qdt||sT $dTsT> $|.
n~ n&y? n+eT+~ n<| \, $<sT\ q#T
d+< e\T |P] #jT+&H sCse ||sT |#T HqT
uYs eTT yfifl* n+ | +#TH&T.
d+< $wj sE e~d+ ~. dVA<>T\T e~*|< T .
MT jT n&>y? @eTHsT? n+ >T \THsT. b<Tq eT
eT< ]q d+uwD #| +~. $, sTqe q$, d+< <s + #bsT
` |s y <T , eTfl eT+ deTjT+ #d n&>e T.
s eT+#+ MT< sCse qy| s>ZH n ET
yfi flbd, yT*> ss Y $wjT + ~|+~. sCse y+H $<T<+
nHd eTse e{&{ ks+ +& >&y| ] |&T H&T.
eTsTH&T ~ys+. H\T>T s\ e+&+~. uH\ \MT< d]+ ~.
< s u q+ y T T< \ T|{ s T . n q T L s u> T +< eTsk]
e&+#T++f <s+ #d, @eT+&, = +|dt y&<eT+& n+~.
Mq+ >=+T Z+.
<\, $\, yk\ s 35
 <T>, HqT &T |+& u+#jT &+ w+ < ? nH&T H{
|TuTq eTT< +#+ |&d . + @eT+T+~! d+< \e+#T
eTT<H{+~.
keTys+ jTe]{ yfifl >H dVA<qT\T |T HsT d+<
` j, |+&? n+. ]q<+ |Pd>T qT #| +~ d+< =
|[flLT] d>TZ|&T.
eT =ss =jT H&$T{ MT jTq! e y] rdT=
q#C| +#eT+{y$T{? n+~ dTq+<.
N N, y=<=<T n+~ d+< H m> |+>\qq Be| qsTd.
s |&T ujTeTT+<T eTfl ~|+~ d+< .
@eT+& , < j T # d | +& . H +~ > T ]+ =+# y T H
+#s eT+& n b<j T |&T n&+~. sCse ~es y+H
N<]+#T d+uwD T+#jT <T .
n& H *dqyfifl fiSfl +&sT. H dVT\+ &
d{ HsT. & sy\H, by\H, me]HH \TdTy\H
m+ w+ ! H >T]+ +#y+ ? nH&T.
e+ d+uwD ~>|{ d+< =+&+ <s + +~.
n&Tq yfifl+<s #<T eqyfifl. d+ks+ qyfifl <+ &. yfifl
e+ dV+ #dTL&<? |fiflsTTq|{ qT+ MT dVT H
dVT\qT yfifl+<] *d yT\d yT\>< ? n+~ q#C|<sD .
#<+, |&T s qqT #+| nH&T.
sCse e+ yT &{ sD+ d+< y<q |u e+ <T.
nqT L& #ksT q dVA<>T\q, s dVT\q =
+|dt yfifl &+ deTd >T]+ #]+#&T. ]<s T $TqVsTT+, n+<s
d+< dTH \|s# sT. n& yesD+ |X++>, s>|<+ >
+T+<, n& fifl $X\+>, ks+>, <s> +{jT #|,
yfifl+ sCse bV+#sT. nsTTH sCse eTqdT = +|dt
n] #j<$ s 36
y| n+> yTT>Z<T. us eTfl |T<\> |d #d]
|e&+ w+ , |+& +&{ d+<V +, #<+ n
n|{ |+#TH&T.
dVT\ <seTe&H u< f <T n $eTTK sD+.
n sVd+ n n+s+s +~. HfiSfl d+< sCse
us> >T]+|. |&T d+< us> | q >T]+| +&<T. nB n
nu +s+ . n~ | me] <>sZ nq&T . n+<T, |fifl+ +{
+TH& n+ nqT+{s, us L& q e &T T+<y q
X+ L& b <T . | e+ +|dt J$+ m+ <Tss + > +T+<
e]+, deT]+#&+ <T .
#<+ nH eH |# C+& +< rddT+~ d+< . eTsTH&T
q dVA<qT\, $jT>s + qe, |qf! n+~. n+<s
#|T ={, d+< n_q+~+ b eTHsT. |dT { eyT
n, n+<] { | ++~. sy , jTe]{ |d T qT +|dt
q {sTT+q +{ edTqT> *|Ps+> *jTCd+~.
yfifl q {sTT+q +{ fi+ #$L& #sT. d+< mesdT
mq+ d+s|& + ~. n+<T, n+ eTT+<T = +|dt eq yfifl
<s, q keqT rdTse& e{& @sT L& #d+ ~.
+ KT ss TT+#< T ys+ sE yfifl*.
s sCse, +|dt \T rdT+TqT sd#q+&. b
+ H|sT *dT + rdkeTHsT n+ uj T |&T H #| +~. $q
y+H X+ mT>TsT&yq yT #|\T u$T #=#T
bjsTT.
sde&+ dT\uy T . m y& eTqTHy? keq nB es&+
e\qTHy? nH&T sCse >+;s+ >.
nB @sT #Xq+&. <+ +~ <T n+~ d+<
V+>
<\, $\, yk\ s 37
 n+f, n qTy ssTT+#Xeqe! ++, y<e yq
ekqT nH&T |fi fl _>|{.
N, ny+ e\+&, eTq+ edTH eT jTe]{ n+<s m+
d+wdTHs! n+~.
zVA, qTese&+ < n+ u+>|T HsT u\T! nH&T
sCse.
|C , n e{& + &... n+ n yT&#T #T \T yjT usTT+~.
}", @$T{ eTqT n+ d+< #T* $|X&T +be&+
w+.
d+< d+w+ \>bsTTH, us + >{> nu+s+ #|&q
<s + e+~. <s +H eTsTH&T b<TH +&sY #d eT+sE
ss TT+ us #| +~. sCse e{& < T .
Xys+ H&T eTT>TsZ T $<sT\ T ` <s T &|\ \ T, yTT>|\ y &T
` e#sT. d+< && TsT #T |T fifle\dq keq+
## b+~>Z \T fXsT ` eT< eT< { >T, +\T
qeTT\T. kjT+\+ sCse e#d] keq+ d<+ > +~.
$<sT *+#T sCse ds<> e{&, n eTTU
$d+|CXsT.
#Xs H |j + nqT> >s +> #d+~ d+< . sCse
eTT|\T eTfl _>TdTbe&+ #&>H d+< s q eTT&T#TbsTT+~.
s |&T ujT eTT+<T @< e+q dDT>TH H&T sCse.
d+< m<TsT #| <T .
eTsTH&T b<TH e +{ eTT+<T +~. nsTTH sCse
_++d&\ <T . #&T m eTT $T +<. es+ e+<+f keq+
HXq+ nH&T ` K] eTTw+HH |<+ nqT>. jTeH
<s + #b&T. es+ s<, eH &d b +& eT <>sZ keqT|q
|+<T @sT +< nH sCse + @MT nqb j&T.
n] #j<$ s 38
keq+ yfifl $T<s yfifl& {L& e{& ++~ d+<.
sCse { Ls|<T. +{yfifl #|, d+<L& {
LsT, eTqdTH <e& \ T \T|+~ ` +es < de+>
q&|+q+<T.
= +{ yfifl >H q rdTy[flq b\T k MT< |{ b+++~
d+<. sCse @ fiqTH&, keqT + ~+|+#&+, +{
|{+ #&+ u< rdTH&T. = eTTKyTq keqT $| m> e+
nsTT+<|++~ d+< . uH\ \ +& keqT+~. n+<T +#\T
#T |T uq+ #XsT. uH\j nedsy T q keqT yT*>
$&BjT&+ yTT<\T|{+ ~. + yT&yT e+< *d |\]+#&
eq =+<sT $<sT\ T d+< y=<T y=<+ TH $q+& kjT+ #jT &+
yTT<\T|{sT . kjT+ #es \T ds d + ~. + sCse
|dq+ <T.
eTsTH&T n\d> +& <s d\e|{ +{ +&bjsT.
yfifl +{ Hs *d sT>TbsT>T yfifl =+<s , d+< dVA<>T\T
=+<s , $<sT\ T =+<s ` s+ mes sT edH HsT |\]+
yfifl &. s njTd] <s eT]+ n\dbjsT. =$T~ nsTT+<
< | MT< ysT. y+H eT+ qT |fd + ~ <] .
d|{ |< nsT|\ >+<s>fi+ $|+#d] <s *|&
# s T . d + < > T +& s a \T e T+~ @ <=+> H | & s y , n+
sT eTTTHsyq. @$T{ n <s { <>sZ y[fl s&Ty | #XsT.
z ju eT+~ < $<sT\ T usT\> q&Td >{> nsTdTH sT `
jT++ q+#*! $<] X e]*! ydt#H\sY &H &H! &sY
$T VjYT VjYT! e ]\T rs*! n~sT\ s\T |*! yd t #H\sY
~ sy*! &sY $T &H &H! n+ >=+T +#T nsTd
bTHsT.
Mfifl! @$T{ nqT V&*##qT? n+~ d+< *>Z qe.
Mfifl <T+| >! s|P @$T{ qdH n $dT+ q&T+
y&T sCse.
<\, $\, yk\ s 39
 |\ T ysTT< yjT eT d& + { jTjTH yfifl n&>sT. yd t
#H\sY, ]ks n+^]+#< T . n+<TL H<\T n #| +~
d+< ` sCse n& bsTTH.
jTe]{ n+eT |b>H sy sE\T d\e|{ d+<,
sCse $jTy&, H&, ysT yfiflsT ` yfifl *<+&T,
TTe #&{. n+<]q #| +~ d+< M\T #dT eT
}] seT ` eTTK+> eT = +|dt \T #&{. &|& T #T\
q, n#fi fl q eT eT #| +~.
jTe]{ = $<sT\qT #sTe&+ d+ @sT bs+u
eTjsTT. d\e\j edH q &bsYy T +{ ]q |\ |* \T
|{ + #&+ q, = $<sT\ |yX + *+#&+ $djT +q eTT
bsTT+~ d+< . H |~VqTsE\ bT sCse e{&{ L&
Mq+ | & |&bsTT+~. sCse m \|+ #dTH&
|{+#TH rs +& |#d+~.
s =+<s> uH\T #d, {.$. #d LsTHsT. usus * <s .
+ +{ jT nsT|\ >\ $|++~. {$. fd X<> $Hd]
d+< >T+& sa\TeT+~. $<sT\T =+<sT d+< +{ eTT+<T #]
nsTdTHsT ` d+<sy uVsY y! d+<sy VjYTVjYT! d+<sy
&H &H! b|dsY V]X+< & #sY! d+<sy <>sY! d+<sy
uVsY y! n+ _>sZ > nsTdTH sT.
@$T{>\! nH&T sCse H=d\T {+ . d+< eTTK+ Hs T
#T<T. z b|dsY LT] m&wH <=]+<, _.d. syD
m&{ #jT < , ~ nHjTeT b<Tq &bsYy T +{ <>sZ >=&e|{sT
$<] HjT\T. d]#b+. $|+#T<T. |&T
+{MT~=ksq T<T n+~ sd+ >.
d+< jT{ s< eT]+ _>Zs> nsTdTHsT. \T|\T
u<TTHsT. sCse { + =+ #&uj&T. mes $<] ssTT
n] #j<$ s 40
$ds& #jTd] #Tq | |H&T. { n<+ <+~.
eTT\T m] m<Ts> q |d \ n\es MT<Tq w& ueT
* +<|& eTT+ ~. M~ \T| MT< L& sfifl ={sT .
d+< + jT{ sbjTd] yfifl eT]+ |+, b|dsY
V]X+< =T! e<T\Tk+ MT bT! d+<sy uVsY y! d+<sy
VjYT VjYT! n+ n]#sT.
d+< fifleT fifl ]>sTT. sedu ek|VsD+ sT>T
Tq|&T <|~ d>TZ, neeq+ u< ++#TbsTT+~.
|sT >T|sT >Tq |& > ~ bsTT eT+#+ MT< us |&T X+>
s~++~. $<sT\ T n] n] b. V]X+< +{ y| y[flbjsT.
|*bsTTq { n<+ kq+ =~ ysTT+#eT jTe]{
|d T yfifl sd+~ d+< . ys+sE\T m<TsT#dH yTs<T . n<+
yjT & mes s<T . eT sd+~. n|&=+~ yT ` n<\T
|dT + eT <>sZ e, | +#& |d T jTe\ |s+ deTjT+
|&T T+< sXsT. yT #d sCse nH&T ` > n+<]
{ \ n<\ |>T sTT. n|&T @+> k] yjT T#TqT n. d+<
q$+~. $<sT\ >=&e nsTTq |~sE\ sy u<+ eT] q$+~
` sCse e\.
sp b<TH e>H | >, +|dt =+&\y| q&yfifl &+
sCse n\yT #dT H&T. sE \jTT<su +f +{ m<T
{ +~. {+ d+< ue>sT` n+f sCse &\T&T |f,
u&+ > ~>&T. s+&, s+& n+ V+#&T sCse. d+< |*
qT+ e ue>] #d X\ |X \T yd+ ~. e +{ <] dT\u+ >
*d+<, +~ |&s? n n&+~.
e yfifl *d VAH ~>T<TqT. s | e usT MT{+>T {
+~. qTyy yTTq d\e\ eq|&T eT eT #be < MT =
+|dt MT \T #&{ seT. ds , VA <T\T & ~>=#T
<\, $\, yk\ s 41
n jT\T<sqT. < & +|d!t n&e\T =+&\T m&sT eTq &+
nqT s"sTTeT {y&T rdTb+f m& rdTbTH& n
V&*bjqT. neTeT! @+<], @+ <s+! dw q T+ # <seTs!
nH&T jTq. sCse sTqe q$, m+ e~+~$T{ {?
nHqT.
nu, n+<T<T n qd>&T y+{e.
jTq L& | q sy, q *d y+> seTH&T
sCse. ds |<e T jT\T<s&T.
y[fl<s ] e#d] e+{+{ |qT\T |P] #dT +~ d+< .
]edH y+{e d+< n_q+~+#&T. # ue+<e MT
\, MT = +|d q! b<TH =+&, # #d+ f m+V sTT>
+<qTHy! ]fs j +{ # \T T +f m+ VsTT>
+T+<! nH&T.
, neqeqT ` #dH +V sTT+> +<, & +f VjYT
VjYT> +T+~ nH&T sCse d+< d *|> #d.
eT< $<sT\ T #dq >=&e+ q ue>] m& #|k&q
_yTTV+ ydT #d+~ d+<.
n] #j<$ s 42
H &Ty+?
nsTD nsTT<fi . e | +{ +T+~. e s +&fi esD
HsTT. e +{ |* |\ |{ s+&T H\sTT+~. nsTD <
&Ty\ +&~. n~ * #T sT>T * $& e#~
<T. * L& < e~* |f~ <T. m|&H * jT{ y[q |&T
nsTD |* q m<T |* |\ #T rdT < \ MT<
$Ts<. s +&T D \ H #T +&~ <T. #Tq > +~ +~.
>>u y[ fi &yT yq\ <H~. n|&|&T < dq >fi #
^dTH$. n+<T nsTD n&H |* |\ q # #< <T.
(eTT~+) |* |\ k{ n |sT |{qT`eT#\ +<.
+ s +&T H\\T <{sTT. nsTD d\T qT+ s>H k{ #&{
e#~. * <>sZ +f k{ e* e#~ <T. HqT z
|H, dk eTH +< |&d < |+#& yT*> <>Z]
e#~. sT y < eTT+<T * n d &~ =+d|.
+ = <q+< HsT +~. >Te {q s n+#T* m]
|Te&+, < |T }>&+ #d~. eTT<T> +&~ < . n~
#d nsTD z sEq q q d|+> &T, |+>b+> +
rdT=+~. k{ &+#+& n+...
<\, $\, yk\ s 43
 HH &T eT< eT&, < eTT&T\T +~ yfifl&d | +~
}|T+f k{ |sT >Tq e m] < |Te& |jT ++~.
{ s +&TksT <=] +<|& b sTT+~. nsTD || q$+~. sT y
|+>b+> u | {u &+~ k{. nsTD djT+> < &+#\
#d <s+> b]bsTT+~.
= sE\ bT sp b<TH d\T yfie TT+<, d\T qT+
e# nsTD & +r rdT e#~ k{ &+#eT+. eT+>
k{ nsTD n\yf+ ~. &Te& |\e>H <>]Z yfifl &+ yq
y fi fl & + y T T< \ T|{ + ~. eT < > Z ] ed ns T D u j T + y d~
^sTT+<yq.
zk] d\ T MT< \& &dT + f nsTD \T |TusTT+~ k{.
< >fifl nsTD * * =~> ^]qsTT+~. <+ nsTD uj
+~ > + ne n nsTd y[fl+{y| |]> +~. n~ L& f
nqT k{ nsTD y+|&+ ~. n|{ qT+ nsTD e +{ se&+
eHd+~ ujT+. nsTD yfifleT \T|\T ydd~ k{ y[+{
s+&. nsTD { <>sZ |\ \& __eT #d +T+~.
k{ { >T| m n<+ e\ qT+ ey ey n+
+T+~`H &Ty+? nqT.
n] #j<$ s 44
nHq n+sjT+
sE ~ys+ <T. @< d\e sE. jTH, |\\ +{H
HsT. eT<V+ uH\T #jT&+ nsTT+~. H+ uH\ \
T |&b sTT dsT T HqT. jTq @eTH d kj eks yq #XqT. n|{
|& dsTHsT.
u+#jT >H d>s { eTT{+ #s n|&! d>s { \&+ w<+ n
*jT<? nHqT.
n~ Vs+> |<X eyT . +{ <T nHsT +> b>y|
#d.
+{ HqT, |\\ H+. Vs+>+> yfi< T sT> *d s | u_>&T
(Bala the kid, ...2008) L& HsT +{&T $TeT* #d nHqT V#]d.
eTTkT\T #d b| HsTe&+ <? nHsT < <
#dTeTqT.
nB B fH ? eTTkT #d+f s>+ b&eT+<? b&sT
d>s { b&T +| =&TT+<? nHqT }sT+&.
>=#q+{y, d>s { *d q+{y`eTT+<T qqT \T
q&+ eqT nHsT.
+{ b>|& HqsTqT. ]bsY #kqT nHqT u~]dTq T
q{d.
<\, $\, yk\ s 45
 @+, qTe |uT @+Ty? yTT>T&<H #d deT]+#&+ bsTT <T>, Hqeds+ > d#q*e! nd H eT& u><T nHsT.
M~ y? <H be+ n+f? n \BXsT >+;sd s+. qqT #d MT eT& m|&T ue+T+< #| +&? MTwy T q e+\T
zVA! MT+ *jT<? {e\ be s#q+ e]+~! #d |{q |&H?.... n|&H |eT |<] +#&+ e# MT? \BXqT.
be+ n+f us <kV+ nq&+ <T. | <] |f< be+ m|&H e+{+{ yq qT+ e @<H #jT u eeT+{e
nHqT. <!`|eTw #dT+ <H, |\\ T #ks? n+ nHsT nejT+>.
us ns+ L& e]+~. us n+f us @+ #dH u]+# e+{\T Vs+> d\ +`|eT |<] +# d\ + <T dw+ #XqT.
y]eTT+&y&T <T nHsT ys+>. b s deTjT+ eT& e <>]Z rdT+<eT+f KdTeT+{y
nu, MT+ *jT<y `us n+f u] +# y&T`n e]+<+&! eT& u>< ! nHsT dVjT+> yTTV+|{.
n+<T < n |qT\ us MT~ dd, dVT\ d#> #Xs! nHq <+| + n+f <! k] MTL, k] HL
sT>TT+{&T! |fi+ <>+ #jT &+ yTT>T& eT]+ d# e&? eT& u><qTe&+`eT& d]>Z <s nHq nqe!`
nHqT. deq+ +<THH +&* <! nHqT.
nu...d+b~dTHqT < n d#> sE Ns =, T (< [, pH 2009)
|d T |<] +#&! nHsjTq. .
MT eT>T~ b#THsT <T. MTsT |d T sp #d | <H`@
& => @ Ns T e+< n |]o*+#&y T H? nHqT.
n+ w+ <? qT #d #\<! nHsT e+s> qe.
nj seT! qqT #&+ L&H! #d @H&H yT#Tq bbq
bjs? `m+ > k y nq&+ | ! nHqT.
HH+ u {E <T qT b>T&T Ls&! nHsT >&T dT>.
nu eT>eTVsE! |d T & yfi eyT b>T&TsT`n|&
|D+, |sTcs+ ! nHqT HqT L& e+s> q$.
MT udT qT @eT b&& H|&H n&>H? qTe #TTHy
H? n+ eTs <& yTT<\T|{sT .
#_ u] +#>\ s? nHqT =+f> qe.
n+{e u] +# d>s { \&+! nHsT eT yTT<{ =.
@MT #| +&H }V+ d>s { dTH sT! #_ @+ #ksT ?
sd H sTT bd qqT \Tks? nHqT q&T+MT< #T \T |T .
n] #j<$ s 46 <\, $\, yk\ s 47

<XeT+f eTqTw\T s?
b<TH sT>+\ j s d<+ > +&eT+~ e kVr dV+<+
HjTs\T. k] e\+ $Vsj +&, ke <w
L&q kVrj nq>H HqT yT&qT. k] HqT ekqHd]
n+<s d+w+#sT. +\+, m+ d|P \ |d | eTs
+ *jT+& >&b qT. yTT<{ \, #T{\, +{=# dVT\
| H ys yfifl d+|s + +&~ <T. }] Lse&yT +<T
<>+ #], e> + > d]= deTd\T m<Tsj sTT. +{ u< \,
<> u< \`s+&+{ HjT+ #jT <> e<T\THqT.
de+ { d\ | #q+ |d\L, |\L, du\L,
deyX\L |]$TeTsTT+~. {.$ d\ d++~+q <Ts q\T #d
*> d+<q *+ n|+#~. |& <T.
+ sE <jT + $XK|+ dw H ~, n+<s+ *d e
d+ @sfq |yT dT jT\T<] ;#Ys& |q q >dtVdt
#sT, \\T rsT, nVs+ eTT+, eTfl n< dT
|~>+\ b++ jT\T<s+`q>s <s+> q deTT< rs|
| b+.
@ sV<] MT+ jT\T<sy sV<] | b++ esL
n] #j<$ s 48
s++> k+~. XsujqT. H q|&T | b+\ HqT
y[flq \+ eT{, sfifl +& >T u\T | sT s&T ms>q T.
|&T |<qeT+ >MTD_e~ |<\ >T]+N, eTTKeT+ #d
>MTD_e~ | q\ >T]+N {.$. ]> |#s+ yT H fifl eTT+<T
k]dT+ <qT<T ! q>s\ qT+ >e\H , @ esTeT\ >eT+
qT+ @ q>sH d s+ #sT e& eTT+<T> sV <sT\, dT\
neds+ <. sV <] fifl eTT+<T nq++> k>T+~. dT y&T +f
m& <T|\T e.
eT<V+ uq+ deTj dT <] |q # bsT.
uq+ b n+<] n+~+#sT. sV <] | H # & LsT
me] b{ yfifl $| H+. equq+ n|++~. eT+fifl
dk\THsTT { <V+ rsT #T \T &T H+. sy nd\T
neds+ V#]++~. m& #TT| \ fifl>, eTsT>T<=&T > e.
<] n q # |\ y[fl, ]=sT | +
+{y* neds rsTH+. eT>yfifl Te+{~ m|& n\yf
q>s L&`>& |d #\T! &yfifl neds* |uT + >T]+#
sE\T + sy* +~`q>sq >eq L&.
eTfl jT\T<] eT] =+ <s+ yfifl, qq |]Xe_e~ |D[
d+# dT<yTq bsT >& yTT<+~. >& nTy| deTT<+ Ty|
qJeq $< +d< X+! @$T{~? n Xs+ yd+ ~. ~b+ |sT
qf j s + ~. dT~>, n& |y dT\T eT Bq>< $|+#sT.
e deTT< e <s+ #XsT n, eTs=# e fifl e
+& #XsT n $\|+#sT. eqe\T d+q dTHMT |*
#dTq T n|++~.
<X_e~ >MTD_e~ esyT q <? <T<, L&<T <.
|]XeT\ k|q d+ |# |s, |# b <+d+ #jT &+
HjT+ <T<. <Xe T+f <q d+|<, k+ n_eB eyT <T,
<\, $\, yk\ s 49
<Xe T+f eeT\T eTqTw\ eTqT>& L&. ||+ NsD # yu >+ q&T#T+, C]b+& C> |&T yfifl+`~>T, m,
|sT keqT\ d\ dTU\q, |j T T\ JeqX* , XeT|* \q >+d| |{+ ~. n& m<Ts q yfifl qq |]XeT\ |D[\ e\
>+ #jT &+ <s + <T <. n& n\Je\ BHb\T + #e sdT q yfifl sT. nTe+{ u~T \T sT. eqe eT>\ u]q
esTy>TTHsTT. \ qe\q, deq, {.$. d]jTq |&q u~T sfifl! s>T+&\ s u T\T #dq keTV n#s
|+# HjT <X\T e$. J$qTuy \ |T w\T. * >Ts q dVjT ]q d\ T. m+<T ]+~ <TXs n Xs+
={ ><\ ydqT nH kyT | s|yT n& ndedyTq *+~. me]|H q b, =+& q esTeT\ eT
Jeq+.>MTD_e~ eT<T s>q+ s syT q n|d s\T $|+qsTT+~. T eTT TTq nejT ]q d\ |q m+<T rsTHsT?
+ |T w *+q V<jT us ydT+ &>H, eTs&T b<TH <V + yd+ ~ yfifl Bq>< $q sy . +&Tdu neeq+ b+~q
sT>+\ j sT> +&eTHsT eTs| b+ yfifl &. eTq+ <|~ q eT]+ |T s n#s >Ts q nHe T+~ <|<T \T k]>
n&e+ yfifl* n eTT+<T>H #| +~ e HjTs\T. n&e\T fifl<T |yTqT fifl \<]++~. m Xu\T <{H, m+
nq>H HqT V|&qT. q|&T #+<eeT < #~$q, H>] |]H, n#s\qT d\ T dV d +&e\d+<H? +#
Cq|< < $q n&e\T |kjTqTHqT`H\MT< #qTyTd+f, +#qT ]+q jTeqT\T #d }sT++f
>\>\eTH m+&T{\, #TT| \ ss \ +Te\, | \ dV +#e\d+<H? ]H_e~ d\ > +H? eTq+ @MT #jT e?
+{jT, =eT* | dT+ yfifl* edT+< nqTHqT. bsTs*> re y<q *+~ H. yfifl nd\T m dV +#sT?
}V\, ydy\ m+ ed+ +T+< n& *k+~. n~ m+<T m<TsTs> < T ? d+<V \ y]q de<q+ keTV
n&$<] <T. <sH m~]+# n\\ dVjT < ++~. nsTT, n+H
sV <] MT+ # yTfi fl |j D+k+~ =+& eT\T|\T sT>T. <> u] yT q +s+ ET $| X|< + #dq <|~> Td={+ ~
sV <] | q s +&T eT&T # # +< <TD q# =+<sT jTTe. eHfifl eTsTT+#& m+ &_H e s < T . e
*<+&T\T #+{|\\, q|\\ |+#sT. b*j &|t HjT+ s>* n+~ u~Tsfifl+<] s|H.
ysTT+#Te& n& usT\ T #d *d+~. {.$. s# T > #d sp u > e + T & y T \T=\T| b& q T > , | u T L &
|#s+ d * +<qe q+`esTeT\ b+ q+ yT\T=*> BqT\bT $|+#Te&+, y] HjT+ #jT&+
L& |\\ s>+ | #q+ *dTq |uT eTqdTH d+ue +< n|++~. kVrj H ke dV *+,
n_q+~+#qT. H= $|y dT|u^ H]+~.
sV <] =+&MT~ =+ <s+ yfifl bsTT+~. dT n& (neTT~+)
|XsT. ~yd\ >& #sTH+<T =+&MT+N, jT+N
sfiflMT<T> q&T#T+ yfifl*. n T|\, yTT\, b\
| + |< |< #T n+> |+#< T . >e sfiflu MT+
n] #j<$ s 50 <\, $\, yk\ s 51

nd\T n<+
s #d| <|<T @yy #q\. b<TH y\+f
fifl+ H=|\T>, \~eTT> n|++~. eT+> e#+<T + =+
deTjT+ |&T T+~ < n, eT] d| < + > |&T HqT.
eeT\T> q u> \d+ nsTT+~ eT+> se&+. eT]+ eTTkT
#dT e& + deTjT+ |{+ <y n eTqdTH >=DT, \d+
nsTT+<+? n e esd n&>qT.
e&+ \d+ nsTT+<e n+~ N|sT rdT.
=+d|{ , #jT e\dq |qT\T |P]#d q T, HH\ THqe nHd]
\u jqT.
n<$T{? \T & T&e+&H y[flbTHy? nHqT.
~q+ $& ~q+ T&Tkqe, q&T+H=d+ ~ n+~.
n<$T{! q J+ L& |+#qT <. |+ #bqT
<`+<TdyT |+#TTHq nHqT.
@MT de<q+ #| +& s| T&Tkqe n #| y[flbsTT+~.
H fifleT+&+~. nd\T yfifleT jTX< | #d~ e +{. <<|
bfiflbT #d+ ~. u> T|&+ ~ k]. <+, & \T
T&eqe n+~. ds nHqT C*|&. s +&fifl + jTX< bsTT+~.
n] #j<$ s 52
n|{qT+N eT+> #jT &+ yTT<\T|{+ ~. yfifleT #dq |qT\T #&+
e\Hy , q & |{ \T T&e+ #d~<T. nd Hp>Z, c>Z
+T+~. |> , ys <TD+ |#jT & y&T +T+~.
eT+>| |P] #d y[flbj, HqT e+ |qT\ e>s |P] #dT
CsT y&< eT jT{ e#d], |q T+ T eTT\ dyT +T
|#T\ s\THsTT. qjTyT, d HHM T< |& +&$. | #d,
mes~? @+ #dT H sT? n n]#qT.
| n+dT yfifl eT y{ esT\ #sT \ #dT +THsT.
ydT X+| T +T+~. +~ yfifl +~ \T>TT+<y qq #q
L& s<T. me] V yfifl~ nqT+{sT. >{> n]H,
|yfifl>, yTd> , |y {\ jTeqT\T > mes $|+#T<T .
eT]+ < +> s\THsTT TeTT\T. eT]+ >{> n]#qT. H
>=+T H >j [ >=+T n|++~.HqT n] |&u\T |&T+f,
m<T]fiflyfiSfl, |fifl yfiSfl =+#XsT. |yfifl @eTqTHs, z
\+ s+>T bd s d n&+ > {+ #sT. s +& |< \T\T!
T eTT\T s\&+ =+CsT e+ Z+~. +< +{
eTT+<s+ eT{s *, ndV +> j s + ~. #| > #| >, kjT+\+
yfifl| nj, L*eTw # d }&|+ #sT. nsTTH, eT{ n+
#| \ n+T +{ |y ++~. >* eT] =+ |&+ ~.
eTs&T b<Tq eT+>e +{ }&e&+ nj, & H\MT<
T&+~. sE eyT . eTs&T eTfl T&e+& y[b +f,
@$T~? #dTHe<`sp|qT+ eT{|& +{ H\ m
b&e+<. & T&e bm? nHqT.
#bqT <e , ~q+ $& ~q+ T&Tdq n+~ s +>.
@$T{, qTe |{q s n~? n+ wyTH? n =+#+
>{> H n&>qT.
@MT de<q+ #|+& y[flbsTT+~. H eTqdT u>TZeT+~. |
<\, $\, yk\ s 53
yfifl @MT #jTqT, | eTw @MT #jTqT. n+<] @<
#dj\q+ |+, @MT #jT dVjT.
|q bd]+> #d+f & dyT+T q q <|\T +~ s*
|&T H\+ b&T#dT H sTT. HqT jT{ eq|&, mesH |*
eq|& <|\ T HM T< |&T THsTT. #| \bT dyT +T
+{ |y k+~.
eTs&T eT+> \T }&, T&e&+ d+ rdTusTT+~ &T
MT+. HqT >Tq >dT, T&es < T n+, dT&u L&
e+{+{ |fX qT. |+ H #T \T eDsTT.
n<+e, ~q+ $& ~q+ T&Tdq HqT < n+~.
ns < T ~H\T. s>+ eTTK+, +{ eTT] <T nHqT
e+>+>.
n<+e n+~ | . sp T&TkqT +& n nq<T .
T jTe n+~ eTfl.
e<T, yfifl nHqT >{>.
ds MT w+ n y[flbsTT+~.
b, c |<] +#qT , H ]q |esq eTs{ qT+
eT+> | s<y n uj T |&qT. n+H, ds , eHd eHdT + ~,
+{ | HqT#dT bqT nqT+ |* yfifl d] n<+ H
eTTK+ H $+> |++~.
HH| & keT+> e{& q, <s +>H, ]q +>H |e]+#q
H *dq yfifl k<sD+> nqT+{sT.
nsTT H|&T m+<T |e]dT H qT? eT+> +>H &T | H=|
ed+ &+ e\ e+ H\ MT< & T&e b+<y . HqT m+<T
ns+ #dT bjqT? C J+ |+q~ | d+ <T.
<s \ T $|+> |sT>TTHjT, H u] +#&+ w+ > +f, <
++ w+ > +<q +# |+#qT. n~ n& +& }] |+
n] #j<$ s 54
eeqq u e+ | \ +& + e\ e# T , &
T&Td+ &eT #bqT. C | yfifleT yTT<{ qT+N #d~`eT<
eHd+ ~ >. yfifleT L& n|&| &T J+ H n+ HH |+#<.
n+<T qT m+ $Xd+ |#d~ H <>sZ . |&T s+ e]+~!H
L& nV+ue+ |]+<|++~. eT+> H e <q<q <s +
eT+> |sT w+> e{&qT, sks uy |<] +#qT.
s+ H d]>Z <| < T . H eTqX+ +& bsTT+~.
<e < |]cs+ <T. ]+< #]|jT& <s< T . b<TH
eT+> edT+< s<, H >T]+ m k+<, qqT #&<>,
]HTs*> nqT+<y, b<TH edT+< s< n eT<q|&T
>&b qT \y sesL .
b<Tq eeT\T deTj e+~ eT+>. < |esq @MT esT
<T . HqT L& eeT\T >H HqT =+ * q eTqdT.
eT+> eeT\T> | edTq+<T HqT eeT\T> qT
|e]dT H , eT+> eTT+<T HqT z&bjqq ue+ be&+ <T . <
M\T |s+ dsT be& H w+ <T . eT+> ~q+ $& ~q+
& \T T&e& d<+ > +~ <, qT eTfl #kqq|&H
HqT | +f ue+&~. H n+ HqT eTfl < e |s+
#jTeT n&>& nV+ n&=k+~. d+> $TqV, eT+>
eeT\T>H eeV]dTH qT.
eeT\T n<+ H eTTK+ MT~ eTT&\ , s ys \D \
|+qT, eqe d++<+ nH n<+, e <] eT< @s&q
d+|T sD | H #q\ H |esH dw+ > |dT H sTT. H <
|+& #dTq<$T{, eTqX+ +& #dTq<$T{ n<+
|k+~. n~ HH +< < HqT e~*+#T bTHq
\Tk+~.
(neTT~+)
<\, $\, yk\ s 55

n<$Te!
bsTT MT< @eH |{y? nHsjTq`HqT L#T
~ys+ nqT+<+ #<T e+f #d. ey] # H{ ||sT
+~. MTsT y[fl #&=#TqT < n n+<eT H{< e, b\T
b+>TTq ydq s>H |sT >Tq yfiflqT e+{+{. b\ b+>T
e# esL n& d| +#e#T < n+{sjTq`b\T b+
bsTTq|&. m<TsT>T+& +#Tq+ d|P n$ #d b+>e. d
qTeTsT>e>H dyT |{H , b+ bsT sTT.!
| fifl H bd bsTT MT< |>H me]< bH=dT+ ~. #Tq
y[fl bH m V nH, ne* eTw { eTT#T yTT<\sTT,
H fifl n&T>+{bsTT H e&bT+~ L&. ydq k
esL e+{+{ dV s<T. k, eTsbjqT n n+f, eTsT|
<T, e+ MT< X< <T n+{sjTq.
q|&T #<Te MT< X<<H ysT Hq>sT`H esT\T
y=q|&T. u> #~$q y{ L& deTj m+<T
eT]bjT<H *jT<T. |<\T +s e#$ e. | |< |< #~$
>TsT+ {sTT n #|ysT. + MT< sdH >TsT+ &~ H.
|<j |\ #~y|&T < ed+f | #~y< $& qqT #d q$+~ |\]+|>. HqT sTqe qyqT de<q+>.
n] #j<$ s 56
bs*. n<$Tf, q |\ | #<T ee! n y ]+#y&T e
nqjT. eT]b+& HT sdT++f m|& sjT&yTH,
#<e &eT+ <? nHy&T.
|\ u<, eTsT| u< | T+< #<T esTTb>H |[fl
#dTH, eTeTsT| y~ qqT e<<T. CsT y[fl y\qTq
edTe ={ =q&+ eT]bjT<. + MT< *dTs dT rdT
yfifl#T < n d\V #sT e ysT. eTTd| fifl CsTT+|q
|H feTT ekjT \TdT. feTT @< | |&, y{
d+> eT]bqT. fisTT | +#eT d\V #sjTq. |
#jT &eT eT]b+{qT n|&| &T.
eT eTsT| @<H eT+<T+< n &s T n&>& y&< e
nHqT z sEq e y]. < jTH= C #bsT`mes H+{
y& y[fl &s T >s, H eT eTsT| n++ mee+~. @<H
eT+~ks? n n&>&. &s T y+H, kqT, | +&
qjTeTeT+~. eTT+<T> eT&=+<\T e+&. rs eT+~#, qqT MTsT
eT]bsy! nH&.
yfifi+ <T. +>H H eT eTsT| mee+~. @<
rd T =< e T | C < > Z ] y & qT. rs \ T| ] # @+
rdTy\qTHH eT]bqT. eTfl e+{+{ y& > >TsT s<T.
>~+ >~ <dy y& qT. >~ yfifl m+<Td+
yfiflH eT]bqT. eTfl >~ =d> >TsT s<T nHqT.
|s< q+ me . #d | MT< <q+ b n> neT+~.
C>, s | qqT L& eT]byy ! nHsjTq.
nTe+{ X @MT |T+&! nHqT qe.
z sEq @< CsT | MT< y&T +f <] m<TsT> edTq
$&es HqT >TsT| < T . $& eT]+ V+> H eTT+<T=,
<\, $\, yk\ s 57
eT\>s HsT? n+~. @ eT\+&? nHqT. | H n #| +~. eT< e n &|& T #T us }] @< | MT< eq|&T
nsTTH $&es H >TsT s<T. + MTsesT? n n&>&+ nqT+& qqT # #d >TsT |{ |\]+, MT neT>] |]d
ue+&<T < n, eT\ u>H +<+&. bH e{&T + @MT ue+&< T b|+ nHsT. $wjT yT e n <>sZ qT+ HMT
+{+ n #| eTT+<T k>qT`+ @+ e{& *jT. TsT s<T . *jT<+f ue+&< , n<q+&, Hq y[fl #&\qT
d+> H rjT dVTs\T y< V #bqT. { s +&TksT +THqT n, m> |]d + jT|&qT.
m& \TdTq yfifl >TsT |Te&+ w+ me]H . # y+H XsTT+#THqT. m>H y+H |j D+ |T neT
eT+~ |]#jT dT\ THsT < n deTT<sTT++~. #d sy\. neT #d n|& s +&fifl sTT+~. nqjT bj neT
$TTs\T bH #dq |&T q |sT #| <T. >=+T HqT >TsT e n <>sZ +{+~. HqT neT u< rdTH d qT. yT$T<s +
|& q, |{\ q qeT+. s &j q +s+ n+<] dT|]+. m|& @y |qT\ r] +& +&+ e, neT n <>sZ e T+>
nsTTH H D+ >TsT s<T. =+#+ d+uwD k+q sTy +<q +e \+ >&|d e#qT. e #** d+ks+
>TsT =dT+ ~ e{&~ | H n. =|&T $& $jT\ u< e. n~ L& s# T > yfi b +~. @&~> qT L&
n #| H, @ $jT\ >TsT s<T dw+ >. H |< =+&T eT+~ yfi < T nyfifl }].
$jT\ \T \TdT. d{> MTsT @ $jT\ n n&>& + eTs<> HH=s H yfiflqT. dw H qT+ { yfiflqT n y[fl+{. VsT>
+&<T . m> d d+uwD k+#, H yT<&T u{ y\T>TT+~. yfid ] qqT #d n XsusTT+~. d+w++~. neT m
=+<sT e{& rsT {, d+uwD bs+_+# rsT { y+H +~? n n&>qT.
>VkqT` e{&<es, +s ds\T eT]bsTTH, bH m> s, #<T> n |* <] rd+~. | >~ eT+#+ MT<
+{\T |&=#T. | + > m<TsT |&q |&T eTw >TsT =dT+ ~. |sT |&T +~ neT. b<Tq m$T~ >+\ yfi.
eT]bqT. qqT HH $Xw + #Tq|&T eTsT| eT\+ nsy T + ~. ne, n { |*+~ n. fi fl se >H, mes=#s #&T
me]HH e{&TTq|&T qTe nH, MTsT nH d+u~d n+~. HqT eT+#+ MT< neT | q LsTHqT.
e{&yT>, d+uwD eT< eT< yfifl |sT |{ d+u~d mese MTsT? n+~ neT. \u jqT. + <eT> +&
e{& + H n\yT <T . n~ <T se nH, n<q+& C>s >TsT | < y n. HHq e nHqT`H eTTU, >=+T >TsT| & T T+~
nH n+ d+uwD k+# neds+ H n|+#, |sT #]+#& < n.
n\yT |& , |sT eT]be&+ < <] rd+~ H b&T n\yT. mese MTsT? n+~ eTfl. HfiSfl HqT q #&{ s< ,
$TT\, |]#jT dT\ nsTT m> dsT +{sT. <s| +<T e\T HqT |{+ #T< |+ e n n+{+<y nqT, u<| & T
=+<sT nbs+ #dT+{sT. yfi |sT L& eT]b. e n HHqe, HfiSfl sbjqT nHqT neT # H #T
&|&T#T { &\T`$D >TsT |T |sT |{ |\]+#< rdT+.
# H=#T+~ k]. $& |sT d e n *dH eT]b neT yT*> L#T, e n d #d. ne, mese? n+~.
+{qT. HqT \u sTT #XqT ny| .

n] #j<$ s 58 <\, $\, yk\ s 59

 <T>, +~ |]d. eTq+<] eT]bsTT+~. HqT nq+
|&qT { qqT ne n+T+~. eTq Hq >] >T]+ n&,
yfifl Hq>] Ts, q q|{ Ts #TT+~. eT eTsT|
s+ y~. e<| + e# y~. &s T #|+#+. B eT+<T
<T n #| +~ n.
Te+{ &yT j >T]+ $q&+, nTe+{ dT\ >T]+ ys
#~$ d+~+, njTT! nqTe&+ ysT , djT+> nqTu$ +#&+ ysT .
n< $ Te! qTeP H> = eT]b +f H q T ns +
#dT >\qe, qH eT]b m>e? qTe e m<Tf He.
ueT +f m>e? |\\ T m~> y{ eT]be& qTe
|*$ <T <, e *$ <e ! e* eT]b<T . eTeT* m+<T
eT]bjee? n nq+ |&T+< < ne n+THe.
qqT mese MTsT? n n&T>TTHe`m u] +#qe? HH+ #dH
neT @MT nqT< Be> q+<T H ne ~? XTe
L& e<e Te+{ ! nqTHqT.
(jT+, nsY`&d+sY 2009)
n] #j<$ s 60
eTq+ qjTyTH!
e +{ #TT|\ ]> |*>&T(>+&T|*) e eT* (\|*)
y+ s>&+, yTT<{ |*>& ujT|& eT* <s+> b]be&+.
|*>&T |Te<\ $esT& eT* y+|& +, e] eT* eT
#dTH, |*>& eT* dV+> yT\>&+, sy =Hfi eT*
&T | +&+. n|{ qT+N eT* |*>& <s+> +#&+ , |*>&T
eTs #{ y yfifl &+ , eT* s +&T H\\ sy @ eT dTs y T q
# q&+, b\d+ se&+`n V\+> >eTd +&~
e | y{ q m$T<fi uT eq.
|\* rdTs<? n n&+~ eT* r se&+ #d.
+ q$ <, se nHqT.
nsTT b\T m rd [fl dT+ ~? n n&+~ eT nejT+>.
* |\\ b*qT>H nHqT. n|&T ns+ #dT +~.
=Hfi sy . ys # qT+ = |* L q yT& <>sZ H{
&T|> |T e +{ rdT=, >& | q q fifl &eTT
yq\ |{+ ~. m|&H |*>&T nTy| ed, >+&T |* #d
u~]+#&+ . < <>]Z se+& n], |\* u <+> #dTe&+
d> >eT+#+~ uT eq.
<\, $\, yk\ s 61
 H\T>T |* |\\ @+ |sT |&<e n > m<TsT #d+ &~. b\ |sT> nq+ nsTT HqT |>\ qT. m\ |\ m& |T=
n$ + u> m<> < T . m|& &eTT yq\ < +THsTT. |>\ qT? nHqT.
< qT {, <MT< { |> |&T H$. * <s+ uT eq qyd+~.
qT+ e ey eT dq> nq>H y+H ~* *# T #s $ b\d+. =Hfifl sT y eT* e +{ y| se&+ eHd+ ~. |*| \ \ T
+ * b >TTHsTT. n|&| &T * bT |< | T q u> m~>sTT. <s +> jT= # eT< s>& + , #M T~ m&+,
b\d+ m>&$. + | T b\T >&+ #, b\ |q T+ <&+ , <H={ sT eTT &Te&+ yTT<\T |{sTT.
fifl |{ q&#$ . H\T>T |\ eT&T >+&T |* b* eT#\ yfifleT se&+ <+? $ b|+ u+> |Ty? n n&+~
+&$. { eyT * \> +&, b{, e+ uH s+>T uT eq sEq.
+&$. @MT u+> |Te. |* |\\ T m~>sTT <. b\T > ejTdT
eT+> m<T>TTq =B y{ * my, *b \T #\, b\ nsTTbsTT+~. + MT d+> MTsT #dT+&`& n+{ +~ <
|sT> nq+ *| | T |& q&+ HsT HsTT. n deq+> n #| y[flbsTT+~ * |* nHqT.
H$ e. { s +&T |\\ T n|&| &= s +&T yTT\T y&T +f, n<$T{, | <. m~ e+ * |\* n e~dT + < m&H ?
eTs s+&T > e <<u Hd$. |T U nsTT nq+ d+ n+~ uT eq.
&T eTT++f #d eTfl |f< . n|&T * e >>u Hd~. n$ eTqTw\T <T <. +Te\T n+ nHqT *>Z.
m|&H u+&jT +{ m\ |\ H s nsTT eTqTw qjT+ <! n+~ uT eq.
rdT=, eT\T>TTq >=+T |*#~ seT. &eTT yq <q uT eq nejT qeHqT.
|\\ T ## jT{ s>H q H sT #Tq m\ |\ +< |& d~. =Hfifl sy M~, |fifl y[fl s>&+ yTT<\T |{ s+&T
H\T>T |\q { <&T> y[fl m\T |\ H s#T |* |\\ T bjsTT.
=+#+ <s+> #T yq rdTbsTT~. q$ y] yTTV+ #dT = { sT +<|& #bsTT+~. eTs |* |\ ] #+|d+~.
#d+&$. + > |\\ n+<s deq+> |+#T+& n d+> *d uT eq \&b sTT+~. b|+, H\T> ds< > &TH$.
#| &y , qT |+ e&y #d~ <T. mD+ # |T= qT q+& |&T s +& $TsTT n+ C*|&+ ~.
|\\ eTT+<T |& d~. $ eT> |\ , &|\ ? n n&+~ z sEq.
eeVseT+ Xs+> >eTd q~ uT eq. { eT>~, { &~ nHqT.
k], b|+, $T*q y{ q& e<T +{? n n& m *d+~ MT? n n&+~.
n<+ |* +Te <, |\\ +<] deq+> |{\ eTw > & #|+#qT <s+ qT+`n$ b\T >TT+f. n|&T
+#<T n de<q+ #bqT. H de<q+ d+| |& < T y{ |sT |{+~`eT>|* H{ &|* d{ n.
uTeq. eTs& uT eq |sT > T + e.
n] #j<$ s 62 <\, $\, yk\ s 63
 +{, +{, #&+&, |*>&T e#&T, d{ y+ |&T TH&T
n+~.
|&T |*| \ |<< b sTT+~ <. #+|<T , uj
n~ <T +{. d{ |*>& LTsT <. ~ es eT* y+
|&q T |&T d{ y+ |&T +~ n+~. |T s m nsTTH
|+& nqT H y| +>sT> #d.
|*>& d{ q LTs *jT<T <. +Te\ Cq+
+&<T nHqT`n+q $es+> m+<T #| &+ n. n nsTT
eTqTw qjT+ < n+~ uTeq. uTeq nejT eTs=k]
eTqdTH qeHqT. eT+N #& n *d, eqe d+d eT]
| #d =+<sT eTqTw\ d+>r, $ de+ >T]+N uT eq
*jT& + deTjT+ |&T T+~ nqT. $wjT yT d+uwD
b&+#< T .
(qT, 5e y]e d+, @| 2010)
n] #j<$ s 64
T + <T nHqT.
|]esq
e T b<jTTs*> |X+ k| du eTTK+> b+~q|{ qT+N
q u< m+ |]qT> n|++~ dTeT. dTeT n+ w y T q
>D dT\u+ > nse TjTTT> u~+#>\ deTsTs \T. qT u*\
d #]q sT y nsTT<T d+esq $<]qT\T <<| n+<s
>D + n~ X+ esT\T #T >*>sT. <+ | $j\
X+ #| <qT> |]+~. 95 X+ eT+~ >D + # me
esT\T #Tq+<Te\, yTT+ n bs$wj\ *| d
$<]qT\ $jT+ 85 X |]+~. ~ nqVyTq $wjT +>,
n|PsyTq $jT+> jeq+ u$++~. n+ eTT+<T k<sD+>
H #eT+~ | +&ysT. ndsT esT\ >fysT
me>H +&ysT. # =~eT+~ $<]qT\T eyT n~X + esT\T
#T>*>ysT.
dTeT |u e+ s b<jTTsfifl|q L& |&, yfiSfl b{|&
X<> u~+#&+ yTT<\T|{sT . dTeT u<q dsfi + >, dT\u+ >
+&~. J$+ <VsD\T rdT deTd fifl fT
#d < |]w]+#&+ m+ dT\u+ n|+#T u~+#~. >D + n+f
$<]qT\ ujT+ bsTT, n|+#~. \ {#sY n+f
u<T sTbsTT, #qTe> e e< e&yT n+ +{ yfifl L&
<\, $\, yk\ s 65
dTeT >T]+ ` $& e rsT, Veuy, u<q |< e]+
#|ysT. dTeT rdTq s> T |\* eT+< #&+ +&,
| $<] |{ X<d \ T #|+#&+ yT |T q $j nd\T
sD+.
Vd\T y]e+H&T @sT #dq du eTTK n~ #T\
MT<T> |X+ k| rdTe&+ dTeT V C +|+~.
V&$Tdd t nsTD L& q u> b>& +, q u< |]+<
d\T |sT |w\ T q| <s|& jT u$++~. = $< d+es+
bs+u+ e&+H =*sEqT+# >D bs\T X<> u~+#&+,
$<]qT\ # k<q #sTT+#&+ , y{ d]~< +, w+ +& w+ >
#jT &+ eT]+ n\yT #dT +~. $<]qT\ n\yT #d+ ~.
|<e dT w n+<] H *yq , #TsT q $<], @~ u~+H
f >VdT+~. | ||sY #sTTdt H, n \ #dd q{
q sy #T H~. n+<T s> HjTs* kq+ \_++~.
dTeT LsT n|&| &T w @<H w y T q usTM T< q deTjT+ @ d ee~ <=]H, XyT w eT< eTT#T
#d #|+#eTH~. < yq q d $e]+ { $<]qT\
#| eTH~. d+ ys ]<] nTe+{ neX, yfi +
b>={, $Xk |+#&+ bs+_++~.
d+es+ m>H q{ qsT X+ >D + $jT+ k~+#T
#j \qT+~. }] rsT \ e&y , yds T esT\T #T e&y
+&, >=|> $jT+ k~+#T #j \H |T<\ *+~. eTTK+>
|<e s> $<]qT\ $wjT +.
w n|&| &T dTeT e&yT +{ yfiS + T+~. = |X \T
n& + yTfi e\T \TdTe&. $dT+&, q +{ deTjT+
e< ne+<qT+& u~+ |+|+#~. w L& dTeT | &
q|&T qq |qT kjT|&~. Ls\T ] |&++{
|qT\T#d , e+| #dT +H dTeT >D deTd* $| #|~
w ns{+ |&T y=*|{q T.
n] #j<$ s 66
nsTT, eT< = $wj \T dTeT <w =#sTT. #<T e u>
sDd H , w eTTkT #dT e&+ L& =+ | X< rdT+TqT
+~ dTeT. n+ <T. eT +{ w eq|&T +{ q
=&T XyT +f n L& |\]+#&+, =+#+ d| n
eTT#{& + >eTk+~. XyT >&TjTwH #dT H &T. eT+
$<]. +& d+{dT, * >D+ eT b<jTTs\T. JH q
|u m& bT+~?! J e T $<]> |sT #T +TH&T.
w XyT sT #| &+ s# T > sT>T+~ eT< . nesTT
dTeT \TdTe& e# deTj y\H q =&T m&
yfi +& +{ +& bTH& n nqTeq+ yjT &+ yTT<+ ~.
$wj ssD #dT H |H eeVs+ X $T+#TT+<y qq uj T +!
deTjT+ q us +{ +&&T. H, q >~ LsT @<
|]X<H | sdT+ +{&T. dTeT e+{+{ | eT>yT
k>TTHsTT. { s+&TksT |s+> V#]++~ w deTjT+
e< #jTe<. =&T L& @<| #| jT{ |+|+#&
|jT+#~.
sEq qT kjT+\+ CsT yfiS + f <s+> bdt | &
d+sY <>sZ q =&TL, c *d TsT #| +, qe @<
+Tq <X #d+~. dTeT >T+& ssTT |&q sTT+~. }|]
_>TdTbsTTqsTT+~.
$<]> XyT u$ wT HXqeTsTTbT+<y qq uj T + eV++~.
+{=# =&T d{> yT yj \+f eTqdT ++~. @MT
ms>q T>, XyT m& qT+ edTq B, @+ #dT q B n&+~. nd\T
d+> #|+& @y sD\T #b&T. <+ dTeT nqTeH\,
uj\T <&|&sTT.
eTs&T dT w usT <>]Z |*, q >+ sE u~+q
<\, $\, yk\ s 67
w y T q , eT { |\\ u~+#eT #| +~. w uT + MT<
q #T q dT MT< |&d, <s+> yqT $sT#T+
eTT+<T=+~. usTM T< d| t yd #|dT + f m|& #jT | \T
<=ssTT. dTeT w V#]++~. nsTTH q | * >V +# b sTT+~
w. +{ k<q #jT < n eeT\T>H n&+~ dTeT.
kjT++ e +{ +<T e#sT e&yT , fy T <=s < T n+~.
n~ | n<+ n dTeT \TdT. |+ | , w #+||q
#fi fleT|++~. H n<e &y! n+.
s> $<]qT\+<s Xw b jsT. ]<s T eeT n]#sT.
< eT *qT. w T>Z +~bsTT+~. fifl fifl ]>sTT.
#+| |T n> \ \&bsTT+~. dTeT + |+ >Z ,
>e{ |y T VjTsY n n]+~. w q dT y[ \e+#T
LsT+~. y+H u<q =qk+#&+ dTeT L& weT|++~
yTTyT T<{k ]. s +&T eT&T eTTc\T X+ b{+#, eTqdT <T
|sT#T bs+ #|&+ =qk++~. u =f esL $<]qT\T
eTTfiflMT< LsTqT LsTHsT.
kjT+\+ +{=# e+ MT< L& X< #|+# b sTT+~
deT. s+ nX+>H >& +~ d]>Z <| .
eTs&T d\T yfifl>H V&$Tddt qT+ Ts=+~ q
seT+THs. Xsu y[+ ~ ` @+ deTd e+< nqT+.
dTeT yfid ] V&$Tdd t nsTD m<TsT> jTq \&H&T. $&
LseTH Ls<T . jTq _>TdTbsTTqT \&, dTeTd
sTeTTTqT #X&T.
dTeT>s, MT >T]+ +|s TT+{ e+~ n+~ V&$Tdd t
>+;s+>. njeTjT+> #d+~ dTeT ` <] d. jTHes
dTeT >TsTs<T.
Mfie sTT q dT ={sT <! n+~ V&$Tdd t nsTD.
n] #j<$ s 68
w eT< s+> |e]k+~. #<TeMT< X< |&+ <T
n+~ dTeT, qe #TTqT> <q+>.
w +& y+H nsTT MTsesT =&? *< + &T\+ yTyT m|&
< MT< #sTT #dT <T ! |\\ m q#Cb, m D y
*jT < qTy+ {#s $Y ? n+ @e#q |j >+ #d >]+ #&T.
V&$Tddt nsTD dTeT deT]+#bsTT+~ D+. dTeT
eT+q+ >T]+N, keTs+ >T]+N yT *jT <T. dTeT
d+|T q $wjT + m deT]+# ns+ <T . eTq+ eV++~. <+
jTq s bj&T.
w w& _ $T+&jT{ dd+&&! nH&T. <dTqT.
n|& V&$Tddt \&, d+> $#sD #d yT+
#dT+{+. <jT#d MTsT yfifl+& dsY n+~ eTs<>H.
dTeT \e+#T \&bsTT+~. @&T| L& s<T. >T+&
_>|{ q sTT+~. qMT< q ndV + yd+ ~.
w+ &, s|{ @ d+>r *by* n u~]+ y[flbj&T.
n|&T fifleT fifl#sTT dTeT. k]> qT u$T
LsTbTqT> n|++~.
V&$Tdd t nsTD =+#+ yT| & + ~. @$T{ dTeT >s, m+<T
|e]+#sT? LsT + #| +& n+~ X++>.
dTeT eTqdT \<=, LsT, c, XyT\ |esq
edTq esT>T]+N, $< $wjT + yfifl u$ wT >T]+N q nqTeH
uj
q<TqT #| +~ ` dVTs* #| qT.
V&$Tddt nsTD ns+ #dT+~. |\\T jTT ejTdT ed+f
mH |u y\ >T] neT+{sT uV+>q, eqd+ >q. eTTK+>
sE de\T {HC \y bV+#&+ , >=|> #|+#&+ eT
mybsTT+~. m+ *yq |\H, $<ud+ m+ X<> #dTH,
de |uy\, = ybs |q\ >T] neTHsT. ke
<\, $\, yk\ s 69
yesD+ \TwyTb+~. |$TdTHeTqTe&+, |eT $|\yT eqTqT. |&T dT y[ s> |\\eTT+<TL& H |
|Ps+ &|\\T V\T #dTHysT, |&T eT> |\\T yfifl |e& d<+> HqT. HqT eT+ b<jTTs*> eTsk]
ss \T> V\T #dT H sT. *< + &T\, b<jTT\ m+ <] s|+#T+{qT. |\\ T qqT $ T+#>\ s, yfifl #<T e b&T #dT s
|>\ sT? n<T|#d s> &sT! ke eed |]esq m dTH qT n+ + +~ dTeT.
rd T sy*? | ] d T \T m q| { , * < + & T \T | \ \ V&$Tdd t nsTD n_q+<q |Ps+> dTeT s# \q+ #d+ ~.
dV|Ps+> +, yfi |]dT* ns+ #dTHT q#Cb*.
(\T>T $<], @| 2011)
re eTD n<T| #jT &+ e\ |j q+ +&<T . yfi #q,
n_sT#T >eTd d]jTq esZ nqTd]+#T bV+#*.
J$+ &T d+b<q, VA< eyT eTTKeTqTL&<T . eqd
|X+, d+|, d# eT]+ eTTK+. e Hq >sT qqT
q|&T &|\qHH #&+&, bs+ |X* d]>Z de<H\T
#|b, H # yfifl eTTDT\ MT< sfifl s =fysT. ujT+q,
qqq |]H, m> e+> | =#qT. q|&T
eT D |sT H e Hq>sT |eT, dV n+~+# b jsq
u< |{ H eTqdT n|&| &T eTT\T >T#T+H +~.
n+<T HqT e |\* H Xj \ |syT |+#\ |T| < T . e
nusTT +sT ny\, e nesTT &s T ny\ e H, y&T
~jT sY sY q, n~ s*+q |y d, Hq, e ys nu +s+
#| <T . y*q bV #+L&.
@yTH , MTsT nesTT |q #sTT #dT +& +&e\d+~ `
n+<Tq |_>Z, dT |\\+<] m<T{! |& deTd m
|]w]+#&+ ? n+~ V&$Tdd t nsTD ne>Vq #dT q|{.
dTeT y+H q <c >V++~. m{ |]dTq qT
nV+s+ V+k #s b\&+& +&e*+~. d\T |sT
|w\, q =&T u$w n q < u< nqT+,
nqT+& qT #jT s |#d+ < >V ++~.
kjT+\+ HqT y[fl+{ y[ w, nesTT *<+&T\
e |D #TqT. H n+q eTses+Z <T . HqT H $<u<q

n] #j<$ s 70 <\, $\, yk\ s 71


e<Te d+ nHwD
(n] seTwse >] +>< nqTy<+)
>+ m|& *q nqTuy >TsT #T e&+, <qT+ d]
b+<&+, eT < dJe s|\q #jT&+ eqe due+. n~
ds+> +T+~. nTe+{ nqTuy yfi s MT
|+#TuTHqT. n~ e<Te d+ H nHwD. nsTT, eTT+<T>H
MT dw+ #j * ` nHwD H< , e<T e Hd+ <T. <X+
H{ me] e<Te yfifl yTe& yfiflsT. *<+&T,
T++ |< , $TT y & |PqT+{sT. ~ L&
nsT<. m+<T+f, $yV $|D M~ e<T e q esT& $\Te me.
n+<T |[ LTsT \ yfifl |b<q #d eTT+<T=ksT.
|[fl=&TL, ny| yfiSfl m& z eT\ <s> LsT, eq
yfifl |b<q\ >T]+ ksT. nsTT =+eT+~ $ye+yTq
jTTe\T eT e<T e* yT m+#Ty\qT+{sT. nTe+{ d+|T q\T
# y nsTTH, =+<sT dVT\, Xj_w\ dVs
sTT+{sT. H|&T #| ujT~ nTe+{ eeVsyT .
eTT| j
T fifl + , c&e d+ yq sTdTq sEq H dVT&T
` n&T ese q | s#s TT ` \ y +& w+ eqT
n] #j<$ s 72
>&T |Tq J$+ MT< $dT>T|{, nedsy T q |MT< qqT #&{
e#&T. <s + z T q m<TsT> es+& LsTH+. X+
|< |< sTeTT\T dsTD |dTHsTT. u> <s> es+ sTk+~.
nqT yT*> #|&+ yTT<\T |{&T. H d+ +&, | yfifl
d+ T H $dT>T|{+ ~. n\dbjqT. n<+ s={qT>
ns+ +& +{+~. H eTT+<T>H e<| + e#dqT n|k+~.
J$+ yTq &T d+ yT y* HqT. kqTu , dV jT+
y* H nH&T.
n+f, qTe V#] m&] J$+ |[ nH m+&e$ d+
#dTH eqe! nHqT.
eT n+ sTVs+ > e{& jYT n e\T, H neds+
yTq ~ nH&T.
eTVqTuy n+ yTT<\T|{qT. HqT #~$q |d\, $q
d+uwD\ ` y{ qT+ HqT d+b~+q |]$T CH >TsT #dT +,
qTe mes nesTT |$T+ +{e nse Te+~. J$+
eT+&T y\H~ ndwy T q ]. n~ @ < #|+#<T . |&T
## =+< s+ q&d eTqdT d d$ T |&T T+<y ! nHqT.
eT #T\q> e{&T THe. ~ eT s >T+& +~, n
$dTsT> n+, H $TT&T, HqT $yV+ #dTy\qT+THqT.
qTe H d+ e<T e y * ` #<T eqB, d+ks+ qB nsTT
+&* nH&T.
n& qTe bs&TTHe. C qTe #<T es | ]
|\ ` H>] | yE <, qTe m& yfi H y, m& &
] e#y s\T jT+&, \T>T$ |<q #| qT, ysTTeT+~
n<T \T eH, e+&|& $dT |\ qTe m+#Ty\ H
<X + n #bqT.
n+f, H n |qT\ #d |f | eTw #dT y\H ]?
n+, qqT $ T+#T, H y*+~ =+#+ |eT, &T nH&T.
<\, $\, yk\ s 73
 qTe #<T eq |\ #dT qsTT, qTe ys| ys sd
|+|&+ eHd, MT $& n_bj* q>\ <TD+ y&, \ <TD+
y&, |e\ <TD+ y& *jTCd +&*. n$<+ > + m+eT+~
eT+yfifl &T <=sTT+~ >, MT $& &T e+ <T.
|eT+f @$T{? d |sTw*<] $yV+ +~+, yfifl u$J$*
m|{ *| +#&yT nqT+THy? <T. n~ yfifl VsYyH
d++~+q~. y{ @e+ V#T>TZ\TH, y{ y<T&T
d~eT+<T d]#jT >\&T. nB, |eT nH Hs\ sDeTeT+~.
qTe us >T]+ $q< ` < y]|+ e us re+>
>jT|], |&T n~ < #+|kqT, n~ #b qqT HqT
#+|dT+{qT nH&T. y*+~ nTe+{ |e? n
n&>qT.
HqT sTH~ nTe+{ |eT < \TdT. }] y~+#&+
eHd H dV jT|&{ |jT +#T nH&T. yesD+ =+#+
]|e&+, yTeTT T qT+ jT |&\qTH+. +{ ]
e#, HqT +#&+ yTT<\T|{qT. HqT H $TT& +f =~ H\\T
eyT |<. H |fiflsTT @&~ nsTTq|{, + V#]>H
HqT. HqT eTs=& e<T e y u< rdT<q yD m+e+
<T. Hq nqTue E&q e dV s+ y\qTHqT. e sT>T
bsT>Tq q jTTe&T HjTy~. Hq s +&fifl eTT+< |fiflsTTq
y&T. d\e y[flq q us, |\ rdTse& nqT q eeT
>sTq }] yfi q T #b&T H. }] yfifl\+f yTeTTq #T
qT+ H\T>T >+\T |&T T+~. n& u> |sTq HjTy~ |[fl
y*q LTsT+< >Ts=+~ n. #&{ |\ ue+T+~.
=+ es #<T e+~ L&. yfifl e{&, n& m|&T yfifl
e\d+B @sT #kqH&T. n< }fifl J #<T e+Tq #TsT q
nesTT L& +~. nesTT # *yq <, &|\ \ dV +>
n] #j<$ s 74
+& d> Z yTTVe+ +& d#> +T+< n& n+<] \Td.
y\+f nesTT, y T * < + & T \ Td T H @sT
#jT >\qH&T. <s T nesTT\ |[fl #|\T @sT #d neX+
q+<Tq H eTqdT *sTT+~. HqT H $TTD |j D d<e TeeT
#bqT.
jT\T<s*q sEq eTT>TsZ + dw H #sT H+. s \ T meTT+<T
jTTe HjTy~ nH&T ` 3 Xu |<y T q d+K <T, eTq+ yfi |
d|\ + y\+f eTq eTT>T]Z mes sT by* +T+~ ` n.
~ eT& $Xd+ nsTTH, HqT & +&bqHqT. m+<T+f, |[fl
y*q |[fl =&TL, deyX @sT #dq HjTyB ` <]
me] e~d+<T M< T . HjTyB, | s#s TT *d yfifl
+. yfifl me] dVs+ neds+ <T. H $TT&T e+ HqT
yfifl *d yfifl b e&+ nH #q T bj&T. @<
bjT+ +#eT HjTy~ y&T H&T. HjTy~ #
bj\T *dqy&T n #| | <T. e <s T +bsYy T +{q,
eT& e ys +bsYy T +{q LsT yfi d]bT+< d\V #&T.
$<+> <w+ >Z& neX+ +T+<H&T. s+&T {
C&+q+eq eT&y\ <T. @yTH, jTTe HjTy~
d++~+q eeVs+ <T< | sbe&. ]dq s
eT&T H\T>T >+\T m> +{\T|&, e] dw H ~, + >=&y
+& {+> m+. & <s T <q, sT += <q
n+f, s+&+{ $&> &T*y*. nqeds| KsT. n++&,
e+<yT fi fl <s mTe+{ <w+ n++& <{q|&T { s +&T
yTfifl se.
e {+> jT\T<su +f, e eTT+<T e+<>C \ <s+
eTs +& esTT yfi+~ ` | q |d \ |T qT
|++~. nesTT >T;s+>T d\TNs T +~. nesTT
<\, $\, yk\ s 75
eTTK+ e |+# +& nTy| +~. e |++< nesTT +< \TdTe& n&qT @ |X \ n&>=< , eT ue&
b&T>{ &, <|H eTy T T>\Z #+& ` n+ eyT . s&T MT< |e]+#e< , fifl <>sZ |T |X++> +&eT #bqT. J$+>
&T ebjT eTqTw\ eT< qT+ +& yfiS+f yT |[fl L& kVd+ L&q eeVs+. n+<T ue kq+ <T .
qTeTT rsT n|&|&T =~> |k+~. e jTTe HjTy~ n~ dTBsy T q u MT< q& ` e] <X #sT H esL u|
Xsb, HqT bs&b , yfifl < HqT MT #| q J nesTT me]HH *d q&y\qT+f, n< esZ+ |qTq e bf
nH&T. e +& y& +& yq yT*> q&|e TH&T. nesTT n&T>T\T yd q&y* n #bqT. H $TT&T +> eTq+ eV+#&T
m& yfi + < #&\qTH&T. n+<yT q nesTT yq |& + n+d|P. HqT #TTq<B $qT <T .
Hq#<T. e +&y&T Hqq < @u$d, H *dq+ e s >T]+ *jTCjT >H, HjTy~>sT eTeT* y* >TeT+
es $& |fiflsTTH$& e#T. e jTTeHjTy~ |T e<< T . <>sZ \TdT, |* n<T \T LsTH >~ rdTyfiflsT . nesTT
e eeVs+ eT\T| HqT dsT by* e+~. nd\T nesTT n+<]H KsTq e+~. nesTT @< k< Ns T+~.
\TdTH neX+ dyT nqT VV &TTqT+~ ` e<Te d+<s+ d+ |+> eTTksTTqT <T. nesTT q>MT
nHw+#&+ e dV jT|&{ <T\T. eT< eT< H #$ @< |T<T . +]>, =+#+ <s+ +& =+#+ yqT> LsT
{ s +&T no\yTq |<* Vd+> >Td>T d&T, q #| e+ # q q q\T|+~. n+<+> # , q> b~q e+
<s+ q nesTT|H *| +#&T. mH d+<T\ >=+<T\ +~ nesTT. fi fl # |<$ . qT eTqy| #dq|&T eTq T
]q sT y +& yTeTT yfifl e\dq #T <>sZ +~. n~ e #dTqT n|dT+~. @< |{dTqT>q, n|&|&T ujT+
jTTe HjTy~ eeT>] \T. rs#d, +& ~q~ jTTe HjTy~ >=*|T>q +~. HjTy~ >] yq\ @MT beTTK+ qT
us. n~ |d\ <T. #> eT&|{ d\T&T {q s+&T LsTH, yTT+ <X nejT $T+qT> +~.
=Ns\T. us d>TZ \e+|\T n|+q|{, nqT q us yTT<{ { s +&T $Tc\ bT uj T +s X+ n\TeTT+~.
# u> yT#TH& #bqT n. nqT Vd+> nq e HjTy~>sT Xu #~ d, # eTs<> H $TT& >T]+
du n+> bsTTH, y{ |{+#Tqs<HqT. nqT Hqq de#s+ ` n db dT\ T >T]+, e ybs\ >T]+N, y{
< |+&, nXu s y T q 3 d+K >T]+ @< >=DH&T. n u$wT >T]+N n&>&T. H $TT&T Te+{ y{ m<TsT
kq+ #jT &+, dTw> uq+ #jT &+, d $X+ rdTe&+ #&q+<Te\ & &T Mq +esL @y #b&T. HqT nesTTH
nsTTq sT y, yTeTT kjT+\+ HjTy~ >]+{ jT\T<s+. <w |T +&+ e\ H $TT&| H sy eT]bsTT,
k] H\T> eTw L& e #s&T ` e L& +& eTeT* X+> +&bjqT n+d|P. d+uwD VsT> bsTT+~. HqT
rdTfifl& |+> |<eTw |+|+#sT. <] H dVT& Mq+> <s+ #T, nesTTy| #d, #<Te |P] #X
#beTT |[fl#|\ eqd+> d<+ neeT. {>sT < @+ #jT <\#THe? |[fl #dT +{eqT. u$ wT >T]+ L&
jTTe&T |[fl LT] #]H, u >fiXd+ H m+ |]Cq+ @y #q\T +& +{sTT < n n&>qT. D+ L&
n] #j<$ s 76 <\, $\, yk\ s 77
d+<V+#+&, H |fiflsTT H us n&>+&. b H +&
n&>+ & n de<q+ #| +~. qeT>q, keT+>q nesTT
#| q rsT yTT+ q e d+q|++~. nesTT e{&q
sy , qT #| q < ns+ q, < < + >* < &TH
+~. e sy *d+~ ` |\ *< + &T\T |\ q|& b,
uusTT nsTTq HjTy< djT+> &|\\T be&+, +&
H me |e_eH\ |+ |< #XsT. T++
yfifl nesTT dV *d +T+~. nesTT |esq m+
d+w|<+ > +&+, |b\T m+ X<> #jT &+, nesTT
n<TyTq *$\T +&+, |<yfifl @+ #j #<T.
<q yfifl nesTT k{ssT.
nesTT H +& n&>+ & nq|&T H= b < >TsT =+~
` qqT |[fl #dT +{y? n q T n&q|&T H +& <>]Z
yfifl +& n+T+<yT. q +& bj& n \TdTq yT| &T
\TdT. nqT m+{ J$+ >&b & n \TdTq yT \TdT.
H +& <>]Z yfifl +& nq|&T q e\ ns+ @$T{ n
\TdTq yT \TdT!
=~ $Tc\d| d+uwD =qkq sT y, e +<] |
yTeTT d$ T |& T #XsT. H+ yTT<{ n&T>T yXH <, nesTT
yT*> , +& M| MT< {, jTq #$ @< sV d+ #| +~.
n|& nesTT H y|#d sTqe q$+~. d>TZ|&T, MT
=~$Tc\d| $&> e{&e #? n n&+~. n+esL eTTue+>
$Tu w |+q nesTT |e]+#d] H $TT&, jTTe
HjTyB s+bjsT. H eTT HqT XsusTT, =+#+
VdjTT+ >, HqT <T |[fl=&T ` H |fiflsTTbsTT+~. }]
nqT+& H $TT& *d e#qT. n+ nHqT. < nesTT
|| q$, yTeTT LsTq #T =+#+ <s+ eT\> q \
n] #j<$ s 78
<>Z] y[fl LsT+~. HqT \ <>Z] | | bT yfifl&+ m+
we T|++~. n& LsTq nsTT<T $TcH |~ $TcH H
nsTTq nqTue + H J$+ mq{ eTs| s~. q u$ wT >T]+
HqT n&q |X e+>+> de<q+ #| | +#TH, n~ yT
# +~ |{+ <. @+ #j \qT+T+< q dwy T q <X +
<T . q u$ wT >T]+ mH yT q +\ , $yT q nbV\
HjT. |& d+<s + e+ H $TTD #d C*|&T +~.
n >, eTse]> |dT eTq:d me qT |[fl #dT H~
<T n #| +~.
yTeT+<s+ \&+. n<Ty T q nesTT s +&T #T \ C&+
n<T \ qeTks+ #d eTeT* k>q+|q yq + dw+ > >TsT+ ~ H.
H d++~+q+es nHwD Ks+ ~.
+>e T\+: HdsY |t m u& .
(+> < |#T sD: \dt ff& M |t +&j , 1962 |q'|#T sD:
n] d+dsD, 1988)
(jT+, @|`pH 2011)
<\, $\, yk\ s 79
 nesVD
X+ MT+ ne
nesV+# nejT+>!
q+<+, dTK+
2. $\T nqTu$+#\
+#
+<T ++#!
nesVD ......................................................................... 81 yX+ b+~,
nesVD : +>qTy<+ .................................................... 82 n|s<+ #d,
&.V#Y. sH $ nqTy<+ ............................................ 83 VQ #jT
$|e+ >\y? ................................................................. 84 neTs +!
X|jTT\T ....................................................................... 86
ww|P] ............................................................................. 87 +
es<d .......................................................................... 88 neTsT\ <T
XSqd ......................................................................... 89 XdH\T.
$Hy? ........................................................................... 90 #< H \T!
Have you heard? ($Hy? : +>qTy<+) .......................... 91
|e\, |d\ .............................................................. 92 n~s+ |],
|sT yH! ....................................................................... 94 nHjT+ MT],
nV+ *+H q =&T b<jTT& sdq K nqTy<+ ... 95 ne X+
|&\ .............................................................................. 98 n+]++~!
>jT+ .............................................................................. 99 n+s+>+ +~dTq
mesqTH \T>Ty&T! .................................................. 100 nV e+ s~+# !
dTes_q+<qe\ ........................................................... 102
($, H+. 1, 1954)

n] #j<$ s 80 <\, $\, yk\ s 81

nesVD : +>qTy<+ &.V#Y. sH
Do not climb
through sheer innocence m+ $X\ XeT\ Vk\$
from the earth of sky d+< esT #~ + kbe
to the sky of earth
ds + >V +#T >ye T+<Tq$
Do not design n+ V< |&T qT H V~!
and do not desire
to hold in fist
fun and bliss
weTD yTTf :
HqT |e
Do not cremate ne+#qT
through height of feeling
or the depth of crime nkT>
the immortal self $s$+q
nsTD es
the laws and their breaking
are not for those in heaven +<[ d+< e+
The laws and their breaking |jT qyT+ ~ >V
are for you and me here.
|DjT eD+ !
Power is grown ($, H+. 1, 1954)
justice moribund
And peace on earth
has had its Day

Do not adore the devil

seething in the inmost soul

(Translated from Telugu from kavita, by R.C. Rajasekhar)

n] #j<$ s 82 <\, $\, yk\ s 83

 eTw yTT+ eq>\y!
$|e+ >\y? eTw =+ eq>\y?
eTw> >\y?
eTw q =+ usY eTqdT eTsTe>\y?
eTw #dq +|PsY $|e + eT+{+~ V<jT +
+|PsY eTqdT ud |uT +, | y& m +fH+ eT+{+~
, eTw eTqdT+& V+d! eqe qTy H #|eT+{+~
|X |X <T de<q+ s ||&<T ` |& m|&
V+d |V+d wjq+ ndeTsT X+ eqT
n+Vky<+ `n<= + nd\T $|y |PqT
V+k#q eqeq~ +! >+ +, u$ >s + eqT
{ |{ \+ $|e + ~q+, D + eT \TdT
|T + deTd+ ! (<jT +, yT 4, 1986)
$HeTT b*\T
$Hy mq&q >Td>T d\T?
n+<] $T{ |?
m+<T d+#+ +]e!
qTe+f +<T uj T +?
$|e + eT+{+~ V<jT +!
#q eTsb>\y
udT>T]+, us >T]+?
+#+ eq>\y
dT>T]+, @dT >T]+?
#q eT]b>\y
rsTy\?
+#+ eq>\y
n+]j q+ #j \?
n] #j<$ s 84 <\, $\, yk\ s 85
X|jTT\T! ww|P]
XSq+H yd+ dHq du\ , ds\
nqT\T>H |yd+ d|+ yT<T\T+f
+|<+ N{ |~ \T nX be<
o< k<+ * eTqdT\T eTTe X q+ e+~
y\T>T N{ >TV\T ]ksT
N{ yH \ u\ $V]ksT q+>H qe
s eC\T b<T>TsT eT+>fid + +~
|w |s<\T =&T>TsT
de~ X+ #ksT nsy +& +&
eT~ T \ T <ksT &< |+&> $T+~
< <e\qT \TksT
<]< HsjTDT\qT =\TksT <e& & q&#
\ ]bsT $~ n+q @eT+T+~!
fi eT]bsT (`1993)
eTTe eTTdeTTd qe\ eTTsTksT
T + eTT] ydq\T |\TksT
eT+& >T+&\ eT<T s d+^+ $+{sT
>+&T \ +s+ >sfi+ qT>=+{sT
|TsDH sD
n++ =s D
(~ys+ +<C 1, nsT 1989)

n] #j<$ s 86 <\, $\, yk\ s 87

es<d XSq d
~>= H\Ze @&T q&#q T + n+ XSq+ nqTq
+\+ mT\ >&# q T H&T >& n|& |< @&T!
es< k+> eTVeT sT s+ {e>
\T#T+H. m& s #|+#T
n+T+~ | dr!
es< C\T #\ $dTsTqT q|&sTTH
MsT, ysT nqT#T #& H qTdq m&THs!
$qT e#{ sd \ m<Ts <TsT>H H
$ rs<T >! #q\ nsD+
me] nd HwD y]~.
es< e\T \T+f
qes< eT H& !
>TsTT> #b* ]q (u $T, p ` >dT 2003)
<={, y&T >`

es< fifl H=| n+

qqT jTq |*y&>
<TsT> LsT+{ |<e TT\
|{ H=#TH

] HH=k] n&T>>
qT e+ q$, #qT
H ; +| >&TdT>
|sTwBeT!
(1997)
n] #j<$ s 88 <\, $\, yk\ s 89
$Hy? Have you heard? ($Hy? : +>qTy<+)
Mother says
neT n+T+~ : you are a girl
you have to be married
&|\$ you are a fear lurking in my heart
|[fl e\dq n\$
>T+& >TT*$ Father says
You want to get married?
Poor girl
Hq n+{&T : It isn't that easy
|[fl y
The friend says
| | I swear by the Sun and the Moon
|fi+ f e{! You are my salvation
Marriage is not the aim
Our love is
dVT&T n+{&T :
ds#+<T k+ Society says
You are a woman,
H H y+ You cannot cross the line
|[fl <T, Once you are soiled
eTq |yT \ +! The stain will not go.

de+ n+T+~ : Translated by

qTe &<$ Srinivas Rayaprol
from original Telugu 'vinnava'
^ <L& <$ as part of the review of 'Neelimeghalu'
eT#|& ejT <$. (Indian Literature, No. 185

(+<C ys| , 23`3`1984)

n] #j<$ s 90 <\, $\, yk\ s 91

 d+| du\ T k>TH HsTT
|e\, |d\ |P\e\\ neds\T |sT>TH HsTT
|d\ |#TsD\T sT>TH HsTT
n+>fifl y&bTHsTT |sks\ y\T k>TH HsTT
neTT&Tb |e\T |P\e\\ neds\T |sT>TH HsTT.
ns eT\T>TTHsTT
neTT&T |d \T (+< |u, ~ys+ 19 qe], 2003)
|P\T |Te&+
H>]+ <+{sT jTTeT\T
>Tfifl |P\T #sTT+#&+
eTs + n+{sT VTy<T\T
d+|<j\T eTse&+
H>] eTT<s&+
n+{sT bs + yfifl
<s \ T |]be&+
n+{sT yfifl
{.M. sD+
n+{sT |#T sDs\ T
euw eTse&+
n+{sT >+< s \ T
nsTTH
$>V \ eTq\T sT>TH HsTT
|s |+&>\T sT>TH HsTT
|P\>TT\ neds\T |sT>TH HsTT
>+<$wsD\T sT>TH HsTT
|P\e\\ neds\T |sT>TH HsTT
eT+ |sT V\T sT>TH HsTT
n] #j<$ s 92 <\, $\, yk\ s 93
|sT yH! nV+ *+H q =&T b<jTT&
yH \ nsTT sdq K
X+ qT+
n\y> ~ e#~
#\> \> y&T HsT y\ H \TdT
y* n+{ |sT #T eTqTw\+<s HjT+> +&s ,
C_* &\ n+<+> eTqTw\+<s CsTTr> +&s ,
eTT>T\Z T yd + &~ MTsT Hs* y&,
|eT +* n\]d+ &~! <TssTZ& +{&T, MsT& +{&,
j ks sjT y +{&T,
yH \ e+ n+ ue+ >\ HjT& +{&...
y&> d>\T Hs+&y&
n&$+ <dT=+~ XTeP +{&T, $TT& +{&. H \TdT,
nq +{ Hs +& MT M `
$|e + H{ |{H w| & d+b~+q sbsTT $\Te $Tq
yT y<+ yT~ }] eq nsTT<T sbjT\q
e >&\T e+! Hs+& y& z&be&+ m>....
n> > \T| q+~+#eT
T+u\ >&\T ndjT qT+ y& <s+> +#+&,
L\TTq ue T\T! Hs+& y&. M
X+ > qee&+ sV d+.
(ys, ~ys+, 5 pH 2005)
yTT<{H HsT e+&
|d \T n<Ty T q e... Hs +& +`
=+d| |X++> +&
X+ $V+>\, dss ue Ts\T

n] #j<$ s 94 <\, $\, yk\ s 95

|# =+&\ | q |P\T #d T> qT eT+ nqTq< d+
+#eT, \& bs&eT #| +&.
bsX \ Hs +& y& |eT> #&+&.
yd+ #dq | &+ >se|<e T y& >s+ #jT +&.
Hs +& y& m+<T+f, | *q|&
q uy\| q qeT+ +&\ ` u> j seT+~.
n+<s y{ | nH ds . ndV q+ #|+#>\ $Xd+ +#Te+&.
Hs +& y& eTs<dT \ eTs<> yT\>\ <s +> +&+<T dV q+ |+#Te+&
yT yfifl yT> +&\. m\|& y& Hs+&
e& |jT +#+& e y& q q |]|Ps $Xd+ +&\, m+<T+f
|#ss< + yqT n+<] b n|&T y&
eT+< #s +& +& X ... eqe C |]|Ps $Xd+ +T+~.
Hs +& y& mesT #| H $qeT. ~ |< |{ , nsTTH #&+&, MTs+ #jT >\s...
~ L& #| +&. y&T m+ dTesyT q y&T,
$q <q+{ + nH & yd qy&T, ey&T.
eq eT+ eyT d]+#eT (u $T 71, qe+sY 99 ` | e] 2000)
Hs+& y&, M,
$#s+> q|&T qeeT...
{ d>TZ|&s<,
sXy<T\qT y ]+#eT,
n eT<T s+> q yfifl qT+ C>| & e T
Hs +& y&
q +& , yT<X
me <s |* y& neTTeT,
, q V<j... e e+
y\|e<.
q+ >\> nsTd+ f #e\T eTdTeT #| +& y&. ..
n] #j<$ s 96 <\, $\, yk\ s 97
|&\ >jT+
e+<= \ jT>s\T sT >T+f
||>\T! Hy\T dT q
#|+~ |# +& d]=> ne nq y\Te&>H
$q<
\+ $TT d]V<T
s# \q+ #jT T#T! Tb >Tfifl#=suT
dT @+ s ]Z MsT\ K+& Xs\
+s #d sH<\T
> $H=#T! n+
eT+#T=+&\ H y\T MT~ |d >jT+
ejTjT\ qqT |]Vd++~.
n&$T{+ (1999)
dTH bsT>T<X+
bsTTse#T!
n+ dsT ++&>
n+<
|> deT+
bUH |*+~!
n+H
d]V<T \\+!
\ < + ~!
eT N{ |&+ ~
|& \ yTT<+~!
(1999)
n] #j<$ s 98 <\, $\, yk\ s 99
 mesqTH \T>T y&T!
mesqTH \T>Ty&T! +&\ e\=+&s& |T<T& T !
d| +& mTqy&T
eT+e H |*q y&T X_ +& mqTqy&T!
eT+q+ >T+&+&q y&T
dsdr H<T&T (&. +&\ e\=+&s&> ] Xu+\ , 2002)
\|T&T
<q sT & q u\#\T&T
|d q +H \|+&qy&T
H\sT |T q m\] #{qy&T
u\$ qT+ yT{$ nsTTqy&T
$ \sT yq y&T
bs \ |+#eT n+~+qy&T
|+& |X+ d\T |s+ |s> b+~qy&T
|< $ k< sD o\T&T
y< eTVq>s yuy|T&T
u<q X+K+ }~qy&T
k<q #+ |qy&T
V+d| \+ m|{q y&T
|se TV+d y\qTqy&T
# q usrjTT&T
JeqsD\| <+qy&T
eTVeTw> m~qy&T
eTe \ <] +q =+&\ sjTT&T

n] #j<$ s 100 <\ , $\, yk\ s 101

 VQeTTK |CX*
dTes_q+<qe\ ue u y~
ue $eTs&T
n+srjT $ eT<T seTjT eTqd
ne~ sd |bd eT<Ts e#d
<T n>XD e\ eqey~
>DjTT&T sd$
uj T $ $TT&q deTqjT sd deT
d+< esDjT e >DjTT&T
$w X d+|qT&T
sTs, w, <s
d$y~
V<jTT&T
dsdr|T&T
fi ||PsT&T dV<jT ksueTT&T
$ jTXd kVr<s we\T&T
eXSsT&q $esDT&T kVr |j
yXeT BT&T kVr eTsE&T
<s $ kV keTy~
dHsTZ&T d]=+& $]dq C dTeT+
s+s $ fi |d dT$ dek
s+s $ we\T&T dTq dT$
s+sHw&T k+<sbd&T
|< $ cT&T kqo*
|< $<eTsE&T V<j$ws
|]DeT y n+ $E\T, sdE \ T, $|+&T \T, kVr +<T e\ # +esL
|]b\q<TDT&T + mH |X+ d\+<Tq H|sT &T, kV ds sT&T
|]|Ps $ &. C. u|s&>] d| Xu+\T! dTes_q+<qe\!!
|C$ (2006)
+>sT &
n] #j<$ s 102 <\ , $\, yk\ s 103
 ll e... .................................................................... 203
3. yk\T H|< <\ eT\+ ....................................................... 206
n&$ b&+~ djT+|X+ .............................................. 210
(yk\T, dMT\ , |d+ >\, +s\) eT\T|\T, yT\Tsfifl mH... .............................................. 212
J$+| |eTqT |+# s#q\T`dMT .................................. 220
+<T Women in Buddhism ............................................................. 226
H qq < T++ .................................................. 107 e $d+`$ |jq+`dMT .................................. 231
\TyT fiC .............................................................. 109 d |sTw d++<\ D`dMT ............................... 234
< $XH<Xd .............................................................. 111 n|PsyTq eeT] e`dMT ........................................ 238
&. qjT yk |d+<q .......................................... 115 <s\qT #sD #|+q <\T`dMT .......................... 242
usrjT T++ ` ||+NsD |ue+ ............................ 117 ed\Tq J$ \T`dMT ......................................... 245
eTqd+d yq .............................................................. 123 ds<> sdq d]jTdt <\T`dMT ..................................... 247
d]= d|sYV{! ............................................................ 126 \T>T kV+ ` eTVfi\T ............................................... 250
$T+>\+ H{ ............................................................. 129 seTT< ydq n$ <\T`dMT .................................... 259
\+ bf $+ ......................................................... 132 + ybs es+> |\ ................................... 261
Landmarks in my literary journey ........................................ 135 \T>T kV+ d #|q B| ..................................... 266
Religion and spirituality ......................................................... 139 es< C|+ .................................................................. 270
Religion and Spirituality in my life ......................................... 142 |\T me eTT<=ksTT .................................................... 272
dy<+ |eT ................................................................ 146 <>Zsq <s\T`dMT ....................................................... 273
d<e>Vq u$ |]X<q u$T .................................... 150 \TyT \T>T<q+ .......................................................... 276
dVo* >eTse .......................................................... 155 sM+<T& sq+ .......................................................... 279
J$+ ` s>+ ............................................................. 157 H nqTuy\, H s#q $\Te\ .................................... 282
V<su<T H nqT+<+ ............................................... 160 \T>T< CrjT (1970, 1980 <X\T) ....................... 291
|>|<+ d\T ............................................................. 168 s+< y< eT+~s+ < ................................................... 299
w <d+|{ ` dMT ................................................ 171 National Seminar on Dissent, Protest and Literature in
u\\ d+ ss\ <\T`dMT ....................................... 175 Honour ofKamala Surayya; Contemporary Indian Scene -
&. yds& d<$>] e+, s#q\ .............................. 183 Telugu Experience ................................................................. 305
e&uw s+>#s jT+, 2009 .................................... 192 uu #|+#y?`dMT .................................................. 315
ueTyqT eT]= <\T ` dMT ...................................... 197 k+<eT \+ d\ deTd\T, kV+ ...................... 318

n] #j<$ s 104 <\ , $\, yk\ s 105

eTfl e }] ................................................................ 327
d\ deTd\T ................................................................... 329
eTHuy\ D`dMT .................................................... 332
nqTuy\ H|<+...!`dMT ................................................ 336
qqT |u$+ #dq |d\T ............................................. 338
<s kVd d<`dMT ............................................... 342
&. n+|XjT qMH n_q+<q\` .................................... 345
s+&Ty| |<TqTq s#sTT ............................................. 348
Xu #~+q $|e$ ................................................. 351
|$ <sq+`dMT ....................................................... 354
n] #j<$ s 106
H qq <
T++
|X e\T |[ #dT +THj? |X e\ neds+ |[, T++
eTqw\ e+ m+<T? |\* q& |[ nedse ? T++
d ud> { |&j T & $yV eed =qk>T+~ ` nH
y<q $qek+~. ~ eTqTw* |X e\ ksTT ~>CseTq&yT !
\, |\T\ e u< s]+#&+ =+\+ eyT .
|\\ T =+#+ m~>, =&T\, +& LTfiS ` nH |, $e
@MT +&e |X e. eTy+# *q|&T \, |\T\ y*
yTTs nqT sr |>\ f nsTksTT. y{ eTsT>, d> Z *jTe.
d+jTeTq+ nd msT>e. +& d+, b+<Td+ M~q |&
={&T +{sTT ` n< y eTq?!
eTw $ye ++> +#>\ X +~. eTw d+|T J$. n+<s
*d dTK+>, X+jTT+> J$+#+<T nqTe> = jTe\qT
@ss#T HsT. |]d T \T |u sTTw+ > |]D$T+q|&T q esT\T
#dT+H HsT. |sTw&T d q d> |]>Dd, d q ks+
d+, dTK+ d+ y&Te&+ e\H d <Tsed\ b\e+~. n
+& q d , q |sTw&T nqTe&+ nqT+<, bjT
V+ nsTT, d |sTw d++<\T |X bjT+> |]D$T+#e.
<\ , $\, yk\ s 107
 H|< +H H l| >sT s+q T++ < q+<
#b*. T+ eed \ J$, eed +& k+|T
jTe\T b{+# eTw T+u u<yT$T{ *jT#TT+~.
T++ <.
eeT\T eT<s> T++ >T]+q q < eTs
T+u d++~+q |T s d+|T q jT<|+>, d+| + >
C|ksT s#s TT. d+|T q, eTTK < q n$Hue d++<+
@$T{ < eTT+| dwe TeT+~. ~ < \ $w .
yTT<{ T++ nesTT # yTT+ < #| ksT s#s TT `
e T |sTw eTq+ L& T++ u>yT q + dV ue+
@s&TT+~ < #<T e+f. n~ s#s TT <q #Ts+.
|X e eTw & @$T{ dT+> #| eT+ < ~. eTq
J$+ ]> d+|T q* d, eT* ke d >TsT
#d < ~.
n] #j<$ s 108
\TyT fiC
es< sCX sse >] <sH H \b{ sM+<H<> sT |]#jT +
njsT. es< sCXsse >] \TdTe& sM+<H<>sT
1990`91 b++ e +{ eq|&T e\+ eTTK |]#jT + eyT
*+~. sM+<H<>] eTTKesd, eT]eT+ qqT ]+#sTT.
$Td$T | HqT n_e njqT. fiyTq eTTK+,
yT<e\qT ]+# yk\, eTT#fq dE e# $Td$T qqT u>
(Vq+, @| 1993) T +~. d+Je<y >sT &T we T] >] >T]+ sdq yk\qT
#X, HqT L& sd ue+&Tq|++~. n|{ H n_w
HH nDT#THqT.
es<d |#T sD d+<s + > HqT <s + #d, sM+<H< >] bH#d
qqT HqT |q:|]#jT + #dT HqT. H bjT+> e{&sT. e
eeT>sT n] seTws e >] eT dV \T#THsT. <]
# ej u< + q|{, kjT+\T *d m dV|Ps+>
> & |ys # e Ts + > # b s T . s +& e | | + # j T T< \+
+< j T e]{ $XK| + qT+ * + > > T +s T
s* +q|&T, s& &y { b (m+.mH.sjYT k|+ q~) $<H\qT
|#s+ #jT &+ n]q, >|#+ < e+{ s yT<eq *d
sM+<H< >sT |#XsT. sM+<H<> s, m+.$. seTeT]>s, es<
<\ , $\, yk\ s 109
sCXsse>s <<| deTejTdT\T. yfifl ss\T> |#dysT.
n] y] dd\ + L& H* e&+ y] nqT+< eT]+ <V<+
#d+~.
es<d |d + n s+>T n+<+> fiC |dt eTT~+#
@sT #XsT sM+<H<>sT. yTeTT d| #dq yT{]jT rdT,
eTT<DjT ejT+ rdT+& eTT~+|CX sT. $<+ > \b{ eT
dV< , W<s |<] +#sT. \D \bT sM+<H<> ]
fi_sT , eeVs < jTq |T\T d+]+#Te&+ n_q+<jT+.
usY {+& sd _._.d q +s (>+<s |+ eq~) `
e Hq>sT .X. q nqTe~+q~ H <>sZ +< #| <
$Td$T |#T ]+#& M\eT+< n n&>qT \b{ >]. jTq
< eT |]o\q |+|+#eTHsT. nsTT, e Hq>] nqTy<+
>+~+ +&+ e, +s # $d +> +&+ e <
jT<<+ > |#T ]+#&+ <s< #| , < <s+> | + > yd+
sd eTHsT qqT. n> sXqT. us+& sd u$ wss q+ nH H
yk |#T]+#sT $Td$T. sTy n|&|&T bH #d $Td$T
e# s#q * #<T eTHs n qT+ +&ysT.
$Td$T |sD+ dTVDXs>sT sdq eT<TsyD }V
d+uwD\ |s+ |s es<s CX sse >] d+uwD L& |#T ]+#sT.
1996 yT 20q n] XjT+ du bZq+&H, n]
X jT+ d+|{ @MT sjT+&H | e] \b{ sM+<H<> sT
]X w \e&+ H # u< *++~.
& \b{ sM+<H<> ] e T fi_sT N, dVo\, dV <jT
sd sDj \T. \b{ dV+> fiC kVr|jT T\ dV ]d, n \TdTe& |jT +# ysT. n >TsT |T H ysT. me]HH
\TyT > m|{ |d y] V<j $Td$T +|H +T+~.
n] #j<$ s 110
< $XH< Xd
s#=+& $XH< Xd q |se |& es< sCX sse d>s +>
#| HysT. <s u\$TT\T. <] |sd s |e_eH\T. eT<
=+\+bT me]J$| &T<T&T ysT eT>yT bsTTH, eT
mHfifl sTy \TdTH sjYT nH |\T#TH+ dV,
bjT|+#THysT. e<| <X <X+ bT $&BjTq+
nqT+< |+#THsT. ] sTH\\T s +& <s fb jsT.
$XK|+ qT+ s$Xd >sT edTH s+f e u&+ V+>
+&~. jTq e+~ yTT<\T C\ bjT\T |\T, qe\ eTT\T
y*> $. Xd> ] #&>H eysT #TT& $+_+#ysT V+.
qH{ $TT\ eTT#T mksT #| H $ rs~ <T yfifl.
eT d]=> qeHysT. Xd> sT $XK qT+ eq|& e +{
Bbefi!
Xd >] +<T$TT\ $es\ $wjTyT bsyTq d, C|X
+&$. y] \, >\, XK\ n_sT #T\T, ne\D \ ` eT+N#&
d eT+q+ |d > d+w |&bsTT yfifl #......eT+...
yfifl+ |dT+# ysT. @yH TbT |+H, eT+HH
($Td$T, pH 1993) >TsT |Te& |jT +#ysT. k] $TT& +{y [ fl e#,
<\ , $\, yk\ s 111
 $TT& us >T]+ e y] b|+ $& e+ u> #dT + ~s,
yfi m+<T <+#d+~ >... n d+CsTTw #sT. jTq~
# |< eTqdT. Xd >] mesH m<TsT> b& e+ \e+#T
d>TZ|&T qyysT.
Xd> ] y] * n+f |eT bT $|yT q >se+, n_eq+,
s<H +&$.
kV+ n_sT N, d, eT*+> $& qT+# b+~qT u$+#
ysqT+{qT. * kV_sT , $Xw D X | m+ qeT+ n+f
eT <\ T #~$ n_bjT+ #| eT mesH ] q r], z|
, eTT+<T> * #~$ #| eTH ysT.
m+ ssTTH, mTe+{ d eH Ls=u{ bjT+> ejT,
@<H ||Ls, nq+ e&d #\T |> u+#dysT. e
eTT]dbsTT qqT =&T #dTH ysT n e >T]+ #| HsT.
nTe+{ s&+sT&, yT<M =&T me] V<jT + b+><T !
|+#<s +& { > Xd>sT V<su< qT+ $XK|+
] yfifl|&T d |T |+& |T yfifl ysT T+duT\ |d rdTe#ysT <T k<sD+>. nTe+{~ k] eT<
d+. ($XK qT+ e#|&T e d+ J&|| bT # ysT).
|\\ +f # w+ Xd >]. eTqe\+f eT w+ . yfifl |\\ H <T,
mesH ds .
k] ` es+& &|& # T eTqes\T |{q H |~VqT sE|
us| & + yTT<\T |{+ < #| >H, $+ #&{ y[fl+{
e#sT. |d|\ &+> fT MT< y\ |&Tu{ #T LsTH+. > e s +& &|& T #T dTC e+~. q sCX sse>] >
d|e>H y| *, yT*> uT + _>|{, #sTT =~> eT&,
>T|* >{> _+ =+#+ |jd|& sq us|&+~. Xd>sT
eTV<Xs|&b sTT, nu, |\ keqTs\T <T, eTV nk<T s\T!
nHsT qe, sTy L&. dyX eTfl eTfl \T#T
qyysT.
n] #j<$ s 112
Xd>] d+^+ n+f # w+. us seT+ >] #
bV+#ysT. eT+ eT& |&| &T djT+> jTH b\T b&ysT.
b\| V+B de b\, \T>T Cq|< ^\ yTT<q$.
dVT\T b&eT+Tq =B V+ e#<jTq. |< |sq + nH #$
dT=HysT. <s{ |<\+f # weT #|ysT. jTq 71e
q~He+ H&T $XK|+ @sT #dq |< |sq seT+ l
Ey& >eTse>sT <T e\ |<\qT ues>jT T+ > |]d T + f,
< s{ |<\qT L& #~$+#eT, n$ Xd> ] |jT yTq e s#=+&
seT+>sT | +> nu ]+#sT. $& ] |s+ >eTse>sT
= |<\T >q+ #XsT.
Xd> sT m|&T V <su<T eH, ~>&+ yfiflq >]+{ ~H,
+&+ n+ e +{H. zk] Xd> sT e#s *d ><s Y l|>sT
e +{ rdTe#sT. ><s Y # b\T b&+#sT sCX sse >sT.
sE yTeT+ b+~q q+< mq{ eT]beTT.
Xd> sT q s#q \ >T]+ m|& #]+#ysT <T &Tq|&T.
& eq|&T qT sdTq \T qe\ |T=#sT. n|{+
s +&TeT&T n<j sXsT. &Tq|&T L& sjTT#Tq u\T
q L& |T=#sT. m|& ~, #<e eT e#sT. HqT eTT+<T>
#<e&+ yTT<\T|{qT eT<V+ |P &sTT+> syT MT<
|&T HsT Xd> sT. yT$T<s + #s LsT #<T e+TH+.
Vdks + > e{&T T+~. nq>] b{> C\T ydT + ~. C\T
$ q+~dT+~. n+<T, HqT #<TeTq \T qe\ b
+{ n< +THjTq b \D $e]d Xd> sT sdq $\D yTq
|eH { #XqT. n& Xd> sT |&T Hs *d HqT HeT~>
# b qT. e & | & T # T > { > qe +& eTTd e TTd > q$+~.
<\ , $\, yk\ s 113
sCX sse>sT |fi fl |+#, X+> qysT. , |&T HsqTq
Xd> sT #Tq L#T d>T |Z & T qe&+ yTT<\T|{sT !
s#s TT> Xd> ] $w , $\D jTq Vd|jT +q, e+>
|P]yT q eTqd $Xw D q me>, <e TesTT. <|& >T]
neTq &T>TesZ\ y] >T]+N, #] VqT\ >T]+N ke dV
s#q \T #d nH eT+~ Xd> s=s n>>D T\e&+q, >TsC&
sy #| <q s#s TT> >T]+| b+<&+ q q eT\ sV d+
L& n<q dT+ ~ H. s#H X* s.$. Xd> ]~ sT|eq |u.
$$< eqe eTqd\qT |>&+> |]o*+ eTVs+> $Xw+
#|&+ eyT +& d+uwD $Hkq, $q |eq
|j >q, |<T Hq e+>, $ V<j yTfi$+, bs \qT
y| yT\T=\TH, eTsy| dyVT\qT #jT>*>sT.
s.$.Xd> sT X| yT{ s#s TT<T. Xu\ bT yTsTq>+
*b>\ s#sTT. < $XH<T& Xd>sT. \T>T ysT m&TH
m|&H >s+> #|>\ s#sTT. es< sCXsse>] <s
$XH<Xd>] dV |]#jT+ \>&+ n|s|yTq n<w+>
u$dTHqT.
(s.$. Xd ks d+, 1994)
n] #j<$ s 114
&. qjT yk |d+<q
$Td$T e] 1999 d+ bdt e&]yT nH yk #~y
bdt y&]+ n+f @$T{ =+es dwy T q |{, &.jTH. qjT>sT
eT yd+ #dq = yK\T y<s + > e|++~.
1. bdty&sY <eT+ *dbsTTq y{ (b|t sY, |Ps*yT
e+{ y{) |$ T+ L& +< qjT>] yK! |$ T+ @<
=<q+ d+, e\+ by{ $sT<+> yfi\qTe&+ d+,
= bwH> |{q~ <T. d\qT ss\T> |sTc~ de+
nDydTq<q #] d >T]+, d\ V\ d+, d\ e
s|D d+ sb+~q <eT+ n~. eTq +<< X + d H<s D
MsX*+>+ |uT\ d+dsDy<+ bs+uyT+~. sy #q
e+ T \e T q d \ T d j T +> d y < < e bs + _ + #s T ,
=qkdTHsT.
2. bdt e&s+ n+TqysT... XdjT |<T\qT $d]+#sT.
Xdj T |< m|{| &T | \T ~<T +, e uy\ >, keq
|]X<H sTEe\ $\Te sTTdT+ <H~ eT]bjsT. eTs={ |f
esL >& qT>=q~ d +> e+T+~. @B XX+ <T.. nHsT
qjT>sT. ysT n+Tq XdjT |< eTT+<T> mes
e |{q <, |b~+q< ` HdH >, d.$. seTH>, |k>,
& T w e T] > , e \ T | b~+q y{ =+ e T+~
<\ , $\, yk\ s 115
n+^]+q|&T n~ Xg+>H, X* >H, +>H y<s + neT+~.
e\ T < de+ <T . | de+q s& T {q d+|<j\q,
d\T> qeT+ *+q Xdj T |< T \q sd ]+# e\ T =+<sT
m|{| &T|&TH +{sT. y] b<\+ <e\T bs+ue TeH
+{sTT.
eT |$ >+<\ #|+~ T~e qf, XdjT |<
nqTH~ L& T~e <T. Xdj T |< XX+ < qjT>s
n+^]+#sT <. n+<T#, d+|<j\ Xdj T |< T \ ` n+f
d e + q | ] d T \T +< H \T n| + q| & T y{ q T+
jT|&{ esZ eTw + nHwdH +{&T. esT
|jT dH +{&T. n~ n_e~ <] rjTe#T, <, |H <]
rjTe#T. @ dr XX+ <q~ e+ d +.
3. @ eT+ ysT eT >+<\T, jTe\T <s+> J$
q&T|y*. n #dT q |&T |sd s $sT<y T q $ ed @eTT+~? n
|+#sT qjT>sT. (e]yT ne>Vqq, eT+
#sD q ys T <\T eq|&T @yT+ ~? b N*bsTT+~ <) @eT+
nsTTH bsV \ $sT<+ > m+\+ =qk>< T . eT d+|<j\T
@yH d\ V\ $sT<+ > =qk>T+f, m|& n|&T #+
esT\T rdTs| <T. n|{< <eT+ =qk>TH +T+~.
< bdt e&s + n eTT< yjT &+ <? n~ |\ edTq
# q \D +> ns+ #dT e\d +T+~. m+ n<T nsTTH,
n~ nuT<jTs+> q|& deC |jqs+> +T+~.
m|{| &T = { #sT + |eV+# q~ +{+~ e J$+.
e J$+ n kq|& de+ nuT <j ns+ +T+~.
n] #j<$ s 116
usrjT T++ ` ||+ NsD |u e+
\+ T++ n+f us , us, |\\ T +& |]$T eed
nH ns+ eeV]dTH sT # eT+~. |Ps| eT& T+u\T |&T
nsT<T> |dTHsTT. <> =&T\T b++ ds|&e\d
se&+ e\, nq<eTT\, &&fiS fl, y] |\\ n+ *d eT&>
+&+ nH d+|<jT+ n&T>+{bsTT+~.
sE @ T+u #dH, T++ =+eT+~
nyT] +&+ k<sD+> |k+~. | #<T e\ dy , <>\
dy, |[flfifl #dTH eT> |\\, &|\\ nyT] y[b+{sT.
T++ |\ sT y[fl ds | & q yfifl L& y&T T+{sT.
nyT] yfifl\ |\\ T m+ T |&T THs *< + &T\T n+H
T |&T THsT eT |\* nyT] |+|+#&. |&T n nq>H
neT <T, yT] nH ef n+<] H{ $|k+~. eTq<X+
eT+ $<eX\, <>eX\T \_+#&+ < , \_+H J\T
me> se nyT] e\d y[flbTHsT.
($Td$T, e] 1994) <X k+ |Ps+ =~eT+~ +>+ &T yfifl &+ , u]ds Y ne&+,
< d+ {dt ne&+, #<T e |P]>H d<X ] se&+ ]>~.
n~ >s| |<+ > u$+#ysT. ] e# q <>\T #dT e&+,
@y eT\ T ne\+_+#&+ ]>~. , s +&e ||+ #jT T<+ sT y
<\ , $\, yk\ s 117
n+srjT+> nyT] b\+, beTTK+ |]>, n+<] <w nyT]
y| eT[fl+~. u> *yq jTTe\T =+<sT nyT] y[ ds | & T +f
= < usTTH &sTTH nHysT. |&~ keqyTbsTT+~.
T+u |<\T +&jq, |\\T nyT]q +&+
keq+> sT>T+~ |&T.
|]d +{ >< T . eTq<X+ qT+ e> + > e\d y&T +f
nyT] qT+N, s n><X \ qT+N nH ybs d+d\ T +&j
|T& |{, & #> <=] eqsT, X$T |j+#T
n~ u\T >&+#&+ bs+_+#sT. +<T kqTL\+> eTq
|uT\T ] $<H esT\T rdT=dTHsTT eTeT+>. eTq
<X+ $j><sT* eT nqTL\+> esT+THsTT VQfiC
+|\T. <VsD, <V+ yd eT+fifl >& <T\T
>&+ dV + nsTTbjT+> |#s+ #dT H sTT. jTTer jTTe\T
{ bss yfifl&+ y] Jeq $<q+ eTTK #s nsTTb+~.
eT< s> T+u\ ]+ > keT H b sTTH, VQfiC
+|\ $d |#s |u$T eT keT $T+ KsT\T
|&TTHsT. n|\ b\eTHsT < n$ b\eTHsT. |\*
n<T| | b THsT. |\\ T ]qe deTLs&+, y] d+w
|&+ *< + &T\ se + nsTTb+~. e<T q *< + &T\T T+u
us+> jseTHsT. n+<T eTeT+> e<Xe\ d+K
|sT>T+~. |&T e<T q *< + &T* e<Xe #]+#&+ qq+
nqTe&+ <T . dV +> rdT+THsT.
nyT] ds | & b sTTq =&T\ LTfiSfl |<y fiflsTT, yfifl |\\ T
|sT>T+f y] n_e~ d+ bT|& +, eT *< + &T\ u<
e<Xe\ n|dTHsT. n|&|&T +&j e y] #d
bT+{sT. b *<+&T\T n|&|&T nyT] y[, |\\
nqTL\+> qHfi n& +&, ] edT+ {sT. n+{ nsTTb<T.
n] #j<$ s 118
*<+&T me]<H eTsD+ d+u$+q|&T nyT] qT+ |\\T
e#esL Vd Xy\ ><T +#&y , +{H n<\ Xe|{
+ m<TsT#&y keTq+ nsTTbsTT+~.
nyT] ds | & q usrjT T+u\T eTq d+|<j* ` eTTK+>
| + & T > \ , | P \, k+d s e \T m+ V +>
sVdTq |{, |\\ |+|+ , $yV+ =+es deTd ne+~.
n& |{ |], n& d+d J]+#Tq =+<sT jTTer jTTe\
usrjT d+|<j\ |s+ |]q jTTer jTTe\ eTqd\T
q#&+<T . usrjT T+ d+d | y] w+ , >se+ @s&+
we Te+~. =+<sT m+ s> $yV+ #dT +{s n+ s>
$&\T rdT+ +{sT. nyT]H |\ > eTq yfifl |\\ T L&
=+<sT |[fl eTT+< *< + &T\ <s+> ys b{ + eT J$
eTT d++> k+#& |jT dTH sT. edT< T++ d+>
m H, T++ $q+ e&+, T+ eed D + #&+ sT>T+~.
T+u +<T |, bjT\ H\e> r]~< usrjT d+d
Dk+~ ||+NsD |ue+.
d+d n+f |PC|qks\, |+&T>\, y\, d+^
kV\, \* fi\ eyT <T. n+H eT*yT q eT&T n+X\T
@ d+dH |< q+. n$ uw, Vs+, eg<sD. ||+ NsD |* +>
eTq<X+ T++ |+ bw+#e\dq eT&T n+X\ n&T>+{
bTHsTT.
euw $\Te +& b+~. +^w n+srjT uw. n~
s< me] |s_e~ \><H $Xd+ @s&bsTT+~. |s_e~ n+f
<>eX\, <q d+b<H! euw m+<TL |s~|&T. H&T
T+u qes+ jTTer jTTe\ euc Cq+ n d\+>
+{+~. e{& yT> #<e &+, sjT&+ s+& #dT H sTT <T
$<$<qeT, | |sT>TTq <T <sD. |\\ T *< + &T* ne
<\ , $\, yk\ s 119
HH n |\e&+ eHXsT. |< *<+&T\ b<jTT\
n+<s bVdTHsT. n+srjT T+ duT\T> $jTe++
y\+f euw eT]by\ u$dTH sT. n_e~ #+~q bH,
#H , bqT e+{ <X\ |uT \, |\ eT uwH eeVs\T
=qkdTH sT. y] #d eTq+ HsT e\d +~.
, Vs eeVs\ e=d, jTTer jTTe cdt| & \sY
|]b+~. m& #dH V\yT. M~M~H bdt| & d+sY
|]bjsTT. +{ T+ duT \ *d yfi |s+ uq+ #jT &+
b\| |< n|+#T+{+~. $yVq, $+<Tq |f uH\
X*L& e]bsTT+~. \& #d uH\ |< <T V+.
eg<sD d+> ds d]. eTq<X+ | sh+q _q eg<sD X*
q|{, d\ T Ns Te&+ usrjT eg<sD X* > |]>D+ #&T
e+~. n> |sTw\T <e T ydT e&+. # =~eT+~
|sTw\T eyT jT{ <e T eksT . #eT+~ |<\ |q\
L& k+ |Ps+ qT+N $<o eg<sD n+y T b jsT. d
#es usrjT d+d \u&T e#sT. > s +&T <Xu\T>
Ns\T T H d\ d+K HH{ bZ +~. <T Jeq y> Ns
d]|&<+THsT.
X\+sD L& mH esT#sTT. |Ps+> &|\ \ T &\T
ydT e&+ <T . ET $sudT s>& + <T . |<y fifl eTT&T\T
ydT e&+ <T . &yfi L& <>\T #jT &+, J$+ y>e ++
e&+ &\ eTT&T\ ydT H z| r] me] +&+ <T .
ETb{> ] +#Te&+ keqyTb sTT+~. B ||+ NsD @$T{
d++<+ nqTe#T mesH . , k+ |]Cq+ |s>& + , = =
edTe \T y&T e#> $ks+ > |#s+ s>& + , |#s
|<\, |q\ ` | s eT+> |u$+ e&+ #dTH+.
me] n_sT #T\ |s+ ysT |e]+#\qTe&+ |\\ eT< n+s+
n] #j<$ s 120
eT]+ |sT>T+~. eTq *jT+&H bX H>] <T
s|+ #|+ < sT #] eTq T+ JeH, d+d esk+~.
*< + &T\ e |\\ T $q&+bsTT, |\\ e *< + &T\ s<s+
ne+~. d\ |\\ L& eT V\ >T]+ |]Cq+ |+#T,
y{ k~+#TH |jT\T #dTHsT. <e\ |Ps| T+
jTe\, #s\ neT\T e&+<T. |eqT+<\T ybs
d++<\T> e]bTHsTT. nqT+<\qT ] |j q+ jT++#
d+<s\T yTT<{q T+N edTH sTT ` HX\+ qT+ es + esL .
nsTT, y{bT |Ps+ = T+ <s \qT s]+#&+ ]>~.
|\\ #<Te d+<\, |[flfifl u<\ deT+> s]+#&+, e<Tq
*< + &T\ u< eV+#&+ , +<T e\ sb\, |Tb\ yTT<q $
eTeTs\H, #s\ |sTH k>T+&$. |&T ] |j qyT
|<H+XyTbsTT+~. +<T\ $wjT+ ` <>ZsyH, <s+yH `
uqc\T uE ydTe&+, me] d|jq+ ysT #dTe&+
=|&T nysyTH , k<sD+> H>] \D + nsTTbsTT+~. e
] |j q+ eTT+<T T+ dK \e+# | &+ <T . ||+ NsD
|sT edT< T++ L& n< d+ neT\T ne+~. ]
\+ q <X n~s \+ L& @s&TT+~. s \Vq <X\qT
ybs n<T| #j\H key< eTs|sT ||+NsD
nqTe#T. m<TsT ]q <X\ jTT<\T sT>TTHsTT.
n><X k+_e~ d#q> q n+X\{ eTq<X+
L& |yX |&TTHsT. y+{ eTTKyTq ~ ` s> ybs eed
` d|sY dc\{dt dT|T\ y|. |Ps+> &s T s>T\H& #&+,
&T|P #r djT+> |+#&+ eHXsT. n+{ k+>
#sTT+#TeT+THsT. e+<\ KsT qjTeTjT s>* |{ y< +
#jT & y\ y\T Kse+~. eT< s> ysT +~ s> #sT H
ksTT KsT\T |sT>TTHsTT. <+ # dV+, nys+
n|+#+> #sT +~ ||+ NsD |u e+.
<\ , $\, yk\ s 121
 |#s e< eT+> {.$. |* m+> |u $+ #d+ <+f, d]|&
+& { H b sTTH, #<T eP d+< e m H, eTT+<T |
T+u {.$. +&*. |\\+<] { |N < sq |N,
|<y fifl de\, d]jT |N. T+ duT \+<] {.$. q #T
|+{+~. {.$ e# m&sYfCyT+{ |<|<, |<|< #|d,
edTe * m> n> =qT y{ ud\jT> #k+~. {$. #q
d+K |+#T $<o ybs+ eTq<X+ #=#TbjTT #k+~.
T++ | ] edTy yV+ |]bjTT #d, edTe *
k++ #dT e&+ d+ &T d+b<H J$ < jT+> |T HT #k+~.
&T L& m+ s> m+ me> d+b~+# nq< |sT >T
jTT>+ | ] < jT+.
T++ < +q yq&, ] +q n~y T b +~.
rjT n&T>+{b+~. m_wH >+& $TsT$TT >=*|, VAs+#
||+NsD T+ d+dr, T+ u< d$T<\eTHjT
>V+#&+ w+ <T. ]* n<T| |Te&+, >V+
n\es#Te&+ T++ |<\, |q\ L& H&T neds+.
||+ NsD m<Ts>\ X , $y | s |+b+~+#Ty*.
n] #j<$ s 122
eTq d+d yq
@<H k+d du s+_+#|&T eTT+<T> Bbs<q
(C|\q+) #jT &+ \TdT. e u+ y[flq|&T b<TH ` n+f,
bs+u deTjT+ =$T~ |~ >+\ eT< |PH |fi+ =]
eTT\T |T n& <>T\+<] |k<+ |+|&+ #XqT.
yTTH eT< |uT s\j $TTs* \TdTe&
yfiqT eT<V+ |P. n|{ yfifl uq seT+ |P] nsTTbsTT
U> +T+~ < n yfiflqT. |P Hs #b&T |PH.
s+bjqT. |d T |P +&+ @$T{?
k<sD+> b<T |P me]H bH #d, eT>yfiflsTT y+>
(d\, 2000)
yfiflsH , s <q+ HsH |P HsH #T+{sT
+{yfifl. (=Hfifl + &yfiSfl eT>yfiSfl L& sTT |*+>
Hs +{ q |\ Hs mes sT #T+&ysT)
+, |dT eT<V+ |P |PC$T{ n XsbjqT.
d|{ |d T & <>T\+<s _\_&T jT{=#sT
` qTueT\ eT< +eT uT |T . HL @< |k<+ |{sT .
@$T{<+ ? nHqT H $TTs*. | H <e |P #XeT
#| +~. <e|sT Hq|& $q<T . eTq Hu |s>& + bT n<
w <e\ d+K L& eTT{ <{ eTT+<Tb+< nsy T + ~.
zk] d{ d+ y[ @y |d \T rdT y{ =
<\ , $\, yk\ s 123
|J\T s #sTT+#Ty\qTHqT. s dH y[# d n&es
sT . #TT| \ #d |PH |d n&>qT. qeC #dT e&+
d+ yfifl& #b&T. n~ |d T |#d deTjT+. sE Xys+
nqT+{qT. | deTjT+ nsTTHds |eHd y] #s+ |s+
<q+ #dT H V y] +T+~. q ysT uq $seT deTjT+
#dT +THsT. (|P <T, <X+ s b+ VA |+&T>
d+<s + > eTT+<TsC |d T s+>T &T+{sT d|)
@&$T<fifl qT+N m&|& n& <y\j\T y\TdTH sTT. n+f,
y+$ y\e&+ <T . u \ T H\=\TTHsT. n$ s&T| H e#T.
H\T>Ts& L&* e#T. fX , y{#T |P\ |fiS fl neTTH
yfiSfl, #| \T |d yfiSfl, eTTwy fiS yTT<q yfifl, ebjT
u\ &T +T+~. <y\jT+ {| +~
*dTHds < <|+ VsTTH k<+ <T. |uT ujT+
` zT |&y y q. |\ uj T + ds d] ` yfifl <q V, eqV,
bDV sT>TjT uj T +.
ss\ ujTyT <eu |s>& eTTKsD+ neTqT
|dT+~. m+ #<TeH, m+ k+ |]CH d+b~+H
uj
sTT+#>* qysT <<| +&sH #b*. eTT \|{q |
$jT+ k~+#yq, q |sTe |w\, |<e\ VA<\
bjTyq, s>+ D + eTTe [dT+ <, @< sD+
ujT|& yfi+&sT. uj VT<+> ns+ #dT uj
sTT+#>* > yfifl nsT<T> +{sT. yfifl dued<+ > uj
yfifl ujT|fyfifl #TT|\ +& yfifl |u$+ #ksT. eTTK+>
C\, yd, ~ ys q \, eTTVAs\ yTT<q y{|sT #|
uj
T |&y fiSfl, uj T |fy fiSfl m+eT+~ HsT. M] #eT+~
|Xe Tq+ *+#B, uj +<fiq\T +Z #B <e u n \TdT+ ~.
y| <e u |sT>TTH, V+k|P] yesD+ esTse&+
<T . mesT me] V #ks ` eTc, <e&, mes sT ` eTw
ks+ q, <TsXq, q { eTw V \|&T+f, <e&T
n] #j<$ s 124
eTw #d bb\ s|+ V \|e#Tqq uj T + | ]
|&d T + ~. eTqX+ +& #dT + ~.
V+k yesD+ +{ yTT< $XeT+{ y|++~.
|uT\T $$< esDjTT<* <XsD d+, m+ KssTTH ds
yse +& j sT#k, =H L&u& T +f, |\T eT #qsTTq
sD |jT \T #dT + +{sT. y{ |PC|qks\T
{.
e> + > me] ysT n+s+ >+H, Vs+>+>H |P #dT e&+
y|, eTsy| keTV+> |P\, uq\ #jT&+, e\,
yTT&T\ ` = fiflq, = =+&\MT< sT|+&+, y{
nedsy T q <TdT\ s edTe \ ybs k<H \T e&+ #dT+ f,
k+ |]Cq+ eT& $Xk\T b{|& T THj n|k+~.
$HjT#$, <ds yTT<q |+&T>d M<T m&|& n&
y~\T neT], \TyT <efifl $>V \qT |w+ #&+ , | yfiflq+<]
#+<*eT =+<sT u \ T &T\T b>T#jT &+, keTV+> |P\,
u q\ #jT &+, ] #d sT b{\T |& <e $>V \qT ss \
bE, |< |< dE #jT &+, sy q~H dsd T H eTq+
#d { \Tw+ #jT&+ n++ myb+~. eTq+
sEq |CyV n<T| #jT & u> bdT +<dT @sT
#jT &+ ` Bq+{ n]e T eTfl <e& yTTs|Te&+!
|PC |qks\, HeTT\ e\, s+&\ yTT<q y{
T |& b sTTH, b{+#&y T eTq d+d nqT+{sT. k<sD+> eTq<X+ y{
deT+> b{+H b{+#b sTTH, $<X\T yfifl | +& b{+#&+
y T T< \ T|{ s T . | s sTT# eTq nd s | + # T e& ,
\uTe& nTe+{ d+|<j\qT $~> b{d +{sT. eT]
d<X+ q, dsh+q d>eT+q m+<T b{ksT ? M{
eT\sD+ uj T +, nu <ue+ ` n+. uj T + b eT] eTq
d+d m =qk>TT+~?
(neTT~+, 2000)
<\ , $\, yk\ s 125

d]= d|sY V{!
eT< u\>b\+ s~dT q d]= d|sVY s |< q
eT+>sT eT |+|&T eTqes* ] MT< eT yk $+<T
V+#sq ys *d+~. Te+{ d+|T q s>& + ||<e T+!
de eTq<X+ $H<|jT ksTT <{bsTT #\yT+ ~. eTq
J$\qT Xd+#ksTT #sT +~. yde J$ |_++>q, eTq
\\ |~>q +&{ <T\T eTq J$ $<H s k+~.
|C dy VT\qT #jT &+ <s eTq |]b\H s+> L&
|u $+ #k+~.
d e V s\T d e H +& eTq J$ L &
Vs\sTTbjsT. y]|s n_eqT\ deTV\T @s&+, Vs\
ds\, dHH\ #jT &yT <T, y] d+ @yTH #jT & d<+ >
+{sT. q+ eTTK+> d|sVY s MT< > y*H dV +#s T . y]
re ndd * qeT+ y] jTTss>\ d+ <y\j
bsq \T sT|sT. d|sVY s bD\q $\Te sh+ @ |eTTK
e < sTEe #X&T ><=+>. |\T n+ |>&+>
n_e+#, |$T+#, s~+# d|sVY s n|V ]+, u~]+|\
us\, sjTus\ bs+_+#&T. |uT $<H\, |uT sj
n] #j<$ s 126
sc\ d+ e T+, d+|<\ n y| P , d|sY Vs bD\T eTsy| P !
d|sVY s bD\ eTT+<T qe DbjT+!
eTqTw\+<] deq+> #&\q~ <s +. n+<yT q }V.
eTqTw\ bD\ $\Te y] y] k+|T, ]ksTT { sjT
eTeT+~. s \ T |e<+ |eTTK e, |]b\H~s
#b n T+u # qw| ] Vs+ ysT , keqT& bD\
f <s ysT . n s\ |eTTK e $T+q e d|sVY s! n
bD\T neT\yTq $. nD ><=+> +< Vk\ qT+ dTs + >
$&T<\ #sTT+#&, ><=+> $~+q m wsT\HH |uT+
|e\dedT+ ~. yTT<{ =+#+ uT #dH , |uT ~H \ \Vq\,
><=+> y]q nqT+<\ e n+T+, eTT+<T | }sTsT.
|uT + ><=+> |{q ws T \ + d|sVY s <Tb q+
m+ H ksT . eT sdq *jTCjT &, eT u< |<] +#&,
|uT yVH\q, ue H\q HXq+ #ksT . b\H eed |CJeH
nded+ #ksT. ujT+ sh |uT~H\T fiflus eksT.
Te+{ { nqTd]+ s| mesH rey<T\T |\+
|bT&q d|skY sY n|V ]+ u~]+|\ us\ ~, ju @fifl
|> <X |&d T q d]V<T b++ deTd |]w]+#& |< qeT+
L& ~se\d edT+ <y ! b <X |\T }sTsT. V+&\
VQT\ ]bsTT.
|\ de Vs\| n+{ n_eq+, |eT, s<q , yyV+!
sh+ mbsTTH ds , <X+ @yTb sTTH ds , d|sVY s @ |e<+
s>& M<T.
d|sVY s\ Ms +, >o\ n+ deH. J$+ y]
eT bD eTTK+. n+<]>H y] eT T+ d+ e T+ eTTK+.
m+{ d|sVY s nsTTH, q n|V ]+q ><=+> $~+q ws T \
\, +>e< |uT <s + #| &T. ><=+> >] eTqdT @eTT+<
<\ , $\, yk\ s 127
>V+#+&. jTq #q\T eT+y. y] wsT\ |+&, qqT
$&|+#+&... n d+<X+ |+|k&T. (s| dV+> eTTe dMT|d
< us&>\ & @ d|syY T H nsTTH?!) n+<s n_e+ s~+#
VssTTC ` Ms \D\ |<]+ de>
J$+q |{+> #d XTe\qT sTT+ qqT qT m+<T
s+ #T&T? de #d<+ qq n, nyd$ eT y]q+
m+<T >V+#sT? de Vs\T <efifl b\T yd q{d, y]H
<efifl> =\TksT q+. <e\j $>V \qT L& de Vs\ $T+>\+ H{ `
b*H ]ksT . |\T y{ |PksT .
de Vs\ yw uw, Veuy nqT]+#&+ be&+ |&T me] H $H |y f C w H , >C w H nH e ` XeD
<T dey]. sj |y+#y] |+ &+, y] bD\ u<|<dTHjYT nqT! (|\ ysT |y{sD nH |j>
d+ sc, <X |D+> |&+ de yyV |sw. L& |#s+ #sT.) >CwH d*\ d+ m<TsT#dysT
y] beTsT\L, | |\L eyT |]$T+ <T. | =+<s, |*\ ujT|&TTqysT =+<s.
|D+q HsT y]Ms_eTqT\T. $<, kV, k+d s+&fifl + e +<Te $& nyT] qT+ #TT|#|>
s+>\{q de Vs\ n|Ps>sy<sD \T \_dT H sTT. de eq|&T, X n+TTq <s \ >T]+N, |y f C w H >T]+N e
yyV+ dsy|yTq~. n+{ eTVeyTq~. ~ |CkeT+ eT< |d e+~. $& n+srjT ] d+d |#k+~.
<T. d|sVY skeT+! (d|sY VssTTH n+ eTVeT, eT\+ | s+>+q |&T |uT+ u< eV+#&+, w #jT&+
Hj < *jT<T ` mesH n|V ]+ #dH > *jT<T). <Xe T+f bZ , |y T d+d\ T |y +#&+ myb +~. <s \ T |]bTHsTT.
eT{ <T ds , eTqTw\T L& <T ` eTqTw\T s~+# d|sVY s\, y{ n<T| #d |jT+ L& |uT+ #jT&+<T nHqT
><=+>\, rey<T\, j+{ Vs\, ~sT\. HsD+ >VD>, bsTs*> H u< e+ #d .
Ms#sT&T nH d]= d|sVY { de &T+~|&T! <s + ` |yfCwH bs+uyTq = <s\T =~> |]> e ydeyT.
d|sYVs, j+{Vs *d #|qT$H |uT+. s\ |\ ybsdT \ eT< b{ |]q =B <s \ T eT+> >T Z sTT n
|!! <s+ #|+<$&.
(neTT~+, 2000) n sT>TTq <K\T |+#&+<T. =~, d]=~,
yTsT>q~, eTyTq~, eT]+ Xe+yTq~, eT]+ HDyTq~,..
n+ = = _sT<T\ |#s+ #d dT\, Y|dT\ yTT<q
eds edTe\q, s edTe\q b+|\, = +|\
n] #j<$ s 128 <\ , $\, yk\ s 129
<s \ T |+#&+ L& b{|& T THsTT. <s +Z qT |+#&
edTe \ bT q>dT , ubsTT+{ |qT, eb& b{,
c+|P |{ d+ {sT. y{ >T]+ s &j q, {Mq $d +>
|#s+ #jT & \\ T KsT|&sT |sp. Ks+ =Hyfifl
MT< sT<T sT <s \ s|+. |#s eT>yfifl, &yfifl, e<T\
qT+ |dyfifl esL |jdTHsT. |< +& |\* L&
|u|sTdTHsT. <= $we\jT+ js+~. |#s\T #d
|\T eTT+<T>, m+<T! nH, eTq neds+ @eTT+~! nH
nqT ]|+ > }sTH, #| +<#| , |<| < #|dT + f e] @<
sEq y{ s D & b sTT ed T e \qT eTT+< T >
|j >+>q, sy n\yT>q =q&+ yTT<\T|&sT. |>
ys eT +<T $TT\ <>sZ +> |#s+ #ksT . | H u+&~
=qeTH, |H =edTe =qeTH! s& |]$T+> H, m>
dsT = u+& q<H, = edTe H =qeqsT.
yTT<\T|{ +|Ps esL n n\ysTTbjsTT
eTq. db q, `yTsTT\, +sYH | +{ y&T |<b jsTT.
nd\T +{ |]DeT+ m d+u$ ++~, m+<T d+u$ ++~ n
d <q+> +# ee~ q+ y>+ > k>T+~ J$+. be
s, =$ y&yT H>], <T Jeq $<q+.
sTH\ + |fiflsTTq eyfiflesTT us , |[flq =~ H\\ nyT]
yfi&T . nesTT & +~ <>+ #d . y[fl<] eT< |eT K\T
`yTsTTH ! mes #&s? nHqT. <T . #dT e#T n+~.
HqT +<T $TT\ # s \T sdTH\+ |{ |]q<,
s \T sjT&+ |&T ne{|t |w H nsTTH, |{ b n\yT
e<< T qqT.
eds edTe \ e n +, @ sTTe <=] | \qT
sTTe q>*> u>+ ~>Tes> yfifl <T, eT<s> yfifl
n] #j<$ s 130
L& <seTe+~. e$&|fi fl 25 s\T |{ ` n+f |+&T
m$T~ sbjT\ #=|q |{ = q>*> yfifl+ eT+~? |Ps+
|<s k \T sE s +&TeT&T L& q yfifl |&T e$&|fi fl Cs
#d d+w+#e\dek+~ ` bsT # MT< |e* #d
d+w+qT! eT+ eT+e su <X\L, s <X\L ` n&
<q e+T\ &T |+|& m>TeT nsTTbTHsTT.
dbqsTTH, `yTsTT nsTTH, +sYHsTTH, | zessTTH `
n qyfifl dTKd+c\ dyT , y] ks + dyT , y] +~
*+# +& +&+ dyT . |\ d+ |uT + n+f ` <q e+Tq ,
XeT+Tq |\ d+ nqT> +~. eT<s> yfi +~
~>C]be&+, +~ esZ\ yfifl b\T m+&be&yT H{ |CkeT
] eed eT* \D +> |k+~.
|Ps+ $<ojTT\, $<X ds | & q usrjTT\ & eq|&T
eT+fifl dk\T =qT fifl >ysT. |&T yesD \Tw+
<s e n keqT\T L& |j D n<| #j * ek+~. =Hfifl
eT+ >* sT yb T+<y . nsTTH, sT e +~ esZ\ yfiflH > |
esZ\ y] u~+#<T .
| &T $<X s+X |]b\q sdq > $<oek\qT <>+ #d
d<o ek\qT Te&+ <Xu \D+> ud++~. H&T $<o
edTe * ` eTTK+> d+|q <X\T #dq edTe * |j +#&+ ,
$<o d+d (+&, , e, , b...) nqT]+#&+,
nqTd]+#&+ <T \D +>, qksTT d#+ > +{+~.
edT< T++, $Xeqe deq+, ku+ e m
H, *sC w H , >C w H n+ n+ e] $T+>\+ H{
bsTT Jse TsTTbjTT> HyTy n|k+~!
(neTT~+, 2000)
<\ , $\, yk\ s 131

\+bf $+
eT< de+ |sT>TTq V+k <sD u>+>H =+<sT
$ \+ #*+ <, < mes jTs nqT+THsy
, eTw dH X q+\+ $+ == sb == +T+~.
uy\ yTT\ |sT>TH +T+~.
XU|XK\T> $d] +q $ |jT n+{ \+#*+ <qTe&+
ydy <s+. |< $ ` #+ <<| < $ =+eT+~ re+>
sd+H, nHeT+~ s+ #dH, |j>o\ q ue\T
$s+>+ |j>\T #dH HsT. uy\qT \j+>q,
fi+>q dT+>H, |<T qT>H n_e ] dH HsT.
nsTTH, dH $ \+ ~~. $ \<w+ |{+ ~
nHsT n] es<sCXsse>sT <X+ yT. nTe+{
sX|P] n_bjT+ @u$ +#&+ w+ . deeT, kVs+>eT
m \Twy T b jj $e]d jTq, eTq<X+ <s |eTsTTq
Jeq+ kdTq s#sTT dH X m b|eTeT+~? n
|+#sT. <s d , <s e+T&T> J$+#|&T eyT dqX
qeTeT+<q e yde+ < jTq $ TTEe#ksTT.
es< sCX sse>sT sdq #s \+ nH e+ C sjT UB >
q|&T dV sdq<. c\T m<Ts=+Tq|&, $ |q |],
n] #j<$ s 132
$+ |<THT+~. cq, w|]dTq $+ #b<T.
k+|<jT $ #\<T. eTT$ L& #\+& #d m?
n n+ ybjsT. >< |< eT< q d]V<T s KqT d +
\|+& cs+> $sT#T|&yT |dT+ sT>TTq ns
V+d |< qVTe n+, e#q$+ |sT $ #usT>
#jT &+ >T]+ n+ u<| & &T . e#q$+ nq |<H |<T .
eTT $ nH* nH&T. k+|<jT X+K\qT #~ +#T, $
\D+, $ |jq+ <q+&, = +s+, = uw, =
s|+, = |+<, = d+$<q+ $ = }|] bjT&yT
eTT $ n+f, $<+ > n~ |q:dw nH&T n+. n+<T#H ,
s + $ \+ #*+ < nqTH, eTss|+ |T=dH
@ qT, \| yesD, |]d T \, deTd\ qT
$+ edT+~. n+, $ \+ #\<T. H&T eTq<X
[+#uTq >CwH \+ e\ #|sq+ $c<+
*++<+, n<| * seTyVqse>sT $c<++# =
<eT+ \T>T $+ \|&T +~ nHsT, > K&+Z nH $
d+\H sdq dMT . n+<T. d+\q+ d++~+q
sy Hsy s T k+~ nHsT. $ $+b\T m+ qB,
<eTksTT m+ es qB nH $wj \T m H, $ d+\q+
=+es eseq ke u< Hsy]+<HsjTq. n+<T#,
|\+q d++~+q sy Hsy s e\dq |j q+
$ q|&T $ \+ #*+ < |qT\ qT\ eTdT
Lse&+ deT+d+<T.
$ \+ #*+< e\ <c n+THs, bs\,
n_eqT\ <c n+THs? yeTq, bq mesH mq{H
$d]+#>\ s? keqT\ dV + y] $|+\ T H{ d]
<\ , $\, yk\ s 133
 *+#+& Hj? eTqTw kV_sTN, k+<s_sTN,
|eqTs>\, s> < c\ q+ \+ $ + ] d T + ~.
nedse TeT+~. < >e T, ese qyT <T, u$ wT L& +T+<
+> #| e#T.
~ eqe\ bs+uyTq b H{ m+ b#Ts+ +~.
u ^ + < k<sD+> du\ T s+u+ e. |+&T>\, y\,
<e\ b bD+. b < de\ |C<sD +&<T . eTq<X+
b\T sdyfifl e <! b $+ +&< mesT nq>\sT?
s &j , {.M. n&sYfC yT + b, $ yU y&+ $]$>
sT>T+~. jT]j |#sH , yw+>b&sY |#sH bfy*.
d+| + > n_e ] +#&, D + Te& $ $T+q teachers in the Veeresalingam Theistic High School was Sri
kVr|jT <q T+{qT.
$ \+ #*+ <qTe&+ $ n|#syT . $ \+
#*+ <? nH |X \+ #*+ ~ nqTy*.
(*+&j s &j V <su< ]q #s seT+ #| &
sdTq n+X\T)
n] #j<$ s 134
Landmarks in My Literary Journey
My interest in Telugu literature started with some of the literary
pieces prescribed for study in the high school and college in
Rajahmundry. I got more interested in drama and humour. One of my
Bhamidipati Kameswara Rao the well-Known humourous playwright.
Later in the college, the Telugu version of the classic play
Mricchakatikam attracted me. I was unaware at that time, that I
was going to be the daughter-in-law of the great poet, playwright and
theatrical director Sri Abburi Ramakrishna Rau who produced his
stage version of Mricchakatika not only in Andhra pradesh but also
in the Rashtrapathi Bhavan when Dr.S. Radhakrishnan was presi-
(7`9`2001) dent of India. Abburi Ramakrishna Raus lyrical play Nadisundari
was staged during my college days by my lecturer, Dr. P.S.R Appa
Rao who was, later, the recepient of the Sahitya Akademi Award for
his book Natyasastramu. I took part in one of the historical plays
produced by him solely with the lady students.
That I acted in a college play does not mean I was brought up very
liberally at home. My parents used to pray to Sun God for blessing
them with a second son, but ultimately, I was born. That was in Octo-
ber 1933.
I was given education and dressed like a boy till I joined the high
school, but I was not allowed to talk or laugh loudly as I was a girl. I
had to be conventional in behaviour. I also noticed that my mother
was financially dependent on my father and she had no rest at all
from her hard daily chores. I also noticed the evil custom of dowry
<\ , $\, yk\ s 135
system from which many girls and parents suffered. All these cir-
cumstances and atmosphere around me influenced me to think in a
different way, in a non-conventional way, although I was subdued in
my behaviour.
My elder brother, a scientist returned to India with modern and
rationalistic views. He did his Ph.D. in England. It was with the en-
couragement of my brother, I could do post-graduation in Political
Science from Hyderabad. But my interest was in Telugu literature. I
wrote my first short story for the Nizam College magazine Vidyarthi.
The story was about the dictatorial behaviour of my father, but I wrote
it in a lighter vein. I also participated in the Radio plays and college
dramas. It was through my connections in the AIR, Hyderabad, that
I came to marry Abburi Varda Rajeswara Rau, a poet and a journal-
ist.
My husband encouraged me in my literary pursuits. I had an op-
portunity to read some of the world authors in English including
Tchehov, Oscarwilde, Stefan Zweig, Sartre, Alberto Moravia and oth-
ers.
My first story after marriage was published in the well-known
weekly Telugu Swatantra. The story was about the place of love in
marriage and the problems of marriage. I adapted into Telugu some
of the world folk stories for children called Anaga anaga, and the
selected stories of Stefan Zweig called Aparichitalekha which were
published. I edited a monthly called Vanita on behalf of the Andhra
Yuvathi Mandali in Hyderabad during 1956. It gave me an opportu-
nity to think of womens issues more deeply.
I studied Library Science in 1957-58 and soon after, we shifted to
New Delhi. While doing my job in the Indian School of International
Studies Library, I resumed my short story writing. My long story
Prayanam caught the attention of even the senior writers and it was
considered a mature story with progressive views. By then I was
also under the influence of the Teachings of Jiddu Krishnamurti which
reflected in my story.
The first national recognition came to me in 1972 when my story
Sukhantam was included in the Telugu short story anthology Katha
n] #j<$ s 136
Bharati published by the National Book Trust, India, It also came out
in Hindi.
Although I was familiar with some books in English on feminism
and feminist movement, I was not directly influenced by them at that
time. My inspiration came only from my own experiences and of the
women around me. I dedicated my story Karta, Karma and Kriya
to the International Womens Year in 1975. It was about the harass-
ment of women at work places. While I was working as Deputy
Librarian in the Jawaharlal Nehru University, I read a research book
on Marriage and the working women in India by Dr. Promilla Kapur.
Taking inspiration from the questionnaires given at the end of that
book, I wrote a story called Srimati-Udyogini, adopting the inter-
view technique inter-mixed with a touch of stream of consciousness.
It became a popular story.
I left my job and we shifted back to Hyderabad in 1982 due to
family reasons. After settling in Hyderabad, both of us continued our
literary pursuits with more devotion. It was then, my story Srimati-
Udyogini caught the attention of Anveshi, Centre for Womens Stud-
ies, Hyderabad. They included it in the second volume of the Women
writing in India published in 1993. I also came to be associated with
Bhumika, the feminist journal. I also came into touch with the lead-
ing feminist writers Smt. Volga, Smt. Vasanta Kannabiran and later
with their Womens Resource Centre called Asmita. My interac-
tions with the Telugu feminist writers strengthened my own views on
the status of women in the family and society.
My first short story collection came out only in 1991 nearly forty
years after I started writing. I am not a prolific writer, but some of my
stories got good attention. Even before the first volume came out, one
of my stories Bonsai bratuku ie., Bonsai life, was selected by Sri D.
Ramalingam for inclusion in the central Sahitya Akademis anthology
called Telugu Katha. Later, It was mentioned in the Master pieces
of Indian Literature. Its English translation was included in the an-
thology published by Katha. This story was also translated into Span-
ish and was included in the spanish collection of feminist short sto-
ries.
<\ , $\, yk\ s 137
 It is not that I wrote short stories only on the problems of women.
I wrote, for example, a humourous story on my pet cat called
Brahmastram. This story, however, ends with the husband's warn-
ing "Either you have to choose me or the cat"! I also wrote a story in
1991 on the increasing business culture of the corporate hospitals.
The story entitled Akhariki Aidu Nakshatralu which moved the hearts
of many readers. It was later included in the Sahitya Akademis col-
lection called Bangaru Kathalu. The English version of this collec-
tion is entitled Gold nuggets.
The Womens issues portrayed by me in my stories over a period
of nearly half a century make a full circle in a way. While I started
with the submissive, but mentally protesting young girls, then the mar-
ried women learning to be conscious of their individuality and to as-
sert themselves and lastly portraying women in old age declaring their
will to live by themselves without unnecessarily, depending on their
sons. My story Tana margam is about an old lady who realised the
importance of following her own way of life. It was translated into
Hindi and published in Samakaleen Sahitya, the Akademis journal.
I did not advocate open revolt, but a confident self-assertion. As I
added a touch of subtle humour, the feminist ideas in my stories be-
came more palatable to readers, especially to men. I am happy to
have several admirers who brought me this honour today. I am grate-
ful to all of them. I thank you all.
(Speech given at the Writers Meet organized by Sahitya
Akademi, at Rabindra Bhavan, New Delhi on 22 Feb., 2006)
n] #j<$ s 138
On Religion and Spirituality
Religion had been influencing and guiding people during the past
several centuries. People seem to believe in their respective Gods
and religions. All the religions preach tolerance, kindness, selflessness
and love, but even those who call themselves religious people are
self-centered and develop prejudice and hatred for other religions and
Gods. It was due to this intolerance that they fought so many religious
wars, or wars connected with religion.
In spite of all the modernization and technological progress in the
world, religions are still dividing people. In this matter, mostly men are
to be blamed. Politicians use religion as a weapon to acquire and
excercize power. Many religious leaders play politics to maintain their
strong-hold in the society. Both the political and religious leaders ex-
ploit the common people for their selfish reasons, in the name of reli-
gion.
Each religious community has its own social culture connected
with its religion. Although marriage customs, festivals and other events
relating to birth and death are closely related to religion, people gener-
ally respect and appreciate each others cultural practices. Children,
left to themselves, do not make any distinction among themselves on
the basis of religion. They enjoy all types of festivals and ceremonies.
It is only the elders that contaminate the minds of innocent children
regarding differences in religions as good and bad, higher and lower,
ours and theirs etc. The elders are, on the one hand, conditioned by
<\ , $\, yk\ s 139
traditions and customs and on the other, influenced and controlled by women are trained to pray to God to make their men stronger and
political and religious leaders. Gradually, all of them have brought the richer. Goddess Durga is perhaps, an exception. Both men and women
world to the present stage of conflicts and violence. pray to her to remove evil and bring peace. Durga, originallly, killed
the worst demon, a personification of evil.
Whether people believe in God or not, whether they follow reli-
gious practices at home strictly or not, they have turned social culture Social traditions connected with religion are based on the principle
into political culture, thus mixing up religion and politics. While any of male-domination. The system of Sati explicitly shows that a wife
religion advocates peace and every God symbolized love and com- has neither the right, nor the need to live after her husbands death.
passion, people who belong to their respective religions practise vio- One can dismiss this system saying that it is an ancient one, already
lence. In the present highly competetive world, violence erupts natu- banned by the British Government long back. But, we have to be
rally. Competetion in private life or public life, between persons or careful to see that it is not revived again as it was done a few years
between countries leads to mutual violence. Each one prays to God back in Rajasthan. The 'pativrata' concept is still respected and people
to suit his own advantage and advancement. So, naturally, the desires expect women to follow it. There is still some aversion in the society
of individuals can be mutually conflicting and consequently there arise towards divorced women and single women.
conflicts in relationships. When one realises that there is an inner
Insecurity in modern life is increasing and along with it, reliance on
conflict between good and bad, one prays to God to show the proper
God is also increasing steadily. Competetion between religious groups
way.
is increasing in performing pooja or doing Namaz in office premises
Most of the familial, social and national conflicts arise because of and in public celebrations including large processions. While fanatic
the authoritative and ambitious nature of certain men. Just one na- religious practices are followed, true spiritual feeling is yet to be im-
tional leaders ambition and aggressiveness can trigger off a major bibed by the old as well as the new generations. In stead of waiting
war with other nations. If those men were truly God-believing and for men to lead the way, women can show their spiritual strength in
God-fearing men, they would not instigate people to kill the fellow several ways.
human beings to fulfil their personal ambitions.
(unpublished)
The wars started by national leaders involve large scale deaths of
innocent people. The soldiers are brain-washed to believe in national (2005)
pride which implies killing of as many enemies as possible. The re-
sults of all these wars are borne by women all over the world. So
many women become widows or childless and the brunt of carrying
on the family responsibilities falls on women. While women are con-
sidered as weaker sex, they are made to carry on the family burden
alone under any circumstances.
In fact, women have extra-ordinary energy. The very fact that
they are capable of producing valiant and intelligent men proves their
strength. Women are capable of taking decisions and implementing
them even under difficult circumstance. But men suppress them as
most of them are inherently afraid of women-power. Traditionally,

n] #j<$ s 140 <\ , $\, yk\ s 141


Religion and Spirituality in My Life
I was born in a Hindu Brahmin family in Rajahmundry, East
Godavari District (A.P.), more than seven decades ago. My father
was a lawyer. He was a traditionalist in the beginning. He followed
all the religious rituals and practices. My mother had no formal edu-
cation, but studied Puranas. We had imbibed the religious and cultural
values.
My brother went to Leeds, England for his Ph.D. during the late
Forties. My elderly aunt insisted that my brother should be purified
as per Sastras on his return to India. But my father did not agree to
her suggestion. Although he was following most of the religious tra-
ditions, he started thinking rationally and found some of them to be
fanatic and meaningless. By then, he already became a staunch The-
osophist, and he was being slowly influenced by the newly emerged
world teacher Jiddu Krishnamurti. Earlier, he visited Ramana Maharshi
and also worshipped Shirdi Sai Baba for sometime. We, the family
members followed whatever path he pursued. My mother used to do
pooja to various Gods and Sai Baba was added to them. We, children
used to do Vinayaka Pooja annually. I used to go to temples of
Rama, Krishna and Hanuman on festive occasions, and before and
after my annual examinations. There was always fear in my mind in
some context or the other and I got into the habit of praying to God
for every help, especially for the success in all my efforts.
The return of my brother from England brought further change in
the attitude of my father. I was also influenced by my brothers ratio-
n] #j<$ s 142
nalistic thinking to some extent. My brothers thinking changed be-
cause of his study of Marxism and other Socialitst Literature. As my
brother removed the Sacred thread from his body, my father also
removed it and stopped doing the Sandhyavandanam and other ritu-
als. He even stopped the annual ceremonies performed in memory of
his parents and brothers. Partly JK's philosophy and partly my brothers
rationalistic thinking brought a fundamental change in my father. My
mother, however, continued to do her poojas and follow Madi (not
touching anyone while cooking.) I was under her direction in such
matters. I had to sit separately during the menses period which prac-
tice I disliked. (I even wrote a short story on this subject during the
Seventies.)
After my graduation, I shifted from Rajahmundry to Hyderabad in
1951 to do my post-graduate studies. I was staying in my brothers
house. When I wanted to do Vinayaka Pooja, my brother heckled at
me, but I insisted on doing the pooja, expressing my fear of Gods
displeasure. My brother agreed on the condition that I should secure
1st class. I did the Pooja but not so traditionally, and I got 1st class in
my first year. During the next year I did not do the pooja as I too
became more rationalistic. I got only high 2nd class during the finals
not because of not doing the pooja, but mainly because I was involved
in literary and cultural activities in the college. I followed my sister-in-
law in not practising Madi or Maila during menses.
Although I stopped doing pooja, I didnt stop thinking of God or
praying to God silently. The belief that God would come to my rescue
during difficult times, never left me. I was rationalistic only with re-
gard to certain foolish social traditions and fanatic beliefs in Tithi,
Nakshatra etc.
Immediately after my post-graduation, I got married. The match
was not arranged by my parents, but it came through my well-wish-
ers in AIR who were friends of my would-be husband. As desired by
me, there was no question of giving or taking dowry. As all other
aspects were satisfactory, my father agreed to the match and per-
formed the marriage traditionally, but in a simple way. (We did not
even have a photographer to take the marriage photos.)
<\ , $\, yk\ s 143
 My husband was a rationalist himself and his father was an asso- there is still something which is not within my reach or control. In
ciate of M.N. Roy, the advocate of Radical Humanism. I did not have spite of all the understanding of my thoughts, their reactions and all
to do any 'Pooja' or 'Vratam' after marriage. the rest of it, I still suffer from fear of the future. I seek assurance
from that 'invisible force'. I know that my desire for success and
Although my mother-in-law did 'Pooja' in her kitchen, she did not
security turns me to God. If there is complete attention in whatever I
follow Madi. However, she had to observe Maila during menses
undertake, I need not be afraid of its outcome. I should be prepared
to avoid criticism from neighbours. But she was not too strict in this
to face the failure. Comparison and competetion generally breed jeal-
matter.
ousy or arrogance, and ambition can breed ruthlessness.
My father presented me with a book by Jiddu Krishnamurti on my
I believe that one need not renunciate to lead a spiritual life. Spiri-
birthday after my marriage. Since then, I started reading JKs teach-
tual life is not apart from day-to-day life. Being righteous and com-
ings and I started appreciating them. They did not talk of moksha and
passionate in thought and behaviour is the essence of true spiritual
re-incarnation, but dealt with the working of the human mind and
life. Ambition, jealousy, greed, comparison and competetion make
human relationships. I understood that it was a philosophy which talked
people self-centered and violent in their thinking and behaviour. That
of spirituality in ones thinking and behaviour in day-to-day life. JK
is what we find in the present world.
talked of every aspect of life and he showed how we create prob-
lems for ourselves and others and how we turn everything into a Having understood the essence of spirituality through the study
problem. He never denied the existence of God nor confirmed, but and appreciation of JKs teachings, and having imbibed to some ex-
asked each one to enquire into the truth. The way of his teaching tent the spiritual way of life of my father and the rationalism of my
appealed to me and helped me in understanding the working of my brother and husband, I am trying to lead as far as possible, a peaceful
own mind. It helped me especially in overcoming boredom and lonliness life without suffering from boredom and loneliness. But I do feel vul-
through understanding. I also understood the implications of ambition, nerable at times. I must admit that I still suffer from some insecurity
comparison and competetion. Earlier, I used to get dejected with the regarding future and I silently pray to God or that great source of
people and circumstances around me and crave for mental peace. energy to help me to face life. I know that prayer is nothing but ex-
But later, I understood the root cause of unrest was within my own pression of ones desire before God. I constantly try to be aware of
mind. I also found out that my thoughts were conditioned by our tra- my desires and understand their implications. That awareness helps
ditions and my own desires and fears mainly contributed to my men- to maintain peace within myself which in turn effects my relation-
tal unrest. I came to understand that spirituality is related to daily life ships with others.
and right way of living guided by ones own wisdom.
(unpublished)
I never entertained basically any discriminatory attitude in the matter
of religion, caste or class. Except vegetarianism, I dont have any (2005)
other restriction. I have friends belonging to other castes and reli-
gions and I eat and move along with them freely.
As for belief in God, I still believe in the existence of a great force
or energy which is beyond our normal existence filled with conflicts
and struggles. Although it is possible to rise above the self-created
conflicts through constant awareness of ones thoughts and behaviour,

n] #j<$ s 144 <\ , $\, yk\ s 145


dy<+ |eT
$ds+ |eT nH~ n+<] nedsyT, <sbjTyT.
k<sD+> e|eT <+ > |]>D+ |&TT+~. d |sTw\ eT<
*> |eT >T]+ e+ me] n_bj\T y]$. me] y<+ y]~.
d + | < j T y< T \T $yV | P s + d | s T w \T | s d
|$T+#Te& n+> deT+#sT. nsTT, sTD<$ lwD
|$T++~. q k<sT & n;c $sT<+ > yT |$T++~. lw&
d+<X+ L& |+|+~ sV d+>. lw& T XTe\qT sTT+, yT
sd $yV+ #dTH&T. jTq nes |sTw&T qT m |[
#dT H #*+ ~. jTq #d |qT\T D+ d+ qT.
keq T+u |eT $yV+ nq>H =+ ye TTK+, =+
uj T + \T>TsTT. |eT >T&~ n+{sT. eTT+<T yq #dT+&
me] |& y] |$Td, T+u\ |sT e bT+~, d+|<j\
#s\ <+{sTT, ]+> qw+ edT+~ (+ s<T qT)
nqT+{sT.
|<\ T #d d++< |eT |d +&<T . T++, d+|<jT+,
eT+, \+, XK, >+, C+ , ejTdT, $< d+b<q, d, VA<,
+, n+<#+<\, yTT<q yH #ksT. { s+&T n+X
dsTbsTTH, qe eTTKeTesTT. |eT<eTT+~ ` |fiflj
n] #j<$ s 146
yfifl #d~ n< < nqT+{sT |<\ T. |[fl #dT e& {\,
qT\ use & rdTq|&T |sd s+ |eT m +T+~! usus \ T
#T&T+TH, T+ duT\ eT< eTqds\T @s&H, d\T
dsTby*. n~ d+|<jT+, d+d. usus\ eT< |eT H
bsTTH, |sTedy |\\ dy *d |s+ #j\+{sT
d+|<jTy<T\T.
de+, &yfifl >sy u+ >+ *> |qT\{ |eT |sT,
nqTs>+ |sT, u< |sT yfi MT< sT<TT+~. |[fl, us, |\
d\ T n+<Ty*q n+eT >e\T> |#s+ #dT + ~ nHsT |eTTK
dy < s#s TT zZ sjT <\ T d+|{ sdTq eTT+<T e.
dy<T\T d d# +&\+{sT. #<TeH V, <>+ #d
V bT |$T+# V +&\+{sT. |eT >, |[fl > $|\ yT ,
s + eTs=] |$T+# V, eT |[ #dT H V, < +]> J$+#
V +&\+{sT. < |[fl #dT +& *d J$+# V +&\+{sT
=+<sT.
$yV+ |<\ T ~]q<H , |$T+ #dT q<H , $yV+ +<+
{, |sTc~ eed u>+ {, $yV+ >H |sTw& us|q
n~s+ d+$TdT+ ~. n~s de+ V]dT + ~. n> sT L&
d nsTTH, &*|q =&T n~s+ +&\qT+T+~. yT L&
d+|<j* J]+#Te&+ e\ |$T+ |[fl #dT q jTTe&T L&
|[fl>H us nsTTb&T qT, n s+ |eVdTq d+d
|ue+ us|q n~s |<]k&T. us >VsVD u<\,
|\\ u<\ n dV+> d]+#\qT+{&T. |$T+
#dTq+<Te\ =+ es dVq+ #|dT+~ us. us |sTc~
|esq X$T+q|&T |eT d+> ne\ |{, $&\ d+>
dT+ ~. d+|<jT |< #dq $yV+ q |$T+ #dT q
$yV+ +<+ eT]+ dT+> +T+~. |$T+q |sTw& | =
<\ , $\, yk\ s 147
X \ qeT\ +{sTT. n$ < q| & T sX, d V
#T#dT +{sTT. $&\ <]rjTe#T. n+<T , |$T+ |[fl #dT q
<+|T\T J$++ *d |s+ #jT>\s >{> #|+. |[fl
eTT+<T, |$T+# d |+q d<TZD\T = |fiflj n+>
|+#e. kV+, k+> +, d+|s + b e&+ e\ |[fl eTT+<T
|+# <TsTDZ \T = sy jT|& sTT. sTy| dsT bjT
>TD+ +f @ s+ $yVyTH \TdT+ ~. =qk>TT+~. b |\\ T
|{q sTy L& u>eTjT |]d @s&TT+~.
|<q+> |sTc~| deT]+ bw+# $yV eed d |sTw
d++< |eT, T+ d++< |eT q+|Ck +< >V +#sT
dy<T\T. dy< s#sTTT\ s#qq, |d+>H d |sTw deq+
eX , dV d++<\ eX dw+ > *jTC| &+ sT>T+~.
|sTc~| deT]+#+&, d\qT { eqe\T> #&+
n\es#Tq|&T, d |sTw\ eTqd nuT<jTsyTq esT
eq|&T $yV eed n+<s V]ksT . n+esL # eT+~,
q |]d T \ LsTbsTT, yy V J$\qT m> >&T |sT `
n+<T u<, dTU b+<TTHeTqT+. |sTw& d #d
de\T y*, d |sTw& d+b<H, u< y*. ]| sT
<s|& sT. <s|& { H |eT nqT+{sT. sT b eTs=sT
<T'ksT ` &T bsTT+< ` n+f, y]e\ \_+# kU, d+|<
@y bjjT. d y< <<+ #dH, <<+ #dH
n< yde +.
$yV eed b* n~>$T+#e#TqH <w, d |sTw\T
$yV+<+ +& e\+ *d +&+ eT+~ nqT+THsT =+<sT .
~| + nH |sT>T y] |eT +<, dV +< b&T #jT +&
+T+< qeTTsT. $<+ > *d +Tqy] nqT+<+ XX+>
` n+f J$++ +T+< n+f, n~ y] y] eTqd \| <s|&
n] #j<$ s 148
+T+~. n_bj\T re+> $u~+q|&T, dsTbjT >TD+,
ne>Vq, dV q+ q|&T |eqT+<+ be#T. mTe+{ #+
|yT jT+>, d+|<j\ uj T + > +& dT\u+ > $&be#T.
m nqTH, m #|H, |[fl nH~ |{ jTTer jTTe*
+>sT & ]d H +~. eTTK+> |[fl +T n++ s+>,
s Dj T +> s|& + |sT>T+~. de\ |u e+ n\+sD \ |
yE |]bT+~. |[fl |T q+> s>\ sT+THsT. J$+
ks ]> +T qT, n+ |Tq+> s>\ |T|&TTHsT
L&. &|\ \ T eT]+> d+s|& T THsT, |eT d+> nT+.
mTe+{ e #dTy* nH $wjT+ eT n_bj\q,
n_sT #T\q *< + &T\T n+^]+#T #dT e&yT +&, eT d+
*< + &T\T m+ KssTTH |{* nH <sD |sT>T+~. *< + &T\|q
+> |eT +f $<+> ks! nuT<jTs+> <+&\
|[flfi fl #dT q *< + &T\T L& eT |\\ |q K<q |eT #|+#
|&+ <T. |eT $yV\T L& d+|<jT |< s+>
sT>TTHsTT. m+ |$T+#Tq yfiflsTTH, yfifl |[fl H\T>T \
bT eT $yV \T|+f ue+&Tq|dT + ~.
|<\ T #d #dq |[fl nsTTH, usus \ ]| ] ds V\
HjTqT+f |eT eTsT>Tq |&TT+~. |[fl +T +& *d
dV Jeq+ #d yfifl L& d+ e]dT + ~.
|eT +<+ $T&+ d++ nsTT n~ |eT +&
bT+~` +<+ $yV +<+ nsTTH, |eT +<+ nsTTH, dV
+<+ nsTTH ds. ~|+, k++ #dTH+ q d++<+
|eT \e&+ w+ . ]MT< sT <s|& { , sT +& eTs=sT
+&be& |eT nqT+{+. |eT $X\yTq~. +<\
nryTq~.
(#T s, qe] 2006)
<\ , $\, yk\ s 149

d<e>Vq, u$ |]X<q u$T
\T>T dy < kV ~ qT+N d n< jTq+ #d , $$<
D\ qT+ $Xw D yk\T sdTH sT |eTTK kV $eTss\T
#s jT $<V. e\+ yk\T sjT&yT +&, d\ kV+
|H , dy < kV+|H $X$<\jT ksTT d<d T \qT sV+,
d<d T n<| \, |]X< \, s#s TT\, s#s TTT\ deT]+q
yk\ L&q >+<\ d+b<+ eV+#sT. m|{|&T dy< bs+_+#s #T, sE m+sTTH $+> dy < qe\\T,
kV dMTd dy< $eTs <V<+ #dTHsT.
dy < kV+ >T]+ dy < s#s TTT\, $eTs\ m+> sdH,
nH eT+~ + qT$| \T>e\d +~. \T>T dy < $se+
>T]+# + mH nbV\THsTT. dy < uy dy < |j H
nbs+ #dT +Tq bs \ s#s TT\ m+<s HsT. kqTu
ns+ #dTH ysT eT+> |sT>TTq|{, ns+ #dTH dVq+
$eTTK #|+#ysT me>H HsT. Te+{ kVr yesD+
jT $<V <T \T>T kV+ dy < u $T k<VsD+> bsTTq #] d+<s + H+ eTq+ n &. jT #| q~
$e]+# $XwD yk\ d+|{ y\Te]+#&+ V+#<q
$wjT +. 1990\ qT+ 2003 esL $$< d+<s (|\ d+,
d<d T \ d+) sdq =$T~ yk\ L&q d+|+ ~.
dy< kV q ke u$T d$es+>
n] #j<$ s 150
$Xw D +> |]#jT + #XsT yTT<{ yd+. $eT\ $
<V]+#&+ yTT<\eT+~ yd+. d\ J$\qT, nqTuy \qT
edTe> #dT= d\ |jH\ d+ d\T yd kV+ d]=
due+ dy < kVyT+ ~ n b<$ T+> s+#sT &.
$<V. 1975e d+es sd$T n+srjT eTVfi d+es+>
|{+#&+, 1985 esL <X_> b&+#&+ dy< <e\ @
$<+ > d] +<, d] yq q #] H|< + mTe+{<
$e]+#sT. zZ 1972 sdq | d s\ y* nH $q,
s+>HjTeT 1980`81 sdq Cq $eTT qe\q dy<
kV u |&+< dw+ #XsT.
|j |s+ > sE, n+f 90\ dy < $yT me>
e+<, $ edTe\T me> Xs dV, + d++<\L
d++~+ +&+ e\ dy <+ bs+u< X H $eTs >T] nsTT+<
$e]+#sT. n|{ zZ sdq qe\\T s& |$ TdT <sD <>sZ >
HjT, sTy |. de, zZ dy< <\qT $d+> sjT&+
<\ T <eT ksTT s<H sT. nsTTH, yTT+ MT< dy < kV+
d |sTw\ ke, k+d d++<\T eqMjT+ e\dq neds
H= #TTq~. s+> n~ sVdTq kV |jq+
>DjTyTq~ nq &. jT $<V $XwD {qs <Xu\
sy L& H{ e]dT + ~.
| keT ejC\+| deTs+ nH yd+ H&T dy < kV
#s , $Xw D +& \T>T kV |k$+#&+ , $\Te + nk< yT
ns +. n+<T, dy < $y<\qT bV+q |eTTK kV
$eTs\T H&T, d\ kV |jT\qT dTd+|q+ #dTq dy<+
n |X+ d+# d se&+ VsDj T +.
|yd+H, &. jT $<V dy< $sy eTT+<T
<\ , $\, yk\ s 151
$d]+#s |H~ w #] $e]d, 1980\ qT+ ]w due+ <T \T>T kV+ Xs sj\T |y+ dy<
$ddTq dy< < ` dy< sj\T *jT+&H d\T> eT #q m |eTTK kH $T+#j #| & dy < $*
nqTue <w D+ qT+ dTBsy T q J$ eT\qT, nqTue sV k\qT <V]+#&+ bT, .. 1980 sT y +<< X + HH{ \+
1960\ qT+# < |jT <s $w]d eq s#s TTT\qT |+E=+Tq dy <<eT+ $+ qT+& < , qe\ L& $d] ++~
<V]+#sT. |+>[ \ ++ e+{ d+|<jT |+&T \T L& .... n+, $ds D <V<+ #dq y] s#q * |k$+#sT.
d\ duy d e]+q|&T esq nq]+ >q, yd$ n+<T, dy< <<+ kV<jTH k<qyT J$+
dV+>q +&+ Xs+ <T n+, esE dT\ < qT+& = ns\qT \TdT=q{ M*+~. dy< kVH
d+|{ sdq eTT+<T e j> |+ #s >TsT# X sT. ~s kV L& |]o*+#e#q ne>Vq |+ kV $eTs
n+<T, |sTw\q d\q >T+| #] s#sTT\T n |]~ $d] +|#d + ~ \T>T dy < kV<eT+ nHsT. n+<T,
eeV]+#+&, d\qT s#sTTT\ |+ #|&+ H&T eT]+ sT y &. jT $<V s+q d+|<jT kV+ ` dy <
nedseT|dT+~. s#sTTT\T eT <wD+ ysT, eT nqTuy\, <<+ nH >+<+ eT+ <VsD.
nqTuT\, n_e sb\ ysT n eT dy< s#q\ <s =+<sT d\, |sTw\ jT\T <]q = #q\T dy<
s|+#THsT. kV_e~ m <]rXj k<VsD+> $e]+#sT eTs= yd+.
dy < < kV |]|w+ #dq s#s TTT\ >T]+ $e]+#&+ dy <+ ` _q <sDT\T nH yd+ ` $<X\ dy < <sDT\
bT, |eTTK s#sTT\T ` T $XH<s&, eqXs, n\+ sjT #] H|< $e]d, ... dy< <<+ n+<T $$< <sDT\
yTT<q ysT sdq dy < <\ qT L& <V]+#sT. 1995 eT< dwyTq $uq sK\ dV <ojT d+d |y++<
yd+ sd H{ dy <+ $+ MT< eqT> dy < qe\ MT<, #| eTT n+, yTT+ > dy < kV+ ||* +q <ojT eTVfi
< MT< $eTs me> <T n, $eTs kV+ e# =B kV q d+y< <sDT\ | q T >T]+#&+ eTTK+ nHsT. eTq dy <
ne>Vq #dT=H = $<H\T n+~eksTT n n+ dy< kV+ s +&T >T]+#< q | <sDT\T |ksTT nHsT. n$ `
ueC |]#jT+ #d e#q kV+ >, |keT ke d\ djT Xs eqd , nqTuy , nqTu ns b<q
d+d <<+ qT+ $Xw + q e#q kV+ >... me> # <sD {, ... Xs yjT nqTuy\ ksTT qT+ eyT
e nHsT. &. jT. <X+ <{q sy H{ |]d $d T+_ ke d++<\ qT+& |]>D rdT=H <sD
ysT . H&T sdq s+>HjTeT, ed+ q_sH, jT $<V, eTs={ nsTT, eT<s> d\ qT+& edTq dy< kV X$T
CsD, Xu\ sy, |&T dy< <<+ $XwH+> sdq d q # q + qT+& edTq dy < kV eT*yT q &
zZ, &. eTD[, &. jT|u yTT<q y] kV yd d+|{\, +< #T, X$T d q # q + qT+& edTq dy < kV+
s |]X<H yd d+|{\ n+<TuT HsTT. q> jTs|\ d |sTw ndeq sDyTq | k$T eed, ke eed MT<
<s dy < ueC q+ rdT= yfi |jT \T L& |&T $eTse+H |ejT de sD e\dq d\ d+|T { X
sT>TTHsTT. <= eT+ |]DeT+. >T]+q dV |\+> e+T+~ n dw+ #XsT.

n] #j<$ s 152 <\ , $\, yk\ s 153

 dy <+ m& qT+ eH <ojT d\ neds\qT, X\qT r]
deq neX\qT *+#~> < eT\T#Te+, d]+#+,
|CkeT bs{\ |Ps $\Te> #sD #T=q+ eTq
eTT+<Tq se + n+, \T>T dy < kV+ n+<T yesD
dw+ +~ nHsT eTs= yd+.
+= yd+, eqe d++<\T dy< kV+ m
||* +#j # dw+ > $$< |jT \ qT+ <VsD\T rdT
$e]+#sT. d\ Xs+ ` ke T+_ d++<\T, T+
d++<\T, usus \ d++<\T ` d+ks+, <>+, d+q+,
|\\ d++<\T, +& |\\ d++<\T, ke d++<\T, d |sTw
d++<\T M{ n D\ qT+N $Xw + , d++< |Ck$T
<sD @s&TT+<q Xuy e+ #XsT.
es>, > <X_ dy <+ \T>T kV+ rdT=q qq
|]De\q, |> dMT+ #sT. dMT yd+ ` d dV,
T+u~s dV, T+~s # q + ` nH n+X\qT k<VsD+>,
$Xw D +> #]+, <X_ dy < kV+ b \T>T kV =~eT+~ $TT\ deT+, sy, \D jTr+<T\T +q>sY
$d <T, $q <T, $w <T n ]w+> |{+#sT.
&. jT $<V n+~dTq d+|+ yk\T _q
d+<s <X\+ sdq$ qT, dy< s#sTTT\T $$<
|jT\ ysT #dq s#q\qT $e]+#&+ |qsT+ #jT&+
nysyT+ ~. nsTTH, | yd+q dy < |]DeT+ >T]+q =
eT* n+X\qT bs \ <w #sT.
|{ mH nbV\, $eTs\ >T] neTq dy < kV+ |
d<e >Vq @s&{, s+>+ s>e \dq u$ |]X<\ $d yT q ,
dwy T q u $T n+~+q #s jT $<V >] n_q+<q\T.
yd d+|{ eTT+<Te sjT&+ >se+> u$dTH qT.
(&. jT $<V >] <T \T>T kV+ ` dy< u$T
yd d+|{ |] , 2006)
n] #j<$ s 154
dVo* >eTse
l Ey& >eTse>] es< sCX sse >] |]#jT + m|&T
bs+ue TsTT+< H *jT<T >, H e+ 1990 yT H\ eT+
lydse d+dsD du bZq& H>w Vq+ |q V <su<T
eq >eTse>] yTT<{k ] |]#jT + @s&+~. sEq e +{
>eTse>sT $XH< d HsjTD >] |<\qT ={ >q+ #XsT
eq d+<s+ eTeT* <] >eTse>sT V+#sT. |<
|sq + L&q y] < $ rs q+~+#+.
|<|sq+ $q&+ n+f m+ w|& es< sCXsse>sT
>eTse>] |< |sq se 1992 qe] V <su<T ]{
VA =+<sT kVr $TT\ deT+ |< mTq @sT #XsT.
seT+ |q n|PsyTq dMT\T e#sTT. nsTT, sh |uT
dV s+ se $&j rsTT+H, $&j d{ |< |sq +
d+|Ps+> s<T. <X\|q +BsD my, eT< eT< |< |sq+
$|+# +& bsTT+~. $&> &j d{ u>H e+~. n+<T,
eT k] >eTse>] +q>sY qT+ |*|+, es< sCX sse>sT
d&j $&j rsTT+#sT. < &.d. eTD[ # j
e\qT |]#jT + #sTT+#sT. ( s +&T $&j d, &j d
<\ , $\, yk\ s 155
es< sCX sse>sT eT J$\+ d]+q >eTbH ]sT* ,
s $& j d b 2006 b{ lseTT\T \ T> T
$X$<\j VA]+#qT.)
1992H p 30q s#=+& $XH<X d> ] q~q+ d+<s + >,
$XK|+ >eTse>] |< |sq se es< sCX sse>sT
@sT #XsT. yTeT+<s+ *d V <su<T qT+ s |j D+ #X+.
$XK|+ es< sCX sse>] eTT&T &. >b\w +{ ed
@sf+ ~. n& {H V ]q seT+|q |eTTK s#s TT\T eT+ J$+`s>+
dMT\ T sXsT $$< |\. s$Xd> ] q~q+ nsTTq eTsTH&T
n+<s+ *d ;MT sT yfi+ ` |PE\T, d<TZsT +<TL]
yq+<eT]>], k]dt>] \TdTe&. k]dt>] *d y] s>yT eTVu>+ nqd ns + n J$, s>
+{ b{\T rsTT+#TH+. d+sD d+d (Life - HRG) |P]> qeTTT+~. J$+ de+>q,
n] ^e[ &j d{, l Ey& >eTse>] |< |sq + V|P]+>q, |jqs+>q k>\+f eTT+<T> s>+
(1992 H{~) $&j d& 2004 yT H\ n] dt, H< $H~ ue+&*. e > s>+ bT de+ n+<] s>+ ueq|&
(l b\>T$T $XH<+ >sT @ssq~) d+d\ d+jTT < s+ $&T<\ e J$+q, de+ d >T q, dTKd+c\, X+ u <\
#dT q d+<s + >, du bZq& yTeTT V+#>H n+^]+ +{sTT. me] dTK d+c\T ysT #dTe&+ +& eTq
+q>sY qT+ >eTse>sT se&+ ` es< sCX sse>sT ]X w y{ eTTK+> Vs q\T>T]q |+#Tq|& de+
n|{ <X+ |> nsTTH, eT & se&+ >eTse>] kH, dTKX+T\T+{sTT. eTq +{ |]XubT eTq #TT|,
dV o\ < s q+. d + < s + >, > e Tse>] , es < n#{ yesD |]Xu+> +# u< | ]B. eTq+
sCXsse>] dV $TTq l |. Hsqs&>sT (V+< wt b&T#d+f |uT+ u>T#d +&* nqTe&+ u<sV+
ysD d+|T + sh XK n< \T) m+ u< eV+, $&j d{ neT+~. n>, s>+ $wjT + eTq+ CH |+b+~+#Te&yT
d.&. sb+~+#&+ dV ]+#sT. n> >eTse>] es leT +&, eTq *dq $wj sT\ |+#Te&+ eTTK+. n~
nsT+< L& es< sCX sse>sT @sT #dq |< |sq se
eTq u< . n+<T , Life - HRG q se\ eTTKu>+>
d rdTHsT.
Open House bs+_++~. B 2006 pH 15 qT+ s+sjT+>
l Ey& >eTse>] $w q~q+ d+<s + > jTq, jTq
=qkk+~. B bs+_+#&+ eTTK <X+ |+#Te&+ `
T+ duT\+<] H V<jT|Ps n_q+<q\, Xu+\
Vs, $CH, u< |+#Te&+. e> + > eTq+ s>+>
*jTCdTHqT.
+f #\<T, n+<s s>+> +& #&+ eTq u< . eTq J$+
(jT+, @|`d|+ sY 2007) s>e++>, Vs+ > +f #\<T. de+ n+<s s>+>,
n] #j<$ s 156 <\ , $\, yk\ s 157
Vs+ > +&*. n+<T n+<s u< eV+#*. eTTK+> |\\ , +~. qe de sD+ eTq #T H +~. n~ *jTCjT &,
d\, e<T\ $wjTyT Life - HRG | X< rdT+{+~. s> esT se& #sD +> <V<+ #jT & s+s+ >
|+b+~+#Te&+ n+f nHs>+ s+& #dTe&+. +<T eTq+ X~ w #dTq d+d Life - HRG. d+d <X\, $$<
rdTH Vs+ eTTK+. @$<yTq Vs+ rdT+TH+, @$<+> se\ |r n+<] \T Open House. B >T]+ \TdTe&
rdT+TH+ nq $wjTyT X< eV+#*. eTT+<T> $wj eTT+<T s+&, \TdT+&, *jT|s#+&.
d++~+q CH d+b~+#*. eTq+ d+b~+q CH sT \ MTsT \TdTe& M\T> Open House Vs+ >T]+N, s>+
|+#Ty*. eTqq Vs sT \, eTTK+> n~ nedsy T q y] >T]+, J$+ >T]+N #s \, |d |<s H +{sTT. d]jT q Vs+
|+#Ty*. #dH , nHs>+ @s& y< + $wjT + L& C> j sT #jT &, \e #dT e&, y{ d++~+q ], s>
|&*. d]jT q y< dV jT+ b+<*. $wj \| $d yT q , $\Tyq de#s+ n+~+#&TT+~. Open House
$wj \+{ d++~+q se\qT #| & + bs+_++~ . n+<TH neX+ Life - HRG *k+~. < n+<T, J$
Life - HRG @&T d+es\ yT. <X $<X $$< d#+< d+d\, yTsT>T|sT #Te&+, s> |+b+~+#Te&+ MT u< . eTT+<T
|DTq y<T\, ke Xdy\, dy|sT\ d+d nH s+&, \TdT+&, *jT|s#+&.
s\T> dV ]dTH sT. =+<sT |DT\T d+d u>+> +& w (2007)
#d q>s+ H +& >e L& w #dT H sT. d+d n+~+#
$CH, d<T bj\q n+<Te&+, y{ >T]+ n+<] *jTCjT &+
| s eT u<> >T]+#*.
J$+ >T]+N, n+<T s>+ eV+# eTTKb >T]+N,
e> + >q, ke+>q, | s rdTy*q u< >T]+N
|\\ q|{ qT+N u~+#*. $wj \T $<u<q eTTKu>+
y*. nHs>+ e> deTd<T. n~ ke deTd. ||+ # deTd
L&. XsyT <T, eTqdT L& s>e++> +&T #dTy*.
ks| P ]+> +#&+ , |e]+#&+ nHs> \D +. e nsTTH,
esZ+ nsTTH, C nsTTH ks|P]+> |e]+q|&T #T q
yesD+ V+k+> esTT+~. eTqdT ks+ |y +q|&T
|e, sT D qksTT. d+|T sD yTT<\eT+~. jTT<\T sT>TsTT.
|dT+ ||+#eT+{ sT>TTq~ n<.
eTqq, eTq+ +& ||+ #+q esT rdTse&+ eTq #T H
n] #j<$ s 158 <\ , $\, yk\ s 159

V<su<T H nqT+<+
V <su<T HqT yTTyT T<{k ] eq~ 13 @fi ejTdT `1946
&d+sT. e Hq>sT eTeT* ` e neT, e~q, qq, e
# j\ rdTyfiflsT. |P, Hd, jT++, w, Ws+>u<,
n+, ms y[ KsTq V <su<T e#+. e e~H yfi njT
+{ ~>+. yfifl ue>sT <e\] >b\se >sT n|{ d
{#s T . eT\| +&ysT. d{ n+ #|+#sT yfifl. q>s M<T
Xu, #]HsY, |_>sH m+ n|s|+> n|+#sTT. V<su<T
V s eT|f~ . s +&TeT&T sE H+ n|&T.
eT 1950 HqT _.m. #<T e+&> yd$ d\ee#qT ` e
nqjT &. myT.. w +{. e nqjT sY.sY.u |#dy&T
d+{dt> (C+ |uT+ d+ u nHysT. n< sy
d.mdt..sY. u>+> sY.sY. u nsTT+~). deTjT+
HsjTD>& ` V<sY>& eT< |< +{ y{
n< +&y&T. n+<TH |< y{ b. q+&] dTuse>sT +&ysT.
e e~H Hq *d dTH CsT q&yfiy fi+ CsT|q . ]yfiSfl,
<TD\yfiSfl #eT+~ s e{&y sT. e e~q V+B u>
e#T. q <>sZ Hq =~> HsT HqT. \+>D \T>T =+#+ Xs+
*+#~. dTuse>] * |y& D d+ &~ ` njT nqT
n] #j<$ s 160
nqL&<T , njT>sT e#sT nH* n #|<$&. y&T qeHy&T
> $& e\T |{+ #THy&T <T. | eTw & yfifl ne
nHysT. ny, + \d+> e#y+? n n&,
&, ]=Hqe nH~. ] se&yT$T XsbjTyfifl+.
d\e\j HqT ] seT+& yfifl, H dtyT{ \
\TdTq|&T V <su<T m +~? n n&+~. eT+> +~
nHqT. n<$T{? eT+> @$T{? V<su<T yfifl uw
e]bsTT+<? n y ]++~ ` ue+~ nq+& eT+> +~
nHq. , eTTw, s e+{ |<\T u> |T&sTT. H.
eT V <su<T 1951 e#qT m+.m. #s& . _.m. H~
H$T yTsTTH du. b*{, Vd d_& d. sE
kj jTe]{ H$T s MT&jT + +&~. n+<T#
HqT b*{ rdTe\d e+~. C+ dT n+ dT\u+ >
<=s < T ` H=q q\ue sT\. b. q+&] dTuse>sT (e
nqjT dVT&T) kj &H |t dH dt. jTq ]yT +&wH H
H dT <=]+~. e nqjT sE s, y{ V dt yT&MT<
y{ n<+&y&T. |y{ e nqjT => ;sYd+>
(ds) +&y&T.
s qT+ HqT sp d+ <u<T dT y[, dw H qT+
&T & sY C+ J yfifl <. d{ dT J yfifl &+ n<
yTT<\T H. &T &sY |jD+ eT = nqTue+. #T{\T
mes=H, yfifl &T & sY yT& MT< Lsu{ rdTyfifl &+ ds< >
+&~.
C+J #<e&+ H # q+~. H dtyT{ =+<]
+^w e{&e\d e#~. $<sTq, ssYq =+<sT
eTTd+ \, $Tfi\, s uw\ yfiSfl +&ysT. seT+& neds+
e{&< <T. & yTT< usT > H, eT+> n\yf+ ~.
ssY \T>jTq eseT+& sese>sT. H dV <sTTqT\ +~s
<\ , $\, yk\ s 161
u>q>sY H u> dVTs+ ~. *+<\ dsd r<$ >] s +&e
LTsT dT< H pjTsY. q H dVTs+ ~. H dV <jTT
sT\Z qsd+ >se &T . sT\Z seTcse >] eTT& =&T.
HqT #]q = , nq eTs= dVT& H >T]+ |+<+ ydT HsT.
HqT +< n sT , eTVswj T H n eTs=s . VQX HqT
sE eTT\ ~<T\ T |Te&+ e\e#T.
C+ J H m+<T q+<+f, n& eT>, & $e +&,
\ eT $e +& n+<s *d yT*d +&ysT. mes |sT |fy sT
<T. seT+& nsTT, *d e{&T +f |sT u usY MT~, M~
>&\ MT~ y[flbjT$. sE seT+& &|\ \ T dT ssY
yfifl |* yfiflysT. >{> qe& M<T ` ssY C #dH ds.
& H d#> +&~. \s& e+{ \T>T $<sT\TqqT
n_e+#ysT. \T>T $<] d+| qqT b< s*> mqTHsT.
\T>T $<] | H yTTyT T<{ < nqT+<+ n#sTT+~ eT<*
#j<$ |sT sdq~. +<uT <j y H bZH< .
.$. dTVD+ >] *d q{+#qT. n|&T jTq +sY MT&jT {
HsT. J\ eT< ]> b{\ d+<s + >H, H $.mdt. se<$,
Cq sD\ |]#jT + nsTT+~. yfifl H pjTsY ` yTH J
$<]qT\T. b &dt b{ (J\ $<]qT\ eT< ) yTH J
$<] leT dT#q (>+& | m&sY qse Ts& >] us)
|<e T VQeT e+~. V <su<T ne yw+ yd # > q{+q+<T
($& |Tq |< uT #d HqT L& n|{ qT+N |<uT
|Te&+ yTT<\T|{qT. n> b#+|* Ns\T & + n\ysTT+~.)
\+u& &dt ydT H, u> b b& b sTTq+<T H ~rjT VQeT
e+~. H b{\T w+bsTTH, \s& e+{ $<] $TT\
\e++ MT< bZH< . H yjT &+ n+f H w+ +&~.
jTTe$ d. HsjTDs& L& bZHysT. jTq H pjTsY
(ejTdT <T`HqT |< $T<e @ m+.m. #sqT).
n] #j<$ s 162
V <su< e# s &j $q&+ u> n\yf+ ~. seT+& e
+{ s &j +&~ <T. & e nqjT +{ s &j H\,
| d + >\, b\ $q& + # w + > +& ~ . H
bZH\|+ &wH n| #XqT. y+H |*#sT. d njqT.
H+ bZ+f 15 sbjT\ # #ysT. u+ H|sT n+{
sT #THqT. yTT<{k ] $<+ > d+b<q yTT<+ ~. # d+w+>,
>s +> +&~. sE |eTTK < s#s TT udsu cse >sT
b>+ mL{y> +&ysT. HqT +> H \T>T
d+| + > nqTdsD #d jTqd, < s &j |ks+ #XsT. k]
< |ks+ d+ sdq|&T, H yeV] X* $wjT +
eT+ d#q*#sT. ` >+~+ ydq e~*+#TeT. jTq >TsT
HqT eT]bqT. eT< eT< |~ eTTc\ |d+ >\ L& neX+
#sT H. H m+.m. |bj, us mqTe&+ m? nH
n+X+ MT< H |d+ > |ks+ #XsT. |d+ >+ nj # d,
|[fl m|&T? n n&>sT. eT+y&T <=s* < nHqT. HqT
#|d #dT+{y? n n&>sT. + rdTy& #dT+{qT
nHqT. sy =~sE\, es< sCXsse>] d++<
d+#sT. jTq $TT\T @\] dTVD+ (#H | |#dysT
sE), udsu , sY.d. sXKsY (*+&j s &j , V <su<T
nd d + { & s s Y , sj T b\T d T use>] |< =& T ) es <
sCX sse>] rdT e nqjT +{ e#sT |[fl #|\. |[fl
XjTyT+ ~ ` HjT +> (n~ ys <! ). seT+& >dt 1953
re+> es<\ T e >Z e |[fl ]+~. |[fl sXKsY, MTsY VdH
(sXKsY =>) L& e#sT. MTsY VdH |sT | #|<T e yfi.
eHq>sT m> |{, jTq d+ | +> #br\T #sTT+,
djT+> e&+ , yfifl |&T dT #sT. q y] <eT\T
#sT. H *jT<$wjT +. HqT V <su< e#, k] s &j
<\ , $\, yk\ s 163
dwH y[flq|&T, ~ MT b<sY q df nHsT MTsY VdH q 1957`58 +<jTe]{ qT+ dH sT #X,
dT #|d . |b>H e ys Hq q& eT+ es+. 60 \ e
|[fl HqT ydTq >E\T V<su< #sY$THsY <>Zs =q ne eT\, *< + &T\ V <su<T e ds | & sT . <>+ #s,
sfifl>E\T. ne+f m+ w+ > +&~ H. \+u&yfifl {q T V<su<TH H dd\+> sd #qT. d\e rdTq|&T <s+
n<\ _fifl\ CT n+#T\ &CqT &+ L& HsTHqT. V<su<T e# yfi+. (HqT |{ |]q seT+& y[ nsX+
V<su<T >T]+ HqT V+> s\T sd+f (m+.m. <{+~). q& 24 @fifl H+. q& |dtyfifl rdTq C>
#<T e+&>) k] e Hq>sT d\e\ & sqs < T n& b{ eTT+<T> n&H {, sy yq rdTHsT eysT`
+&T n sXsT. eTT+<T qT#TH, d\eeq eTsTH& jT\T<] & eTq s{ e, V<su<TH ds|&<+ n+.
yfiflqT. y[q sEH qqT CsT rdT [fl = \T =|{sT ! HH & HqT <> d#+ <+> $s$T+#THqT $$< sD\ e\. ]
V <su<T +&bqT n+{H n eTT+<, bsTw+, qqT se< V <su<T e, u>*+>+|* =qTq b{ ds | & +. yTeTT
sXs ns+ #dT HqT. (=Hfifl sy eHq>sT V <su <T e m+> V <su< e~ nqTH, yTeTT ysT n|+#~ & yfifl.
ds | & , & n{H Nfy yC H # q#jTe nHsT!) e +{ |#d nqdjT, qT |#d ys +{ yfifl >T]+ #T
|fis TTq = VejTYq>sY n| sY eT+ nH +{ +&yfifl+. fiS MT +<fifl n+~. e \T e<< T . eT< H #bsTT+~.
n+<TH eTT+<Tu>+ _s<sY y] >dtsyT L& +&~. LTsT <q\ #k+~ |&T. fiJ HsjTDse >sT e y]
yTsTTHs&T | =+#+ <s+ yfifl |d T +&~. eysT sE dVT&. e| b{ Hsqs&>sT (V+< wt ysDY d+|tT `
_s<sY V<su<T |_ ]wH |dsY> |#dysT. =Hfifl +<X K n< \T, |Ps+ kw*dt b #+~q ysT) +&ysT. jTq
sy * <>sZ ys +{ es+. +{ yfifl eTTd+ \T. +< us zsEq e +{ Ls= HbT {.$ eTVusY #dTH sT.
+&ysT. yTeTT yT&MT< +&yfifl+. s+&fifl sy, <>ZsH eTs fiJ e#sT. e ysT +{ sT . HsH H&? n n&>sT
+{ #s+. sY| s q +< jTTer eT+&* duT s*> #sqT. fiJ, V]|jT >]. s+ &, jT{ m& yfiflsT n #| +<$&.
` d\ d+ @< #j\. e nH ed| (H dE) fiJ y+H, @+~? uw => yT & HsTdTqy? nHsT.
d+b<s*> HqT d+es+ bT. d+<s+>H H jT{ j& usTTqT n nq<H y ! $& qyXsT.
+<j T Ter eT+&* k| sq jT|>& de]>]q, qe & ] e# m+eT+~ =yfifl |]#j\jsTT
$jT\ , HjT w e], Cq sD yTT<q yfifl |]#j \T kVrs+>+. <jT + | bs+_+#, | s| q b{\T
|]>sTT. yfifl # e ssTT+#< <\, yk\. d jT& us Y u wDY e#&T. sy L& n|&| &T mH b{\,
Hdd >t q sy &..z. nsTTq) e |<&| & T #T ds E s\ $&j \ rX&T e. \+>D qJ$+ >T]+N, | fifl +&
>sT L& e d+ yk\T sdysT. $& +< jTTer eT+&* n+<yT q \T|\ rdq b{\T mH #|+#&T. (& +&> XyT
dVjT s<]> +&ysT. e eT]~ >b\w e | u> rdq de\T #d eTT#|&+, >s |&+). & |eTTK #\q
eTTK+ ydy&T. <s &T, s, b{>|s ,Y $ nsTTq l _. qsd+ >se e +{

n] #j<$ s 164 <\ , $\, yk\ s 165

e#sT, ll|q &yT+ rd d+<s + . ey] +s #d Ksu #jT &+ eqsT. me] @MT #jT b e&+ yq z sj \T
| rXsT. eT< \+ qsd+ >se>sT H n|PsyTq dV s +{j, s y *jT<T.
n+~+#sT. eysT m|& d]+q nsT<q |< \yT (se C+ > bfifl eT\ V\T nsT<T> ]>sTT. ks s $~+q
d++~+q |eTTK e\ b{\T ` kq |+ #Y b{>|s Y rdq$) >TsT. yTeTTq b++ m|& >=&e\T e. nsTT {e\ u+T\T
HqT ksY+> eTjTyT VA]+#&+ qsd+ >se>sT eTTKb yjT &+ yTT<\T|{ nu <ue+ |sT>T+~ #eT+~. nsTTH,
eV+#sT. ksY+> eTjTyT @sT #dq |< du , >essY s|P { +]> y&T TH, { nqT V+<Ty, eTTde
lsyTXsY sLsY>] #T \ MT<T> H |T q ds+ ]+~. y~ n HqT m|& +#< T . \V\ #es sjT HjT\T
MT< qsd+ >se>sT L& HsT. dw+#y. keqq+ #es |sds dV+q, $Xd+q
yT\T>H HsT.
Hu |s>& + e\ 1950\ H{ |{ V <su<T q>s Jeq+
~es | \+>D <eT+ eq|&T yTeTT & eTT.
# esT e+~. sE q |]Xu , ke u < L&
deTjT+ = V+k d+|T q\T ]qT $H+. |&
|&T e. k] C+ J |+ H nj, # \d+ nsTT, <T. |CkeT |<H <eT+ k>T+~. | \+>D
dT m+ <=s < T d+ <u< dw H . >& y[fl, n& qT+ y\q&+ |<T. eT& T+u\T $&bsTT, q T+u\T
n&<]q nssyfi s yfiflqT. ujT|&T y[flH @ |e<+ neTqT>H, q sc\T> $&b, n+<] eqsT\, n~s\
s> < T . |fiflj yd$ \+ VejTYq>sY q +{ M~ \T| n+<TuT=ksTT. |< #| q#| $T+>&+ |< >T Z T +~ =+
fi+ yd, eTT+<T esD eT+#\T ydT |&T Hyfifl+. fi+ #e\T es . *d + =T H q, keTsd + $&bsTT dVd++<\T
\>& +< |T |&T Hyfifl+. <=+> H\, <|&\ sT>TjTq =qk+#&+ yT\T. H eTT HH+ uj T |& + <T | \+>D
uj T + +&~ <T. b\T bd nqT e | # yfifl+. sE @s&TT+<+f. +&d +{qT, b eTs # #dT+{qT. 18
b{ |\ es+& H, < |\ fi+ ydT |&T y* @fi seT+& HqT. 7 @fi V <su<T +&, q& 24 @fifl
ek+~. jT @$ |{H bjTq uj T +. |&=# de\ |u e+ bT +&, eT V <su<T 25 @fifl qT+ +THqT. @B XX+
e\ L& n#s\, <|&\ T |sT>TTHsTT. |<]+ me ne&+, <T nqT+f @ u< +&<T . eTqTw\ XX+ <T. eysTbsTT
s b+\ qT+N, | fiflqT+N e\d eq L*H \Te&, 14 @fi <{+~. nsTTH J$+ =qkdH HqT. |\ s q u< < T .
y& sT b e&+ u<sy T q $wjT +. q>s+ m<TsT> q <Tss qyfifl e+ |\\ <>sZ *d +&>\ T>TTHs? yfifl nyT]
|]d T * |{+ #TqT> +{+~ q>s b\\ <sD. q+ L& +f, Mfi +&j . n+<] |$T+#&+ HsT +f n+<s eTqyfifl.
u<sV+ my+~. eTTdb*{yfifl eT+ s&T yd, y{ HH| & +]<q nqTqT. H #T eTqTw\, sT>TbsT>T |\\ ,
c$TjH\T &, <efifl |+~fifl & d+u\T b+<T ueT\, |d\, #, + mH +&> HqT +] <H
y d+ {sT. eT >T* |P&sT. bH q$T* |d T \ >&\ MT< neqT? HH &TH n+.
eTT\T yjT T< , M~ >&\ MT< eT$dsq #jT T< usT\ T |{H , (2007)
n] #j<$ s 166 <\ , $\, yk\ s 167

|>|<+ d\T
d #q+ d $<, d\ |> nq>H |d< +<eTVfi leT
<TsZusTT <XeTTU |s eTT+<T> >TsT =dT+ ~. d+es+ p 15
qT+ yT XjT+ y\T s|&+ bs+_++~ yT H\=*
$d]+|Cdq +<eTVfidu.
d\ T |> |<+ k>\+f y] eTT+<T> $< neds+ n >T]+
|H +&fifl ejTdTH eT +{H u*\ d+ & bs+_+q u\H
<TsZusTT. sy yT >+B>] n&T>TC& k+<eT+
bZq&+, |T<\ q $<ud+ #d, s, HjTXk
|u <Ts sy eTVfi\ d+ eT<dT +< eTVfidu k|+
<s VQeTTU\T> VQ b+\ eTVfi\ |s_e~ d+k> + >
w#d nHe T+~ eTVfi\ es<Z s s\jsT. CrjTksTT b+>
$TwH duT s*>, k+|T d+ e TXK n< s*>, eTVfi $<deK
n<s*> s+s de#d |cyTq n+srjT |sds, #\ eTTK+. &^\T d+b~+#&+ d]b<T. $<bT $Xw D X ,
>sy b+<sT.
d\ $< nedse nqedse , nH $wjT + u\u*\T *d
#~y bsX\ #sj+X+> q sE\T e] d $< keq
eTqTH sE\T e#sTT. nsTTq|{ H{ >eq, &T>T
esZq &|\ * #~$+#&+ yq& +{+~. |uT \, d#+ <
n] #j<$ s 168
k+|T d+d\ d\ $<eX\, k~s \_+# ~X> re+>
jT+#&+ + sT>TH +~.
s\T .$.sY |uT fiX\ d\ d+ ju d+es\ +
k|+ #&+ sE d H<s D d+ bs+uy T q ke w
u>yT. |eTTK d+|Td+ds nsTTq l ds& y+s&>] W<s+H
fiX\ k|q s>& + , H&T fiX\ ds e+ #dT e&+
VsDj T +, n_q+<jT+. 70 eT+~ $<]qT\ bs+uy T q fiX\
H&T 2400 eT+~ < y] d+K |s>& e T+f, fiX\ jeq+
#dq w, de+ &|\ \ | |]q bsT\ u< <s q+.
| fiX\H +& nHe T+~ jTTeT\T jTTe\ bT
n fiX\q #] n s+>\ #+~q ys $<ud+ #dT H sT.
sy nHe T+~ $$< s+> <>\T L& #d |sTw\
deq+>q, n+q me>q L& sDdT H sT.
nsTT d\ |]d |Ps+q =+es yTsT>T|&q|{, |>
k~dTqT | n|dTq|{, de+ d\| +& keq
<<+ esT sy* +~. eT*+> eTq de+ |sTc~| +|q
<s|& q ~ e&+ e\, d |sTw $e, d\ | n#s\T #jT &+
|{ =qk>TH +~. n+<Te\H dy< <e eX
@s&+~.
fiX\ u~+# bs+X\H +&, eT #T T++q
de+q d\ |]d m +<, m yTsT>T|&, d\ T $<
bT k~s m k~+# $<]qT\T \TdTe& +
|jT +#*. bs |d \T u~+# $wj \ J$ n< jTq+ #jT &+
$Xk, djT+ X |+b+~#Te&+ neds+. J$+
n& T > & T > T H m< T s j T d e Td * m< T se& q X
|+b+~+#Ty*. n+<Td+ bs |d \ bT >+<\j +&
s >+<* n<jTq+ #jT&+, #T q ke |]dT*
ne>Vq #dT e&+ neds+ . *< + &T\ |q <s|& q T> J$+
<\ , $\, yk\ s 169
b&T>TH mes ]|q <s|& +f J$+ de+> kbT+<qT
e&+ ue T, n$y+ . d\ T $yV |Ps+ +&|H , $yV+ sy
us |H , us q|&T =&T|H <s|& \ eTqT<s Xg+ #| qT>H
de jTe\T H{ =qk>TTHsTT. |sTw\ bT d\ T
L& jTe* J]+#THT k>T+~ |+|++.
k++>q, ]+ >q esTTq |]d T \ nqT>TD+> d\ T eT
d >T * ns+ #dT , n_e~ #dT y*q n> >T]+#*.
fiX\ #~y $<]qT\T dHuT<jT+ d+ w #dTq d+d\
>T]+N, |#T ]+|&TTq >+<\ >T]+, |\ >T]+N \TdTy*.
w <d+|{
y{ #<e &+, d\ T m<Ts=H deTd\ >T]+N djT+> +#&+
n\esT#Ty*. <VsD +< |<X eTVfi deK, n\ us
dMT
|C+ eTVfi d+|T + yTT<q <eT d+d\ se\ >T]+N,
eTVfiuT <j , d\ k~s w #dT q eT~ dTeT>] >T]+N, n+|XjT qe\ jTTe s#sTT> \T>T kV+ q<q
leT X+dH e+{ y] >T]+N \TdTy*. nHw, nd nH eTT<yd q qMH ll, TuT\ sy # q de+ <H eT]+
eTVfi n<jTq, dy d+d\T |]X<H+>q, j+>q deTse ++> eTT+<T rdTyfisT . q qe\H +&, = <
eTVfiuT<jT+ d+ #dTq y$<u]yTq w >T]+N H{ $<]qT\T L& # q de+ <q |j +#sT. q yTT<{ < d+|{
\TdTy*. #q eq$, dy< | u$T e+{ eTVfiuT<jT n<+, rs ], f\ e+{ < #q de+ u>
|\ >T]+ \TdTy*. y{ #~$ de+ d\ deTd\ >T]+
|<] +#sT. jTTe\ n+X q uy\qT n+ deTse ++>
d+~+#&+ n\es#Ty*. n|& eT >T]+N, sT\ >T]+N
$Xd+, nuT <jT s+ > +#TH # q + \T>TT+~. eT $w]+#>\ < &T n+|Xj T eH. <TsTDZ \ L&q, <Tss+Z
Jeq esZ dT>eT+ #dT >\T>TsT. w fiX\ n<| \, |&q eqe d+b<q w #|+q s#s TT n+|Xj T qMH.
fifl *< + &T\ $<]qT\qT bV+#*. n|& $<]qT\T eT w d+|{ |~ <\ THsTT. e 2005`2007 eT< \+
Jeq esZ dT>eT+ #dTe&yT +& de+ { d\ |#T]yTqy. y{ fq w nH < o]H d+|{ o]>
nuT <j L& <V<+ #jT >\T>TsT. $< e\+ <H sq deT, m+#THsT s#s TT. n+f, n < s#s TT <w < eT]+
q |<e \T b+<&< , de+ VA< b+<& eyT beTTK+ +< nse TeT+~.
n ks| P ]+>, d++> +#L &<T . eTqbT {y] nH~> edTq eT&$ Xk, < d++~+q T+ V+d
L& eTq $<, eTq sH |j >|& w #dq |& eqe d++<\T +, < e > ksTTq, ke+>q w #|+q
yTsT>T|& sTT, deTde+ @s&TT+~. $< eT* |j q+ n<. < ~. < #<T e+f, =+eT+~ |sTw\T m+ eTs+ >, m+
Ls+>, m+ <Tss+Z > +{s n Xsb+. nTe+{ yfifl
(17.8.2008)
n] #j<$ s 170 <\ , $\, yk\ s 171
mTe+{ #&T n\y HH , mTe+{ #& |qT\T #dH y #|
yfifl+&sT k<sD+> ` ~ |sTc~| de+ {.
|sTc~| + q+#\+f |sTwH +&, d+|<j* J]+#Tq
d\ L& esTsy*. < <HjT&T #&y& *dH,
n | | +&, n , k< n bVd, n us | |+#TTq sE jTTerjTTe\+<s #<y*q <
#T\q #d, V+d+#&+ , s d\ L& nHjT+ #jT &+ m
nqs\T sT>Tj #|dT + B <. us> nTe+{ |sTw& <kV+
nq&+ L& HjT+ < *jTCTT+B <. us >=&\T> eTT<y d
eTT+<T, us L& &s T # | #sTT+#Te&+ nedse T, yfi
|\\ T |b , me]HH |+#Ty* >, us V+d+#&+ >< ,
VQus+ Hse T &s T # | T> #| +#&+ ue+~ w
<.
eT&$Xk\, y{ <Tw*\ >T]+ sdq eTs s+&T s\
<\ THsTT. d+|{. { T sT e < ` eT+\ eTVeT\
HjT+ nejT| H yd+, < TsT e es+Z >
#dT e&+ sT>T +T+~. nTe+{ yfifl u> T~ e#T #j
>, yfifl <TssD+ b\T #jT &+ eT+<H n +#*. V+d
|V+d |]cs+ <T <. sj \T bV+# es+Z n<.
s +&e~ ` eTsD + ` J$# nH < ` Cw+ MT< eT&
$Xd+ eTw eTTe & m rdTy&T T+< #| q <. Te+{
<\ T #~$ =+<s H VTy<T\T> es>* eT+~.
d+ks+ |sTc~| <VsD nqe <T... qef
nH <. ... H m+eT+<H >sY|+& +&=#T... H us
e+ ujYT|+ & L& +&L &<T nqTH MT |sTw eTqd +
es*... n < HsTT us n+T+~. #Ts nTe+{ us \
eTqd \T e]b m+ ue+T+~! es\q< s#s TT <X + .
uV k+<s+ <T, V<jT k+<s+ eTTK+ n n+<s
n] #j<$ s 172
n+^]ksT . Xs n+<yT eTTK+ nqT d |sTw\T re+> q$T,
] d+ks+ m $q+ nsTT+<, $ye++> +#&+ e\
eTs=] d+ks+ m \<=+< dw+ > #|+q < |d+<q.
{HC |eT MT<, |eT<\ q mH de\T rd jTTe |eT
kqTs>e? nqTs>e? nq~. |eT, |[fl d++~+q eT*
|X * #]+q < ~. |eT >T]+q nbV, ue T =\+# <
~. <T |]q \+ n s\ yfiSfl ke< w q,
<w q +#e\dq eT* $djT + ~. yT<|sy T q #s
us &dH #dq T> +~. yde J$+ L& n+ dV q+
#]+#T, eT uy\qT dw+ > e+ #dT , |sd s+ ne>Vq
#dT>* |&Tq deTd\T+&e.
|eT, |[fl, d#\ >T]+q #s \ L&q eTs< ` n{H
|< < dT e+ # q<. , dTBs d+uwD\ L&q
#s \ e, # q de+ <sD #q* #j T &+ e < &$
|]+~. VT<+ >, $Xw D +> |$T\ eT< ]|q #s \ <s
d |sTw d++< |eT, |[fl, ud+, d# n+f @$T{ dw+>
$e]+#&+ k< yT+ ~. d d# $wjT + s#s TT| #\+ |u e+
qT n|+H, #\+ q VT<+>, yd$+> +#&+
|dT + ~. d yT<$>, $Xd+ q<>, eTqdT dw
q<> +#sT qMH. q +\ , q |esq u< eV+#
yTq d# J$> <HsTT r]+#sT. q nV+s+,
n~sy+# nH \Vq* ns+ #dT , qT>&+ > sTq jTTe
d+ q X+, d+|<j e] e<T\Tq < HjT&T,
qT |$T+q jTTe sTT+#&y T +&, yT# sTT+|&q
n+^]k&T. =&e{>+{ T+se>] >, $wjT+ +
dw+>, VT<yTq n_bj* b\ <s e+ #dq s#sTT
|eTTKT&T qMH.
<\ , $\, yk\ s 173
 d+|+ >MTD yesD+ sj \ >T]+ sdq
< eT+ +\| eT& $Xd+ |q nsTT, s +&e~ dMTsD \T`
sT V |s|+# <sTDyTq d+|Tq\ >T]+N, \
>T]+N #| q <.
ys s\ <\ T s +&THsTT. &&T#T> q|&T s+ >q, e~q
nsTTq|&T eTss+>q |e]+q ks|sTsq jTTe <
>TV. { e#Y n+f |\\ +<] m+ |# n+<] \TdT.
#<T e| X< +&, { ksY ne<eT \\T+, | <] |f
jTTe\ qT$| *+# < >Es , *< + &T\T eT m+ w| &
#~$dTH s ns+ #dT sT. eT \\T Hsy s < >V +q D + qT+N
de+ MT< |+#T+{sT. neX+ #dT $<+d #s\,
<|&\ j sesT. |* + @$T{ < *jTCdT + ~. Te+{
<* {.$ #|+#*. n|& q\T>T] *kdT+ ~.
n+|XjT qMH @ deTd rdTH, < |Ps|s* D+>
|]o*+#&+ , $es+> #]+#&+ |dT + ~ < . s#s TT <q
X* m+<T u> #~$+#~> +T+<+f, e+&, &T>TesZ\
jd d+uwD\ |]$T+ #d, <H keq yeV] X*
sksT qTH.
eTqdT, V<j d+~+|Cd <\T sdq n+|XjT qMH
V<jT |Ps n_q+<q\T
n] #j<$ s 174
u\\ d+ ss\ <\T
dMT
d\ >T]+ n< jTq+ d+ @s&, nH se\qT sVdTq
nHw ]dsY d+sY |sY yTH d&dt d+d |&T u\\ d+ <
d+|{\qT |#T]+#sT l sH{{ dt kq+. $ 8 d
< d+|{\T. |\\ s Dj T +> +&T s+>T\ ueT\ eT+
sY ||sT MT< eTT~+ |#T ]+q |d \T $. <\ M{ m+
beTTK+ +< \ n+ $T+ beTTK+ qT n|dT + ~.
deTjT+ < , sT\ L& bV+qT n|dT + ~.
M{ nH w & | s +{ f |s T \ T> T q, +^ w q,
eTfij fi+q |#T ]+#sT.
(24`12`2008) \T>T |#T ]+q 8 |d q = = |< < q, =
$$< s#s TT\ <\ q HsTT. M{ #es \T>TH sdq$
>, = eTfij fi+ qT+N, +>+ qT+N nqTy<\T.
yTT<{ |d + yTTVeT< KBsYuT sdq~. KBsYuT < s#q
q<q eTT< ydq s#s TT. + eTT+<T |\\ d+ L& |P |CH
<\ T |sT eTTd+ Cq|< < \ d+|{ y\Te]+#&T. |&T, e\+
* <\ T +& q u\+ nqTuy \ <s+> |\\ d+
<\ , $\, yk\ s 175
yd$ J$ d sdq < \jT Ls \jT
H| sTTH... ` bf\ T \jT m d+b~+#, < e+&{
m ned\ T |&, e+& +f m+ sT> +T+< fifl {q T
q s& e #| q < ~. nTe+{ e+kVs+ Hyfifl
Hss T sX&T. |< eTTd+ T++ bf\ T \jT e+&T
q&+ L& |+&T>+{<.
>T+ yTTVeT< w ydq es\T n+ fi+>q,
yd$ +>q HsTT.
&|s +{ f |d \ esd s +&e~. <T #+<eeT <. s#s TT
>| sT Ds.Y |sD \+ seTT&T yTT<\T= H{ |\jT\
esL #+<eeT y\ es+ #jT |dy fifl+&sT . {M T< <T
<q #+<eeT yfifle sp sfifl X *dT+ < z s&
qeT+. yT *jT+& H <T #+<eeT rdTy\qT+{&T.
> ds#+<T\ < #TT+~ |\\ . eTs&T ne +{ +&
#d s&T { MT~ <T \TTq #+<eeT <d{ rdT
eTT<T |T +{&T. ne ek+< *d >>u #+<eeT ~+&T +<
<|fX&T! >| sTDsY \H #TsT&T. eT |sTw sdq
< ~. *ew \T L& }V+> HsTT.
eT&e |d + +# \jT sdq ne bs+. >eT+ uH\
|+&T> n+<]H eTT+<T uq+ yd V ne < L&< , yT
eTT&T L& |f , |{\ *d |H>+ |qT&T. ne bs+
#d eTT+<T sTT+~. >=i d n+<s |+&T> #dT+{sT.
\+>D &T>T esZ\ jd sdq < ~. < &T ne< #| q
eTqTeT&T. #<T e+{q |T |{ &#] #<T eH&T. < q~.
e#q $ +~. ueT\T |<$. n~yd$+> HsTT. \T
ydqysT wtU&, wbCH.
H\T>e < >H d+ nusTT, jTl fi eTfij fi+ sdq
n] #j<$ s 176
< se<$ d+>sE #dq nqTy<+. >H d+#T\T T |y&
sT>T mesH @<H |& ]> n >T]+ T |&T z
|< =+&fifl nesTT #| q <. q n VsT> #be&+ q
+] q+ >T]+N, * u+> ]|+> nsTTbe&+ >T]+N,
\d+> +{=# +& >T]+N, }fiflyfifl >Hd+ Ny& yTTsT>
|e]+#&+ >T]+N ns+> #|q <. |\ q ejTdT $T+q
|]D, qT sTqT> < s#s TT> m<>& M\eT+~.
B ydq \T $\D +> HsTT. wt ydq +&,
m+usTT& #dq ueT\ #j => s Dj T +> HsTT.
]D sF |X. nqTy<+ dsfi + > +~.
nsTT<e |d + \+ |+|q n<T \T. +<T s +&T <\ THsTT.
< +>e T\+, s +&e < eTfij fi eT\+. yTT<{ < \T
\T| ` q\T|q, s +&e < n s+>Tq HsTT. yTT<{ <
|sT nqT+& sE. +>eT s#sTT wb sa,
nqTy< \T &.mdt. \ , &. ed+. #] bs\+f n+> w+
~ K q+ n+f w+ . #]bs+ eq e\ ueT\T u>
^k&T . |\ eTT+<T nqT+& q bs+ usY #e] eTd<T
<>Zs |k&T. nHes *jT+&H n qT #~$q #]
jTT<\ >T]+ e{& &T. sE q n ueT ^d, < +<
n d++ |eT+{&T. +{ e# +& #d, n~ usT b
uw #dq d++ n #T&T. H dVT&T usY #e] n
+|q sdT+{&T ~. \T| ` q\T| \T n+<+> ydq
ysT qH.
\+ |+|q n<T \T d+|+ s +&e < HsTeT&. s KsC
eTfij fi+ sdq < >>TXeT\ #dq nqTy<+. ~ >eT+
e~> eTj T <. eTj
T <+|T \T m+<s u keTT\ +< L*
| #XsT. eTjT =&T m~q sy s+&T d+es\T =\Te
<\ , $\, yk\ s 177
#X mH c\T |& q b\+ =H&T. n~ e] b\+. b\+ <Tq&
mes kjT+ s<T . eTj T , us djT+> <TqTHsT. $H \T
yTT\sTT. HsT yjT & e~> eTj T b\+ mes | #jT &
M< u keTT\T u~]+#sT. eTj T |<\ de<T \ e< y[fl Bq+>
b]+#&T ` m>H q >f+#eT. q e~s+f b\+
=TbT+~. us s+. s <| b\+y| yfifl&T eTjT.
b\+ +& eTqTw\T |#dT H sT. sT|&TTHsT. =+d|{ ||P]
#d yfifl+<s de<T \y| y[flbjsT. eTj T Xsq+<\ +{y|
|sT>Tq y&&T us #|&. &T>TesZ| jd sdq <
es \T ydq ~ .|.s .
|s+&T <q Cq|<< +&Te+{ nqV d+|Tq\T
|\ V sksTT.
se < d+|{ o] y& |\\ <\ T +<T s +&T <\ <[
jd >>T XeT\ sdq$. yTT<{ < e~> &jT , nd\T |s,
eTT<T |s ys H, & b& yD n+<s &jT n |\TksT .
n+<] &jT n+f | n_eq+. s e+ #jT & bsTT
e * f sT se& L&seT+f &jT y&&T. N{
|&T T+~. b\+ <=s |+#>H * #| \T $&| q|{, f s T T+f
+~=jT >T#T s+ sTT+~. > #| mT bT+~. eT keksTT { |\* n<T| +#&, $e H]+#&
+T+ m> +{ #sT T+~. s+ LsT * d+ #| \T
&&T &jT . \y s>H * k&T . *< + &T*<s d+s|& sT.
< \T ydq ~ |PC yw .t
s +&e < , u\eT e~> |\. |H +&fi fl L& +&< T .
eT #qT |* jT\ eT&T sT +|& \y s +&H y[fl,
| #dT ++f sD + e < u~]+ #sTT |T >T+E&T.
n $&|+#Ty\ |jTd+f +|jT =&&T. $dTsT
+<|& b T+~. eTfl <>sZ = < >T+u+f fifl n =&\
n] #j<$ s 178
eT< +T+~ \+>. y&T \&T +f nD+ b]bT+~.
d+> *d e~> &yfifl+<s < <s yT#T, sD + ned
eTTdeTTd> qe+{sT.
<+ |P] jd sjT&+ e\ #<e&+ weT|dT+~. |\\T
e+ #<e >\s? #~$ $|+H n+<sT |\\ ns+ #dT >\s
X* n nqTeq+ ydT + ~. < \T ydq ~ sw e\.
@&e |d + eT&T <\ THsTT. d+|{ |sT u & |\\ T,
s +&T <\ T \T>T sdq$, { nqTy<+. yTT<{ < yTTVeT<
KBsYuT sdq eTT\T, |t s T, , = f T\, =
H{ T\ =qT |< $<sT\ bT m +{j, |<
yfiflH >&T dT s&T &T>\ djTsY sfiflqT m> eT
#dT, yfifl <>ZsTq b fT |tsT m =qT>\T>T&
d s + >, s+ > +q <. q u\dT\ <s+> KBsYuT
n+<+> sdq < ~. |< esZ\ eTTd+ jd sdq <. \T
_.$. dTs wt ydq $.
d+|{ s+&e dH < pb dTu< sdq &
<dT eP]\ ><T. esZ\ eT< \ eT< +& n+s\ dV q|\
n+> +&<T . nejT+> dV+ #ksT dV +>. *< + &T\T
|jT d +{sT. dV\+ >=|<q |&T |\\ T *< + &T\ e
L& $qsT < >. & \u< \T |{+ #T+& *dyT *d
]H, fifl <>Z] e#d] k+|T jTe\T b{+#\+{sT
|<yfifl. b m#|, q|\ # sT>TuT #sTT+#&+
nejT+>, dV+> +~. < #j\T L]q~ keT
nq+w.
d+|{ eTs< nqTy< <. .m. qjTeTH eTfij fi+
sdq f T nH < eT u >T+& #dq nqTy<+. \T ydq ~
.mdt. dV sY nH eTTd+ |< sy&T u\+ qT+N & yfifl\H
<\ , $\, yk\ s 179
d +{&T { |\* #d. yTT+ MT< & yfifl&+ yTT<\T|{, nsTT+~ nH <. ~ sE\T, sDT\ \+ H{ Cq|< < +{~.
& yfifl &+ se&+ m+ XeT L&Tq eeVsy >V k&T . nsTTH ||+ # $U b+~q d+&s < = n+X\T =~ esT\
& yfifl&+ wyT. bs V+<Te\ |s +&, eTTd+|sT L& +<T #T#dT HsTT. \T ydq ~ #+<H X |t.
b e&+ #d +#|& , bs+ eTTd+ |sT #] n|C| q+<T yTT+ MT< m$T~ d+|{ <\ dsyTqM, #q
{#s Y |+ eT + >T]+ e{&T THy? n+{&T. |X <j T y T q M, y $ < u ] y T q M, q | e D\, n+< y T q
dV sY ns+ <T! bs+X\qT |Ck$T+> deTLs\ |s+ > es \q, #j\q |#T ]+q |d \T |< $<sT\
|<\ d+# < ~. L& n+<TuT=#T nHw d+d |jTdT+< dTHqT.
m$T<e |d+ s+&T <\THsTT. yTT<{ < T\T ` fifl<\T. nHw n_q+<q\T!
s#s TT . \*. dy < |]X< s*> |sT b+~q . \* |\\ nHw &|s+{ f |#TsD: nHw ]dsY d+sY |sY yTH d&dt,
d+ < sjT&+ L& H| D |<] +#sT. T\ m+<T fifl <\ 2008.
| s D n =+&\ MT~ yfi yfifl #eT+~ \TdT. ~ q\eT\ nHw &|s+{ f
n&$ T\ <. T L& &T w|& |#kjT,
1. \jT Ls \jT H|sTTH.
eT>T\T > sT>T > +T +& &T\ MT< <s|& T
s#q : eTV< KBsYuT, \T: >T+ eTV< w.
+{jT #|+q <. = eT>T\T k] o y[fl d+d+
#<T e ] e#|&T s+>T fifl <\T |T , q\{ ;|t dT\T
2. <T #+<eeT.
s#q :>| sT Ds,Y \T: *ew.
|T eksTT. eq|{ qT+N q T\ MT< nesTTw #d ,
3. nebs+.
y{ L& eTT HsTq H\T>T d+d+ eTT H]+#& s#q : +# \jT, \T: wt U&, wbCH
|jTksTT. &T\T #<TeH, +& d]+ eT>T\ |f 4. >Hd+ nusTT.
# | &+ <T . fifl Cfifl |T |qT\T #dT e&+ k>&+ <T . eT\jfi eT\+ : jTl fi nqTy<+: se<$ d+>sE,
e] $dT>=, eT>T* $&|{ b|=+&\ y| y[flbsTT. n& \T: sF|X.
|]ds\T d+|q+>, V< s + > +&+ q+<+> J$d+ {sTT. 5. \+ |+|q n<T\T
& eT>T\T +& d+b~+#Te&+ # , fifl Cfifl b>=T , 1. nqT+& sE.
d+d+ eTsbsTT, BHed &T\ e< y[fl eT L& n& +>e T\+: wbsa nqTy<+: &.mdt.\ , &. ed+, \T:
kq+ eT y&T +{sTT. &T\T y{ ] eTksTT. * qH.
< #] <> #| q rsT d s + > +~. T* #d 2. HsTeT&.
eTqTw\T HsT y*+~ L& +< >V +#T> +~ <. \T eT\jfi eT\+: s UsC nqTy<+: >>T XeT\, \T:
ydq ~ ndTwt us < C. .|.s .
d+|{ eTs< |#qsT nqs< sdq d eTVsD
n] #j<$ s 180 <\ , $\, yk\ s 181
6. y& |\\ <\T
1. e~> &jT .
s#q : >>T XeT\, \T : |PCyw .t
2. .
s#q : >>T XeT\, \T: sw e\.
7. u &|\\T
1. eTT\T, |st {, , .
s#q : yTTVeT< KBsYuT, \T: _.$. dTs wt.
&. yds & d<$ >] e +, s#q \
2. fT.
eT\jfi eT\+: .$. qjTeTH nqTy<+: eT u >T+& &yds & d<$ >] J$ $Xc\ >T]+N, kV s+>+ yT
\T : .mdt. #dq $w w >T]+N $e]+#+<T eTT+<T, yT Hq |]#jT +
3. &H <dT eP]\><T. >T]+ | + > #TqT.
s#q : pb dTu < \T: keT nq+ w. &.yds & d<$ >] H |]#jT + q\u @fifl + ]+~`
8. T\T ` fifl <\T. & e +{. yT n] seTwse>] ws\T>q, HqT
&\T>q |]#jT + nj+ ` s#s TTT\T> <T. d<$ >sT eT<dT
1. T\T ` fifl<\T qT+ V<su<T s*se&+, yTeTT V<su<T qT+ q&
s#q : . \*, \T: ndTwt us < C. s* yfifl &+ <<| k] ]+~. d<$ >sT 60\ H{ |sT b+~q
2. d eTVsD nsTT+~. s#s TT. <\ , qe\\ sjT&+ bT yT Hs+ >+ L&
s#q : |# qsT nqs< \T: #+<H X |t. n_sT +&~. V <su<T 1959 H $<\jT k|q ]q
(2008) =+\+ sy d<$ >sT H $<\jT+ D b+<&
#ssT. $<+ >, H $<\jT+ &s s T > q n] seTws e>]
ws\jsT. e eT]~ >b\w |]#jT + nsTT+~. HX\+,
eT#{ H\qT |<]+#& H $<\jT +<+ bT
d<$>sT & e#sT. n|&T H yT eTTK |]#jT + eyT .
yT s#q \T #~y neX+ n|{ H \>< T .
1982 yTeTT & qT+ V <su<T ] e ds | & , e +{
| qTq +&+> qT+ sT \ qe\\ bT d<$>] qe\\T
n] #j<$ s 182 <\ , $\, yk\ s 183
<=]qe #T #~yqT. n|{ H yT s#sTT> |
|]#jT+ <T.
1991 b++ nqT+{qT. d<$>sT re nHs>
>T]e&+, # dV qeTHs, Ts Ts #|
$& V *+#eT sh de#sXK |#dq >b\Xd
>sT es< sCX sse>] d+#sT. y[fl<s Vd d+uwD #T sT\T.
es< sCXsse>sT s#T> d<$>] bH #d @yy yK\T #d
yT q$d +&ysT. yT u> \TH djT+> e y] bH
#d + &ysT. n|&TL& d<$>s HqT bH e{&T <T . yT
bH #jT >H e y] |* bH n+~+#<.
1993 e ysT eTsD+q|&T, qqT |seT]+#& yds&
d<$>s, >$+<sE d<$>s *d e#sT. 1991 e]
|#T ]yT q H K] nsTT<T q \T < >$+<sE d<$ >sT
yT #~$ $|+#sT ` yds & d<$>] +{ |s wH ]
$& #<e+& q\+. n|& d<$>sT qqT s#sTT>
>T]+#sqT+{qT. 1991 bs+u+ H =* < d+|{ y\Te&+~.
H < d+|+ |\qT d<$ >]<] #qT.
sy s +&TH\T <{sTT. yds & d<$ >sT q * yds &
s+>HjTeT >] |sTq \T>T $X$<\jT+ @ssq <s~
|sks d+es+ H dTq T> |{ + #sT. H # +~>
n|++~`jTq bsTT eT&TH\\T s +& HqT y~ MT~ m
nysT rdTe&+ @$T. nsTTH d<$>sT |T|{, H <s+
#|, yTsT e +{ e qqT \T>T $X$<\j
y+uT yfisT . n< H eq yTTyT T<{ nysT. n|{ qT+N
e dV+ =qk+~. dKkV \T>T s#s TTT\ d+|T + d<$
>] ks< + sb+~q sy e dV+ eT]+ dVyT + ~. qqT
n|&| &T bH <usTT+H, yT n~s <sD e dV n&Ts <T .
n] #j<$ s 184
( <usTT+| #d, eysT T rsTdTHsqTH<!) @
$wjT +HH , me]HH ws> e{& +, n|&| &T H=|+#&+
yT due+. n+H dV >T|+#ysT.
&. yds & d<$ >sT eT< s> eeksTT T++ |{sT
1932 &d+sT 15e Bq. sE &|\ * k<sD+> jT{
|+|+ #~$+#ysT <T. \| + #dH , n+<sT &|\ >
neHH \T &ysT <T. eT>|\ \ *d &ysT. n~ #d,
yTqeeT yT |&, * yq dT=#ysT. &yfiSfl, eT>yfifl eT<
ek\, $e\ #d+ f d<$>] q|& sT>TuT <sD
#q\T yTT<\jsTT. J$+ >T]+ +#&+ , | < |+#&+
yTT<\T |{sT. T+uq, de+q d\ |]dT\qT #d,
yfifl> qT L&< +#ysT. q\T>Ts q&# esZ+
q&eL&< q|& XsTT+#TqT djT+> d<$>sT, +<
ksd |]wT |]D yD |d+>+ #bsT.
q|&T nsTT<s> eyT #<TeHsT. M~ ne\ q
$T&d #<T eqH yfifl jT<T . }fiH n|&T Crj<eT
HjTs\T ds<es s\ >sT q&|q V+B bsX\ V+B
HsT HsT. $Xs< | sX eT<dT y[flbsTT n& <>+
#ssT es& d ` |~V&fifl ejTdT. n|{ esL , |{ |]q
| sT #u\T | , <>sZ q >T+sT, $jTy& |D \T L&
#&< T . @+> eT<dT eTV|D y[ <>+ d+b~+#THsT.
djT+ wH eT+> | =#sT. yTT<{q T+N eTdT |u e+ q
T++ |]q d<$>sT yTT<{k ]> dHq <s HbsX \
<>+ #s& + $Xw+ . sy yT V+B <D us V+B
|#sdu q | rsTs kVs &^ n+<THsT.
sEH yT k] |< T #d+ ~. #e n+f uj T + |T +~.
#e >T]+ d q uy\qT \ MT< |{sT . y{ #dq
<\ , $\, yk\ s 185
H s| m&sY XsusTT, y{ rdTy[ |#T ]+#sT. jTq
n+ eTT+< |]#jT + @s&+~ s s#s TT\, s*dT\ bT.
sy yT sdq k+jT|[fl nH < +< |u n#sTT+~.
eT }fi q|&T #dq nejT& >T]+ sdq < n~. eT+>
d<$>sT q J$+ m<Ts q =+<sT $\D yTq e , = $\D
d+|T q <\ T> sb+~+#sT. =+<] |T sD L& |&sT yfifl
>T]+ sjT&+ e\. yT <\ T y+y+H n#e +&$. d<$
>] <X + , s#s TT +> sjT<\T#T+f q $wjT + #\T.
s#s TT d \dT nsTT +&*. bsTT+T, e, n\yT,
d+|T q #\T ` e ds| duy\qT, e rsTqT n+#H
yjT&, ns+ #dTe&.
sE eT<dT V+B |#sdu |< q s<] us #X
se T c\T nH < sXsT. $&= >j [. q c\qT
}V+#T sT \qT w |f due+ >\ b +#sT q < .
<+ d<$>] <>+ bsTT+~. <+, kV+ |ue+ m+
\yTq < nsy T + ~ d<$>]. C>> sj\, u< sV +>
sjTL&< ns+ #dT HsT. 1954H yT yTT<{ < d+|+
e+~. 1958 V<su<T e |uT<>+ #ssT. sy
H>|P sY jTe]{ qT+ m+.m. &^ b+<sT.
d<$ >] H\+f w+ . H\T #d q+~+#&y T +&,
H+ yw+ yXsT L&. yT k<sT &T yds & HsjTDse>]
yT H yjT &+ n+ w+ <T . H yT <s +
L& eV+#sT. <\ T sjT&+ m+<T eHXs |d< s#s TT >|#+ <
e+{ ysT n&> ysT.
n|{ sh de#sXK |#dT q >b\Xd> sT +< |<X
| d+ d]jT sjTeT bV+#sT. | d+ sdq
n&$ eT qe d<$>] yTT<{ qe\. eTw J$ #T q
n] #j<$ s 186
yesD+ ss TTdT+ <, |{q e+X+, s+ ss TTkj nq n+X
rdT sdq qe\ n~. 1964`65 eq qe\. yesDyT eTw
duy ss TTdT+ < d+#sT n+<T.
sy , $X+< ~q| d+ k] |P]> sd q qe\
deT. n~ d]jT> e |sT |UT\T |{+ ~. sE =+<sT
eT |\\ deT n |sT |T HsT. yd$ MT< <s|& q ~
ne&+ e\ d+#\H dw+ +~ qe\. us $&|{ eTs=]
+{+< q#| #dq yfifl, d sjT |<$, n~s+
\_+#>H yT fifl #T m sT>Ts, du+ d+ yT fifl
yfifl |& m+> ~>C]bs #|+q qe\ n~.
sy , y s D nH d+dsD qe\ sXsT. &|\ \ d
V +&\, n|& yT ]+ > u < +T+< dd sdq
qe\ n~. eT q >=| qe\ n { |eTTK s#s TT, &. <Xs~
s+>#sT\T >sT nHsT.
=Hfifl <>+ ~ nsTT, $jTy& yfiflsT . n& |+&s<T \
H>Xsse>sT qe\ sjTeT ]q MT< eT{ eTw nH qe\
d]jT> sXsT. eT< eT< lfi+ e+{ b+\ s y&T H,
~ \ eTe T qT | d eTqTw * e< \ u keT $\Te,
k+q+s+ |]q |T&< d+d, s+&+{ eT< d+|T sD
+q qe\ eT{ eTw. eT{eTw qe\ d> |sTb+~+~.
< Hwq T dt +&j ysT |< \T> usrjT uw nqTy<+
#sTT+ |#T ]+#sT. < &.C.m.s & >sT #dq V+B nqTy<
+< kV n&MT nysT e+~ jTq.
eT qe\ |uT + d+#\H dw+ +~. +< |<X |uT +
qe\ w~++~. kVr d+| \, |C d+| \ #dq +<fiq\
|* +>q, sT s T \ eT\+>q |uT + w< s<T #d+ ~.
bX yyV+ |& =T bTq jTTeqT >]
bs+q, ] ndeq\ H|< + q{ <eT+ y| |]> T T q
<\ , $\, yk\ s 187
jTTeqT >] eTs bs+q @\+ +, eTq* +|Cd q sEq Mfifl => ]d T H sT n. yT e\T $H, H yT
qe\ eT n &. eTdq #q|>sT eT|q &. dV|u #dq s#q \ >T]+ yd+ sj\|++~. &. yds & d<$ qe\
|]X<H >+< sdq eTT+<Te yU+#sT. n+<s dy <+ nH o] yd+ sXqT. n~ +< |u ~q| n#sTT+~
eT{e Tw me> |X+ dksT . H eT eT]+ |j sy T q ` 1995 pH 26q. sy < d<$>] |q eq eTw nH
qe\> +~. > X+ eq |d \ 5 >=| |d \qT dd, | dHqd+ #ssT. yd+ HqT |k$+q qe\\T eT&T
| + > y{ >T]+ sjTeT +<u $T ~q| ysT ]q|&T, ` ]&T, nsq, ysD. M{ yT dy< uy\ |r\T>
qe] 2001 HqT d+q nsTT<T |d { eT qe\. #|+#qT. zZ yTT<q ysT bs+_+q dy < <e \yTq
d nq<q eTs= qe\ s+<T\T ` seT\T\T. < sjT& d] q qe\\T sdq y] s+>HjTeT, yds & d<$ |eTTK
@$<+> d] *+< d<$>sT djT+> #bsT |]D yD kq+ eVksT . d<$ >sT d\ qT +#|] # bNq kV sdd ,
|d+>+. yT |dsT> |+#sTTrsC eeVs\T #d+&ysT. d\ nHjT+ #dT q ke d, d+|<j re+>
#eT+~ &yfifl yT +< |#dysT. |+#sTTr |d&+T K+&d = dy< qe\\T nq<q$ sXsT. d |sTw d++<\
&yfifl ` eTTK d$* d$ d$ n |*#y&T. n~ >eT+, >T]+N, $yV, T+ eed\ >T]+N d+|<jT $sT<y T q uy\qT
d<$>sT b{&, eTH mfqH |dsY n |sT e]+#sT. eT b\ <s |{ + , d\ e> $eTT es+Z #bsT n
n& eTVfi d+| \T q|{, &yfifl eTT+<T|T eT>yfifl sXqT H yd+. yds & d<$ >sT eT&T qe\\ \| +
s+ #dT H s qe\ <s #| & |jT +#sT yT. ~ #~$ d+ sdq$ e. d+|<j\ +&q s&e q d\
jTq d>T |Z & sJHe #d HjTy~> bd T bs+_+#&T. = y\T>Tu #|+#&, ke jTe\ e\ qT+ | +#&
<Xu\T >& H |]d |{ n> +< $. |eT sdq <\ T sdq$. d\ d#, k++ n+f @$T{ *|, |sTc~ deC
#~$ \TdT+ ~. L\>={, d deT deC k|+ #\H d+<X+ d sdq dJe qe\\T
d<$>] <X+ e]dT <<+ q|&T s#sTT ke $ n sXqT.
yde + nse TeT+~. n|& s#s TT s#q d+|Pse TeT+~. |\ deTq s#s TTT\ VQfi |#s+ b+~q y] qe\\ q _q+>,
J$ ss TT+#~ sj nsTTq|&T J$ +# s#s TT | d+]+#Tq qe\\T d<$ >]$. &.._. dV|u, d<$
sj \T +& m{ +{sTT? n+{syT. >]| sdq |]X<q >+< |eTTK s#sTT, |]X<s\T, &.
d<$>sT ke esZ\ $wjT + e]dT <<+ H +&, eTT~>+{ dTCs& >sT sdq eTT+<Te d<$>] e
d |sTw\ eT< s s \T> T++q, de+q =qk>TTq s#H \D # > e+ #XsT. d\ ke\+q+, d#, >se+,
$e >T]+ L& #H+>, |]csjT T+> <\ , qe\\ $Xd+ +&\ sTq s#sTT. usrjT de+ d
sd e#sT yTT<{ qT+N. nsTT, 1980\ qT+N dy <+ b#Ts+ |+& +& q d+ ||, nd, \T|>\T>T
=, =+<sT s#s TTT\T |eTTKT\T> |]>D+ |&T+f, d<$>sT T+< yds & d<$ #sD #|++~. yT |yT#+< n_eq
mH d+<s H nHsT ` HqT m|{qT+# uy\ sdTH qT. s#s TT. jTq>H yT de dsb d s#q \T #d+ ~.
n] #j<$ s 188 <\ , $\, yk\ s 189
 yT e + eTV<$esqT >TsT dT + ~. yT <s +, $Xd+,
d+yTq #q\T neT |yTqT \|ksTT. $<+> \T>T
kV+ KsjTeq+> *q s#s TT yds & d<$.
d<$ >] qe\ eTHyC qe\\, < kV es+>
sdq # q <jTyT q qe\\ HsTT. y{ eTs <jT + < nH
qe\ {. yT qe\\T = s &j H\T> |kseTjsTT. =
de\T> e#sTT. = {.$. d]jT> e#sTT. <\, qe\
+&, d<$>sT yk\, u\kV+ L& sXsT.
d<$>sT q s#q +q deTd\T H&T eT]+ d+w y T ,
eqe d++<\T n++ ks| P ]+>, V+k+> neTHsTT.
d<$ >sT q s#q #dq eTqd D\, ke, ], sjT
d >T \ D\ H{ e]ksTT. de+ mH esTqT
n|dT + ~. n$ | |H . eTqTw\ eTqdT eT*yT q esTse&+
<T . n+<Te\H d<$>] s#q * ` eTTK+> qe\, < #{
#] VY d+|{\T> |q:|#T ]+#&+ nedsy T + ~. qes\ y],
eTT+<Ts\y] s#q * n+~+# u< $X+< |#T sD\jT+
ysT #|{ , d<$>sT +&>H |#T ]+q+<T n_q+<jTT\T.
d<$>sT dH s#q |dT #XsT. >V sVD
u< \T n+> b sTTH, u< jTTyT q <> sVD #d ju $XK|+ y[fl < d]+#&+ q+<+ *++~. $XK qT+
@fifl bT ]seT+> s#q \T #XsT.
&. d<$>sT $$< |uT<>\T sV+, es> eVsY
u\ueH &ssY> ]fsjsT. yT nH |eTTK kV, k+d
d+d\ d\V<sT>q $w duT \T >q +&ysT. q dHsY
usT yT+sT>, +< kV n&MT q m&sTT usT duT s*>,
|sH seTk$T #<] dt |d&+{>, <s<sH d\V d+|T
duT s*> |#XsT. +< |<X kV n&MT qs u& duT \T>q,
kV n&MT yTH s sY m&sTT usT duT \T>q, +< |<X
f T $T{ duT\T>q, e C ed | >se
n] #j<$ s 190
d+b< \T>q $$< deTj\ bT u< \T sV+#sT. dK kV
\T>T s#s TTT\ d+| k|+ , n< \T>q, >sy< \T>q
HsT. ||+ # \T>T eTVdu\ d+<s + > eTwj
, d+>|P sY <X\qT
d+<]+#sT. s>+ dV ]+ +f nyT] y[fl +&ysT.
sq, ydq ~ s|+#Tq yds & d<$>]
s +&T $X$<\j\T >se &s {q, $$< sh, CrjT, kVr,
k+d |sks\T`>V\ ds+D+, >|#+< nysT, e~s&
dT#q +>sT | + , leT dTo HsjTDs& kVr nysT, fik>sY
|+~] kVr |sks+ yTT<q $ \_+#sTT. 1996 b{ lseTT\T
\T>T $X$<\jT+ qT+ $w |sks+ n+<Tq |<e T s#s TT
d<$>sT. +< |<X kV n&MT VQeT M] 5 ksT e]++~.
1999 +< |<X |uT + >se |sks+q, 2002 V+d
nysT q, q+~ nysT q d ]++~. >se |sks+ eq
d+es+ p duT \ HqT L& +&+ H < q n|Ps>se+>
u$kqT. yT +< kV n&MT nysT s< yT n|&| &T
+#|& H , H nysT \_+q|&T dV <jT qqT n_q+~+
dK kV deyX+ qqT djT+> d ]+#sT. J$+ K] <X
yT |cyTq HjT nysT \_++~. yT djT+>
] e# ndd >Ts , <qT+ yT \TH< T . \T>T kVr
ke+ eT+ eTVsD +&ysT &. yds & d<$>sT.
yT T |P&~.
H neXq e+>] b+&wH y], e+o +swq d+d
y], MT+<] H \ T.
(>sjT>q du` fi dTuse fiy~| #dq |d+ >+, 12.1.2009)
<\ , $\, yk\ s 191

e&uw s+>#s jT+`2009
| eTTK s#s TT, |]X< & .X. e&u w s+>#s >] jT+
d+<s + > | d+es+ $w < d+|{ s#s TT < |sks eT< m&sYfCyT+{ #dTH+ < ` |H dT >sTTH
d, \T>T <\ | |]X<H yk\T ssTT+ |d+ >\T |d, y{
|#T]d, bsX\ $<sT\ < s#q b{ sV+, VQeTT*d,
|\ < s#q bVd, VQeTTFq+> kVde #dT q e T
dV<s#]D, <s b<sTT leT e&uw \*<$ >]
V<jT |Ps+> n_q+~dTH qT.
b{ eq |\\ <* #~$, m+| #d n|s| neX H
*+q+<T leT \*<$>] \T. |\\T sdq <\T
#<T e+f H # q+<+ *+~. H q|&T Te+{ neX\T
+&$e. d $< nedse , nqedse ? nH $wjT + MT< &u{
|fysT d. <\T sjTeT +{ >, bsX\ > mes
bV+#ysT <T. MsT m+ n<we+T\|++~. Te+{
neX MsT d~j>+ #dT +Tq+<T MT n_q+<q\T.
bsX \ $<sT\ <\ b{ ] yTT<{ VQeT, ] s +&e
VQeT, ] eT&e VQeT e>, eTs <] bV
VQeTT\T e&+ ]+~. Mfi nsTT<T>Ts <T deC
d++~+q <\ T sXsT. eTs eTT>TsZ T L& u> sXsT. , yfi
n] #j<$ s 192
+ eTT+<T $q, #~$q Cq|< <\ , #] <\ sXsT. n$
L& |\\ d *+# <. n+<T $<sT* L&
bV+#& H s| qT+ |d \qT VA]dTH qT.
b{ yTT<{ VQeT b+~q < *+ +>sT ]+>T. <
sdq~ . es $XH<. < d s + > +~. neTeT q n\]
eTqe& >&T dT> eTD u~+q yq + <. z T++ q
|~VqT eT+~ |\ eT< y& *+ n |s=+~. y&T d\T
b+& M~ & eTT]> j sjT y&T m|&. yfifl neTeT
bjT+ +~. dT _fi +>s+ ]+>T <=sTT+< #| ,
Xu+ > dT n]> fi sT<T kq+ #jT eT+T+~ sp.
<=sTT+<. + nqT n+<s du = y&T+{sT,
m+<THH <=s bT+< n. nTe+{ bjT+ + neTeT
|j >+ #d eTqe& eT+ n\yT H]dT+ ~ < . =+ \q
yd$ C&+ sdq < ds+> +~. < n<q|
s D ` < nqT>TD+> < s#s TT djT+> ydq s U\T. nsTT,
< sjT&+ = # ns\T |> sjT&+ ]+~. y{
d]~<Ty*. eT]+ X<>, C>> sjT&+ n\es#Ty*.
|<yfifl sdq eT+ <\T #~$ + u> sjT+ HsTy*.
nesTT L& H y| qT+ s +&T |d \T VA]dTH qT.
$T*q VQeTT\T b+~q <\ >T]+ | + > #TqT.
s+&e VQeT b+~q < *{ ksY sdq~ . q+~. <
edTe ue+~. <q + L& ue+~. d |\\ nysT e&+
*< + &T\, b<jTT\ \T>Cd T e&+ eT+~ < dd, HjT
sjT+ m rdTqB #|q <. < sjT&+ L& ns\
| \T HsTT.
eT&e VQeT b+~q < |<yfifle #~eT sdq~ .
<\ , $\, yk\ s 193
n. < kyT o]> |&+ n_q+<jT+. dT
m|&, mq sy, ~>|& rdTy*q C>\ >T]+
|<yfifl #|q e* X<> $, #]+#\, b nqs\T
sT>TjT $<] q nqTue+ #|q <. +<T L&
n&& ns |\THsTT.
bV VQeTT\T b+~q < { < < sdq~
sD + V]. ~ jT<s d+|T q <s+> sdq <. q
=&TL <Tsq #b, *<+&T\T m+ <T'ksT. nsTT,
bsTTq =&T fi >T&sy& <q+ #d sy& #|
e&yT +&, n fi H eT =&T #dTe#TqT n |
|& sT. < sjT&+ yd+ \D \THsTT =#. n& &
ns <c\T L& HsTT.
bV VQeT b+~q s+&e< u\]s\T sdq~ &.
uy . u\* ]\T> |j +#L &<T , #~$+#* n *dH,
eT>|\ * eyT #~$+, &|\ * L* |qT\ |+|ksT =+<sT
*< + &T\T. LTsT #<T e y\ X|& H , +& $|+#T&T.
e] q dVT\ |\\ T #<T e m+ e~=dTH s \TdT,
q LT] L& & |+|k&T . < eTT+| yd+ +~. <
|s\T> $u + sd eT]+ dw+ > +&~.
s bV VQT\T eTT>T]Z Hy| qT+ |d s |+ dTH qT
` rdT \+#+ #dq * < sdq yTsTT, u< sVD `
sesT\T < sdq z. dTVD+, ds+s$T < sdq .
eqd VQeTT\T n+<T+{sT.
MTs+<s m+ V+> <\ b{ bZHsT. me]
VQeTT*y*, me] @ VQeT y* nq~ # wb +>
]+< #b*. m+<T+f mesT @ < sXs H *jT<T. |sT
>T|+> +#sT. sdq |\\T mes *jT<T. e\+ <\T eyT
#~$ m+| #jT &+ ]+~.
n] #j<$ s 194
me] yTT<{ VQeT eH sT\T ndjT |&L&<T,
u<| & L &<T . yTT<{ VQeT eqysT >s |& L &<T . n+<s +
mH HsT y*q n+X\THsTT.
eTTK+>, uw >T]+ X< rdTy*, ns \T sjT&+ yTT<\T=
e\, dek\, y\ m sj \TdTy*. +^w &q
#&+ HsT qT>H, \T>T |T +Te #&&+ n\es#T y*.
< T +&*, < +&L &<T , @ ns + m sj*. @ |<
@jT ns\THsTT e+{e |T +Te #d \TdTy*. |k me]H
n&>e \dq neds+ +&, MT n+ MTs #d \TdTe#T.
sT y, < yk & @$T{ \TdTy*. MT b<jTT,
*< + &T, <\ yk\T sd s#s TT n& \TdTy*. n+>,
<\ , yk\ #<T eTq|&T y{ \D C>> |]o*+ MT
n+ MTs qTe#T. < #~y, n~ m+<T MT q+<
$Xw + #T, MT n_bj sjT&+ n\yT#dT y*. < edTe
>T]+N, < #| q rsT >T]+N, s#H X* >T]+N dw+ > +#*.
n|&T MTsT L& + eT+ <\ T sjT>\T>TsT.
yTT+ <+ esd> sdT+ b+&, |s\T> $&>={
sd #|<\T#Tq n+X\T dw+> +{sTT. d+uwD\qT L&
$&$&> sd eT+~.
MT nqTuy \q, MTsT |]o*+q y{ <s+> #dT H{
T+u\, de+ |]dT\ |_+_+# $<+> <\T sd
yd$+> +{sTT. n+<] +|CksTT. eTqTw\ >T]+
sdqT>H +Te\ >T]+N, yTT\ >T]+N, m+& yH yTT<q y{
>T]+N sd MT |]o\HX, | | MT d, u< \TksTT.
\| <* nq>q>.... n yTT<\T|{ sjTs < T . =+eT+~ Cq|<
<\, #] <\, de <\ e+{M sXsT b{. <\T
u>H H, n$ MTsT #~$qM, #dqM, $qM eyT . MTsT k++>
<\ , $\, yk\ s 195
+ }V+ sdqT +&e. qT>, dV yTq <
edTe, b m+#T sdq <\T b{ \e>\T>TsTT. MT
< s#q d +~ qT, <\ T sjT&+ n\yT #dT +, eT+
u\ kV, |<y fi sdq < #<T e+f, MTsT eT+ < \T>
j sesT. MT+<] H n_q+<q\, odT\...
(25`2`2009)
ueT yqT, eT]= <\T
dMT
l n+\ HsH >] eT&e < d+|{ |eTTK s#s TT\,
$eTs\ nsTTq $V]>s, d+>s eTT+<Te\T sXsT.
J$+ m<Ts=H e> , ke deTd* dT+> |]o*+,
dT+> nqTu #+~ sdq <\T n+\ HsH>] =
d+|+ <\ T. u+usTT <\ T yTT<q s#s TT <\ T =
+ u+usTT #TH sT>TTHsTT. yTT<{k ] u+usTT <\ T d+|{
eq|&T H n|++~ ` nj HqT q& <\T sd +f
ue+&~ n. q& 24 @fifl bT HqT. n& $$< d+d
<>+ #XqT. @y s +&TeT&T <\ T | , me T>, $d +>
+ sjTb jqT. H nqTuy \, nqTu T\, n_e X
|]$TyT q e HsH >] <\ T #~$ >V +#qT.
eTT+<T>, < d+|{ o] q < ueTyqT >T]+ #| y*.
|sTw\ |D |sTw\T ysT> qf d\ sdT\T L& +{sT.
ueT n+<+> |+# <HsTT s yqT usTdT m+ Ls
eTqd + q &< \T|T+~ <. k<sD+>, yT]
<>+ #dTq +&j sfifl |[flfifl #dT &|\* yd+ #d

n] #j<$ s 196 <\ , $\, yk\ s 197

+{s $++{+. < &| us yd+ #dT + ~. yT
*< + &T\ eT< T +T+~. ~ s +&T y| \ yfifl V#]. ks+ ,
nV+s+ |]b &yfiflsTTH, eT>yfiflsTTH neqTw+> |e]ksT .
sE {.$. d]jT Te+{ neqTw d b* me>
#dTH+. nTe+{ yfifl eT b| |* m|{H nqTu$ks
ueT yqT < s|dT+~.
u< nH < < edTe ys<H, n+<T dy<+ |d edT+~. sV\ >T]+N, sVD >T]+N, n+<T +Tq ss \ e<T\
< >T]+ ys d+<s + eTfl #TqT. n+<T $TT&T n+{&T
` dy < s#q \ |De n $&\ L& d n+THsT, n.
n+<T eTs $TT&T, nTe+{ ysT 5 X+ L& +&s y $T>
95 X+ HqT #| keq us\+{ys n+{&T. n+f yfifl nD,
eTD ~> +{s n <X + . 95 X+ + nD, eTD
Hs+f, y] #q+ *+#& dy< <eT+ =qk>*q
neds+ +< nqTy*. n+f, n+<s m<TsT ] $&\T
rdTy\ <T. |sTw\ L& # q + rdTe, |sd s ne>Vq sV+|&TTqy. n+\ HsH >sT e]+q ne, HH q+<
d+ks\T dTK+> k+#\.
usus*<s d nV Z+#T y<q\qT ~+#T,
d+jTeTq+ b{d dsT u T #dT +f d+ks+ k|> k>TT+~. <=s H
Te+{ de nH < usus \ |sd s ne>Vq dVA<>T\T
<V<+ #jT&+ $Xw+. eTqc\T me]HH #|+f eTqdT\T
*esTT. deTd\ |]cs\T <=sTsTT. d+ks+ >TT |
#|L&< |Ps\+ yfifl u~+#ysT. #|+f |]dT\T
$w$T+# +& +{sTT # es .
|<+<$ nH < $&bsTTq usus * <s yTq ne>Vq,
dsT u Tq+ qs#& + e\ y] |s+ \&TT+~. dsT u TH
;+ y d q < HsTT dV T s*H | < +< $ n s # s TT
n+{sqTHqT. <T. n<q| es + d+ |&d ny sT &*
n] #j<$ s 198
|{+{ |+|dq sTy, yT | #<Te #<Te {#sY fsTT+>
nsTT, <>+ d+b~+#T+T+~. #<T eH |<+<$ n|+#sT
s#s TT < HsTT s| q y~+q jTsY #. ~ eTs |j H
yTq <.
T+ d++<\ d++~+q eTss+ <\T` e<Xe\
d++~+q$ HsTT d+|{. <se+yTq e<XeT+
H|< \ >T]+N $es+> sdq < nqTs> d+>eT+, < ne,
HH q+< \jT+ nH e<Xe k|+q yfifl nyT]
#\+ J$+q |yk+< <+|T \T. n+<T #]q e<T\ qT+
<H d]+#+&, eT <H $j+, |sesD <wq,
d+d u$wT <wq, \ |+|+, s b~ ks\,
dT|T\ yTT<q$ @ss#&+ e<XeT+ |. Te+{
<s e+yT q e<Xe H+es #& < T . # es ybs <w
\jT+ >, nT e+{~ > V <su<T +f HqT #s& d<+ >
HqT. H #H q de #kq VMT dTH qT. mesH @<H eT+|
#d $eT]+# yfifl L& +{sT. < e<XeT sV&,
e<Xe H\=\&+, T+u\qT $q+ #jT & < n+{sT
sT . <T, T+ d++<, eqe d++< yTsT>T|s# &
n de<q+ k&T sV&T. de<q+ dy < L&
e]dT + ~ nqT+{qT.
eTs u\T ` +<\T < L& eTq +<T& q&| eTs=
<s e+yT q e<XeT+ |d +~.
<+&T> nH~ ys s+ <. <[ esZ #+~q *< + &T\T mH
>\T #d =&T #~$+ e~=#T #ksT . =&T
qd =# q yfifl Vq+> #d <s+> +#T&T. n
<\ , $\, yk\ s 199
+& bsTTq|&T Xe<V q+ ]|+#& dV jT|&+ <T }]yfifles
eTT+<T ssT. n|&qT |X||&, yfifl+<] e|D #|&yT
+&, sy { <[T\ d+ q }fifl $<eX\T *+#
eed @ssTk&T .
<\ T #<T e+f HsH >] eeVs < dwe TeT+~. <
< $e]+#>\ H| D+ L& +~.
$ >T|j T + eTs s+ eeVso\ |<] +# <. nq> nq>
n yTT<\T|{qT>, <T <\T #|&+ #sTT ]q s#sTT
HsH > sT. n> e> + > # q n|\ <>sZ qT+ eekj,
q |]XeT\ |f |T&T\ esL , u+\T # n|\T yTT<\T,
$<o +|, VQfi C +| ws esL n eeVs
uqc\ >T]+N $e]+#>\ ~ HsH>sT. |ssTsDjT+ <
eTs= <VsD. |ssTsD + e\ d<o d+d\ T |q + #+< +&,
d<Xd T \ T qwb +& +&\+f, $<] d+| \T, ] d+| \T # q +
b+~ <$Td |* + +T+<q X << |<] ksT HsH > sT.
s#s TT ybs eeVs\ >T]+# <T, s>+>, q+<+>
+# Vs, $Vs\ >T]+ L& deTs+ > sXsT. & + eHd
J$+#&+ nH d b{+#eT+{sT $seT+ nH < .
nyT] qeTT X+ m] +<|& q d<X+ d>+
H\ MT< k>T #dT e&+ qjT+ nH <s *ksT d+|{
] q < .
n+q eTqds |<]+qb d| < $T\H nH nXj\ L&Tq<H n+<T =+ yde+ b<T. q
nqT. u&T &, &{sT\ q |sT bsTTH, e] =&T
| bsTTH d | |<] +#&+ keqT\ k< + <T. nsTT,
<<| ]fs yY T +{ ejTdT dMT|dT q n H\T>fifl =&T +&+
Xs+ *++~ H.
u+usTT eTVq>s+ m& yfifl\H m&dT, f*bH q+s
n] #j<$ s 200
e>s d]>Z \TdT +#Ty*. b sT |&eTs < >
#<T nqTuy \T m<TsesTT. u+usTT keqT\ s +&T ><T \ b{
L& <=s& + m+ wy +<q < #TT+~.
s\T |e<\, u+T|\TfiS yTT<q d+|Tq VTq y]
T+u\ |uT + qw| ] Vs+ #*+ #&+ dT>T\ >T]+N, nTe+{
<Ts q\T s +& #&+ |uT + ne\+_+# s yK ] >T]+N
]|q #s L&q < qw|]Vs+. m sT>TTH qJeq+
jT<$~> k>T +T+<q eTT+| yK #HyT q ~.
eTs= #s q&|q < u<. |uT<>+ u< +T+~.
|y T <> +&<T nH $wjT +| #s . |uT <>+ us+{~,
|y T <>+ |jT Ts\T +{< ` s D me>, u < +&<T .
& eysT #| q C >TsT =+~. us f T +{~ ` u]+>>
+T+~. qe\\T |jT Tsfifl +{$ ` #~$ q+~+ e~jT T#T.
#<] q >&T, = sT, sT, |{+ { |TNs, e+{ y$ < u] yT q
|<, q <\ bT, e+> u]yTq, VdjTTyTq <\T L&
HsTT. d+|{.
s +&T <\ >T]+ #| eTTkqT.
H < VQeT=+<+&jYT! nH~ e+><. < s#s TT> |s=d
bs =+<sT n_eqT\ qT+ = nqTuy \esTT. H @<H
nysT e+< *jT>H <q dV jT+ sT =+<sT s \T sjT&+,
=+<sT djT+> se&+ ]+~. HsH >] e+>+ =+#+
bHq+sY, sTHe eqT> eqT n <{+ #sT >, bs \T
e+ qTs?!
HqT jT qjH#Y nH~ d+|{ yTT<{ <, KsTq
#TTHqT. yTTyT T<{ < n#T #dT mesH m eTT]dbs,
n+q me> jT nq>H eTT]db&T < HjT&T `
<\ , $\, yk\ s 201
HsH > s e#T. + eTqe& @+ |sT XsTT+#s ddH
+#sT. yTq>+B d+\q+ #dq |~y\ V+< |sT +N, $w
dV dHe+N, $HjT dV d He+N @ |sT m+| #Xs
#|H<T. VQX jT |s |{sy?!
+= n+X #b*. = < \+>D e+&* |<* y&T
y{ u{ k<sD+> n+<s e{&< #sT. C n+
neds+ <T . n\+ sjT, TyT{ s|T e Ts&, >>T XeT\ e+{
s#s TT\, s#s TTT\ yTT+ <+ <[T\, &T>T esZ\ e+&*
sksT ` ns+ #dT e&+ bs \ u< nqT.
= <\ |#TsD $es\qT e<T HsH>sT. +f
ue+&~. yTT+ MT<, dsyTq, |jqsyTq, d]<jTyTq
<* d+|{ <s n+~+q n+\ HsH>] V<jT|Ps
n_q+<q\T.
n] #j<$ s 202
ll e...
ll |]#jT+ H yTTyTT<{k] 1953 &d+sT @s&+~.
sT< *d ll *+&j s&j b>+ d+ eT<dT qT+
V <su<T e#sT. *+&j s &j V <su<T +<+ sjTb\T
sXKsY, udsu cse >s +&ysT. es< sCXsse >]
H $yV+ 1953 >dT ]+~. H n|{ sejTfi. |fiflsTTq
(18.2.2009) = sE\T. n| sY eT+ nH +{ VejTYq>sY +&yfifl+.
_s <sY V<su<T es< sCXsse>sT |_ ]wH |dsY>
|#dysT sE. | sY eT+ eTT+<T u>+ |d T > dtV dt,
yq u>+ yTeTT+& y{.
HqT |fiflsTT e#|{ e+y&T +&y&T ` eTfij nqT.
eNs +^w eTT\ m> d+uwD ]|y&T. e+{\T +{
u>+ +&, $&> | > +&~. f\ MT<, u>T\Z +|{ MT<
e+. HqT yTT<{ me> \T>Cd T H < <T. HqT e+{+{ y|
m|&T y[flH e+y&T wH $dTHy&T. C >sY ` H{ HsTT+>
+> n e y] #|y&T. ll, sT< @< VA ~>sT.
n+<T# yfifl < + # neX+ s<T H. kjT+\+ >H,
sXKsY, @\] dTVD+>s, es< sCX sse>s ` n+<]
*d @ usYH nss esL >& |ysT.
z sEq |>{ | P #d| ll, sT< e y]H >&b sT. eTT>TsZ
*d yT yT n y dw+ #sT. eTT>TsZ ds T \Td+ f &sTT+>
<\ , $\, yk\ s 203
syT yfifl m<TsT> Lse&+ H yTTVe+ n|+#~. eT< eT< dMT+ q ysT |\ >D|Xd n #| HsT. dMT\ de<q+>
nsTT<T eTTc\T LsT |* y[flbjT< ` yfifl $ $Hk\qT ll \T>T d+ dMT sXsT. $ e+{ $w due+ >\
q+~+#\ n|dT H . yfifl +& MT< <d +&~ <T ` <e+ | H{ \T>T H y\Te&&+ $Xw+ ... |&T $
MT< | . ll, sT< Xe> |<\T #T+f, es< sCX sse>sT = | yT q y~ \_++~ { eq+ MT< >&_eq+ q ys+
\ MT< sdysT, eT< eT< q |<\T L& C&d . + $ $j &&*... n+ | d+ = |j >s y T q
MT< ll djT+> sX&T ~<Tu T #d . qT #| q$ ` jTq sdq d#q\T L& #XsT.
|<\qT + MT< = # d]~<&T . n> sT<. eTT>TsZ nsTT, s +&T d+\H $ be\d e+~. eT&e d+
*d sdq e+> y @+ o]|{ n ss\T> d+ nqTq ksTT e*dq $\T sq+<Te\ |#TsD
+#sT. y{ { <e l ` sT<, es<, ll\ = =qk+#< T . eT&e d+ e #]q = $ ll nqTy<
ns + rdT j sT #dq o]. , e] yTyT n XsTT+#sT. $ n <d ] H q~ {. es< sCX sse >sT sy 1986
n~ 1954 n#sTT+~ ` eTTZ] |s . @\] n++ #sT. +< |u ys| eq V\+ nH \yT $$< e\ >T]+
1954H es< sCX sse >] $ d+|{ n+< ~rjT eTT<D sdTq |&T $ eT&e d+ d+ eq $* d+<sqTks+
]+~, ll eTT+<T e dV . |<\ s|+ q eTT+<Te |j +#sT. ll sdq $ u<TsT| ({kH ]jTsY nH
K] |< + leH MT b<sT H e~] Hq>s.. n+ sXsT. |+#Y $ sdq $ nqTy<+) #ssT.
q +& sy n] q s+&e >TsTe n ll n+eTT+< 1955 yT$T<s + eT<dT y[flq|&T eysT qqT q kVr$TT\
#|HsT. d+|{ $d s|+ $ d+ |sT 1993 fifl rdTy[fl |]#jT + #XsT. ll +{ L& y[fl jTq us
|#T]yT+~. #X+. =~d| LsTH+.
sXKsY, @\], n+ yTT<q $ $TT\T s# T > e +{ 1958 yTeTT <>s+ q& s* yfifl+. qe] 1982 eTT+<T
*dysT. n|{ VejTYq>sYH ys +{ es+. eT<eT<
esL n& H+. HqT eVsY HVA jTe]{ &|P{
n] $XK|+ qT+ e# ysT. Mfifl+<s *d us y[b +f
u]jTH> |#d+&>, 1980 nqT+{qT, ll $<Xjq+
HqT s +{ nss esL m<TsT#d Lse\d e#~. n+<T
yfifl +{H LsT #]+#TeT bV+#qT. yfifl >dT \T U d+<s + > q& eq|&T, jTe]{ \T>T $<sT* < +
#d + f HqT X n+~+#<. $<+ > yfifl $+ >T]+ #d |d+ +#sT. q $* $|+#sT.
#s \T $H neX+ *> ~ H. yfifl #s \ |* +> $ nH | 1982 V <su< yTeTT ]e ds | & , ll >T]+ $q&yT
|#T ]+#\ sj T + rdTHsT. qqT d+b< s*> #XsT eysT. > \TdT <T . ll | &yT+ rdTq d+<s + &s s Y _.
H mTe+{ ns b sTTH, H |sT |{< nqb jqT ` qsd+ >se >sT e +{ e es<s CX sse >] +s #XsT.
qq| #|\+ #! e #+ <dT n] sdq $ #X m+<Te\H &yT+ +es y\T>T #&< T . ll X jT+
Hq q $ sXqT. ue+< < $ yTT<{ d+ #ssT d+<s + > < nsTTq+ es q\T>Ts #dT #d ue+T+~
$T+<+. d+ e#q $ y [\+<s HsT. yTT<{ <!
d+ re+> $eT]d us q, +<| q dMT\ T e#sTT. (qe, pH 17, 2009)
n] #j<$ s 204 <\ , $\, yk\ s 205

H |< <\ eT\+
sejTfifl ejTdT <f esL HqT @ >=| s#s TT <\ | +>
#<e <T ` V d #<T eTq|&T bs >+<+ > q sY. . HsjTDY
qe\ k$T n+& VC |+ & | , e Hq>] ;sTy q us
b d+\qT #d neX+ *H y{ <\qT n+ X<>
#<e<T. \T>T ys|\qT fi|&T #<e&+ yTT<\T|{qT.
e e~q sTD >b sdq <\ T |\ ed+ &$. n|&T H
d] *+~ <\ T sj\. T++ e\ q, H dVT\q &T. nqT jT<T { VsY HJ |uT+ ne\+_+q
H nqTuy , y] | H nqTu T e+ #d =+ \q C&+
<\ T sjT&+ yTT<\T|{qT.
kVr|sT &q es< sCX sse >] $yV+ nj, jTq <>sZ T q
+> < kV #~y neX+ *+~. jTq eTTK+> $ {
\T>T $ >+< me> +&$. jTq <>sZ T q +^w nqTy<
< #VAy <\, dbH (eTqyfifl dbH J> n+{sT) <\ q 61e @ us bT V #dT H&T.
qqT u> T HsTT. db H <\ T ey] # q#$. H
eT]+> q#sTT. y{ =+{ \T>T nqTdsD #jT&
|PqTHqT. e\+ nqTy<+ #dq|{q nqTdsD #d \T>T
bs\qT rjT+> T+{jT n|++~. n|{ #VAy
H+ # sY#s Y ll, es< *d d+|+> |sT nqTdsD
#d |#T]+#sT.
n] #j<$ s 206
es< sCX sse>sT sdq @eT nH < =+u >+ nqTdsD
#d e~XsT. HqT < rdT<T . q < H n{H
qq < m sY |y T @H nHH eTH nH~. < n|]K nH
|sT nqTdsD #XsT. n~ sdq $T*q < > |< <. <
nqTdsD #X H L& sT y sE ><e], |j D+, me]
#dT qT? nH |< <* sjT& d] *+~. k<sD+> HqT
q < skqT. <\qT nqTdsD #dTq|&T |]ds\q,
d+|T q\q, b\ eTqd \q, |esq q m +#&, <\ qT
m bs+_+#&, m eTT+#& +> >eT+# neX+ *+~.
|< T \qT =+es J]+#THqT H *jT+&H.
< d\ \T @yH , b\ eTHuy\, |esH ks*+,
ksq+ n|ksTT. n+<T n$ eTq < n|ksTT. rjT+>
n|+ n+<] T +{sTT.
db H dj <X #+~q jT<T. sH s#s TT. ||<e T+>
eTH $Xw D |< kV+ |j +q |eTTK bX s#s TT
s+X, nDy >T] nj&T. HJ bdT\T n \+
y n |d* <>+ #XsT. n|&qT nD+ |+#T
+>+ &T =+\+ \<#TH&T. sy u y[b j&T
us dV. HJ |uT+ #dTq |Ts\q, H{ ||+# |]d
#d, $|yT q eqd uq T nqTu$ +, e] u] +# , 1942
<\T *&k|t |sT +>qTy<\T s+&T d+|{\T>
y\Te&sTT. (1949, 1951). M{ $$< eeq eTqd \q, d |sTw
d++<\q |ue++> +q <H HsTT. <\T
+|Ck sTT.
<\ T eT&+{ \T>T HqT nqTdsD #dq n|] K,
<\ , $\, yk\ s 207
s <\ T nH < d+|{ 1956 |#T ]yT + ~. n+<T uj
Vd fi , n|]# K nH <\ THsTT. 1998 eq ~rjT eTT<D
n nH eTs< #sqT.
uj
T + eT\< #\+ sT y V+B #\q +> e+~.
n+<T nX esY, edH, dT< Y yTT<q ysT q{+#sT. |<
eTw sV >, >+;s+ > +& HjTy~ us jTTe sT&
|]#jT + neT+~. q |\\ THsq $wj |{+ #Tq+> n
|eT |u+ |&T Tq deTjT+ us yT |esq edTq esT
|{ d..&. | \s q{ $jk&T . < u~]+|\
uj T |&, \+#$TH u+ , e] V #dT uTq sT D+
us y]+, nqTqjT+> usqT <>]Z rdT+{&T.
Vdfi |P]> _qyTq e+ L&Tq <. |+&>
d+<s + > M~ q+ >T+|\T> q# CT<=+> Veuy,
|esq n|s< |]X< & < HjT&T |]X<q #d, $Xw D +>
sdq |< < ~. H{ Jeq y>+ Te+{ <* r]>Z #~$
q+~+# z| #eT+~ bZ sTT+~. , eTqd D >T]+N,
<q X* >T]+N T> \TdTy\qTH < \T n+<s #<e <q
<.
n|]# K $\DyTq |eT <. # |< <. }|q
#~$+# <. |<e T&fifl nesTT m<T]+{ => ~q |]D
jTTe& | (nH= s#s TT) ]T s\eT+~. nqT |\
|{+ #T&T. s $TT\ bT < d\ L& s sT>TT+&&+
#dH, n | n+T s<q |+#T+T+~. > * bT
ys }] y[b y* edT+ ~. nsTTH =+\+ sy V <su<T
] edT+~ <>+ e+. n b+<Td+ |jT+#>
|jT +#>, e] n eT&T sT\T >&| > \ T>TT+~.
nesTT nqT >T]+#&T. nesTT >se nsTT, =&T ,
n] #j<$ s 208
T +, k_ e q+ n d V j T + s +&, +]> |+# T T +~.
<Ts< we XT |\y &T T#d #b&T. =&T Xe+ | q LsT
>T& y\TTsT qT |$T+qy& s + sdT+ ~. n|{ nyT L&
s+ k eTsD+ dMT|k+< \TdT+T+~. yT |eT< d$es+>
sdq K yT eTsDq+s+ n+<T nqT s+b&T. n|PsyTq
|eT< ~.
n nH < <HsTT \+u& jTTe> +#qT
(nqTdsD ). qT |#d +{ jTe | >se+, s<q bT
n s + #d n b{&T +& jTeqTs*| n>se+,
ndV + |+#T+T+~. nqT }fifl deTjT+ ]q us eTsD+
V, \+u& |eTw #dq V *jT<T. { HsT #| q
< { yT |+ =\k&T jTe. <+ $s #+~
\+u& jTTe VQdHk>sY < V #dT+T+~. <
#<T eT+ fi >>T s=&TdT+ ~.
yTT<{ sE HqT sdq y{ < sVD =+es
|u e+ e+~. H<q <q X* bT.
(|CX ~ys+, 19 p 2009)
<\ , $\, yk\ s 209

n&$ b&+~, djT+|X+
qe] H\ HqT <\ , $+, yk\ #~yqT.
&. d. HsjTDs&>] eTqes\T esDs& (9) +^w sdq
$ HsjTDs&> sT \T>T nqTe~+#sT. s +&+{ *|
sD\T |d+> rdTe#sT. |d+ yTT<{ u>+ +^w s#u`| +< sh+ #~yqT.
$+, s +&e u>+ \T>T $+ HsTT. =$T~ d+es\ b|
q nqTuT\qT $r]+#&+ u>T+~. >{ >+& e \T>T
ny! z eTTy $ # V<+> e+~.
eTT+<sese>] X+ & |d+ #~yqT. q q
$\ eq |d + H q+~. o dTu <<$ Tu
nd s>+ Bs $ #~yqT. eTq eTqyT <s +> +&\ #T
Xy<+ eT+ $+ sXsT.
+ d. uy <$ s+ H +, yk |u e n\\ =\Te
|d \T #~yqT.
B$ dTuse n&$ b&+~ < d+|{ #~yqT. q q <\
|d $ T~. $T $ $T <\ T H u> q#sTT. {. les~
djT+|X+, u$T&b{ eTTe\T, V|t |&eT{& <d+|{\T
#~yqT. >+ #~$q < nsTTH n+>TfiS] n+<$ <\ |d +
J$+ n+f < <T = <\T >TsT #dTe& |&T
n] #j<$ s 210
#<T eTHqT. <] d er <$ >] s>+ yTy]jT y\yT.
$& >T]+ n+<s sdq n_bj\ d+|{ ~. |d + es
d er<$>] us <] y+ dseTeT]>sT sdq s* bsTTq
yDT>q+ V<+> e+~. us MT< jTq sdq $+ d e>]
e *jTCk+~. |&T <.H.Xd> sT rdTeq e Hq>sT
|d+, eTT$ us sdq \T>T kVr #qeTsT\T |d+
#<T eTHqT. qjTd] qT+ sT< es 42 eT+~ kVsT\
>T]+ sdq |d + ]|s H T> |#dT + ~. <Xs~ s+>#s
>T]+ sdq yk\, +s\ eq |u yue jT+
dHHe $Xw d+ #~yqT. + +<] Vj $V]
< , e~sE s+>se>] nC+ qT+& (eTT e+) #~yqT.
_.mdt. seTT\T s#q $<sT\ C@d <e\T eT\T|, + n_e~
HqT qe] H\ #~$q |d\ |sHd *+#y. nsTT
n+f H u> qq |d \T s +&T HsTT. n$ ` B$ dTuse
n&$ b&+~ <d+|{, le s~ djT+ |X+. |d
<\ T H u> q#sTT.
(b\|, | e] 2010)
<\ , $\, yk\ s 211

eT\T|\T ` yT\Tsfifl mH...
\T>T <T < $se+ qT+ $d+ esL qsfifl ejTdT
#sT q eTq \T>T < |kq+ B|< sTq < \T m+<s HsT.
< edTe q, e+ q, <q +q =< H |yX |{q ys,
= eT\T|\T rdT=qys HsT. y] >]+ | + > #| y*q
d+<s + ` < X jT+ e+.
yTTyT T< n+<s #| e\dq~ >TsC& y+ nbse >]
< >T]+. <T \T>T < |T H |]D #+~q< #| &
>TsC& < ~<Tu T eTT+<T \TdT+ ~. d\ >T]+ nuT <jT s+ >
sdq ~<TuT =* \T>T < e&+ Vs<jT+. d+ds
V<jT + eT keTsk |u~d sdq~. eT# +<d sdd
sdq MT|s$T{?, eTeTT ` $eTeTT, |< eTd<T, yTT<q
< >+;s+, e+>+, Vd+ $T[yTq X* bT >TsC&
d+dsD<X+ |dT+~.
nsTT, s +&T <Xu\ + d\ s#q \| |]X<q \, $eTsH
n<jTH\ bs+ueTj, u+&sT n#e+ 1902 sdq
<q j < nH < =* <T <> >T]+#\q y<q jT\T<]+~.
B < edTe L& >VD q us d]~~ dHs+Z y| eT[fl+#&y T .
n] #j<$ s 212
n+, #+ y+ k+UjTq Xs>sT 1903 s+q
n|Ps|HdeTT nH < L& >TsC& < eTT+<Teq <\
|eTTKyTq~. bs+u<X <s#sTT\T dsfi >+~ X*H sjT&+
bs+_+#sT. 20e X+ yTT<{ s +&TeT&T <Xu\ esL e#q
s#s TT\T =+eT+~ &T>T y] yeV] uc <eT+ e\ n+>
|u$T\T <T. >TsC& L& yTT<{ dsfi >+~+ <\T sdH,
sy y{ w yeV] X* essT. 1923 b++ c|
eq n] seTws e>] <\ T L& dsfi >+~+ H HsTT.
< kV +, =*< X M s X * +> + | + T \T>] | u e+
d+dsD+> +&~. de+ q eT& d+|<jq,
eT&#sq esT rdTsy\H |jq+ <\T sXsT `
=*s+ <\T #eT+~. d+d+ b+&+, bNq $+
|]#jT+, ue $+ bMD+ q e\T <\T sdH, n$
$+>, }V\q L& +&$. e#q s#s TT\T yd$ +>H
sdysT.
+> kV |u e+ m+e+ +&, n#yTq \T>T <\ qT
sdq lb< dTVDXd>] $w <&> #|y*. MsX*+>+
y] d+dsD<eT+ |u e+ n]fifl +< eT+\T e+{ >=| <\ T
sXsT. eT&#s* sdd , d k+ bVd, n+sH
K+&d , uVDT\ $T< >sy jT|&T <\ T sXsT. uw
$wjT + n#yTq ><e] \T>T qT&s b#Ts+ #sT.
# \T>T qT&s, d+uwD#Ts d\ e< qT+# HsT qT
djT+> d>s+> #|HsT.
\T>T < kV+ yTTyT T<{k ]> ]qT\ >T]+N, d+#s qT\
>T]+N s+> <\T sdqysT + BT\T n, sTe >T]+
||<eT+> dT> T++ nH < sdq~ jTH n, \T>T
yTTyTT<{ n+ss < + BT\T>] |<yT& < n, e{se
<\ T nH < e* sdqB jTH n e\+b{ y+ dTjTe+{
$eTs\T #TsT.
<\ , $\, yk\ s 213
 d+dsD+> <\ T sjT&+ bs+_+q < _q+>, d+dr
|]sD <w <\T sdqysT $XH< dHsjTD>sT. >+~,
eeV] \>*| q<q X* sdysT. $XH< eTT< qT
+&$ edTeP, X L&. d+|<j\ $wjT+ =+ #+<d+>
|+H, $XH< eTT>TsZ T _#>fifl < nH n<Ty T q , #HyT q
< sXsT. q eqd D #jT &+ jTq |ue+T\T.
n+es eq s#sTT\+<]H _qyTq s#sTT >T&b{
y+#\+>sT ` #\+> |d< T \ T. d d# >T]+ jTq uy\T
m+ $|y+> +{j, <q X* n+ fi+>, $+>
+T+~. j T q u y\T e s + # y s T L & j T q X *
|X+ d+# +& +&s T . z |e |Pd+~ jTq X* k+<s
|r. nuT<jT s#sTT\T> |d~#+~q =&e>+{ T+se,
>|#+ <, TuT, oMsE, n+|Xj T qMH yTT<q ysT =+es
#\+ |u e+ qys.
T+ H|<+ d|sTw d++<\qT n+<+>, V<s+>,
VdjTT+> +q =* s#sTT eTTDeD+ qsd+Vse>sT.
jTq dw+q ++ b \T>T kV+ sksTT> *#
eT< s> >VD b. n>, sy s+ eTTfifl|P & y+seTD
dw+q T&T>T b, uqTeTr seTw dw+q n>sT b,
eTD[ dw+ q eT* b +< bs \ V<j \qT <#THsTT.
u$ T&b{ seT>b\+, neds\ seTcseP, l seTD, ~$w L&
Vdks y T q <\ T sXsT. s#s TTT\T &. keTsE dTo\, b]
$jT\ , dV#Y. eT\ L& e #+<TsT.
de+ $$< \T, eT\ y] b\T> rdT, eqe
d++<\qT d, H\sT e+&*+, eqe <<+
<\T sdq $w s#sTT sTDes.
eqe +, ke Hj T +, d | s T w d e q +, \eT
n] #j<$ s 214
$esV+ <edTe\T> rdT, e]dt d<++ u$T+>,
nuT <jT uy\ $d +> <\ T sd nHe T+~ < * |u $+
#dq s#s TT =&e>+{ T+se>sT. < s#q nH |j >\T
#XsT. bsD < , b rdT, ese q ke |j q+
<c n+ss <q + \yTq <\ T = sXsT.
=&e>+{+> =+es >|#+ < n|V d, e+> <sD =
<\T sXsT. seP] us<, Xs< <sDH = <\T sXsT.
&T>T esZ\ | ke # q +, nuT <jT <sD , e+&*
X* XeT++> <\T sd q<q eTT<ydq s#sTT #>+{
keTjE\T (#k)>sT.
b\ n+s+ > D d<V dT\ T b\>T$T |< sE>sT. >*yq
< \T>T < $X|+ | rdTb>*+~ ` ns X_ +<f.
n+s+> DbT q < |<]+q s#sTT
TuT. bX kV, y\ s#q \ |u e+ =+es |dT + ~.
TuT |u e+ oMsE, l| e+{ < \ < =+ |dT + ~.
HjTy~>, nD>]q y] | q, <|& >Ts q y] | q CsTTr>,
e+> yu e + <\ T sdq $w < &T s#=+& $XH<X d. n+#T
\N s yTT<\T, ||* + e+{ <\ , sT ks <\ T, T\T
s$Xd <edT y$<, <q H|D <sH\T. $XK uw
s.$. Xd |j +, $|e ueC\+ <\ T sjT>, jTq |u e+
;H<$, |+*, d.mdt.se yTT<qysT >=| <\T sXsT.
lfi+ b++ uw y&T |+ sese>sT jT+,
Je<s e+{ >=| < H sXsT. lfi<eT+ |u e+ u wD+
yTT<q ysT $w <\ T sXsT. s +&T b+rjT uwq <\ T sd
|d~ b +~q y] *y& +se yTT<\T n|jTT&T esL
HsT.
\+>D b++ C+ es+> kq <eT+ u>+>q,
<\ , $\, yk\ s 215
+<<eT+ u>+>q dTses+ ||s &, |.$. qsd+ Vse, e{ ue T *H, # q e+Tq d\ , <[T\ djT <<+ <\ T sd,
nXsTk$T, udsu cse, <Xs~ s+>#s yTT<q ysT \+>D \T>T < kV edT| s + >q, n_e| s + >q |< eT\T|\T
< kV H+~|*sT. =*s+ \+>D < \T mque T+~ bsT. n< d+<s + > b+rjT <<+ |] $$< e+&* s#q \T
|> Hs, \+>D <\| |]X<q #d s+&T d+\H\qT #d <sD |sT>T e+~.
y\Te]+q &.eTT~>+{ dTCs&> sT *jTCXsT. \+>D #+~q > s +&T <Xu\T> Xe T++ neTqM, $d eTeTqM`dy <,
s#s TTT\ |d~ #+~q y] *+<\ dsd r<$ >sT |eTTKT\T. <[y<, yTH ]{y< <\ T. de+ d\ L, <[T\L, eTTd+ \L
\+>D b++ esbZ s+ bs+ue TsTTq sy , n\+ sjT, sT>TTq nHj\ >T]+, eT nqTuy \, |]o\q\ <s+> ysT
TyT{ s|T e Ts&, _.mdt. seTT\T, \Te eT\jT yTT<q s#s TT\T #dq s#q \T edTe , uw $|y yT q esT\T rdTe#sTT.
<eT d] <, XsT\T e+{ < d+\H* |#T]+#sT. mes @< nqT+{sq uj T + +&, eTy] sT>TTq nHj\qT
sjT\deT J$ +q < eT<Ts++ sCs+, T jT|&T, d#> , eTT sTTq esT* dd <\ T sdTH sT.
$XH<s &, =\\] H, |*+{ cs & yTT<q ysTHsT. Cq|< e+&*\T n+<] ns+e, #~$+# >TD+ >TZ+< <[
< \ qT y T fi $ +, es e q eqe d + +< nqT+< \q, <\ >T]+N, ]+qq+ +< dy < <\ >T]+N, s $T[yT q
d+|T sD\q s+ > +q ysT eT<T s++ sCs+. ke, \T>Ty&TTHs eTTd+ <\ >T]+N, yTT+ MT< = <sDT\ e#
] deTd\T dw+ # d+w eqed++<\ >T]+ T>, y$ < < edTe |q q X< \+|q < ` m $eTsH, =
|P]+> sdq <\T T $XH<s&. sT| b++ uw |*+{ <sDT\ $$< d+\H\T e#sTT. <\ qT #sT q nH $d
cs&, |sT b++ uw H$T dTVD+ HjTT&T, sT d+\H\ e#sTT.
b++ uw Xes&, nq+|s+ e+&* =\\] H,
d y< + nH ~ $s $ +# e TT+< , d \ d e Td \ > T ]+N,
d+>eTH HsjTD, k$T yTT<qysT |ue++>, eT <
T++q d e +q d \ | ] d > T ]+N +,
|j +#sT ` eT eT n_e sb. sjT\deT J$, deTd
djqTuy \, |]o\q <\ T sjT&+ yTT<\T|{q s#s TTT\
+q <\ d+\q+ deT<\ T (d+\qs : d+>eTH HsjTD).
\T>T < bs+uy T q |{ qT+ <<| @&$T~ <Xu\T> deC qT|] es\eT, #+ Xs<<$, *+<\ dsdr<$, jT|>&
$$< D\ qT+ +q ysT me> eT< s> #+~q s#s TT. de], e\r#+<sY, . seT\ , yds & d<$, s+>HjTeT,
bTL k+ese>s, sY.mdt. dT<s q+, y{ b+&Ts+>se, n] #j<$, |. dsfi <$, ~y<T \ $X, #>+{ T\d, Ts>
eTT| sE, l$]+, bs+ <DeT] yTT<q |eTTKT\T mH CqsD, &. yTX] yTT<qysTHsT. +, Xs< nXesH,
>=| <\ T sXsT. yk|u e, o dTu <<$ e+{ s#s TTT\T |<T qT> sdTH sT.
1970\ sy, eT nd+ >T]+ re+> +# =s+ dy< s#sTTT\T> zZ, |. de, =+&|P& s\, d. dTC,
s#s TT\, s#s TTT\ eT nqTuy \q, nqTu T\q <\ T> sjT&+ |* |< yTT<q ysT |d~ # + ~qy] |eTTKT\T. +, . es\ ,
bs+_+#sT. y&| Ms\<$, $. |eT, q\] sTD, #+<\, CE\ >]
eT< =+\+ bT qe\\ <e\ <\ \+ #*+<q yTT<q ysT dy < kV |]|w+ #dT H sT. dy <+ s#s TTT\H,

n] #j<$ s 216 <\ , $\, yk\ s 217

s#s TT\qT L& |u $+ #d+ <q& <s q+ ` eqXs , eE\
|+*Xd, $T& >BXsse, >=sTdT >BXss&, |\eTHsT uJ,
d+ yTT<qy] dy< <\T = |d~#+<&+. n+, V<su<T
kVr d] ysT 1993H dy < <\ T nH d+\H |#T ]+#&+ ,
&..\ HsjTD d+b< + d\ <\ T`1901 ` 1980 nsTT<T
d+|{\T> y\Te&+.
dy < | u $T 1993 qT+ ]seT+> |#T ]+|&T+~ `
=+&M{ de d+b<+. yT L& eT+ <s#sTT. &.
usMZ se qsfifl|+ nH d\ <\ d+\H y\Te]+#&+ $Xw+ .
edTe , uw eyT +&, < \+q, <q X* q
#| <q |j >\T ]>sTT X \+.
\T>Tq+ {|& d+uwD\, = HjT+>, = |yV
d< X+> <\ T sdqysT lb< dTVDXd. jeJe+ VAc$T,
esZ<] e+{ <* <VsD\T> #|e#T.
+> kV |u e+ < \+q, <q X* q |j >\T
#dq y] ll, TuT, eTT|s E, |s, n+|Xj T qMH, ou
yDT>b yTT<q |eTTK s#s TT\T # q de+ |< |j +
b\ eTHuy\qT +#&+ , n~yd$ <sD , <sD ,
=+ e] <q + k+#&+ #XsT. e ]jT*+ nH |<
<q +, b D, yTT+ < \+ |yX |{ b#Ts+ q~ n> #H q, V <su<q @ss#\ < |jT T\T sT+THsT.
{H nyT]H s#sTT nsTTH, \T>T < deTse++>
|j+qysT eTT| sE>sT. |< eTq<X+ s+q
ydTH s+uy T + < eTT| sE>] |b<q. \T>T e
]jT*yT <\ T sd |sT d+|{ |#T ]+q @ s#s TT
jTH.
}V\q L&q yd$ < s+&T | T\T \T>T <
|ksTT. { ` Cq|< ><\, |sD\, #] d+|Tq\
<s+> sdq$, s +&T ` $Cq Xd $wj \ <s+> sdq$. yTT<{
n] #j<$ s 218
s #+~q <\T sdqy] H{ |eTTK < =&e>+{
T+se, eT~ seTwX d, H{ |eTTKT eTT~>=+& e|k<,
eTT$ us yTT<q ysTHsT. zZ dy < <<+ sejTD+ qT+
d, XSsDK, nV\ b* rdT de>eT+, eTDjTH<+ e+{
>=| <\ T sXsT.
s +&es+ }V\q\T $Cq Xk d++~+q$. M{ $Xw
w#d q |eTTK s#s TT\T mH.sY. q+~, . d<ese, .sY. . yVH,
<esE eTVsE. q>eTT sdq $eT<\ T ys= s+ . $ |< q+>
sjT <\T, |r <\T, n~| <\T.. k+q+s+
< kVrs+>+ yTT<{k ] y\Te&q sjT $\Te\ $eT<\ T...
n s#s TT djT+> #| HsT. <X+ meTs $~+|&q d+<s
<s+> #dT sdq $\D <\ T $.
\T>T< \ y @ss, dTds kH *+qysT
<\ eksT |+ sese>sT. <X+ nH V<Z+<
d+\q+ #d, yTT<{ $&> 2000 eT+~ |> <*, y]
< d+|{\, <\ $es\bT, s J$ $Xc\q n+~+, u$
|]X<q , n< jTH <V<+ #XsT. yTT+ 6000 eT+~ < \T
Hs n+#H. < \jT+ lfi+ @sT nsTTqT> &|
q+<\sT < \jT+ k|q ]+~. < m. sC+<|k< VdTH sT.
{e\ <XjT+ d+<s+> 20e X+ nyT] \T>T
< eT]jTT nyT] \T>T kVry\ |]#jT >+<+ nH VY
d+\H e+>] b+&wH nyT] |#T ]++~. \T>TysT @ b++
H, @ <X+ H \T>T < |s_e~ bT|&T THsT. k+
$Cq+ eT]+> \T>T < <V<|& T +~ +sY H{ <s.
(b\|, e] 2010)
<\ , $\, yk\ s 219

J$+| |eTqT |+# s#q\T
dMT
|sT dy~ n<T d+|T q\ L&q Jeq jD.
sCd+... e] L&q ke qe\.
|sT dy~ s#s TT b=sTT 1947 u |{ s#s TT y\
\\T+, s+X $T\ b\q +< +H, X+jTT, |eTeTjT,
|> o\ JeH +d s#q \T bs+_+#&T. us *d k|+ q
d+d <s u n&T >T esZ\ y] dV j n+<Cd T H sT.
y\ >=s\|] nsTTq jTTe&T ~ d+ nHwd
#dq j +q >+<+ |sT dy~ ( $Tdt) . |d + 160
<X\ 66 uw nqTy<eTsTT+~!
sC d+.. qe s#s TT dss Y zCH 1975 |{&T .
nyT] |j |u<T&j&T. ]e eTqd |sT>T+<, qT * <>sZ |]+<, * eTsD+ #+<T eTT+<T #| ,
Xd n< jTq+ #X&T. 2002 qT+ s#H yd+> n+e Tj&T.
~ $Td+> sC n yTT<{ qe\. qe\ |{ 27 uw\
nqTy<eTsTT+~.
ke+> qd q jTTe ` { $TT\ |X+ d*
b+<T $Xd+ q +* ks+ #dT y\qTq|&T,
n] #j<$ s 220
VsT> yT m<Ts=q d+|T q, d+<s + > yT eq eqd
|]De e] H|< + +q qe\ zsC d+..
yTT<{ |d + |< q+> jTTe& J$, s +&e~ |< q+>
jTTe J$ +qB nsTTH, s +&+{q Cd `
eqe\+<] e]+#~ n+q +> k>TT+~. s +&+{q, yd$ ,
e] de+s+> k>TsTT. eqe\T nqTd]+#e\dq Jeq
d\qT $w]ksTT. yTT<{ |d+ <HjT&T, q \*
ks+ #dT e&+ d+, q +& #| +q $<, +& d+q
JeqesZ e~*|{, eT >TsTe ne+& >=s\ |] ne&T.
n |sT X+{j >.
s +& e | d + < HsTT , q T s # s TT y\ \ \T
+Tq|{, ]+ >q, ke+>q qksTT q qT
eeT\T s#sTT nsTT q $TT\T q m+ #T\q #ks
}V+#T, * ], d\V |{+#T+&, jTsT ne&
|jT dT+ ~. yT |sT &j H.
X+{j > qT \\Tq ~d+ dsTTH <X e~*|{, >jT sY
MT<T> m&sT |s$T& esL |jD+ #jT&+, |jD+
$_q |]dT* m<Tse&+, $_q e* \TdTe&+, y] <s
= Jeqd\qT \TdT q d HwD ns+ #dT e&+
|d+ eTTU+X+.
&j H e\ k<] +<, yT q|{qT+N q +& <>sZ
e\ k<] yT #eT+<, yTqT m>H \TdT, yT
\D \qT n\es#T eT #TT+~. yT q sdq eT&T s \qT
#bT+~ *. yT nHw+#&+ H &j H q nd HwD
k+#&+ qe\ eTTU+X+.
|sT dy~ |d + < HjT&T X+{j > |j D+ #dT q |&T,
<\ , $\, yk\ s 221
q uws $<ojTT& e{&TTq|&T, ]H=sT ns+ e, |Te<\ +& +&+. $<+ >H s L& fifl ]+
#dT >*>s >V k&T . |<\ MT< <s|& uw { +& yksTT. 21e X+ |\T L& $<+>H >T;\qT
+&*. +{ nqTue + H |{ >=s\ +~. |&~ eTqTw\ $q>\T>TsT n L& VyT #TT+~.
@s&T+~ nqT+{&T. >=s\T q ns; uw H]+#b sTTH... X+{j > q |j D+ eT< m&] be nH nesTT
n+q eTTKyTq $wj >=s\T n& H]+#sTT. ||+ #+ n+<s \ Td T +{& T . y T | |eT \ T> T T +~. H q T qT m+< T
ns+ #dTH uw { +~. |eT, <X+ qyT #dq |$TdTHq+f.. n jTTe&T #|u+f, ] sT
V<jT |PsyT q |jT *jTCd uw n~. eTq:|Ps+> q$T, |$T+#+<T |$TksT. |$T+#& @ sD+ neds+ <T n
sTq< nHwD uw u>+ n >Vk&T. m&] #TT+~ be. sy dsT&T n+{&T jTTe& ` HqT
jddT q|&q jTTe be |<e\T sTqe, Xu eT< q# qT+ u$T #<s+ HqT HqT ` |$T+#{
+&+ >eT+q sTy ||+#eT+ e{& uw eTTKyTq HsT HqT. HqT u $T @e+ <>sZ eH <MT< q deTde T
u> \TdTH&T. |&$T MT< q ys+<s eT V<j+s #bjT, $X eTq< H \TdT. n+<T yT$T<s+
uw ns+ #dT >\sT. n~ |eT. n~ eqy[ +f |sqeTsTTq~. ]H=s+ <s+ qT+ #dT+{+. ]H=s+ sT+{+. <
m&] +f eTT+<T qT+N q~... ~ d#y T q $Xuw n >V k&T . HqT y&$ T, Jy d, n~ H J$+ +&{ sD dT+ ~.
sp d+.. qe\ < HsTT &j H q e\ k<] yT n~ $, dsT& |eT >T]+ *jT<T n+{&T X+{j>. n
| +<qT+T+~ ` yT >T; e{&T T+< * sdq m+<T nqT+THe dsT&T n&T>T&T. n+<T yT>, |eT+f
s + #~$q|&T. n~> V+ jTeqTs\T Cq |t VyT nk<sD m&] e~] <\ +& +&+ <T. |eT n+f >* ||+ #eT+
e n, yT q >T;\qT $q&+ H]+<, sy = #T{ seeT <T. |eT n+f |< <s+ qT+ #d
d+es\ H +{ >T; H e{&+ ~ $q>*>qT n yT +&eT <T. |eT nH~ X. n~ $XqT e] yTsT>T|sT dT+ ~.
q * sdq s + &j H #~$, ...VQX yT #es }V $X |+ bw+#~ eTqyT. eTq* eTqyT yTsT>T |s# T +{e,
||+ #+ +<y . qT yde +> J$+q~ +& qT sTq D + |#d T +{e nq< { eTq+ ed+# ||+ #+ yTsT>T|&T T+~,
J$+ >T]+ yT s sd+<y . yT | +<y , b < DdT+~. & |eT X s+>|yX+ #dT+~. m+<T+f |eT
|>{ \ *bjT e @y... nqT+T+~. sy Cq|t VyT q|&T, s+s+ yTsT>T|&{ eTq+ |jT dT+ {+ n #T&T
&j H djT+> #TT+~. ... >T;\qT eTq+ #e\ <s +& X+{j > q nqTuy \ <s qT \TdTq< $e]d.
V<j \ <s $+{eT eTT+<T> ns+ #dT y*. |{q |&T n+<] &j H q |j D+ fisTD \TdT+T+~. fisT&
V<j\L X +T+~. \+ >&TdTq =B >T+&\T yT eTfl \TdTy\|+, yTd+ m<TsT#d+ {&T. |eT
#${eesTT. >T;\ + d qsTd, y{ d+s+#+ eeV s | j T + # d $< q+ n qeT + bsTT
<s eyT n~ k< eTeT+~... nk<\qT dTk< + #d~ n<T\T #\+yT+~. | = d++<+ nys+> $&be{
n] #j<$ s 222 <\ , $\, yk\ s 223
<]rdT+< n&T >T]+#&T. d++<+ bsTTq|&T nH
d+<s eTT yd+|&eT sT| \ nqT+{jT L& n&T
>eT+#&T. #eT+~ b +<\ = d++<\ |y dT+ {sT.
= d++<\ yfifl d#> |e]+#s T . n+ eTT+<T d++<+
yd+ #d+ ~ q u>k$T <, eTT e~* | b Tq >y T q
yfifl #& b THsT nqT+{&T. yT<fifl qT Xu+ #dT e&+ >T]+
+> s +&T |d q s +&T _q dyX #| &+ ]+~.
|sT dy~ X+{j > >=s* nyTd, =+&|q >E edTe * nyT
<TD+ |#k&T =HfiflbT. >E edTe* Xu+ #k&T
eTT+<T>. >E edTe * Xu+ #dT e\dqT>H qTe Hq L&
eTq yT<fifl qT qs #q\ qT+ Xu+ #dT y*q neds+
+&+~ n+{&T yb] X+{j >.
sC d+... CHdt VyT &jH ET Xu+> &T jT |\ y\ |dT| >T; #T+~ n &jH q
seT+T+~ ` &jH Xu+>H q|{. n eT&TksT Xu+
#dT seT+T+~ eTfleTfl. n<= |r eyT . d]jT q deTjT+
eq|&T n+f, *dq d+>T M m+eeT
|j >|& e n+eT+> >T]+q sE e#T. <, msT nq~
#q+{+<, | m\+f +< e~*|{q yT MT~ eTfl
yfiflL&< \TdTq sE e#T. @<H =< qTy\H,
ns+ #dT y\H n+ eTT+<T d]+q Cq+ |+< e TeT+~.
=< qTe& d# +&* n+{sT y\ T.
q | nd + +~. qT ysT , ||+ #+ ysT nqT+{sT |
s. n+<T #eT+~ ||+# ujT+>=*| <> #ksT.
yfifl n u$+#&+ e\ ||+ #+ +>H uj T +>=*|~> +T+~
n+{&T |sT dy~ X+{j >.
q * + q <q ueq m+>H u< |&T+< &j H
nq|&T, fisT&T q *dq < { #T&T `nq> nq>
n] #j<$ s 224
deTT<+ n\ +~. n~ |& d , m+&y# <H, >* eTs\qT
k~k+~. rs+y| q |jT q+ |< #d qe+~. nsTT
qeTT+<Tq n\\T { sy { rs+ =+&sfifl d =T
<+ nsTTbe&+ #d+~. | qTq eTs n\ eTq eTT+<Tq n\\T
m+ re+> rs T Hj # & T , m+ <s T D+>
ejTyTb THj #&T. eTq+L& s y{> ejTyTb +
n+T+~. < s +&e n\ nj *jT+ <T . qTe n\$
e, deTT< n #TT+~. n< uy += s+ > &jH
* K] s + sdT+ ~. ` qTe $T*q n qTe\
_qyTq < nsTT.... & ~ ueq qT u $T MT<
*| ||+ #eT+{ VT H #dT + <q Xuy e+ #dT + ~.
V<jT+ q# ~ <=sTT+<q~ >TsT+#TeT
X+{j> #T&T |sTdy~. n>, q ~ fi+#$d+ yT
& sdT+T+~.
|q |k$+q |sTdy~, sC d+... nH s+&T |dq
_q d+dT\L, b+\L #+~q <s T jTTer jTTe\T eT J$
>e @ss#Te&+, eT ndHwD dw @,
$Xuw, $Xeqe ne>Vq #dTq yq+ dweTeT+~.
e] L&q Te+{ Cq|< <\ s|+ sdq s#q \ <s
e+ #dq uy\T ds+>q, #H+>q, eqe
J$ e]+#$>q n|ksTT. $ s +& #<e <q, #~$+# |d \T.
s +&T |d \L \T>T nqTy<+ #dq ~ s ` . dTs wt, s +&T
|d \ s#s TT s H n|dT + ~ ` nqTy<+ n+ dV +> +~.
s+&T eT+ |d \ \T>T nqTy<\q eT+|d + d+d |#T ]+#&+
n_q+<jT+.
(b\|, p 2010)
<\ , $\, yk\ s 225

WOMEN IN BUDDHISM
Translation of Smt. B.V.I. Bhanusuri's Telugu article
Before the advent of Buddhism in india in the 6th century B.C.
the political, economic and social conditions, as well as philosophical
and religious conditions were very disorderly. Women did not have a
separate identity, recognition or respect. They considered the birth of
a female child itself as a an ill-omen. When the girl reached the age
of puberty and if thery were not able to get her married, or if they
could marry her off, they had to suffer the burden of unbearble ex-
penditure on the marriage ceremony. If the father died, the daughter
had no chance to take part in his final rites
In view of the concept of life after death of a person, the final rites
had acquired great importance and the role of a son was important in
that context. That was why, the wife who could deliver a son was
was much respected. Although the wife had an equal place along
with the husband in performing other holy rituals, she had to be a
cooperative humble wife and obedient daughter. She, to some extent,
had authority in managing thd house-hold matters, but she had no say
elsewhere. if the husband died, she had to surrender her individuality
and depend on her father or her son. But she was respected as a
mother if she had borne sons.
However, after the advent of Buddhism, there came about a change
in the condition of women. The equality, respect and authority which
was denied to them eariler, were now broadly given. Although their
activities were limited to familial, social and religious matters only,
there was some improvement in their status.
Buddhist pholophy does not discriminate between man and woman.
n] #j<$ s 226
Buddhas teachings were addressed not only to male house-holders
but also house wives. He proved that in their behaviour and in intelli-
gence or initiative displayed, women were found in no way inferior to
their men. Men had to accept the efficiency and skill of women.
Women power rose like a tidal wave. Gradually the respect and pres-
tige of women increased and they were recognized as a creative
force in the society of that time.
As Girls were no longer considerd as burden, the indifferent atti-
tude towards them started changing. No more marriages were con-
sidered as the sole goal for a girl. Not getting married was no more a
stigma. The parctice of child marriages and arranged marriages also
started diminishing. Especially among the royal and noble families,
women had, to some extent, freedom to choose their life-partners. As
a wife, not just limited to the house-hold work, but as a partner on an
an equal footing, who could help the husband in practical as well as
religious matters, she got recognition. Under Buddhism a woman was
no longer considered as the private property of man. While hiterto
she lived merely as a person dependent on man and obedient to man,
now she had developed certain independence.
In the progressive Buddhist society woman was not just limited to
the role of a daughter, a wife, a widow. The vaidiks and the Buddhists
held the same view regarding the killing of babies, but not in the mat-
ter of unmarried women. Before Buddhism marriage was considered
as very important in a womans life. Instead of getting married to an
unwilling person for the sake of the society or the family, without
sacrificing ones self esteem, one could remain celibate and could still
lead a respectable life. To think that leading a lonely life would be a
reflection on a woman had become a thing of the past.
With the fomation of a group of Buddhist women monks (Bhikkuni
Snagham), the number of unmarried women inereased. Leaving the
house hold life and joining the women monks group, showed them a
new path.
There are no references to any performance of child marriages in
Buddhist literature. Even though the marriageable age was not pre-
scribed, generally girls of sixteen to twenty years used to get married.
Before Buddhism, the father used to look for a suitable bridegroom
for the daughter and get her married. Under the Buddhist system,
girls would be married off soon after they reached puberty. If that
could not be done by the father, the girl could wait for three years and
<\ , $\, yk\ s 227
look for a suitable groom of her choice and get married. Although the
grils had that freedom to choose the grooms, there seemed to be no
instances of fathers evading their responsibilities.
According to the Buddhist tradition, marriage was performed
withour a Purohit, simply like a family affair. Without any rituals, or
ceremonies, they used to spend a few happy days. They prepared
gifts for the Buddhist groups. Thereafter the bride entered the home
of the in-laws. There she conducted herself in a humble and courte-
ous manner, showing responsibility and gaining the affection of all the
members of the family. She was like a role model.
During the Buddhist period, the principle of single wife was gener-
ally in practice. However, there were no strict rules against having
more than one wife. In this matter, the public opinion was also neither
against nor in favour but somewhat in between and those who could
afford more than one wife were following that practice. However,
many people supported the system of having a single wife.
When the first wife could not bear any children, then only the
question of having a second wife arose. This was justified. The tradi-
tional view that one should necessarily have a son was not brushed
aside. The general opinion that without a son the family would have
no future did prevail in those times.. But when the second wife got
sons and gained prominence, the first wife was apprehensive of her
position.
The relation between the husband and wife is described in the
sogalovada sutta' as follows. The wife should do her duty towards
her husband with love. She should look after her husbands relatives
with kindness and should be dependable. She should preserve the
things brought by him carefully. She should work hard with intelli-
gence and fulfil her responsibilities. In the progressive Buddhist soci-
ety woman was not just limited to the role of a daughter, a wife, a
widow or merely meant for child-bearing. She had all the rights and
responsibilities. Only motherhood was not sufficient to gain respect.
Children never neglected their responsibility towards their parents.
Sogolovada Sutta form Deeghanikaya designed the realationship be-
tween the parents and the children as follows:
Each child thinks I must now look after the parents who brought
me up. I must fulfil all my responsibilities. I shall maintain the honour
of my family and preserve my family tradition. I shall develop myself
as the right person belonging to my family. On the other hand, par-
n] #j<$ s 228
ents should see that their children did not take to bad ways. They
should encourage them to have good thoughts and develop good hab-
its. They should look for a good match and get them married to en-
able them to carry the family traditions.
Buddhism was never against good human relationships. Respect
for human relationships was a part of Indian culture. Motherhood
always commanded respect. Mother's personality was such that it
made them happy in her presence. Her heroic struggle for the safety
of her children, while keeping her own life in danger, was commend-
able. Buddha, while vividly describing the friendly feeling, compared
it with the liberal and noble love of a mother. From the beginning,
however, the woman had always been living not only for children, but
facing enormous difficulties, self sacrificing with fondness and show-
ing utmost care for her husband, as a complete woman.
Buddhism does not approve hard punishment like eye for eye.
The main feature of Buddhism is to bring about change. through friendly
attitude.
Even common people did not insist on having only a son and did
not consider the girl as inauspicious. They considered both of them as
their own and built their hopes around them. Although there is no
proof to show that they celebrated the birth of a girl they neither
considered it as inauspicious, nor felt disappointed about it. Nor is
there proof of celebrating the birth of a boy. But there was a group
which preferred the birth of a boy for their own reasons.
Buddha never gave importance to the Brahminical belief that the
role of a son had great importance in assuring entrance to the heaven
for his father following his death. The ghastly practice of killing the
young baby girls was not prevalent not only under Buddhism but even
before, under Brahminisim.
Non-violence is the most important principal of Buddism. It was
against killing any defenceless person. This involved to some extent
'Karma Siddharta' that one had to reap the results of ones own ac-
tions. It means that the whole of the future depends on the actions
taken by us now like the same tree would grow as per the seed sown.
No living being should be killed' is one of the five principles called
Pachasheel, which applies both to the Buddhist monks as well to
the householders.
The economic condtions in India were a little better during the
period starting from the seventh century till the foureenth Century.
<\ , $\, yk\ s 229
 By this way, the wife should be a partner not only in performing
the religious rites, but she should also get recognition and respect as a
wife. As a house wife, she discharges her responsibilities loving those
whom the husband loved carefully managing the household duties,
handling the servants and servant maids and deftly looking after the
properties of the husband. Being honest and religious she should fol-
low the Five Principles (Panchsheel). As a principled devotee
(Upasika), She should be under protection.
By preparing food to offer to the Buddhist monks, learning the
religious principles and following them, she gained respect and au-
thority in the family. According to Buddhism, this was the ideal status e $d+ ` $ |jq+
of a wife. However, as a housewife, she had to face successes and
failures. Her honour stood not only in motherhood, but also in her dMT
compassion and courage.
In the Buddhist Society, divorce and re-marriage were accept-
able. When either the husband or the wife lost trust in one another,
one could take divorce. Some women did not try to join the Buddhist
H{ jTTes+ d #|dT q n+X+ |s H*{ &e\|tyT +{
group after the death of the husband, and some others were not in- n >T]+, n+<] |j >|& T dT\uX * &. <.H. Xd >sT
clined towards re-marriage. There are five important principles. One sdq >+<+ bNq $+ e $d+.
should not hurt anyone; ons shouls not desire to have what is not
ones own, one should not be impure and one should not utter lies or bsT+{ |\Ls sT nqT> e $d+ d+ bX
take to liquor and drugs. As the Buddhist researcher Tachibana felt, eTqd y\ T sdq >+<\ d+q n+X >=|> HjT y{
instead of finding out who was following and how far one should
follow, it was more important to realize how sincerely the control of
d]dTHsT. y{ |s+ D b+<TTHsT. eTq bNq
the body and the mind was practised. In Buddhism, Self-control is kV+H e*q+ de#s+ es<Z s +> +<+ k<VsD+>
considered very important. As stated in the Dhammapda the one #|+#sT s#s TT >+<+ .
who controlled himself was considered a greater hero than the one
who killed thousands of persons in the battle field. Not even the ce- \T>T $+ |<H+X+ e $dyT n y\&+#sT
lestial beings could defeat such a hero. Women should be looked af- <.H.Xd> sT. e $d+ e\+ e> y T q n_e~ d+ eyT
ter according to their age as mother, sister and daughter, it was stipu- <T. n~ eqe d++<\ yTsT>TdyT n, e $dyT d+|T
lated.
Buddha found women were capable and had skills as men and felt $deTeT+~ n dw+ #d , bNq y <\ <s, b\
they should be given every opportunity to prove themselves and also <s eTq+ eTq J$ $d+ |Cd T e#TqH ueq #dq |jT yT
develop their identity and self-confidence.
|d + n+{sT s#s TT. eqe J$+q, eqe d++<q
(New Swatantra Times, July 2010) d+|T sD nys+. eT+N`#& , |e`<w+, X`sX, V+`
sTV+ M{ eT< @s& d+|TsD n~>$T+#& bNq
n] #j<$ s 230 <\ , $\, yk\ s 231
kV+ Ve#H\, b D <s #d d#q\ nqTd]d, yTT<q ys +&, <T q +<TL] MsX*+>+ qT+ sT Dl
n$ e $k, eTqX+, $XX+ <V<|& jT \TdT+ ~. esL , T<T& T qT+ nT + esL , H| P wjT dt qT+ u+$TH
<VsD ` @ +&H $TMT]q | yyV+ L&<T n, b+*H esL HsT.
=&T |$TdH dHsZ+ | +& +&& <sw& |< $+ MT< |]X<q #dq &. .$ seTD#]>s, e
b *jTCTT+~. n> eTVus+ @ b rdTH. b $d+ >T]+ eT yk\, |Hk\ <s n+<] # q + *dTq
e\, @+ #j @+ #jT L&< HsT H<+ +T+< *jTCbsT. &._.$. |{_s yT>s |d |X+ dd eTT+<Te\T sXsT.
n>, lH<T & J$+, n e+ >TD~ J$+ #d eT+N ` \+ n+<s V+#< q |d + ~. B <.H.Xd> sT
#& \TdT eTq e $d+|CdTe#TqHsT. mc\T e\+ eT#T sdqT u$+, eTT+<T eTT+<T jTq + $d +>
|&H # #<s ds bq qT+ HsT y\, bq, bq sejTD, s |eTTK y rdT <$<+ > $Xw + sd,
|<\ yU+#T+f e\dq+ Jeq $d+ b+<e#Tq H{ y], eTT+<Ts\ y] L& eT]+ $Cq<jT+>,
$Xw D +> $e]+#sT. |j qs+ > +T+~.
|<q y $Xwd, |esT e+{y&T jse <X+ $$< ksTT $<sT\ bs|d+> +&<q |d+ sdq &.
u>T|&T T+~. d f J$ |se s+ <T... e++ <s <.H.Xd> sT n_q+<jTT\T.
eTq+ #| e\d+~... es~ X+>s+ <T....!! n+{sT <.H.Xd> sT. (b\|, >dT 2010)
X y\ >T]+ sd, @ XyTH de $d+ d+, e
$d+ dyT s+|&TT+~ n dw+ #XsT ` y{+ =
|<\q, |+\ q +d .
82 |J\ q |d+ ` Cq|< $+ bs+_+,
eTVus+ b D, n+<T bUH\, sy lH<T &T,
bq, |<q y\q, < s{ , yeTq, dTeTrX \q rdT, y{
e $k y*q H*+> TsT m sq$ Hj
keq+> n+<], eTTK+> jTTes d *+#T +>
|<\qT n& & y&T dT\uX * sXsT. Cq|< kV+ qT+N,
= y\ qT+N |<\, |+\ <VsD\T #sT.
eTVus+ eTTKb\ >T]+ |<\ |keq +&, e#q+H
<\ Ts #TTqT sXsT. |d + es q = d\ ,
V\ eT s#q \ <s #| qy] qqjT, q, us V], yeTq
n] #j<$ s 232 <\ , $\, yk\ s 233
 $yVT& +&, u\ $+Te, * d++<+ |T q+<T
}] |<\ T n V+dksT . n XX d++<+ <s< *d
jTTe V #dT +T+~. eTsyT \T, Ns eT&\ T < ybs
s+>+ q kH +& |#d <s T e\ >T]+q <. q T
ybs d+d n_e~ w #d { <>T\ j>eT+ +dTH,
$yVT&q nqT q d d++<+ |T H&q sD+ e\
n>se+, zMT m<Ts=+{&T. += yb] <=+>, \+#>=+&, CsTTr
d, |sTw d++<\ D y&T. @|reT&T. u se\ |\T& d+b~+
$jT+ k~k&T ybs+. de+ <w , n$T\T me+{j
dMT #|+q <\ T s +&T <\ .
d+|+ 43 < 24 <\ |#T sD $es\T e&+ e\,
|d + se >H, eTq+ |s>$TdTH + n|dT + ~ nH yK $ 1939 qT+ 1966 esL sdq$ n \Tk+~. (TuT>]
yTT<\eT+~. ejTdT H=d\T| eTTd* s K\T nH o] yTT<{ |J <* yTT<{ <s >+< eT+&*ysT s+&d eT&d <* d+|{>
s#q . s#s TT |sT b sTTH, n~ TuT< n }V+#e#T. jTq yTT+ 20 d+|{* |#T ]+#sT. sT y y{ |\$ |_ wH ysT 7
|]o\HX, <q X*, #H <sD eT#TTq d#Y. B d+|{\T> 1994, 1996 d+es |#T ]+#sT. |&T $X+<
sy sd n+yTq s+&T <\ eTT+<Te |dT+~. H ysT yTT+ 71 <* s+&T d+|{\T> |#T]+#sT. nyq,
|esq T\ | u+& sd sdq yk TuT #~$, n+<T TuT>sT 82 <\T sdqT> e+~). d+|+ B <\
uy\T q uy\ \TdTHjT >V+, =+\+ sy q esTd nq o] |#T ]+q $wjT d H\T>T b d+|{\
nqTuy \, qM, $qM <s+> s+&T <\ T sd, sd s +&T o]* |<s V&+>T #sT. n$ b d+|{\ |s m&
<\ d+|{* n++ e<\#TqT sXsT. sd d+w+ |k$+#< T . #Tq #&>H, | o] +< $wj d++~+q
n+^]+#sT. TuT sdq eTT+<Te < s#q >T]+N, |sD < y n|dT + ~ TuT <\ >T]+ *jTy].
>T]+N, <sD+ >T]+N, e+ #dq n_bj\T <\+<] 43 < q n+ b#Ts+ b+~q < fq qqT >T]+
e]ksTT. s+&T < { jTTeq, { usq < yjTeP? nH < +~! H e> + > m+ qq <X+ Hq
|#T ]yT q T eTT+<Te sXsT >, eTsyT \T, NseT&\ T nH d+<X+ < L& +~! ~ |~VqT |J\ <. m<T{y& J+ m+
|< < +<| >~ d+, 1966`67 |#T ]yT q T +~ < \TdTy\q V\+ mese] ms\T> +T+< $$<
es. s +&e< s#H \+ 1965 n e+~. ~ ==+q`bsT d+<s #|d |X de<q+>, < HjT&T #eTs+>,
<. +<T < HjT&T +sT. nqT >e m+ yT\T #dH , e+> u] +>, VdjTT+ > nd\T d+> #| +& m | +#TH&
n] #j<$ s 234 <\ , $\, yk\ s 235
#| q <. +<T | d+uwD #~$ q+~+#< q~. | y+ #| q d\ qT d+# eT&T T* nqTd]d J$+ m<TsjT
<V]+#+<T j>yTq<. + b& \TdT+~ < #~$. nqTuy * e+>+> +q <) , ; ` ( eTTd+ nesTT J$+
J+, J$+` ns+ n<q+> +&&+H ns+ n+ e+~ >T]+), Hb*jTH ` ($<] <X Hb*jTH| @s&q n_eq+
n+{&T < &T. q #T q de+ <q d+d MT< $s q =&T Hb*jTH n |sT|T >s+> |+ =&T <T&T
*, dHd+ |#T+<eT k$TJ <>Z] yfi, e] jTq #w\ T +&H m sTq |{j Vdks + > #| q <) , eyT
L& b<$ T |X \T n&>, <>+ @$TksT ? n n&T>T&T. yjT < ` ($TT& =q s + #T nqVyTq eT\T|\T ]q
< HjT& <X+ qq d+<X+ >T]+ @$<yTq CH<jT+ yq+ <), < < ` (&T d+b<q, dV+, |eT e+{
\T>TT+< < eTT+| \TdT+ ~! $wj \ >T]+ |d \T #~$ eTqTw\ MT< |j >\T #d u+ >bf
qqT >T]+ < yjTeP? nH < < HjT& u\ $TTs\T neT+< e+>|P]+> #| q <) . $T*q <\ T L& TuT
q >T]+ < sjTeT n&T>TT+~ nqT <\ T sdTH & $. eTT< qy.
@eTT+< qT >T]+ < yjTq? n+{&T. eTsk] n&q|&T, < d\ Xs* m+ d +> e]+H, d\ k_eq+.
k<sD e\ qT >T]+ yd+<T @eTT+T+~? n+{&T. yT T++q de+q eT |]d | #q+, eT se
k<sD nq e MT< <=&TT+~ |< |<. yT m+ nk<sDyTq sVD| ne>VH qT #|+#sT. n*yT\T, eTT<+, H, q+,
e+ \< *X L& H J$ |see~H sTesT #dq nqdjT, e<$ e+{ d b\T n+<T <VsD\T. |sTw\ #|,
eTT< >T]+ @+ < yjTqT? n+ eTTk&T < &T! eTqTw\ ks, ~| jT|{sT . <VsD\T ns < T . # eT+~
eTqd , Jeq $<H, eqd d+|T sD, dsT be& HsT. |sTw b yTq |$T\T b <T . yfifl L&
<sD $Xw+#&+, $+> |eH\T sjT&+, =ksT us +&> |s d |$T+q yfi (b& |$T\q e!).
n~yd$ esq \, yK\ $|\+> <\ T sjT&+ TuT | . d |sTw d++<\ >T]+ yd$ +>q, }VeTjT+>q kq
|< <* #<e& <+# bs\T L& s#sTT <\ |{q < uy\T |eTTK+> |ksTT. |eT >T]+N, |eTsV+
o]\ T #X #<e & T #|+# +& +&s T . <VsD >T]+N $Xw d <sD sdq < TuT <\ T #es .
` &e T+ b&fi ` ( |< |\q T+ dV jT+ b+~q < &T y{ >+;s+ > sjT&+ e+>+, Vd+, $ L& C&+#&+
es< bsTT |e< d q|&T, yT w+ +& Xs e\ jTq < s+> sTN ydH n +{sTT. eTqdTT
d+|s |jT+#&+, yT s+#& yT+ eq |< #=#TbsTT. eH |]=\TsTT.
jTTeD eTT+#jT &+, |\ L& eTTbe&+ ` #<T eT+f fi
\<]dT+~), +{jTq 5 ` (n<q <T>TsT +{ jTeqT\ (+<u$T, 23 >dT ` 2010)
>T]+ nXj\ Vdks+> sdq <), sT>TsT <\ `
HsTT ` (<D <Xj $Xc\T), eT&T T\T ` (>+B>sT
n] #j<$ s 236 <\ , $\, yk\ s 237
 |qsTTbsTT+~.... e #| b H +... MT neT |<
eTT+&. # |]~. u> yT eTw. |d| \ q T #dTqT #dTq.
HqT bj, eT+> #dT+&. H yT ~>Tf $T*+~. n+{&T.
jTq fi fl #eT\&+ #d, e neT >T]+ jTq |\ q +
|eTqT # d nTs | & b sTTq. e neTHsTTq\T + > =|
|$Tq +<T >s |&b sTTq. n+{&T < &T. yT, * n+>
|\ |$T+# +& +&+ nsT<T. | ]q +>H, ] +>H
n|s|yTq eeT] e qT |+H, |\ us n+> |$Tk&T +&. us #d
n+T #, <Tss y T q ] |]d T T+u yT sV+q
dMT rsT >eTdTH , >T]+qT m|& | |+#&T . eT+e
nq&T ` n<+ dV + nqT. n+ |\ <#T, n+eTD
|eT esT|sT neT. q >T]+ +&, eTT+<T> qyfi >T]+ y*T#T&T.
+# |eTeT] neT. @ eT #+~q neTsTTH |eTeTs. &|&T#T\T yT#Te&+ eT nsT<T. dT| eq yTq\T
nTe+{ |eTeT] >T]+ =&T> u sV eTT sdq < e. yTq\T& , sjYT! neT C>> #dT. e e~q <e... yT
+ n+<sT neT\n+ kss V +>, n+ >eTjTT\T> + *jT<T, yT + | +. e |+&\ eTT+<<T, |{
+&sT . n+<T nTe+{ yTq neT +f, yT >T]+ s#s TT> eTeT* m+ eTs<> #d~ . eTeT <T, messTTH n+. yT
#b\|dT + ~. nTe+{ neT>T]+ bs \T \TdTe&+ neds+ . *d+~ eTw |$T+#+, qeT+... m+ z|, deTs HyT MT
q d+|< q |\\ n_e< eTTKeTqT+T+~ e. yT <>sZ neT. n CsTTr>, |Ps+> #|&+ e e
q edTe yT + $\Tyq ~ nsTTH ds , e f #dT+ ~. s|dT + ~. eTqTw eT+q+, eqe+ +&{ n~ <s q+.
dqT L& +#<T . H <>+ eq|&T s +&Ty\T &b{ T++ duT <T, n+<] |$T+#>*q|& yTq
e THsT ` n+, @e+#\. q +{MT<Tq +>sT neTq+ n|+#T+T+~. $X\ V<jT + *q neT e. yT
edTe ` #e\ eT\T. nM |{+{ qT+ #Tq y{ $T*q e+ u> \TdT. n&> n\yT, rdTH n\yT yTT<{q T+N <T ..
e] edTe . y+H #e*+ e*, *_ +{ bsTT nyTd e neT~ m+ <j >TD+. >T|&qy, _jTy |+B, +{=q
s+&T y\T H#d+~. n rjT+> >TsT #dT+{&T q @ _#>& |+|~<T. <j >TD+, <q>TD+ q neT\T =+<sT
=&T ` * dT| #&{ y[flq|&T. +{sT m|&. q * W<s k<VsD+> $e]d, eT<,
us |eT, &|& T #T\ |eT b+<>* q |eTeT] < +>H e neT * n+, $wjT + +& eTs d+<s +
e. +& #seT<X q|&T q=&T, sjYT H&! H y*Tq n_bj deT]k&T . +>H e n+<sT neT+{~
n] #j<$ s 238 <\ , $\, yk\ s 239
<T. neTq n+<s n+ ks+ >q, $X\ V<jT +q +{s n+<T u sV eTT q * |eT $w , n|+#TH
#| +. n+<T u sV eTT * $wy T q e. mH \T\ |eT yT |eT dsb <s|+ bs\ *jTCbsT. T++
*| <e +/mH <y \ |eT *| yT n =j&&T qT yT d+ |+# us* >T]+ >s$+#&+ *jT us\, * |eT,
&T|q |{q n<c q+~d. ={={ n\dbjT~/ fifl #sT eTeTqTs> |{+ #T =&T\ qT$| *+# < e.
y* $Ts~ ` n< < neT \D +! qe\> sjT>*q+ #] q neT< d+| s|+ < .
q > LTsT ` |fiflsTTq <T d+es\ LT] $\D yTq neTq+ >T]+q $esD bs \ d]< jTyT q
ejTdTH #b yT m+>H +bsTT+~. <&T, qT! < s#s TT u sV eTT | n_q+<q\T!
(e < |kq+ qe] 2010 d+ |#T ]+#&+~)
]+ > q d+ks <T+ eq q * be&+, sy
q usbe&+ ` #e\{ J]+#TH, LT] #eqT+ (kV |kq+, d|+sY 2010)
jT|& b sTT+~ ` eTTK+> nesTT m|& \\ qe
+&<, J$+ yTT+ qy*q qeqT, e{&*q e*
bfiflH qydT+~. eTq+ jT<#> qH qejTb$T,
e{&jTb$T, &|\ n&T yd$T. n q =&T
#| +T+~. eTq+ J$++ qe+& eT+>H y d bsTT+~.
n+T+~. b d+|<j\T m+ $e L&qy, &|\ \ | m+
sD +> +&y *| yT e\T bs \ >T+&* |+&TsTT.
=&T\ |H <T, eTqe\|q L& yT nbsyT q |eT. eTqe\|q
y]|eT q neTeT\, HjTqeT\ +{sT #eT+~.
HjTqeT> e ysT . q us bj |{q eTqe&T sH n+f
yT |+#bD\T. K] =&T =&T sH. yT ||+ #+ sH.
nTe+{ eTqeD, qT >T+&H=| dT| +f, q #&{
eTqeD rdTs<e T n&T>TT+~ =&T. y& s+. Hqe!
Hqe! n f @&T|. < L& n< \e]+. eT+<T*H
>Z + <T . n =&T #| >H ... HqT y+H y& #&* n+
dT| u&MT< qT+ ~ jT{ jT\T<sTT+~ me]deT
#& +&. =&T\T yT >T]+ +<fiq |&T +f, MT neT +MT
<T. be+&. n+{&T &s T ` yT n< eT+<T nqT>. ~ @
neT, @ HjTqeT |T q!
n] #j<$ s 240 <\ , $\, yk\ s 241

<s\qT #sD #|+q <\T
dMT
s#sTT =* < +sY C e>CH |#T]yTq <. n<
d+|{ yTT<{ < ms \T. =*<X H s#s TT n$,
n#s+, <|& e+{ $wj \ >T]+ T> +#&+ , d+~+#&+
yTT<+ < < { \TdT+ ~. nHj >Ts q d <TssD+b,
< <T:U+yTqT #|+#&+, nHjT+ #dqy&| sdq
ee TeT+~. n$|sT &q y&q |# \T yT s+ &d
ms\T> e] de+ y| #d dy\T #d _>Zs>
qeTHsTT. n eTT+#&T s#s TT.
s#s TT m~q sT y sdq < J$+|{, de+ |{ |]D
<<+ |dT+~. d+|Tdes\T, VTyB, .X. leT VeT\
\eD+ >] d+|{ n++ e&+ s#sTT Jeq <<+
dweTeT+~.
| eTw J$+ z eT+| #d, y\ |
$T>T\Te#Tq #|+q < | .
| eTwq nu < ue+ |]be+, eqe d++<\ +f
&T, VA< me $\Te e+` |]dT\T es\+{&T
n] #j<$ s 242
s#s TT` es* eTq+ < . ks +Z #Ty >, #sD
nk<+ < ddT+~ eqd <. eTqTw\ eTHuy eT+
#&T * de+s+ > #|+q < n+s+ >\T. eTw J$ neds\
&T nedsy T , &u J$ \ + s<T n dd, _q <<\Tq
<s T &s q T +q < nH +. ] q& de+ sTD
rsTy* nq |q +f, eTs=] q& sTD m m>=Z{*
nq #H <sD < +T+<+, <s T _q e* +q <
sTD+. J$+ m<TsT<\T *H sTV|& V
|jT +# +&, @< TsT e esZ #dTy\ $<e+T&
#<T e nqTue Es\T u~+q d+ J$+ <.
Hs\T #d C\ T nqTu$ dTq y] sX dV\T \> +&,
J$ |j H+> >&| & d] # >+B yTT<q eTV|sTw\
J$ #]\T #~$+#\, X ~ z eT+ |d + #~$, | +&
me]HH #q\T s T sTT. n s +q s#q eTw esT
|H~ n esT < <s dk&T s#sTT. sT\T V\
|PqT+&, n+<] L&>T n~sT* eTT&+, bdT\T
V+d+H bs+ =qk+ $jT+ k~+#\ u~+q < eTT& .
jTTer jTTe\T r+>, eTr+>, <s bjT+> $yV+ #dT
*< + &T\ qT$| *+#\, es<Z s \y\ dk&T s#s TT
s|{ s+ < . T++ | u< \T Hsy s nsTTH ke
u< \T Hsy s \q <s neT\T |{q +&, us =&T\T
$u~+ <syTH #jT&T u< < +&. s#q <s\T
u~+, J$+ ys s+ > |e]+#yfifl |r +{ s#s TT
n LTs >TDbs+ H]qT #|+q < <s +.
|\\ n_sT , #<T e, |[, |\* q&+ yTT<q $wj +&T\T
m eeV]+#L &< usus \ n_sT #T\T es+> +f d+ks+
m +T+< +& <s\qT ns+ #dT+& =&T m
|e]+#L &<, eT+ e #d eT+ |qT\qT ns+ #dT {ysT
<\ , $\, yk\ s 243
m <Tw#s+ #jTL&< mes |#s+ #dH, eT+ eTw>
ke u< * s]+#&+ mTe+{ $Xd+ +& #|+q
$$< dyX\ deVs+ eTw <. B < \+ $\D |j >+.
< s#sTT #q\, e <sD+ |f <o]H d+|{
o]> m+#Te&+ nse ++> +~. >TsC& b #| qT> eT+
|+#&+ , k+ u+ =+ eqT bsT>Ty] &&+ yde +>
m k< y <\ s|+ #|+#sT nJC.
(eTw <\ d+|{. jTdt.&.$. nJC, |J\T: 139, y\: s. 60,
|T\ b\| T, V<su<).
(ys, ~ys+, 12 d|+ sY 2010)
n] #j<$ s 244
ed\Tq J$ \T
dMT
q|{ qT+N <\ T sdTH , Hfifl sy |eTTK nqTy< s#s TT
.d. J$ yTT<{k ]> y\Te]+q e]+# yT| \T ` s#s TT w
|* +q <\ d+|{. +<T 29 < \ 1995 qT+ 2010 esL
$$< |\ |#T]yTq y{+ m+| #dq = <\T.
<\T <& s#sTT m<T>T<\H +&, s#sTT \T>T
kV+bT bX kV+ L& ` eTTK+> < kV+
u> |]#jT + +< dw+ #ksTT. j bX < s#s TT\ |sq T
d+<s+> < n&& |k$+#&+ e\H +&, < edTe,
< \+ <c L& y] |ue+ s#sTT|q =+es +<
>V +#e#T. ` eTTK+> d |sTw d++<\ D ` |eT |<s q
d\T rdTq #=sy, deC #jT+& d\T |<]+q
<skVk\qT { >V+#e#T. #|bsTTH, #\+ |ue+ L&
|dT+~.
< edTe , e y$ < +bT, <\ eTT+| L& =
s *+#M, = | *+#M, = Xs|]#M, =
V< *+#M HsTT. eTT+| =+ yT&e b <T !
<\ , $\, yk\ s 245
<VsD r] <=]qyfi ` #\+ sT y |+q d\T yTksT ,
eTVq>s+ b*yTs qT+Tq +{ seT Vd, mHfifl yfifl &+
<s< T . e] yfifl d] jTq Xy #&* edT+ ~. nsTT, <
nq+ yTksT m+ >=| e + \y& \TdTy\+f < #<y *.
dTyT q nqT+<, eqe |_+_+# < eTw`eTeT.
us, #+{|\ e~d eTs=& y[flbsTTq us |<fifl sy, s+&
nqT #bj ]edT+ ~ LT] #&\. us yT <]+H,
LT] w+ +&<T. , +& eTqdT >T]+, yT +& ds<> sdq d]jTdt <\T
HqT+&>\ qT HH! .. MTsT +& HqT+&q T... n+T+~ LTsT.
|U s#s TT sdq >*yq < n+srjT U b+~+~. \+&H T < d+|{`dMT
d+|{ >*yq < e<+ <T. s sp u*
>*yq yq { nH b b&T _#eT&T>T +T+~. s \T \d+> jT\T<]H, eT< }| n+<T y>+ > >eT+y|
< HjT&T |\ +sd s+ u] +# , sEq sbsTT , |sT > qT> d>T Z sjT>sT s q<> ]fs j
<\ T
qT s \ T ~>esL b b& +& |jTeT+{&T. |\ sbsTT sjT&+ yTT<\T|{H , V+ < +> <\ T sd 30 <\
] #d, eT]+ >{> b&T+ y&T T+~! L&q d+|{ y\Te]+#sT nsTT<sfifl s+&H. yTT+ 30
s#sTT <>qTuy\, des+>+ q nqTuy\ bT, <\ T eyT e, H{, q Cq|< <, q yd+
q #T q |]ds\q, |]d T \q, e\ duy\q, |esq \q L& HsTT. _.mdt. seTT\T>sT 2004 sV+q < esYc|t
+> |]o*+#&+ , y{ | |>&+ > d+~+#&+ L& < edTe d>TZ sjT>sT WV s#sTT> D b+~, <\T sjT&+
y$< &&qT \TdT+~. <&q <q H|D+ e\ mTe+{ nqTueEq, seTT\T>] qT+N, \Te eT\jT> qT+N |X+d\T
< sdH #~$+# >TD+ |dT + ~. n q <\ T ` ## #~$ksTT. n+<THsT eTT+<Te.
@ es+Z >T]+ sdH, @ e+&*+ sdH, @ |]ds\ >T]+ sdH >MTD H|< + q u\+ nqTu$ +q c\L, s <>+
` n$ yHc|H, VA seTTH, d+ks <Tss ] d+<s + > >&+ q nH nqTuy \L &T, qT $qM, qM nH
|]dTH ` n&& s#sTT = b\ <s #dq yK\T d+|Tq\qT <\T> eT*#sT. s#sTT Vd|jT+ +&+
#H+>, es<Z s +> HsTT. {e\ X jT+ ]q < \ e\ d]jTdt $wj L& ds<> sXsT. = < Vd ks+>
<q X\+ < s#s TT L& +~. eTTe s+ bsk s~, _.. eTT+#sT. d+uwD e+>+, #\ |ksTT. \+>D
XsYe+{ $TT\ bV, n_q+<q b+~q < d+|{ ~. qT&s\, s \>\dq \T>T d+uwD\, <[ esZ\
(b\|, nsY 2010) |\T&T\, eT< s> yfifl n_e , = <\ , +< b++

n] #j<$ s 246 <\ , $\, yk\ s 247

yfifl e{& X* = <\ sd dek n|+#sT. < edTe \, n+{sT s#s TT ` <<| n< o]K sdq < . |qH &T\T |P]>
e L& y$ < k~+#sT. rddT eeT>] s<sD >T]#dq &* < CH<jT +. #<T es
s \ T |j D\ H|< + sdq <\ T 6 < HsTT. wJ $ |eTw # y*eTT< ysTT+ yd+q usus \ , |eTw C\ T
<HjT&T &^ |dtdt bdH, m+ <>+ <=sb, e] qT+ e# T~ #| q yq + |rs+ <. d $< nedse T #|
*< + &T\ bf u+usTT L*| #dT e& s jT\T<sT &T. < ~. me] @+ e{&T TH& *jT+&, q *dq $wj *
n #dq s { { s Y n $es\T n& \TdT, > ` eTTK+> K dT $wjT + #|d *$ e> bdT\ q
s> q =&T b\T, w|& |#dy& >TDe+T&T e < n+ #|XH?
nqT+{&T. &d t #Y | ] <+|T \ nejT #|ksT d+>eT+ nH < \+>D |\T&T\ y , beTTfifl
s#s TT. \ sbjT\ keTT (b\+ neT> eq~) &u |{ < yfifl TsTe d+ #d d+uwD VdjTT+> sXsT
< >Hd+ |{ yT < C>> #dT+ &dt #Y s#s TT. ejq $< <s LTsT, >TuTq q +&, n
LsTH, mes d+N <=+>*ksT ! &T { { +& |j D+ $TTD es&+ ` |+&> <. }fifl L*#dT y&H, us
#d |T&q~, {{ sY q qH{ $TT&H >TsT|qT #<Te+{q+f #~$+ d+w+H, sy #|&T e\T $,
|e]d + f, > { T &T*, $T<V nqT+{&T $T<V yT e~*|{ <TujYT y[flb+f |T+~ us ` e+ < .
nH < . s |j D+ #dT q |&T b{b yT MT< <=]q$ H*>, u\ ]* y~+ V+d+q+<T VA jTe, us
dw H jT{ y[fl _s\, u{\ #T e& y[ |sT > H, s \ T bdT\T nsdt #ksT de TsY |s <T #jT &+. |\\ T ]qT
|be&+ UjT+. s us|\* \TdTe& s yfifl #<T e #| keTq>H yfifl eTTU\T $dk sTT sTqe < . +s
dV jT|& + >=| d+> ` n\yT bsbT < . eT+<T eT>Te $yV\qT <s bjT+> #|+q <\ T ` +sYePdt, < + .
<kVeT+f $HX+ |< #| s+&T s\ <\T ` s s+&T #& |#dqyD #e>={q+<T C\Tbq <HjT&T, n&
$<\T> d++~+q$ ` Hse TT ` , c] + . <=+> kjT+ jT|&, <=+>\ eTTs #sTT \|e\d eH,
de+ =+<sT eT+yfi>T]+N, #&yfifl >T]+N, eqe+ eqe+, <|& >TseTq T+u sk &T ` eTqdTq eTw
>T]+N, n$ >T]+N, >T]+N, ` yTT+ MT< eqe d++<\ <. ~ de < +~. de\, {.$. d]jT |ue+
>T]+ y$ < |P]yT q e\ <\ T sXsT s#s TT. u k$T sdqTq eTs < |&>&. n>, <=+>mesT? (n|s< |]X<
bsT n|* y{# #sTT+#T+ |&+ #&+ Vd ks y T q H{ ). d+uwD\T sjT&+ s#s TT H| D |<] +#sT. +,
d+|Tq +q < \+&HT. |sTe e |qT\T #d bD<, ns neT yTT<q <\ THsTT d+|{.
|sT ebsTT+< u<| & eT< s> d+k] < |sT e ` e] n eT]+ yd$ +>, + yTsT> q \+ sd +f, e TksTT
bdT\T |TfiflesL y&TT+~ <. |yT u+ |#d |< #+~ +&$ +<T = <\ T.
<>T _HMT |sM T< n|\T rdT e&\ T +& +f, u+\T (b\|, d|+ sY 2010)
~y rd, yfifl nsdj T |]d T * +, yfifl$ \ T\T
n] #j<$ s 248 <\ , $\, yk\ s 249

\T>T kV+ ` eTVfi\T
\T>T kV+ ` eTVfi\T nH $wj s+&T D\ qT+
$Xw + #Te#T ` 1. \T>T kV+ eTVfi\ b D, 2. \T>T
kV+ eTVfi\ b.
\T>T kV+ n+f bNq kV+ qT+ H{ kV+ esL
|]>Dq rdTy* +T+~ ` d+| + > nsTTH.
bNq kV+ d b\ D $Xw+q $<TweTD &. |.
jTX<s& >sT. yT sdq us+ d nH >+<+, eTTKyTq d
b\ bT, bd+ e db, <sds| <> d dTCs& \T>T kV #] nH |]X<H >+<+ sjT>, &.
b eTT>TsZ T e\ @ $<+ > +#s k<VsD+> $e]+#sT.
>+<s # q yT b+& |u y\& e T+~. n>, kV+
H&T, H&T d kq+ nH $wjT +| &. HjT w e] >sT <TsZusTT
<XeTTU ks|Hd+ #XsT. < +< eTVfidu |#T ]++~.
yd+ yT bNq y\T yTT<\T= <T kV+ d\ d
esL dMT+ #sT. |sDVk d b\ >T]+ yk\T sdqy]
&.d. eTD[, &.eTT$ us yTT<q ysTHsT. Mfifl <T qe\,
eTTK+> d\ qe\ d b* $Xw d L& yk\T sXsT. &.
us + sdTH sT. &. <d+ sY yT L& <T s#s TTT\
s#q d b\ >T]+ sXsT ` \T>T s#s TTT\ eTVdu ds jT+
n] #j<$ s 250
| d+ sdq yd+ $Xw+#sT.
{e\ dy < s#s TT zZ y\Te]+q $eTT nH < d+|{,
sejTD+ = d b* d $Xw D +> sdq <\ THsTT.
d, XSsDK, nV\, }]fi, s DT\ >T]+q < +&, +~T &T
nH < L& +~ d+|{. n+<T dseTT\ nqT+<, $$<
<s \ <T& q seTTD kqTu +#&+ ]+~.
=+<sT |eTTK s#s TT\T sejTD eTVus eTTK d b*,
X+>s b<q$Td =+ e] + +#&+ ]+~. +y| ,
n\+s Xk d #T m ]+#&+ ]+< &. jT $<V,
&. <e\] w e] yk\T sXsT.
, \T>T kV+ eTVfi\ b >T]+ $Xw+ > #| y*.
nH~> d\ |sTw\ deq+> $<eX\T q+<Te,
ke+> d\ T |sTw\| <s|& |]d T \T +&+ e, d\
s#q \T #d neX\T nsT<T> \_+#$. nsTTq|{, \T>T kV
#] fiflb eT yTT<\T, yTT\, sy ]>=+& y+>e+,
s+>eT, eTT<T| fi yTT<q esTTT\T |d~ #+<sT. &. eTT~>+{
<e\] w e] =+<sT bNq esTTT\ |u >T]+N, =+<sT
<T esTTT\, s#s TTT\ >T]+N k<VsD+> $Xw d yk\T
sXsT.
+<TL], >TsC& yTT<q d+|Td+ds\, s#sTT\ |ue+
sE $<e+Tq =+<sT d\ T k{ d\ # H *+#+<T
djT+> |\T k|+ , d+b< + sV+#sT. u+| Xwe T
V+<dT+<] |, |\T>Ts \ qsde + k$ |, $+eT]
y+ qsde T nqdjT | sV+#sT. e 20e X+
bs+u \+ q&#sTT. sy 1940 <X + +<e TVfi ed|
<TsZujTeT, +<e ed| u+&sT n#e+ k|+#sT.
<\ , $\, yk\ s 251
1950\H ds<es s\ >sT \T>T<X+ nH | k|+
d+b< + eV+#sT V <su<T. 1956 HqT <<| @&~bT
+<jTTer eT+&* s|q e nH ed| sV+#qT.
{e*\+ =+&M{ d e dy < | u $T deTse ++>
sVdTH sT. # q eq$, eTVfi es+Z , eTVfi $jT+, H+
nH ed|\T L& eTVfi\ ks<+ y\Te&TTHsTT. e\+
<kV b<+ eV+# <[ nH ed| jT+.
H>e], u\u nH u\\ ed| .jTd, seTDeT
d+b< \T> + |\qT sV+#&+ $Xw+ .
20e X+ bs+u+ d\ T k|+ q&|+ q |\H +&,
d\ d+ k|+#&q HH, +<\, >V\ e+{ |\
L& H{ esTTT\, s#s TTT\ me> sdysT. |< $+
sdq eTVfi\ |\T>Ts \ qsde +, +#q|* q+, p\]
T\XeT, \b{ d+, &T>T \+eT, Cq\>& Xs<+,
yTT<qysTHsT. Mfifl #es bsD eedTe\qT rdTH,
dr<s \qT |u~d H y\q, X \q s+#sT.
\+H ue$+ sdq esTTT\T L& HsT. <eu,
|u , <Xu e+{ u s#q \T #jT & M\Tq yesD+ =+<sT
eTVfi\T |DjT $+ sjT&+ kVdyT . nTe+{ kVk |<] +q
y] |>& $XdT+<se T, #e* +>seT, k<$T (desE
s\ eT), <=|\|P& nqdjT<$, kH| sTDeT e+{ ysTHsT.
|>& $XdT+<seT k+ deTsj<Ts\T L&. C\T J$
>&| q nqTue + yT d\ #sk \... nH $ sXsT. H{ Cfi fl
d\ J$ sejTD+ d \+ yd+ b\Td, e+>|P]+>,
+> |<\qT L& $]$> y&T sXsT. <=|\|P& nqdj<$
qT, b| nH |< e ]dH, < b+<& d>
qT m+ c u] ++<, mTe+{ s| f |qT\T #d+ < e]+#sT.
n] #j<$ s 252
H{ esTTTes sj\qT $wj $ edTe > rdTHsT.
>=| $<TweTD, uj T uc |MD, |< esTT nsTTq }TLsT
\ +eT >sT +< esTTT\T nH d+\H |#T ]+#sT. yT
mH |sks\ bT +< $X$<\jT+ qT+ fi||P s _sT<T
L& \_++~.
H&T |< s#q #dT q esTTT\ =\\] ds|sD |eTTKT\T.
|sD ><\ <s+> sdq d] H, <T uy\ d| s + sXsT.
usqT <d> +&, deq+> #&\, yT| dV+, |eT
#|+#\ d |s+ |u~+#sT. d\ |]d >T]+ X+ sdq
\]> ds\ >sT $d+> $\T sXsT.
k+q+s+ yeV] uw b#Ts+ se&+q,
nuT<jTsyTq #H <sD |s>&+q m+<s eTVfi\T e#q
$ esZ nqTd]+#sT. $<, <>qTuy \ qq d] #sTT.
jT|>& de], HjT w e], d. y<e , <] d er<$,
o dTu <<$, Xs< nXesH , yk |u e, \s uy <$, mH.
nsTD yTT<q esTTT\T y$ < |P]yT q $\T sXsT. =+<sT +
$d +> sdTH sT. M] =+<] ue$ #jT\T L& |ksTT.
d y<+ b#Ts+ seTT+< yD s+>se, s er<$ d\ <Td
| ], #qe+yTq $\T sXsT. dy< esTTT\T> zZ,
jT|u, =+&|P & s\, |T +k\ s\, b{+& s, *,
#\| * ds|sD, eTV;H, cVH yTT<q esTTT\T |d~ #+<sT.
* yT| \T nH $ d+\H =+u\ rdTe#sT zZ, yT
$TT\ *d. bNq, <T \T>T esTTT\ =+<] m+| #d
eTT< nH $ d+\H o dTu <<$ >sT, &. usMZ se >s
*d d+b< + eV+#sT 1990.
\T>T kV+ n+f $+ f <T. qe\, <, H+ yTT<q
|jT \THsTT. qe\, < , <T |jT \T. s#s TT nq>H qe
<\ , $\, yk\ s 253
s#sTT nqTH+ $d+> eTVfi\T \T>T qe\\T sXsT.
sdTH sT. 20e X+ s+u+ eTVfi\T qe\\T sdq ysT |sTw>
dsfi >+~+ sXsT. |\T>Ts \ qsde +, +#q|* q+,
|\e] eT<$, qT|] es\ eT, e>+{ nq|Ps<$ , y<T \ MTH< $
yTT<q ysT syeT+~ < HsT. q\u\ #\+ es k]dt
L& qe\\T sXsT. *+<\ dsdr<$ \+>D Jeq $<H,
~>TeksTT y] <Td d >=| qe\\T sXsT. k+q+s+ ,
<>+ #d eTVfi m<Ts=H deTd\ >T]+N yTTyT T<{ k]> qe\
sdq s#s TT e\r #+<sY. k+ deTs+ bZq T+u\
|]De\ >T]+ yT sdq V<jT H qe\ +< kV n&MT
nysT \_++~. +es \T>T qe |jT nysT n+<Tq
eTVfi e\r #+<sY s . ~y<T \ $X, . seT\ , T+u
deTd\ >T]+N, d\ T de+ m<Ts=+Tq deTd\ >T]+N qe\\T
sd+f, jTT<q|P& dT#qsD d nH qe\ yTT<\T|{,
qs+yT q |eT <\ qe\\T sjT&+ |u+ q+ y|++~.
\T>T bs \ d+K $|+> |]+~. = de\T> L& e#sTT.
n< d] &] d<$, e~s& dT#q, d. q+<seT+,
b\+|* X+<$, |e s\ |u e, |]eTfi kyTXsY, b |>&
s\ yTT<q s#s TTT\T $]$> qe\\T sXsT. M] =+ _q+>
nuT <jT uy\ qe\\T sdq ysT s+>HjTeT, yds & d<$,
Xs< nXesH , yk |u e yTT<q ysT. mqu\ dy < qe\\
ls+ #T{q eTVfi zZ. d. dTC, . es\ , ^+* e+{ =+<sT
s#s TTT\T u nqTd]+#sT.
\T>T <kV+ eTs $dyTq, sDjTyTq s+>+. eTVfi
< \T e+<\ =B HsT. =y\ <\ T sXsT. + sdTH sT.
H\T>fifl + \T>T < X+ >+<+ 400\ eT+~ < s#s TTT\T
#T #dTHsT. &. usZMse d+\q+ #dq qsfifl|+
n] #j<$ s 254
qsTeT+~ <s#sTTT\ <\THsTT. \+>D =*s+ <\
d+\q+ &. eTT~>+{ dTCs& eTT>TsZ T s#s TTT* #ssT. 1901
qT+ 1980 esL |#T]yTq s#sTTT\ <* m+| #d, &..
\HsjTD d\ <\T |sT 2006, 2007 d+es\ eT< 5
d+|{\qT |#T]+#sT. \T>T <kV+ ||<eT+> *+<\
dsdr<$>] dseT\T nH qsT <\ d+|{ +< kV
n&MT nysT \_++~. eTs q m$T~ <\ T\d <fi\T nH
eTs d+|{ L& |#T ]+#syT. \T>T < kV eTVfi\T
dTd+|q+ #XsT.
Hs+>+ |sTw\q kV+ eTVfi\ be&+ e\
Hs# q eTVfi\T <dTbb jsT. n|& |& L& H
s#s TTT* yfifl MT< |e#T. |Ps+ bsD e\ H\T
sdq eTVfi\T +#q|* q+, p\] T\XeT, qT|] es\ eT,
kH| sTDeT >sq T #| y*. <T +> H\T sdq y]
k]dt, jT|>& de], *+<\ dsd r<$, .$.jTdt, n#Te*,
sy Xs< nX esH , yk |u e, n\ ] $jT\ e+{
=~eT+~ s &j deT, y~| |<s q deT L& deTse ++>
sXsT. &. H { dT< s &j |ks+ d+ \T>T kyT\qT <s+>
#dT 500 H{\ T sXsT. #\+ qe\ db , y] d+uwD
rdT, y] J$qTuy\qT ysT eTT#{+#T+TqT zZ
|j >+> yfiS sT>Ts nH H s+, |eTTK s#s TTT\
# |<] +|#X sT. n~ +>+ L& nqTe~yT + ~.
s eTTK kV |jT \ J$#] , < #] eTT+<T>
#| y*. u+ &sT n#e+ n d# ]e\ nH |sTq d\ J$
#]qT sdq |<e T eTVfi. +<T, bsD, <X #] d\ J$\H
$<ojT d\ |d~ # + ~q =+<] J$\qT L& +#syT.
*+<\ dsd r<$ \+>D |eTTK sjT e\ T, |~eT+~ d\
<\ , $\, yk\ s 255
 dV y] >T]+ sdq >+<+ CeTsT\ T. &. yk |u e k+ ~y<T\ $X H $<XqTuy\T, nH s#q\ bT HqT sdq
deTs+ d\ T nH $\Tyq >+< sXsT. \T>T n&MT |#T ]+q #H #j\T nH j #] L& +~.
\T>T kVr eTsT\ T nH >+<+ q\T>TsT |d< eTVfi* ` u+ &sT u\kV+ w #dq s#s TTT\ H{ qT+ H{ esL , y<T \
n#e+ yTT<\T *+<\ dsd r<$ esL #ssT &. eTT$ us. MTH< $ , &] er<$, jT|>& de], *+<\ dsd r<$,
<<| |~d+es\ + nd nH d+d kV, k+d, ke, dsE s\, Ts> CqsD, Xs< nXesH, &. dTC<$,
sjT s+> 20e X+ qT+ H{ esL |d< T q =+<sT eTVfi\ <e\] jT\ , eT~ |<e, fifl y+ dT\ , e\ yTT<q
>T]+ d+| de#s b{\ dV eTVfiesD+/eyTH d|t nH yfiflHsT.
VY >+< |#T ]++~. dH kV+ Us#q L& eTTKu>+. Us#q
sy +es eTq s#sTTT\ de#s d L& ||<e T+>, deTse ++> #|{ q \T>TeTVfi qT|] es\ eT.
deT>yT q ~ s<T ` 1960\ d+| + > =~eT+~ s#s TTT\ >T]+ $TTs* K\ s|+ ke deTd\ >T]+N, d+dsD >T]+N
. seT\ j sT#dq ~ | . deT> de#s d j sT #]d $$< |\ Xs< |sT H# * sdq K\ d+|+
#jT & =+<s+ |jT + #dH |* +#< T . Xs< K\T. de+ d\ |]d >T]+N, <Xu >T]+N e>+{
| J$ #]\ ` qT|] es\ eT +<TL] s\ eT >] nq|Ps<$ us sdq K* us |#T]+#sT. K d,
#] sXsT k<$T Hq`nbse >sT nH #] sXsT. V nsTT+ k<eTDT\T ` +~s<$, usr<$ |< dTuw
&] er<$ +eTsK nH |sT d]u >+B >T]+N, se[ sXsT. Vq+ ed| d+b< s\T mdt.mdt. \ , |eTTK
+<< q dT |sT dsHjTT&T J$#] sXsT. eT~ dTeT kVry, y d+Je<y eT< kq K\ d+|{ L& |#T ]yT + ~.
>sT |#T]+q #] be+ qT+ |$T+<, uqTeTr e Hq >] HL eT< eT&T <Xu\ bT kq s |T s \
seTw H HqT nH o] #] sjT>, Xs< nXesH <s+> eTT+jT nH q |d sXqT HqT |j >+>
uqTeTr`HqT nH >+<+ sXsT. +< kV n&MT |#T ]+q qe*>.
J$#] qT|] es\ eT >T]+ b|>& s\ >s, *+<\ kVr |jT \ yds# q n eTTKyTq ~. kV yk\, \yT
dsd r<$ >T]+ &. eTT$ us >s s+q$ HsTT. d.|.uH s|+ yk\, yK\ #eT+~ sdq nH d+|{\T y\Te&sTT.
n&MT s| q <TsZusTT <XeTTU J$#] +<>+ { Cqu\ $, |V#Y.&. &^ d+ sdq |]X<H yk\T L& eTVfi\T
sXsT. {e\ Xu|]+<$ e> + > sdq J$#] yT z$T sdq$ # y\Te&sTT. |eTTK esTTT\, s#s TTT\ s#s TT\|H ,
z&++~ nH >+<+ ` n_q+<q uy >T]+ sdq~. d+ds\ |H sdq |]X<H >+<\T n$. &. y\T<+& q+<se
\T>T j #]\T sdq eTVfi\T e>H HsT. +#q|* #dq d+\q+ M] $Xc\T \TksTT.
q+ oj #]eTT, &. HjT w e] os B|[ , &. m |jT sdH, Vds#q\T #d s#sTTT\T # nsT<T.
yTX] H $<XqTuy\T, &. yk |ue scjqTuy\T, yfi yfifl MT< |e#T. uqTeTr seTw, eTD[, keTsE dTo\,
n] #j<$ s 256 <\ , $\, yk\ s 257
b] $jT\ , +|+ eT\ #| <q Vd, e+> s#s TTT\T.
nqTy<\ <sH \T>T kV+ s uw\ y] *d edT+ <
n+<] \TdT. nqTy<\T \T>T qT+ s uw ]>$ #
y. |&| & =+ w sT>T+~. \T>TqT+ +>+ nqTy<+
#d eTVfi\T $X$<\j n<| q n& eT, $jTl, jTl
yVHsC, dTsD HsT. \T>TqT+ V+B nqTy<+ #d
|eTTK eTVfi sY. X+dT +<], $Tfi+ nqTy<+ #dT q X+<,Y
]j #d |<w nqs<, + s uw #dys HsT seTT< ydq n$ <\T
n&&.
s uw\ qT+ \T>T nqTe~+q eTVfi\, nqTe~dTq sE <\T : dMT
eTVfi\ #eT+~ HsT. k+q+s+ e\r #+<sY +^w
qT+ nH |d< qe\* d+| + > nqTe~+ \T>T bs \ |]#jT + nq> nq> s+. < b*dTq sE>sT... n+
#XsT. |&T eTD[ #k+~. $Tfi+ qT+ e\r #+<sY = yTT<\jT <\T qyfifl #|qT>, |<yfi <+ sdq
|d< s#q , qe\ nqTe~+#sT. dTC |{ q& qT+ jTT.sY. ke ` sjT e+> <\ T. sE s#s TT d+^+ lydse
nq+eT] qe\ d+ks \T>T nqTe~+#sT. sE n m+<T |sT |{sT n nqTeq+ edT+ ~. sE>sT
n |jT \q m+eT+~ s#q \T #d |d< T q ysTHsT. fi|jT T\T. djT+> fisT\ ne&+ e\ |sT |{sT nqTe#T.
n+<] |sT|sTH |k$+#&+ nk< + ` m+> sTH. |eTTK sT&T TCsTT ydq eTTK+ #X, sE {
yTT+MT< \T>T kV+ eTVfi\T |eTTKkq+ Hs sE fiflC&T |{&y n|dT+~!
n+^]+# | <T. \T>T kVr d+\H eTVfi\ b< + Cq|< <\ X* #| q sE`eT+`|\ <\ T H{ eTq
y. |~X+ L& +&+ <T . s#s TTT\ $& d+|{\, | ke`sjT eed sT>TTq nH s\ nee \| d+~+q
d+\H\ T |P] #dT H sTT =+es . dsfi y T q e+>k\T. <: sVD eT+ nH yTT<{ < KsTq,
(lw<esj+< uc\jT+ 110e k|q ~He+ d+<s+> eTT&y*q eT fisT&T >sy nq+<T#s eT+
2.9.2010 H&T #dq |d+ >+ d+ sdq yd+) n&q|&T, J$+ mesH ds |u eq+eq d]b<T, #q
m>*>T+&* n+{&T sE. n>, |s>eTq+ nH < , J$+
L& n+. T~> eTT+<Tkb n k~+#>\+ nqTL&<T.
= deTj yq ] q&q|& yTq $jT+ k~+#>\ +
n+{&T sE. H&T H ys dTq b|t eT eT\+ m&T+

n] #j<$ s 258 <\ , $\, yk\ s 259

e+>+> #| q < T+Ts Xd . deTsT\ q u q|sT \ e\H |sT
|UTkjT #|q < uq $jT+ ` uq #dyfifl +f
eTT{ <e\ eT\ Lse\d+< n+{&T sE. >=|y&T nH
_sT<T* sE>sT @f{ =+<] d ]d+ f, q nd\T |s >=|y&T
nsTTq &T <=+> |qT\T #d >=|yfifl |sT e rd+ f, sE n+<T
|]cs+> y& q |<$ k&T . nqT |<$ qy&sTT,
nH <=+>H\T #dH, n |<$+ yM |+#e n
$e]k&T sE. yc\ uw < e +{y& |\T ss TT+#~ + ybs es+> |\
n due+ e\ <T. nqT ydTq yw+ e\ n+ sE
sTqe nd\T #T&T eT+. H{ |#s k<H \ MT< eT< e K] &|& T #T LTsT $T eTsE nyT] qT+
d+~+q e+>d+ C\ >&, m<T{ y& >Z T fi+ yjT >*qy& eq|&T |\ nH d+d y[fl #&\qT+~. nyT] q
|ue+T&T... +<T m+ bMD+ d+b~d n+ e~ s>\sT dVTes #bsT d+dqT #d seT. $T VAdH bH
n+{&T sE ~fi+ < . @ | # yfifl #jT >*q |qT\T |s+{ VQ& nH d+d u<jTTyTq |<$ sVk+~. <s+
L& HsTT. <VsD @B #jT e dT\Te> #jT >*q | *d #sY$THsY dtk+& yq\ y| eT&+dT \ ue q+, |q
T+~. $eT]+#&+... n+ nTe+{ dsE& kq +Tq |\ d+d yfifl+. < k|+, |<\T>fifl> sVdTq~
$eTs&> jT$Tk&T sE eTs < . #&y fifl #q\ # &. dT wH . sfi #+~q jTTe. + mH n_e~ se\
+{sTT. eT+yfifl #& #q\ eTqdTH +{jYT n+{&T sE s|\ q #dT q T *|+~.
eTs d\T < . \T>T uc |jT T\T #<y *q < |\T&! |\ d+d ` u*, d\ ++> <|& #d ybs
| fifl #sT e\ <T]j>+ yTT<\T, <y\j\ <T \T kV n]&, u~Tq u*, d\ s+, y] |qsyk
#jT&+ esL mH deTq deTd* rdT sdq <\T $. *+#& @s&q dy d+d. nd\T s+>+ w #j \ m+<T
s#sTTq nbsyTq Cq+, $XwyTq <\H #Ts+ < n|++~ n e yTq&\T &. dT n&+~. yT mTe+{
|<] eTeTHsTT. e+>+ L&q n_e < $w \D +. &u T +& dw+ > #| +~ ` q |<V s fifl ejTdT keTV
= dk beT<+ <T, b dk = eT+<T +| d]= eTTkT n#s >Ts + <, q }fifl +& +& u+>TfiSsT y[fl n&
n+~+q$ ` |<\ +<s #~$ uT C\T &T eTTe\dq <\ T, bs \ =+\+ q|&T C\T J$ L& nqTu$++<, sTy
|<e\| sTqe\T | +# <\ T sE <\ T. V <su<T e <sY Cdt y{ { dV s+ |\ d+d k|+ ,
<s *d, yd+|& + ybs >T] nsTTq d\ , u*
(ys, ~ys+ 17, nsY 2010)
d+s+, y] |qsyk *+# u< #|{qT *|+~ &.

n] #j<$ s 260 <\ , $\, yk\ s 261

dT. yT s&+s, s+, dw, ds+ #d Xs+ yd+~.
yT |{ +& dV s+ L& +~ n$<.
|\ n+f s+s C\ ` y] se + k~dT q + esL C\
+ y\T>TH +T+< y] H<+. eqe V\ \+|Tq
+ +> <|& #d ybs+ n+ VqyTq <, V+k|P]yT q <
n+<] *dq $wjTyT. &|\* neTT, ++> <|& #d
ybs s~+#&+ q, s+ q u*\L, d\ L |qsyk,
eT+ u$ wT *+#&+ q |\ |PqTq <e n+<s
dV]+#*q neds+ +~. V#Y$/msTT& kq yfifl y<
d<T bj nqT+ n+~+#&y T +&, u*\ $< H]+#&+ ,
d\ e$<\T H]+#&+ , Vd +q u*\ +&, , sD
*+#&+ #dT H sT. V <su<T bq>s+ |\ @sT #dq s +&T
u*\ $<d+d\ , e $< d+d , <bf sV+|&TTq
u*\ Vd #X+. n& (|\ qTe |dt <>sZ ) |< d\ +
150 eT+~ u*\T n& +& #<T e+THsT. +^w MT&jT yT
#<Te H]dTHsT. sy | #<Te\ L& s $<d+d #<Te
#| +# @sT |uT dV s+ +T+<HsT. d\ H]dTq e$<\T
` |sTw\T eyT #jT >\sT nqTHTe+{ e&+> |, u+ &+>,
|+{+> yTT<q |qT\, +|PsY| #d |qT\ n+{ D e&yT
+&, ysT#dq keT Vd, = $<d+d\ nyT @sT
L& +~. eq keTT d+d sV+#& |j dTH sT.
D dTq y]q, jeq+q =+<sT |sTw* jT$T+#sT.
n+<s u< jTT+> +THsT. Vd u*\ $< H]+#ysT
e+ n+<s d. y] d+sD u< L& d\<.
V <su<T b q>s+ ~ es , V sT m<TsT> q d\ +H
yTTVu yTV+B nH yX>V deTT<jT+ +&~. < n&
qT+ =\+#&+ e\+ 1996 eyT ]+~. n& qT+
n] #j<$ s 262
yX \+<] |+|+ydq |&T yfifl M~q |&q |&T \TdTHsT `
eT eT |\\ m+ u<sV+ +<. yfifl m& by,
yfifl |\* m d+s+ #Ty *jT dV jT+ d+ n&T Tq||&T
|\ d+d <sTT++~. ` yfifl d+sD u< rdTe&, yfifl
J$\qT <]+#&. eTT+<T> 50 eT+~ d\ * ed
@sT#d, y] y<, $<s+> e D # @sT #jT&+
]+~. |uT dV s+ 400 eT+~ d\ ys fiSfl, s wH sT\
|+#sT. 1500 eT+~ |> ` 3 qT+ 35 d+\ esL qyfifl
+ ybs+ qT+ s+ #&+ ]+~. |{ esL 5000 eT+~ |\*
nTe+{ yesD <s+> +#& |jT + ]+~. V <su<T
q>s bdT ysT w |]dT qy]d+ s+&T d\V +<\ #=|q
|eTTK bdT dw q @sT #XsT. ` yfifl eT + ybs+
e+&q, q yfifl s+ #&q.
dVs d+d @ss, < q |]XeT> eek>+
#jT&+ ]+~. n+<T 75 eT+~ s+|&q d\qT <qT\T>
jT$T++~. yfi D d, yfifl# eTT<Dq, H{| d \, \\
eT+#\ yTT<q $ j sT#jT &+q, s | $<q, ue q
d+sD d++~+q |qT\q k+ D\T d, y]#
|qT\T #sTT+, yfifl #dq y{ $<d+d\, y<d+d\,
s d+d\ neTT, <j dwd s d+eT se\
$jdTHsT.
neT +&j d+d dVs+ =+<sT d\ # dtyT, |C
<TD\qT eTTK+< ]|+, ]+ > yfifl djT+ bw \T>
njTT #dT H sT. $$< ybsd+ d\ dV s+ 200 eT+~ d\
|y{ Vd q]+> <>T\T>q, |< |< VAfifl
Vdt| s Y >q kH\T *+#sT. 100 eT+~ d\ yfifl n_sT #T\T,
H| D+ |s+ d++> q q ybs\T ` {|q T j sT#d
<\ , $\, yk\ s 263
 neT&+, m+usTT& #jT &+, <TdT\ T j sT#jT &+ yTT<q $ #d $$< d+d ` sh ksTTq, CrjTksTTq |\ du +
djT+bw + k~+#&+ d+ y*q q yTT\qT sTD\T> # +~.
@sT #dTHsT |\ d+d sV\T s d+d\ dVs+. $<+> n+<s *d e |#dq|& de+ |s>,
m& & qT+ u*, d\ neT&+ ]> neX\THj n& nuT <jT + k< eTejT |\ qeT+. (2006 &d+sY u $T
qTyd +, nTe+{ ybs+ s +& #d 64 >|\qT @sT V#Y..$/msTT& >T]+ | d+ y\Te]++~.)
#XsT. y{ eT{ $+{ >|t n+{sT. u*, d\ nyT u*\q d\q ybs+ #jT&+ e\+ b+
de#s d]+ < >T]+ es+> |#s+ #d ssVD d++~+q deTd <T. ||+ #y|+ > q deTd. ke sT>
+< L& @sT #XsT. eT{ $+{ >|t dV ]+#+<T >T]+ ||+ #+ |sTw\+< # q |s# e \dq neds+ +~. d\
500 eT+~ d\ qT dMT]+#sT. 2500 eT+~ \T\ dV s+ \T\ u*\ |u\ >T]+& yfifl # q |s# e \dq neds+
$T{ @sT #XsT ` = s + u*\qT <|& qT+ y]+#+<T. +~. d |sTw\, u\u*\ s> V *+# ybs
+<|<X msTT& s< kd{ dVs+ 120 |uT y]+#e\d +~. y~ eq sy J$++ y< + #sTT+#Te&+
dT|T\ d#+ <+> d\V*e&, |\ T #jT & 145 eT+~ q y~ s+& ysD #s * rdTe&+ $ye +yT q es+Z <.
V#Y..$. d\V<sT\qT m+|# d , <>*, D jT$T+#sT. (u$T dy< |, d|+sT 2010)
|uT s>XK dV s+ kj qs Vd y~s<
y< d\V +< @s]#sT yTT<{k ]>. ]k sh |uT dV s+
190 eT+~ d\V<sT\ D , bdtdw q d X d+ e T +<\
|#d+<T jT$T+#sT. +<|<X |uT dVs+ bsd+|\
duT\T |uT+ sVdTq u*XsD\j sVD u<*
d+jTT+> sV+# @sT #XsT. #Y ]esY |sY |y{ *$Tf&
ysT 10 &yT+\q, 4 eT+~ |U e\ # |#s \q
j sT#XsT ` u*\, d\ neT\ es+>q, V#Y..$./msTT&
>T]+Nq. nH$T nH &yT+ + <s 5 \\ eT+~
jTTeT\qT # q |s# > * >sT. n|s nH |sT, + ybs+
qT+ jT|&q d\ >T]+ CrjTksTT yTTyTT<{ C_
j sT#XsT. +< |<X bdt n&MT dV s+ bdt q<>T\
d\qT nyT ybs+ >T]+ #q+ *+# D se\qT
sV+#sT. d\ q u*\q nyT ybs es+> |#dT q
n] #j<$ s 264 <\ , $\, yk\ s 265

\T>T kV+ d #|q B|
#s <e\] w e] >sT 1981 qT+ 2009 esL sdq
kV yk\ d+|{ d B| y$< |P]yTq n+X\qT $Xwd
sdq 15 yk\THsTT. bNq >+<\T yTT<\T <T qe\\.
dy < $\ esL +> |]o*+, d\ | |sTw\ uy\|H ,
de+ d\ d >T\|H, d\ eqX |H, d\ |sT>TTq
k_eq+ L&q e +|H y\T>T |d] +|Cd + ~ yd d+|{.
n\+s Xd >+< k+<s_e~ d +<+ #jT&+, d
u> edTe > |]>D+ #&+ , k+<s + d n+>+> esq b<H
e&+, X+>s |sy T q $$< |<\ d e d+#&+ >sDj
nHsT. yT Te+{ y{ L&q n\+s Xd+ bs+X+>
+&+ n<| \L $<sT\ L L& nks +> +T+<HsT.
Xd+ eTTdT>T q no bs<* < uy Xk
d+d]+#Ty*q neds+ m+H +~ n dw>, d+#+>
|b~+#sT #s w e]>sT n\+s Xg+ d nH yTT<{
yd+. eTVus+ d|s+ d X Vd |s+>H +&, k_eq+, d# kVk\ *q eT<T syD <w +#TH, <T
q kV Xd fi_yX |sw> +< k<VsD+> $Xw + eTVfi #]qT s>s dT+ ~ n+ >TsC& s+> >T+& #s# T
#|+#sT yT eTs yd+.
n] #j<$ s 266
=* \T>T esTT> H&T >T]+|&q fiflb eT q H{
|sTwkeT de+ d +s, d y>sD, d d{H
y\Te]+#>\ ]q+ >\ esTT n d\ >T]+, d\ d+,
d\ uw eT\q eT+e+ dTu <D+ q< nsTTH, nH
y\, |jT \ esZqT esq + nsTT+~ n+ w e] >sT
fiflb eT eb& nH yd+ s|+#sT. sejTD
\T>T s+q yTTyT T<{ esTT yTT\. yT sejTD+ seT
#] d #]+> $q Xu deTLsTd sdq rsT $Xwd
sdq yd+ bT, yTT\ sejTD+ |< s#q @ $<+ > dsfi + >,
|sq j>+>, |+&T\q, beTsT\q L& TH >
seTDjT+> sb+~++< $e]d sdq yd+ L& +~
d+|{. ys>+`d\T nH~ dsyTq yd+. ys>+ \>\+f
s> eTTK ;yTq d <s+> +&\ y<+T\T @$<+>
|u~+#s $e]+, d |sTw\T <] q dV yTq k+<s +
H, q eTqX+# n<T| |T k+<s+ nH |sT
|sTw&T d s#T e& ydq mT> & n+ q n_bj
<s+> e+ #XsT yd+ s#sTT. d L& ys>+ neds+
n #| +&, e\+ |sTw& ys > beTTU, d ys >
XTe> |]>D+#& m#bsT yd+.
T + +<T <<| d>+ yk\T <T \T>T kV d++~+q$.
HX\+ H+ yX eed >T]+ #]d sdq yd+ {
>, s +&e~ | +> eT<T syD dy < <sD *jT]# yd+.
H+ yTT<{ qT+ e] esL q <>sZ eq |sTw\q,
d\ q eT<T syD d+uw+q rsTq, |e]+q rsTq ey T q
dy < <sD |dT +#sT yd s#s TT. Te+{ nuT <jT uy\,
#| >*>sT n+{yT.
<\ , $\, yk\ s 267
 d+|{ |+> #|<q yk\ s+&T e>+{ eeT] >T]+q d\ T d+|{ =dyT sT| HsTT.
nq|Ps<$ >T]+ sdq$ L& HsTT. $ =* eTVfi K\T ` d+d+< uc kV, #+< ysD\+s~ Xk Cq
ke $\Te\T, d Wq| susD+ nq|Ps dTuw se[. d + | q Ts q #s w e]>s T $C q <j T + >q,
e>+{ u|&T >sT q us sdq K* |d s |+ |#T ]+#&+ #H+>q sdq kV yk\ d+|{ eTT+<Te sd
us +& UkV neTs *+q yH $e]+#sT neX+ \>&+ >se+> u$dTH qT.
w e]>sT. nq|Ps<$ 1914 qT+ 1923 esL (us nyT] #s <e\] w e] >] H V<jT |Ps n_q+<q\T.
+&>q n+ |PseT) sdq K\, <+&T dsHsjTD sE>] (2010)
sdq K <s+> #dT, d d+dsD >T]+N, sj d
>T]+N, d | $e >T]+N, <Xu >T]+N, $$< d+<s yT sdq
Ve, d rdT, y{ |sq j>+> ^ |< nsTT+
+~s<$, usr<$ k<eTDT\T sdq nq|Ps dTuw se[
>T]+ $e]+#sT yd+. nq|Ps<$ Ve\ H{,
eTTK+> ||+ NsD H|< + eTq<X+ esTTq |]d T eTq+<]
e]kjT yd+ #~$ \TdT+ ~.
<T |< > jT y<s+> q yd+ eTs={. ~ #],
bNq d++~+q~. sD sT<eT<$ MsXsds \q, eT>Te
e+#\ bsTw kVk\q, M]<s n+~+q <Xu # H $e]+q
yd+ ~.
e\r#+<sY qe kV d$es+> $Xw d , <T d eT]
eT qe\ $$< b\ <s @$<+ > s#s TT +#s
#|+#sT #s we]>sT.
dy < $+ b& >T]+ yd+ $e]+, eTs= yd+
=+&|P & s\ s#q uy, uw, e#q $ sD #T]
$$< o]\ +< k<VsD+> $e]+#sT. =+&|P & s\ ue ds d
ksd |{ yd+ n s#s TT djT+> u$+#sT.
d+|{ K]yd+, n{ q yd+ e<]. *
]+ # mH d+d X\T ++#sT. eqy[ n+{ B| e+{
n] #j<$ s 268 <\ , $\, yk\ s 269
 n~ $TqVsTTd jTq C| X nbs+. nsTT, jTq eq V\+
sdTq |&T Hq&>qT zk] `+> e ]>j? $es\
d+uwD\ dV MT >TsTH j? n. de<q+ #| +& >&T dT>
q$ }sTHsT. jTq $TT\+<]q mH TsT #|ysT qe,
q$d. H +]> q|&T X+> d+>s{ \Td |d+
#<T e LsTHysT. H e{& MTMT TsT+ &e nHqT zk]
ws + >. jTq >+;s+ > eTTK+|{ , nqT H& @eT+TH&T?
es< C|+ nHsT d+uwD yTT<\T|eTqT! e yTT<{ @+ deyX+
(|[fl#|\ d+<s+) e eT< eTqd+uwD ]+~ |~VqT
kVr de+ sjTeTq ey] >T]+q C| \qT #| <qM, eTTc\bT. < >T]+ Vq+ | sXqT. sy es<d
#|>*qM |{ mH +s\ #bqT. ykq, <\ #sqT.
s|+q sXqT. + @y q q d+>T \TH, n$ kVr de+ (kVr de+ ` kV |, nsY`&d+sY, 2010)
|#T]+#<q ksTT +&eqT+{qT. n++&, ey]q
C|X H <T. &T weT]>sT > eT]beT+f HqT
m|{<| &T eT]b +{qT. ey] kVr$TT\ ($$< uw\
yfifl), sjT $TT\ m+eT+~ |]#jT + @s&H, n+<s H
eTqdT \e<T. *q =~eT+~ >T]+N L& n $es\
>TsT+ &e. HHe ]>T]+#H eT]b, eT+{ u+#X&T<T f! nHysT
jTq. jTq L& ejTdT MTs k] eTTK$TT& |sT
eT]bjsT! yTeTT & qT+ & ] e ds | & , y{>]
b H n| & | & T Ts T # T +& y s T . k ] y{ e
+{=q|&T eq V\+ |d y @< jTq#sT. |\
@<H sde+& nHsT y{. @<e+q eysT |* y[fl qqT
|*#sT. qqT sV d+> n&>sT jTq |sT eT]bjqT. @$T{
#| n. n<$T{! y{ b+&Ts+>se>] |sT eT]be&+ @$T{?
nHqT >Td>Td>. y{ & yTeTTq b{ |H sYkr +&ysT
T++. yTT+ MT< &sTT+>s yT y[fl |d + @<sd #sT.
n] #j<$ s 270 <\ , $\, yk\ s 271
|\T me eTT<=ksTT
qe M 8`12`2010 d+ e]|J |\T\ H *yq $
nH o] MTsT |#T ]+q n+X+| H d+<q *jTCdT H qT. |\\
*jT eT] = $wj \T...
|\T\T d# Je\T! >=\TdT yd f d }sTe. \T jTe
T++| $Xd+ #|H, yfifl|q <s|& sTT ` y{ sp y+>
rdTyfifl*. eT< eT< +qT #sTT+#*. |+|&T |\T\ |eT
me. y{ |eT y*. eTq|q <s|& e . eTq+ m& H
}] y[flH, y{ d+> n$ #dT+{sTT. eT eTq+ ] s>H n$
eT+{ ] e#ksTT. y{ m&H <s+> e~d eH,
yT + ] e#ksTT.
|\T\ Xu me. <=& yfifl\+f eT{ q >=sTT $, y &
< MT< LsT eTfl <|q eT{ |ksTT. +{ eT+#+ MT< <T|{
e]d eTT+<T> n$ e |&T +{sTT. y{ eT+ n_sT +T+~.
dt +, , y +{$ w+ !
\ H, |* |\\T |\* ]ksTT. |\\T ujT|&sT>,
|\T\T @MT #jT e. eTq+> +{sTT. \T yTT] \H=| | ksTT.
|\T\T @ bC nsTTH eTT<=ksTT! $<X #eT+~ d\ T |\T*
|+#TsT. n& |\T\ ueT\ +&sT |+{ #ksT | d+es+.
|\T\ MT< u&T |d \T L& HsTT. H |\T\+f eTT<T.
n] #j<$ s 272
<>Zsq <s\T
dMT
$<X y\Te&q <T kV+, eTTK+> $+, n&
s#s TT\T =+<sT +q eT nqTuy \q, deTq |]d T \q
eTq fifleTT+~ #sT &. ~esY q kV yk\ <s. ~
s y T q ||+ # kVrj. n+<T +<T n<j* eT\T
nHsT s#s TT! j, nyT] +H, b\dH , HJ ]j,
sH, $jT+, s, yT, #H , bH <X bs \qT rdTy[fl
<X s#s TT\, e\ V<j \qT $w]+#sT. bH dy <
esTTT\ $\ d+\H |]#jT + #jT & eTq \T>T *yT| \T
$ d+|{ |sT rdT bH *yT| \T nH o] |{sT
yk. n>, > e\qT q\\ Te\T nHsT. $+ >Tu[+q
q\ (e\T) \Te\T nH yd+.
2004q, 2008q us nyT] yfisT &. ~esY LT]
T++ *d >&|&. yTT<{k] y[flq|&T q nqTuy\qT
eT+ <\ T> eT*, eT#TueT < d+|{ #ssT. |&T kV
yk\ d+|{ ` nqTuy \ bT, |]X<q , n< jTq+ #d sdq
yk\ d+|{! V*e&, &d+& e+{ |d< <sjT d\T
(qe, &d+sT 22, 2010) #dq|{q dsd r \j\T <]+q|&T |j qs+ > \+
<\ , $\, yk\ s 273
>&| q+< b+<sT s#s TT. dsd r \j\T m+ s Dj T +> bsd $ sMT, $jT+ jTT< $+, <T s $+, nyT]
+{j, m+ q+<kj e]+q \T>T s#sTT VQX &. jTT< es $+, bH *yT|\T, yT ns >y+ (|yT
~esY s nqT+{qT. |d \ c|* \T> L&, VsTT> $+), >{ y <{q #H $+, <T nsu $jT+, |+
LsT #<TeHT n ks\ @sT #jT&yT +&, |r $+ nH yk\T H{ ||+ # $+ rsT qT* |]#jT +
nyT] |&T |d \ |#T sD L& yfifl |j >\T #dT q T #ksTT.
sXsT ~esY. <VsD, $ d+|{ bT, n+<T $\| e#q kV+ ` e<s J$ jT<s <X+ nyT] ~yd qe\
=+<sT bs\ nqTuT\ L&q d+<q\qT #jT&+ e+{ ds >T]+ &. ~esY sdq $es\T `d esH d sdq qe\,
|j >\T. Te+{ |j >\T @$<+ > #Xs |]X~+#e\dq $wjT +. s & +&jT H e\d eq jTs|jT qT m <|& #d, yfifl n&T >T
eTq<X+ s#s TT\T eT $\, <\ d+|{\qT |#T ]+#Te&yT esZ+> m ess #<Te+f, H&T eTq<X+ ||+NsD
>=| d+>! |u e+ eTq ]qT\, eTsT\, qsT s T \ m <|&
| LsTH $<] $T* X<>, |d eT>yT #~yyD >T] nsTT, eT JeH<s, JeqX* THs fifl {q sTT+~.
n #| HsT ~esY. { |~ksT #~$, ks+X+ + |{+ #T, ke*jq, s | H , nsu <Xq eTTd+ d\ <Tss
H{ rdT y{ <s+> nyT] $ |$T\ n_sT ke |]dT* njH V * +q du$TwH`1 nH
eT#TTq nH yd+ bs+_+, yTT+ 18 yk\T sd nD+ # #\q+q, Ce ]H (H |+s+) nH |d + q q $Xc\qT
eTq \T>T |\ |+|d |#T ]yT q y d+|{ yk\T. ~esY sD ndq ns+ nH yd+ $e]+#sT. #+<d
<sH, nDyL, *+>$eL, sdC, ndeT uy\T+&&+ @eTsTTH XjT ds+ <T. @ eTyT H d+dsD\
deC, d<X+ qT+ VwsDL, jTT<, k+d nr+ L&<T n s#s TT sj T +> sdqT #bsT &. ~esY.
$< +k es+>, $$< e\T reds+ >fiy T \yT *|q H{y dH nH deT> qe\ sdq yTTyT T<{ | H ` nyT]H
sdH d+|{ |\+& |< dT+ ~ nHsT. ~esY q s#s TT ]#sY s { >Ts+N, qe\ >\ Hs |e, y] Hs| P ]
d+|{ es >Te>TeTT sT e....! n+ bs \ kVr j JeqX* eT\qT # T> #]+q rsT |X+ dd sXsT
eTT+| |\T. $$< <X\ e\ $+ #~$q MT< ksqyTq >\ J$ <X\ dJe rsD nH yd+.
eqe \D \T qT <]+q yH bs \ $e]+#sT. e s D ||+# kV yd d+|{ $wj\ #] H|<
j e\ |u nqT>TD+> ]q|{, ...s||s + >, edT| s + >, n+~+ yU+q esesse>sT ||+# kV M<T.... nH
||+ #eT+{ s+ > $+ s|~<T +Tq yde + nsy T + ~ eTT+<Te yd d+|{ eT]+ |w #LssT. $c<+
~esY. \T>T $+ jTqq dTBs |]#jT+ e\H |s<o L&Tq edTe \ >T]+ nsTTH, VsTT> #<T e>*> X* sdq
$\ qT |Te&+ dT\uy T + ~ jTq. yk\T $|jT T\, s#s TT\ n+<s #<e <q$. &. ~esY
b\dH b\yH \ (<wt $+), $+ >Tu[+q q\ (e\T) q T++ q rjT d++<\T L& |d + <s \TksTT.
\Te\T, |& q &* s+ >+ (ej@+), $eq+ HJ ]j
sC\T, $ B|\T $syT u +&, dV+ <y #dq (b\|, qe] 2011)

n] #j<$ s 274 <\ , $\, yk\ s 275


\TyT \T>T<q+!
n#yTq \T>T<H |_+_+# <\ T sdq bs + < \
eT~ seTwX d |eTTKT\T. \T>T e#qs#q +>| < \T $]$>
y&+ nys+ nqT+Tq sE\ \T>T s#s TT\, \T>T
$<sT\ #<ee\dq <\T jTq <\T. \T>T<q+ {|&
V< s + >, s| P ]+> #H+> sdq <* $. eT~ <\ T
#~$ y{ jTq y&q \T>T qT&s\ >T]+ >+<y T sjTe#T.
eT~ seTwX d qT sdq = <\ |{q o]\ H \T>T<q+
={qT |dT + ~. <VsD >s+>=|, eTT>]+, $qy&T ,
*+, *T ssTT, k`b|, &TeTTe\T yTT<q $. eT~ <\ T
= #~$ #\T \T>T e+\, |+&e+\ @$T{ \TksTT. |ssTT
e+\, bdt| & b#Ts+ q \+ eTq e+\ eTq
|+\ jTTes+ \T>T<H J]+#Te&+ HsT e#T.
\T>T y\qT +{+ #Tq eT~ q <\ +& y{ |]eTfi
+bsT. eT< s> T+u\ >T]+ m+ dT\u+ > sXs, s#]|
yesD >T]+ L& n+ deTs+ >, k+<s X_+ >, |+&
beTsT\q+<] T HT> sXsT. Cq|<T \ JeqX* , fi\
fifl f T +#&+ y&T uw, kyT\ |j +#&+ eT~
| . keq >VDT\ >T]+ m+ k> sXs, yX \ >T]+
n] #j<$ s 276
n+ $d+>q sXsT. <qe+T\ >T]+N, |<y] >T]+N q
ne>Vq, deq |u <\ T sXsT.
sE\ |eT $yV\T m+> |sT>TTHj, $&\T L&
n+> |sT>TTHsTT. nH sD\ e\ |<\ T ~]q d++<
nsTTH <+|T \T $&bjT |]d T \T @s&&+ eeT. y{ sD\
{ ` qyfi |s\ |<y fi \>Cd T e&+ ` eTeTs+ |sT
yfi eT< #=s&, yfi eT< <s |+#&+ . nTe+{ edTe eq
< sD+. [fl<s T |\ , n|s|+> |+#TTq sE\
*< + &T\T HsT y*q d+# < sD+. < #<T e
+f ds++, uqTeT, mH{ sese q{+q $yV+<+
de ` 1964 H{~ ` >TsT =dT+ ~. de ]+#& eTT+<
` 1928 `dTC | |#T]yTq < ~.
nesTT us e~*yX& fi n+<s #| +THsT nH
y+ yTT<\eT+~ <. nesTT |sT eTeT. u\ $yV+.
|< \T>fi +& +&H |s |+|+#\ |T|{ + ~ eTeT *.
n+ q|\ |s |+|&+ +& w+ <T . #q|+ q
#<T e |P]+& |fi |s rdT fi& + e| w+ <T .
eTeT * $| eTw. eTT<T #dq|&T H+#Te&+,
|+ eq|&T #e =&+ yT +. D+ e us
rdTyfie T n\T& s + ssTT++~. us *e*H $q<T . jTq
dqdkq+f, $& V #dT +{q u~]++~. e+s<
LTsT yTTT H |\ HsT eTsTT++~.
n\T&T e#&T nsTTw+ >H. usqT rdT fiS q $& m+ nHjT+
#dT q < #b&T n> ]. $& |+ e+~ n\T& MT<. =Hfi
sy LTsT >TsT =k+< #| y+H jT\T<] #q|+ y[fl+~,
yfi eTT+<T> TsT #jT +&. n\T&T yfifi+> nq z e
|+ e+<$&. n\TD HH e\ n+~. us deT]+q+<T
<\ , $\, yk\ s 277
LT] MT< |+ e+~. * ] yfi +& k] e yfie T
|eT> s + sd+~ eTeT. yTT>TD |+|+#&+ w+ q T>
+<, D + < e yfie T s + ssTTdT+ ~ *. rs y[<s
e#d] |+ |dT+~ >TeT+. LT] =HfibT q <>Zs
+#eT+T+~ n\T& . us $& +&&+ LT] w+ <T . *~
#<d+ s+>]+q yTT+&q + n+ bjT+ #TT+~ us .
eTq+ ~es yT d+\T #d >s$dT+ f H +~.
MTsT s>& #|qT> $+T+~ n T #|, |&T q sM+<T& sq+
us q |+|+#b m|{ |{+{H e~kq u~]+#eT 150e jT+ d+<s + >
d\V dT+~. MT Hq }sT+{& n us n&T>T&T eTeT.
+& H+ n+ \TdT n+T+~. n\T&T |+> e{& & sM+<H< {>sY >T]+ #| & VQeTTK |CX* nH |<+
y[flbj, o bq u~]k&T +&. m& b&T! s|b{ # q~ ` eTu$ +q usrjT d+d n+f =+es d]bT+~.
CsT &T n nsTdT+ ~ *. nesTT us e~X& }fi n+<s eTV]> >se+ b+~q <y+ <H< {>sY <+|T \ 1861 yT H\
#|+THsT n < eTT+|. < bs+u yyT eTT+| y+ 7e Bq sM+<T&T +#&T. kV, VQuc b+&,
L&. eT< < nd\T <. n< +<T \+. {e\ jT+ bbse \*fi\, < +q n\y\yTq {>sY T++ |{q
>s, #s mdt. Xcs+ >s d+b<+ eV+q qsfi ` sM+<T&T 8 @fi ejTdTH |+ $ nqTy<+ #X&T. 12e
qsT>TsT < \T ` qsT < \T (1910`2009: X jT+ d+\q+) @ H s+#&T. 16 d+es\ ejTdT $>q,
nH V<+Z <+ < \ <={. $eTs&T>q |sT #T H&T. = qe\\ $$< <\ sX&T.
(k, keTys+, qe] 10, 2011) kVr |jT \{q cT &|+#TH&T.
sM+<T&T | |$T&T. uVk+<sH , k+<s L&
<]+ s~+#>\ sd| b d, y nsTTq sM+<T&T s+s k|&T
L&. Xs k+<s +, k+<s + bT X$T k+<s L&
>T]+q eqey~.
sM+<T& qT+ eTq+ HsT e*q~ ` eTTK+>, euw, usrjT
d+d |$T+#&+ , bV+#&+ . jTTe jTdT sM+<TD \+&H
jTe]{ |+|+H, &^ |P] #jT +&H, d<X ]e,
X+H <s $< k+d +<+> sb+~+, CrjT

n] #j<$ s 278 <\ , $\, yk\ s 279

d+ + +&, < $Xus> e~ #d, $Xeqe $k
w #X&T. n+<T sM+<H< {>sY $Xeqe&T>, $X$>
]b +<&T. 1961 sM+<T& X jT+ d+<s + > +< |<X kV
n&MT, #+ CqsyT ks< + $Xw d+ |#T ]++~.
H{ eTVeTVQq e\, |+&T \ $$< |jT \ #dq s#q \T
HsTT d+.
sM+<T s#q ^+* e+ n+ $wy T q B, n+srjT
U b+~qB. eqe+ ~e <]+ s+q ^+* y
dy VT\T ysT +&sT . ^+* y sM+<T&T djT+>
#dq +>qTy< 1913 Hu |sks+ \_+q $wjT + n+<]
*dq<. Hu |sks b+~q |<eT usrjTT&, |<eT
bXsT & sM+<T&. B nH ||+ #u w nqTe~+#&+ ]+~.
eTq \T>T #\+ #dq nqTy<+ |d~ #+~+~. &. C. u>\
>sT <ue+, dsfidT+<s+> nqTdq #XsT |<fifl+.
2011 &. qT|PsT lydT\T s &> sT L& nqTy<+ #XsT. ^+*
$ |dT nH o] b|dsY l\DeT] >sT XyD
d+ sdq 13 |d+ >yk\qT {e d+|{> |#T ]+#sT.
sM+<T qe\\T >s, Hu+ >+ n+ |d< y T q $. \T>T
nqTy<+ sM+<T s#q \T @M yy ! sM+<T H\qT ={
n] seTws e>sT +< kV n&MT d+ nqTy<+ #XsT.
y{ n&MT 1969 |#T ]++~. X+H $<ud+ #dq
&. uy& >b\s& >sT, n] seTws e >] *d eT]=
H\qT nqTe~+#sT n&MT d+. seTws e>s, sjTb\T
dTuse>s L& jTeq+ $<ud deTjT+ =+\+
X+H >&| q ys.
sM+<T&T 1877 <\T sjT&+ bs+_+#&T. d+es+
sdq yTT<{ < _]D ` u+> uw ||<eT <T <>
#TsT.
n] #j<$ s 280
sM+<T&T sdq 84 < d> |> eT&T d+|{\T> >\>T#
|sT y\Te&sTT. M{ \T>T eT~u d] nqTe~+#sT. sM+<T&
< e[> d+\q+ |#T ]yT + ~. sM+<T |]ds\, <T uy\,
eqd deTd\ jTq < |_+_ksTT. $T+<sT e+X #+~q
e> >e L& =+\+ {>sY >&| & + e\, n& yfifl J$*
+> |]o*+, |>&+ > nqTu #+~ sdq <\ T jTq$. q>s
J$ n\yT|&q y&H , |s \ >T]+N, nsD\ >T]+N q
\\T |ksTT = < .
sM+<T& < = m+ fiyTq$ de\L, H\L
<seTjsTT.
sM+<T& d\ | nuT<jTuy\T +&$. |sTc~| u+>
de+, eT< s> T+u d\ <Ts> |]d T \qT +#&T
q < . sejTD+ seTT&T d+Xj e #jT & n|yX +
#dq d eTV|e> ]+ # V+< d+|<j $eT]+#&T
V eT+ nH < .
nsTT, {>sY usMT< |eT H, yTT<{ jTeq <X yT
kVs+>+ m<> +& #X&T ` n~ d \D + <+, e]
us |u >T]+, yT ~ \e+qT CsTTr> <s VsDY
nH < , djqTuy <w |T sdqT \TdT+ ~. sM+<T&
n+ rjTTs\T eTD[. sM+<T& us eTD[.
q& +&>, X+uT $T, |$ T +<+ ysT {>sY H\qT
={ |<] +#sT. King of the Dark Chamber H u+>
#dq|&T, n~ L& Hu |sks nsyT q + >=|> n|++~.
H e> + > sM+<T& > jT+ { es<Z s +. mesH qqT +]>
m +THs n&q|&T, sM+<T&T @# nH&T <! n+
+{qT.
(dy < | u $T, e] 2011)
<\ , $\, yk\ s 281

H nqTuy \, H s#q $\Te\
HqT s#s TT neq m|& nqT<T . e +{ nTe+{
<T kV yesD+ +&~ <T. < yesDyT me>
+&~.
s#s TT ny\H n_w m+.m. #<T e+&> yTT<+ ~. e e~q
sTD >b n|&|&T +<|, +<|u <\T sd+&~ myT. bsy T +{ 33 X+ kH\T +&\q |b<q $T+>T&T|& + <T
sTD>b |sT. q d+ qe\\, <\ |d \ e J
qT+ |&T+&<. qT y{ #~$, y{ <\ T H #|~.
q nqTuy \ <s+> sdq <\ T #X, Hq n sjTT#T<
n|++~.
C+ J e>CH $<] H yTT<{ < n#sTT+~. 1952.
n~ e Hq>] jT+ <sD >T]+ sdq <. < |sT
nqT+<+, +{ &yfifl m+{ \T Ty, @s+>T, @
&Cq q \T Ty eHq >s ss TT+#ysT. <
< HsTT `, n eT us \ eT csTTc\ >T]+ #| s eT,
n+ nDeTD +{s$T $dT>Z nqTH~. rs q |fiflj ,
yTT<{s us s &j +^wt eT $+, +^wt eT
wy T H? n n&T>T&T. # w+ n de<q+ #| , y+H
nqT+T+~` n m+<T #bqT? Hw+ <T <! n. eTfl
n] #j<$ s 282
H de<q+ #| +T+~ ` n #_ jTq d+wksT < n
#| +{qT n. n+f, jT d+w|&+ H q d+w+ $T&
+T+<qe. n+<T Hy ne, n us \ m<TsT#|ysT <T
n L& $Xw + #T+T+~ < HsTT. e Hq>sT n#sTTq <
` #~$, # |H d+{yT +{ m|dt #Xee nHsT n_q+~d!
$wj HqT nHw d+d #+~q . \* #|q|&T, us
L& n> nqT+{& ` us d+w |&+H q d+w+
$T& +~ n? n n&+~ qe. |sTw\+<T |D|sTw\T
ysj n |sTw& nH&T <! nHqT.
n+< T # $\Te\ $w j eq| & T d e +
<+<T\T+{jT eTq \TdT. <VsD, &yfifl <>\T
#j , }fifl? nH HqT& +~. n+f, <>\T #jT &+, }fi
fl @\&+ |sTw\ V\ u< \ nH ns+ edT+ ~. n+<T <
` <<| n+<sT sjT H\ !
1965 sdq H |j D+ nH |< < = <w n+~++~
` &|\ | ]> n#s m rdTy\q $wjT +. H +<
kV n&MT nysT eq d+<s + >, |eTTK dy < s#s TT zZ
+<C ` $$< |J | yd+ sXsT qes+Z e T+
nH o] . d+|{ q = <* | +> |k$+#sT. |j D+
< >T]+ sXsT ` |j D+ < seT MT< dVTs* us
n#s+ #k&T . |$T+q eT] $wjT + $ T <seTe&T.
Bq+ T n+<] <s+> y[flb<eTqTq|&T, yTqT |[fl
#| w| & q XKs+ n+{&T ` MT dVTs* us #dq | MTsT
jTe+#T+THsT. s +&T sD\ e\. | k+|T jTe\
$sT<+ e&+ e\q, eTqd+ eT] y| yTTZ +&&+ e\q.
neH? MTsT sT s&T MT< bT+f m<T{ qT+ mes jTe\
<\ , $\, yk\ s 283
es+> sT q&|+ #T+ e MT sT & =+{&T. MT sT <
+T+~. MTsT e+ ds q esZH , jTeT <+ >H yfiflsT . nsTTH
sT b&+ ~. n& MT eTqdT jTy\+|T q+ >T]+ u<| & q eds+
<T <. sT u>T#sTT+#T+{sT. n+. seT +|#d q
e\T d |sTw\+<s qeTe\dq e\T. 1965H e\T
#j<$ >sT sXsT. d\ o\+, |$\ >T]+ d+d |sT |{
mH >=&e\T sT>TTq d+<s + < q d+\H +< kV
n&MT nysT se&+ m+ u>T+~.
|j D+ < >T]+ zZ sdq yK d+~d, sy ys+
$$< n#s+ nT e+{<? nH o] |. seTw q <w
D |<] +#sT ` $<+ >.
.... sTL, sTL ]q j&+{ nsTT, XKs+ |]cs+
ds q <. n++ f #jT e\d+<MT <T . mes #| e\d+~ L& <T.
seT d. n> eTw. yT +#, d+~+# yT<&T +~. |u $+
njT V<jT + +~. >+ +~, ese q+ +~. u$ w +~. qqT
s +# ke $\Te\ HsTT. eq, + mH d | ]q
n#s yVq+|, jT++| ]q qw+ b\e#?.
d | ]q n#s j&+{ b\e#T. nsTT, n~
yT eT#|H , d# |H , Xs+|H , yTT+ e +|H <sq +> ]q
<&>H #&*. yT J$+| |u e+ #| ] d++<+ > (sT
j&+{>) #&s<T.
#j<$H, zZH $eT]+#& H~ sjT&+ <T . #j<$
d\ | kqTu <\ T sdqysT. zZ dy < s#s TT. zZ nqT
d\| + y~+|\T |]bTq <X |jD+ < #dq d#q
dsq<? n~ d\| ]> <&, <& >Tsq d\ J$+ *>
|]De\q e>H, |>H #|&+ ne<? n+<Te\, d\
+ nHjT+ ]><?` #q dyT e\T.
n] #j<$ s 284
eTs ys+ sy $$< eTs bs s\T |. seTw eHq
|X |T> de<H\T #|+~.
20e X+ es L& mTe+{ $\Te* =+<sT =qk+#\qT
+THs, $\Te esT rdTse& m+eT+~ m+ bs+
#jT e\d +<, m+ \+ bT bs{ =qk+#e\d +<
nsyT+~.
leT ` < nH < sXqT 1975. Promilla Kapur nH
k+|T $<y sdq |]X<q >+<+, Marriage and the Working
Woman In india #~yqT sE. >+<+ es q |Xe[
#d, HH m de<q+ #TqT ` n |+#T, de<H\T
sjT&+ yTT<\T|{qT. >+;s+ > +&, = # e+>+>,
= # Vdks + > sXqT. |]X< s\T (jTT ejTdT q
n+<yTq jTTe) m<TsT> LsT, |X\T n&T>TTq, HqT H
yT\T = | > #| , |\ ys > nqTq sXqT. H&T
H us +{H q, &sTT+> syT +s sT>TTq+d|P
jTq u&syTH ndVq+> q sXqT. |Ps+, d ]
k++ +f, nqTq d# \_dT+<H nbV +&~. <>+
#dT q d @ e+ ] k++ \_k+~. { |qT\ $wjT +q,
|\\ |+|+ $wjT +q, < u< \T eV+#&+ q, d $X+
@ e+ \_k+~? ` n |+#T+f, de+ #eTD neTq
$\Te esT @ b{< nse TeT+~.
dJeyTq <VsD #TqT. leT < nH < Women
Writing in India d+b< \T eT s +&e d+|+ #ssT. +^w
nqTy< .X. lydt sjTb, +&>H #X&T. nqTe~dTq |&T
|]X< s\T n&q |X HqT (< HsTT>) q de<q+
y y\ e~X&T, nqTe~+# +&. |]X< s\T +s
<<| |P]#X , qqT }VyT q |X n&T>TT+~ ` eT MT
<\ , $\, yk\ s 285
neX+ ed, MT jTH #dT+{s, ys me]HH #dT+{s? sT>T+~ e +{ &sTT+>syT, $T*q b\T <]+#yfifl
n. < HqT neqT, jTH #dT +{qT n | n, n nq&+ n+<s D b+~q, nqTue Eq qT\T sT. s$Xd, &. Vqsy,
us H <s + <! nqT+{qT eTqTdT. eTqdT nqTq |sD+ dTVDXs e+{ |eTTK s#s TT\T L& HsT. HqT ds< >,
y rd bsX&T nqTy< &T. neqT, jTH #dT +{qT n e s +&e &|& T #T dTC |sT d+#qT... s ey] <>sZ .
eyT de<q+ #| qT +~. $\Te\ $wjT + HqT | +> $Xw + N nHsT jTq D yT. H fifleT+&+~. dTC us m d+~+
#b?! +&y& >, eTT+<T> nqjT> eys eTT+<T dV +# b jsT `
|d+ n#sTT e# HqT b >eT+#qT. +EHqT. d#q. dTC n+<+> s Dj T +> +T+~. >{> qe>\<T,
nqTy< &T e y] $TT&T L&. nsTTH, n+ nsTTbj \Bd e{&> \ <T.
@+ u+ ?! < +< |u M eq|&T, e |{+ { yfifl ` eT<TsyD <>Z] yfifl $T\T> >VdTq m.sY. w, Vqsy,
eTTK+>, e e~H, e #* LTs #<T e+f #d, e Hq>sT |sD+ dTVDXs yTT<q ysT H+ yw+ yjT & nu +s+
L& rdT #~$, H s + sXsT. < |X Hq ~, >VD> e dTC eT<T syD yw+ m+<T yjT L&<T ?
de<q+ ` @eTT+~? |[fl >H |{+ { yfifl eT]by\+{sT n eTqdTH ]+#THqT. nqTue + H eTqdT *bsTT+~.
jTq. d{> nqsqT+&. * y| yfifl eT&< s+ +#\+{sT. q|& HqT m+.m. #<T eTq|&T V <su<T s &j H
n+<T H|dT + ~ ` eTqTjTT>+ qT+ H{ < eT>y&T es< . bZH< s#T>. seT+& q e Hq>] $wj\T
< d+~d, e Hq>sT, MT jTq >T]+ H u> qq $wjT + m|{| &T s sdH, nu +s+ #| <T . (seT+& e +{
n<=fqe! n sXsT. n+<T m+ e+>+ +< H \TdT! s &j <T ). , k], H+ es~ b ydT H qT n
e Hq>sT m+ jT+ nsTTH, e neTy| yfifl #<T eq, sXqT e Hq>]. D + s + sXsT H ` H\ \+
$yVq # dV jT+ #XsT. eysT H MT< n |eTH, qqT e< #jT +& qTe #<T e|q <q+ +#&+ neds+ nqT+{qT.
e yfifl <s+> +#sT. qqT jTq k++ #dT . nsTTH, d# qTe es~ H+ bZq&+ H w+ <T. n +>
>T]+ HqT +#&+ eq<T . sXsT. HqT jTq <X b{+#qT.
+= < <syD. XyD, V<su<T ysT X\ ` n+f , eT<T syD b $wjT + H eTqdT <=\#&+ eq<T .
|\ deT+ seT+ @sT #XsT. < <edTe eysT bsTTq =Hfifl sy, +>\T XyD seT+
`HX\+ + eT<T syD q <X H{> |<] +#& d+ < sjTe\d eq|&T eT<T syD b $wjT yT e eT< ]q
]q |jT +. ~ n] seTws e>] d+dsD du n] d+uwD >TsT =, <H <> sjT& |PqTHqT.
d+dsD nH >+< $w]+#&+ bT, HX\+ <X < $T+<+ yfifl d+d y]y yj \qTq HX
H{> ysTT+#\qTHsT eys, y] $T +<+. eT<T syD> \+ <X+ eT<TsyD b q e < squsq
yjT<q jTTeT\T mes deTj <=s<T. sq usq |&T Tq|&T $, s us n+T+~ qT yw+ ykq. nqT
n] #j<$ s 286 <\ , $\, yk\ s 287
N n+{&T. |eTT+~? n us s { d, eTH eTbsTT+<?
q\T>Ts @eTqT+{sT? n+{&T sT >. s #d| <| ,
eTqdT +E+T+~. X e<T\T<T . eTs&T kjT+\+
$T+<+ yfifl +{= eTT#T |{q |&T, yfifl { #, m|{ ` d+|<jT <y T q d+k] J$ ` e+{+{, >V |]$TyT
|* y[flb+&, n& LsT+T+~. n+<s eTT+<T
\u sTTH, eTfl dsT , #s =qkksT .
$T+<+ n+<]H |<jT q ]fs Y V&eksT . yfifl #]dTq
<X+ +&, eTs={ | H n++~ yd ue+T+~ < n+T+~
<HsTT.
n+<T nqTyq q{ eT<T syD b <=s& + w+ > +<+&.
n+<T b <X m+#TH+ nH&jTq.
b, qqT yjT eT+{s? H+ nu +s+ <T n+T+~. n+
|| qyksT n<< |< C nsTTqT. us e+ _>TdTb&T.
n+{ e~*| +&, +>Hq+& J sE qq |d T
|E
m|& H e#<+& n, |> , H |u , qq #d <+ &
eysT qqT #dT q~! n+T+~ dy Vq+> qe.
z! n>! n+H H! #| s eT+& eT]>s? +{ {+{
+{ |T ? n+{sT eksT . us @MT nq, +~> sTqe
qe&T.
< HsTT |\ qe+T+~ ` mesH @eTqT+{s, de+
@eTqT+T+< nH uj e~*+#Te&+ m+ dT\u+!` +>
\ T# T y > ! d e + m & T +~? eTT+< T > q H > !
nqT+T+~ <HsTT. n+<T < <syD n HeTsD+
#XqT.
eTq de+ bTbsTTq k+|<jTyTq $\Te\ >T]+N,
kV+ esTTq $\Te\ >T]+N #| & += <VsD #|
eTTkqT. ~ qes+Z <.
n] #j<$ s 288
k<sD+> eTq<X+ d J$+ eTqT<sXg+ |s+ ` |[fl
eTT+<T +& nBq+q, |fiflj us Bq+q, e<| + =&T
Bq+q >&y \ n+{sT. , qes+Z < < HsTT esq eT
` >&| q sy , us bj \TdT+ ~ ` qTq \T q sd#&T
q us n. us |qH L& q edT+~. \T q~ nqTHd]
esqeT $Xd+ \T>TT+~. =&T*<] <>Zs >, LTsT <>Zs
>, yfifl MT< <s|& T \qT<T. |< =&T q us kjT+>
+&{ q <>]Z e +&eTH, s +& =&T n< \T e~d
~es * *d +{qH, LTsT |+&> seTH, m&
sq #| , q es+Z qT Tq+T+~. CsT |qT\T djT+>
y[ #dTe&+ yTT<\T|&TT+~. d ] yD <] n&, qT
#&\qTq de #d edT+ ~. us kjT+\+ bsT yfi + ~.
n& |& +<|| nyTyD #d, q q q| sE\T >TsT =,
|& +<|| =qT+T+~. qu+f eTqe&T >TsT =, =+#+
| qTq eTTw sy& |{, q$ qT +T+~. ~ +&j T&
e+~.
< H qq < >, +< kV n&MT, \T>T n&MT
sV+q d<d T #~$q|&T =+<sT yT#THsT. $|e s#s TT
n #| H CeTT, sy { rdT+Tq deTjT+ H <>sZ =,
@ n #jT<T, d+ eTqTeT\ dyTH yfifl <>Zs yfi+~
nH&T. HqT * <T {, H * eTqdT *jT< n <X +
nsTT +T+~. =&T\, LTfiS H, q +{ qT +&{
XsTT+#T, #T| #|> m|&H yfifl neds\ yfifl fi y[fle#
e n #d sXqT <. e n Hq =$T<fi fl |<. HqT
CeTT d+uwD b&+#< T . sTqe q$ }sTHqT.
nsTT, =Hfifl sy, \T>T bs& <>Zs qT+ H= s+
<\ , $\, yk\ s 289
e+~. n d*j <>+. n& +&jT& \T>T~
#~y&T. n $TT&q <d] neTs+< <s H sTHe d+b~+
H s + sX&T. H < nqT #~$q sy , yfifleT>sT eT<
m+<T |e]dT H s, m+<T q+ qT +&\qT+THs q
nsy T + ~ n+, H <q y<\T *jTCX&T.
< #~$q #eT+~, < {.$. d|] #q #dq
yfifl q es+Z qT J$+#e#Tqq <s + *+<q&+ $+THqT.
Hq <qyT+<qT+THqT.
me] ysT d++> +#T eT n_bj\, d#
>sy #Te&yT +&, sT \ n_bj\, d# >sye&+ (1970, 1980 <X \T)
q >=| $\Te @eTT+T+~ ` de+ nsTTH, kV+ nsTTH!
(|<er eTVfi $X$<\jT+, (2011, sT|) \T>T n< jTqXK
sV+q kVr d<d T #~$q |d+ > yd+ 29 e], 2011)
n] #j<$ s 290
\T>T < CrjT
CrjT nq>H <X d++~+q \D +> $d s+
dT]dT+~. eTq <X k++ k~+#& Crj<eT+
nedsy T + ~. Crj<eT d] \T>T kV+ $$< |jT \<s
dTd+|qyT+~.
nd\T C nH |< q, e+X+, \+, >, es+Z , , $<+ nH
ns\THsTT |T+Te. <w #d, CrjT L& ns\T
y$ < |P]+> +{sTT ` y{ y{ | \ T nH ns+ . me] \+
>T]+, me] > >T]+, me] es+Z >T]+, me] >T]+ y]
| n_eq+ @s&+ dV +.
eTq <X k++ ed, |\+<] @< yT\T sT>TT+<
n+<s +#sT. , |s< o jTT\ <|& kq+ d<ojTTH n~s
kq+, ~| kq+ qyfifl eTq e nqTq yfifl `
yfifl d+U|s+ > me> Hds ` yfifl <#Te&+ yTT<+ ~.
<esZ+ |<y], n_e~ k~+q b+\ ysT n_e~
yq&qy] <#Te&+, |&+#&+ n++ mee&+, |
esZ+q, | \+q, eT+q, +&sYq, b++q
CrjTdV |s>&+ bs+uyT+~.
<\ , $\, yk\ s 291
 de+ eq esT\, edTq esT\ kV+ ||* ksTT.
||* +#* L&. s+ > 1970, 1980 <X eq \T>T <
kV + T+u q , d e +q, ] + >, s j T +>,
k+d+> eq esT* ||* ++~. ||\ H\qT dMT+ #&y T
|d+ > yd+ eTTU<X + . nsTT, ~ e\+ $V+> MD + MT<
<s|& q dMT eyT ` deTjue+ e\.
<T \T>T kV+ 1970 yT q $u q _+<Te nHsT
e\+b{ y+dTjT>sT. 1970e <X $|e $jTT>+ nHsT
jTq. 1980e <X + dy <, <[y< # q + bs+uy T q \+
$yT me> e+~. 1960\ qT+ 80\ bs+u+ esL qe\\L,
ybs <sD b<q+ |]+~. HqT q& +Tq \+
1970\ H yTT<{ < d+|{ y\Te]+#\H ], mesH
|#T sD s #&eT $TT& sd, ~ <\ \+ <T. < dTC, =+&|P& s\, |* |<, yTT<qysTHsT.
d+|{ |#T ]+#& mes eTT+<T se+ <T n de<q+
e+~. 90\T s+ueTj < |#TsD u>+ *+~. n<
n_bj e\+b{ q |d + e+ #XsT. 1950\T 1960\ H{
eTV s#s TT\T <\ T sjT{ eqTe&+, $+ < , ybs
qe\\ y\Te`<q T =~> $d dyd q e yde yT n sXsT
e\+b{.
n> < s#s TT \+ <\ T sjTb<T . < edTe ,
<q X* esT#sTT. $|e dV, \dV, b+rjT dV, +&sY
dV |s>& + bs+u+ e&+ e\. = s + s#s TT\, s#s TTT\
y\T>T e \T>T < kV+ = y\T>T\T +bsT. kV
|#T ]+# keq |\ bT yeT| ueC #+~q |\
L& # <\ T e#$ qes+ s#s TT\$. 1970`80 eT< \+
y\Te&q <* >T]+ dMT yd+ sd, <Xu \T>T <
kV dsjTT>+> #b#T n n+|XjT qMH sXsT. <
n] #j<$ s 292
eq esT* {, <sDT\T n++ |]> d#q\T +&+
e jTq yK deT+dyT =+es .
b+rjT dV, s +&T <Xu\L d++~+q < edTe \
djqTuy\, yde |]dT\ |]o\q sdq n|{ =s+
s#s TT\T |&T |d< s#s TT\jsT.
sjT\deTqT+ T $XH<s &, d+>eTH HsjTD, eT<T s++
qs+<, k$T yTT<q ysTHsT. [+>+< b++ qT+ l|, u wD+,
>+&& >sTHjTT&T, n{& n|\HjTT&T yTT<q ysT sXsT. =+<sT
+ sdTH sT. \+>D b++ qT+ n\+ sjT, TyT{ s|T e Ts&,
_.mdt. seTT\T, \Te eT\jT , eTT~>+{ dTCs& yTT<q ysTHsT.
k b++ qT+ b|H eX+sY, esa\ |+* Xd
yTT<q ys+<s HsT. +&sY dV sdq zZ, |. d e, d.
| H <X+ mesesT @jT <\ T sXs \TdTe&+ #
wy T b +~. y] $& d+|{>, n+<] <\ q d+\H>
<\ |#T sD B>, m+<T |#T ]yT q $wjT +> esT. ~ #
+~ *+# $wjT + u$ |]X< \. He+{ y] eT +~.
HqT =+eT+~ <\ qT yd+ |k$+#b e& n~ sD+.
s +&e~ deTjue+.
|&T = <\ >T]+ |k$kqT.
\+>D kjTT<b s{ n\+ sjT +q < XTe H]q
bs+ . u keTT\ |&q qT+N, <|& qT+N $eTT+ y\+f sT>TuT
#jT&+ |< >V+#sT \+>D &T>TesZ\ yfifl. |\T
dyT + y\H #q d+|T + @sT <] rd+~. d+|T + |T
sT>TuT #d |uT + }sT<T. nDy\ T, bdT\T, nsdT\ T, dT\
$#sD\T e+{ jTT<\ sT>Tu nDyd |jT+ #dT+~
|uT +. |uT + $<+ > |\ XTe neT+~. bs+
XTe mT\ | mT\ T yjT | < #|ksT n\+ sjT q
<\ , $\, yk\ s 293
< . < |& T &T >+>T\T m+{ |]d eT yfifl kjTT<
bs{ ~>e\d e+< sT & $e]k&T . |\T jTT<\T
|fd b\ HfXs+{&T. <=s T\T {sT\T rd <=+><
rd+&T, yT+ T \ T {q +, <=s Tb\ bdT\ <+&T. eT]+ yT+
m<TsT y_jT+f TeT u+T\T |{q+.... n y~k&T.
~ |\ bT b\\T L& #<y *q <.
TyT{ s|T s e Ts& sdq u>TbZ s nH < 1983 |#T ]yT + ~.
u>T>Z q T |#d ]\ w J$\ |_++ <. n~s
nDy, <Tss y T q | |]d T \T, e+&{ d]jT q eT eTT]
>T&d\T... n& ]& J$+. >\+f { sTe. =&T |{&
d+s|&H, sy q> y& u>TZ u$ |#j*< n
$#]+# T. u>TZ >qT m& #, ]\T <s T eTT>TsZ T
#bH +{sT <Ts q. ]\T |e<\ >T] ne+& d]jT q
d<Tbj\T+&e. yTHsT | >T+Ee&yT>, ks\ d+>
|{+#TsT. nC> e <Tsq ]+< ]bsY sksT. <
+q <Tsq ]>, ] HjT&T n+< #q |sTd
dyT |]=\T&T. <|& due+ q+#* n+ H<\T #d
}s+| yTT<\eT+~. y\=B ]\T }s+| #] yTH+> &s s Y
s\jT+ y| yfisT. sT>TuT #d V\T d+b~+# ~X> <
eTT>TdT+~.
sjT\deT |]d T * +# < d+>eTH HsjTD sdq
}_ nH <. 1982 +< |u |#T ]+. u$ fifl u> #\&+
<T . es* qeTT eT&T ms e] H{&T s T . $T*q s +&T
ms\ m+& e~*yX&T. u]+> ysTT+#T+f sT|& |+
|+&TT+<y q, ]<] #d, q n|#d u]+> ysTT+#&
d<| & &T . n|{ +{ KsT\ &T #\&+ <T . rs >T+& ssTT
#dT =, n|#d eT&Ty\ use & u]+> ysTTd, m+ $H sT
|& < T . + $ +& *+~. + eT\ |jT +#eT yfifl
n] #j<$ s 294
#| keT , yfi beT+{&T. sy s +T _\T m$T~ y\
|q e+< =&T` qy&T #|d] He s<T HsjT .
n }_ ~bsTTqT n|+qT bs\ L& n|dT+~.
sjT\deT fi sT e s T \T |& c\ }_ eT#TTq.
k$T sdq keL&T 1982 |#T ]yT + ~. ~ eTs= s+ c\
}_. &yfi +{MT< sT>T\ \T. d>T |Z & + ef <T . \L,
e\L, >&y |L eq+ neTTH }s me] &T |+&<T n
s#sTT sd, yq s+&+&jT, |+ eT&+&jT, n|\T {
eT&+&jT , m~q LTs ` |+&+&T djT eT&+&jT , m+& m+&!
d> d>... | b\T e... ke! bq+ b, +& |~ ~H\qT+
=T &q eTTd&T dbjT. n sX&T s#s TT. m+ |<]+
H eTTwb s +&\ T #jT L&<H eT&$ Xd+. n|\T
#d s \T #ksT . <&T uV&T @< eT++ #<e &+, <D >T+&+,
bsTTq eTTd*y& us @&Td+f, q{+{ m+<T @&Tky
eTT+&y |<H, bsTTHfi seT+f eks?... n+{&T =&T. eTTd*
@&~ n+<T <T. n+ KsT|{ >=s d n+<s HsT. q
H\T>T Tq\T L& yjT < , fi *| bXs X|Hs\T |&T
MTjTeT &T | n &T @&TdT+ ~ ` keL&T < eTT+|.
& T $XH<s& < qeTTqH\ 1982 |#T]+. sTy
kV n&MT |#T ]+q +>sT <\ T d+|+ L& e+~.
sjT\deT | q \H{ u $T eT]=+#+ u< jT+>
nyTj\qT+{&T < HjT&T ` eT& LT] |[KsT\ d+.
V<su< qT+ y[ s\T ~>>H m<TsT> dyT+{ b |dT+~.
n& qT+ dT y[fl q }fifl ~>>H m<TsT> eTs dyT +{ b
|dT + ~. }fifl q& y&T +f |]yT q b |]ds\ e]bsTT,
H>] |y+q \D\T |ksTT. >MTD u+L, <T
ed< sD V&$&> e#bjT q+. q }] *<]| #\>T+&
y[flH }]yfifles |+#sT . #\ ;fi, eTs sT e`<sTDyTq ~.
<\ , $\, yk\ s 295
q u $T + eTT+<T q <j~ Msq ne&T #e>. n~
L& e+T &T eyT , q~, q MT< |+ neT+
nj kq+{&T jT |+ ssTT+#T. m+\yTH e<T .
s yT<T . nqT eekjT+ e<T\T, dyT +{ b |
#s&, u $T qT =q<\T#THq yb] s + sk&T `
<HjT&. nq qybs ` *dqy&. rs e #d
<+&T>us+ neT+~. m> | eTT+#T, LT] |[ ysTT<
yjT & XsTT+#T+{&T. nd {s T e q }fifl b \T
e# s T \T qw b sTT, n & L \T> es & y
L*#dT e&y `m sT>T+< #|dT + B <. |&T ||+ NsD
|\TTq =B b\Tq s T \, deTT< rsb+ JeH<s+
qyfiSfl n b+q m qwbTHs #dTH+. HqT
$XK|+ <>Zs y|* fifls #XqT. + mH s\ <\T
se#T esT* d.
H>] |ue+ nT+, nd\T eqe due+H +~
<|& +. m sT\ TH n s\ nHjT+ sT>TH +~.
lfi+ b++ ]q nHj +q < |<\ HjT+
` l| 1970 sdq~. < us b sTTq de T |<V s fi =&T
dT&T *d m> T+~ w+ #dT . y[fl< |+#sTTr
&T=q d+<s+ n~. }] <s+> q d d\+ |fiSfl,
jT>s\ |+&+ CsT |T [ neTT=dT+ ~. =&T eT&T > <*
#dT+ * kjT+ #d +{&T. }] |< dsjT +
H|T <=+>q+ #X&, dsjT =&T sM+<uT n&Tu,
H{ > * n MT< e~* eTTK+, fiSfl f T #X& n_j >+.
ds+ eTT+<T |*|+#+<T eTT+< deT +{[fl dTjT
#eu<&T dsjT . n_j >+ n<+ , qT <=+>q + #jT <T . eT
|#dy&T s<, H|T ~+#eT sM+<uu q
|\T#Tyfifl&, w|& e$T& #T m H |T ~+#T+f
n] #j<$ s 296
eTT $] sM+<uT MT< |&+ <, nqT q =u+f H| T
n& e~d b]bjq dT&T #|H $q<T. ds+>,
|+#sTTr |<\ T >, sM+<uT \d+> eH, HsT $|<T .
dTjT< Hs+ n, ss \ | \T =&T\ MT< sT~, +{
yfifl eTT+< | & * n+{&T ds + ` dsjT dTjT u <&+
HjTyT nqT. s eTTK e\ b D L& +~. < .
HjT+ |sT |<\L, dVjTT\L m nHjT+ sT>TT+<
#|+q < ~.
, e\d y [ jT+ < |+ sese>sT +q <|&, ysd +>
k> ud #, |+#sTTr |Vdq+ eTq *dq<. n~ |&TD
ms#>={+ < HqT eTfl $e]+#qs < T .
1970`80 <X yT*> bs+uyT, sy <yTq dy<
s#q\<s q\T>T] eTT+<T rdT=q |eTTK s#sTTT\ zZ
eTT+<T> #|y*. d\ deTd\T e\+ e>yTqM, T+u
|]$TyT q y <T, y{ sjT + +~ n+, q =* < d+|{
sjT <\ T n |sT |{syT. <jT + | 1987 |#T ]yT q
] <, sy kV n&MT |#T ]+q +>sT <\ T d+\q+
L& e+~. < $&\T dT H|< *| <. us $&\T
rdTy\qTq|&T |\\ u< * n|C| sT n $q|&T
* y<q #| q n+X\, * |&q y<q < eTT>TdT+ ~.
nd\T yT $&\T m+<T rdTy\qT+< #|< nd\T <. HqT
&<> |{q +<T mq& $#]+#< T . H }V \TdTq <>]Z
qT+N &|\ H q +<T d+w+#qT n+ yTT<\eT+~ <. nTe+{
<HsTT q|{ qT+N &|\$ n+ m+ nD +#&
|jT +#s $es+> #TT+~. sy |fij , &~ q+
qT ds+ dV + < us e{& ysbT+~. n
b nqTeH\T \T>TTHjT nseTj, q ]\qT
nD#Te&+ HsT +T+~. sy , qT q <s T _& #dT
<\ , $\, yk\ s 297
qT d nsTTq+<T eT]+ >s |&T T+~. us nqTeq+ eTw,
us V+> +f nqTe+#y&T. yT <>+ #dTq+<Te,
yT d+b<H yT X +< >V +, yT <>+ eHjT
eT+{&T. eqq yTT+& dd] , J+ q #jTeTH&T. eb
#+|q u~]+#&T. <+ |\* rdT |{+ { y[b T+~. |{+ {
n+<s yT &sT. |fiflj &|\ |{+ { e +&L &<H sT.
nsTTH <HsTT <s <T. us +{ yfiTHq #|, |\*
rdT= dVTs*+{ yfi + ~. sy >~ n< rdT= +
|\* eeT\T> d\T |+|dT+~. us sEq |\* d\T
qT+ q +{ rdTy[b &T. |\\ d+ yT us +{ yfi, |\\
MT< yT MT V< \T|\T yddT+{&T. sT yfi\ jT]
d+|~d, nqT L& yT V +&<+ {&T. qTy eT>& d$ ,
d dw+ # |\ + MT< nH V<sT&T. n $e]k&T . H e
@ | +<, V L& | +~... HqT sTT+
rsTqT. sJ |X <T n q sj |{ d T + ~ < eTT+|. d
|{q |{ qT+N @$<+ > $e >T] neT+< $e]+# eT*yT q <
]`d V<j , de+ yT kH $w]+q <.
1970, 1980 ` s+&T <Xu\ <\ \+ <, $+,
qe < yq Hfd H , eT+ <\ , >=| <\ mH sXsT nH
eT+~. eTTK+> qes\ < \T, < edTe = <sDT\ sXsT.
b+rjT dV e+&*\qT |j+#sT. #|<q <\T
e+<\q, #| q <\ T y\q HsTT. | b++ qT+N
< d+|{\T y\Te&sTT. | y< d++~+q < d+|{\T
e#sTT. e+<\ <\ d+\H\T y\Te&TTHsTT |{. m+<s
<\THsT.
n] #j<$ s 298
s+< y<eT+~s+ <
d ksTTuu qT+ keq bsT& esL nsTT<T q \ dT|
#] n+ d+>T \T!
1991 e rjT +<Te ` 54 @fifl +sY ]q K]
nqTuy H fifls #d K] nsTT<T q \T nH < sXqT. n+<T
K] y\T: C eTsD =qTe& n+<s+ n+
|jd|& mes yfiflqs<T eTq+ |*H |\ebsTTH, sy*q
deTjT+ n< edT+ < nsy T + ~.
$wjTyT + me] CH<jT+ b>, nqeds| X\,
nCq+ |sT>TTHsTT. <T k+ y< |]s\T s>T\ ]|t
kjT , sk jT +#&+ eq&+<T . nDTu+T\T ||+ # X+
m+ |j qs+ nej, <T y< |]s\T L& |Cs>
n+ |j qs+ nq d + mes >V +#&+ <T .
sE HqT sdq < =+ d+#\H dw+ +~. de+
$$< esZ. =Hfifl sy, {.$., <s<sH #s seT+
@sT #XsT. eTTK s=s{ Vd jTeqT\TqT |eTTK +>
| |d+b<&T +s #d seT+. n+<T, |eTTK
qT @| `2011
jTe dw+> #b&T. yTeTT T KsT|{ |]s\qT
@sT #X, y{e\ |j q+ b+<e<? d<T bj* yTyT
<\ , $\, yk\ s 299
& @sT #dH , sjT H\ , |uT ~| T \ nyT] y[fl y< +
#sTT+#T+{s+<T? nH&T. d eqe <<+ q &. s
dTuse>sT eyT yd$+> e{&sT. n T\ d|sY
dc\{dt dT|T\ |sT >T\T |qs < e &e sT, |yfifl +{
yfifl #TT+{qT. VsY {Hb+fwH e+{ deTd\ d+ y{
|j +#Ty* nHsT.
1993 eysT es< sCX sse>sT XdX y~ $|+>
u<| & T T+f (u] +# dV q+ =+), *dq y< T \T dT| #s eT
d\V #sT. yTeTT @sT #jT u+f, qqT n& rdTy[fl
#+|+ & nHsT jTq D\T H=+. jT s>e+TD
#j \H X, jT \e++> +<T $TT\+ <>sZ T +& rdTy[fl,
jTq nqTq+ | #X+. 28 sE\T |{+~ |! dT|
rdTyfifl>H eTT+<T d#sY MT< |&Tu{ qs ysYy| b,
n & | \ T # X , eT d # s Y MT< | & T u & , +{
|+|+#dT H sqT jTq sTqe qysT. , jT | bs Y
q sds +fy sY jT{ rdTyfiS + f >us > #XsT
eysT.
n& rdTyfifl @y @sT #d , es+& LsTq qqT |*
| * #s T . H q T u j T | & T y fi flqT. j T q H{ + & + # s Y
|T yfifl eTHsT. \u jqT. yTT<{k ] nTe+{ |#XqT! sy
yfifl = eTTc\bT XeT|&, y+{ sY >=+ neTssT. < eysT
>{> |T nseTTw+ |b sXsT. &s T s+bsTT MTsT n
#jT L&<+ & n+ eTfl |& |jT d (> eTT, >=+
m+ s| sY njj }V+#Te#T) >+d| zsT+&, n+
dsT+T+~ nHsT nqTqjT+>. qqT >+d| bT +{
|+|+#+&, eTfl ekqT nHsT eysT q dV <sD. ,
Cq|< < e <& <>]Z |* nsTTH |+|++~> dT|
&s T e+ ey] e<< T .
n] #j<$ s 300
y+{sY @< <]dT+<, XdrdTe&+q, b jTsY
#jT &+q dV ]dT+ < nqTH+. n~ |< ePV+ +{<
&s nHsT. < s eT+# T&b&T. |> VsY +>
yTwH neTs&+, dH , eT+<T\, Vs+ # qs+ <s m+#&
@s M{ s eT+# T&b&T. q+ qT |
L& < & T . eT\eT $dsq djT+w ks+ <T . nf+&+{
MT< <s|&&+, yfifl nqTd]+# |< s+&T|P\T >&e+&H
u&ksY @s&+, y{ eT eT+<T\, msTTsYu& @s! s
eTT+ >=+T<s >={\T @sT #jT &+ e\ HsT $| q u<
#| H neX+ bT+~. q H{T MT< |H sXsT eysT
V +> ~dt {ssY? n.
n~su c d+|T + n< VA< jT <T<T . n+<]> jTH
nsTT<T q \ dT|H n+eTjsT. ysT = sbsTT,
u& U nsTTq|& jTq s+ e#~. k] q{wH dw*dt
ysT = H\T>T u&T U> +&+ #d, qe { &s Y
q\T>T] k] |Xs! nH&T. |* #\>+, m\ bDd++
nq kyT >TsT =+~. qqT k] eysT H{T <s n&>sT
HqT d d t q|&T m&THy? n. qqT |\ +&# ysT
<T = deTj. es+& y[fl LseTHysT. jTq me]q
#| dVjT+> ~L yTTLqT eT+#+ MT< |& +&ysT.
| q +& us @<H de #d neX+ +&~<T. n+{ yTwH
<! k] jTq | >\ +<HsT. y+H, dT| <>sZ H
q $TT& +{qT+ eT+ | bd t | + &s T , qsT #|
#+. yfifl >=++ bXsT. =+ d|j eysT | @~ n
sXsT H{T. #sT < >=+ <s nHqT. jTq H\T
jT |{sT sT @B! nqT. e] jTq wV #+<T+f,
MT $|e sY +&\+& nHqT. H{T rdT, _|e sY L&
+&* n sXsT. n< jTq K] Vk!
<\ , $\, yk\ s 301
 eTs= dT`
+& X jT+ y eq es< sCX sse>] nq>sT #H
]yfi T|& nsTT<T q\ dT| #ssT. =&T\T
#]+#sT. Hq, jTq LTfiSfl #&{ yfifl+. > y+{ sYq,
VsY\+>yTwHq, dH u{ HHq HsT dV +&.
7 X+ eT+> 70 X+ |s>e #T< nHsT. &s , (qy&,
eT+y&) eTeT* | |*, H +& |]d T H, HqT M{
=\+#eTH #TqT nH&T. <+ =&T\T <s+ #T ds MT
w+ nHsT. n+, yTwq =\+q syH \T>T >+\ |H
s eTsD+ qT s]+#sT. yTwq y&+, neds $T+ y&+
&T >T+&q eTsk] sTEy+ ~.
+ dT`
e <>]Z +<T y , ]fs q = ... d..V#Y.mdt. <sH s=s{
dT| #s&T. #]q|&T |]d n+ re+> <T . sH
$w$T++< *d, =&T (k|yt s Y +sY) e#&T. nyT] qT+.
+& yTwH H H +fy sY jT{ n<\ yq\ H&T.
mHfifl+&, s |]d m +< dw+ e&+<T . nyT] n
<>+ d\e e*q+ <=] d <T . mHfifl +&, m|&T
yfifl, yfifl yfifl L &< *jT d+~>d qqT d+|~+#sT.
Vd H *dq y< |DT& |]d *jTCd, d\V n&>qT. e+{$), H |qT\T +{M, jTM jd|& T H #dT +THqT.
s |]d >T]+ Vd n~sT\ e{&&T. s neT]q k+
y< |]s\qT =\+#sT. 24 >+\> eTsD+ qT < M]+#sT.
nsTT<fifl+ H k mybsTT, }|] rdT d
jd|& T u<| & T THqT. e b$T &s T }fifl &T deTj.
H Xj _wD nsTTq |<$& <s $& d++~+q Vd
yfiflqT. & &sY qqT |+, |]d d]jTdt> +~. MTsT
y+H Vd m&$T{ ny* n+~.
k, H <s< + &, @yH eT+<T\T |dt u #jT +& nHqT.
$& eT+<T\T sdq +MT< e]H, $& m&$T{ ne&
n] #j<$ s 302
n+^]+#<T n sd+~. n+f, H<H nsTT, q u<<
ddTq T. HqT |{+ #T<T . ]CH, + s eT+<T\ sd+~.
y{ y&qT. |~VqT sE \THqT! $& d#q |s+ m&$T{
nsTT +f |]DeT+ m +&< }V+#Te#T.
nsTT, dT| qT+ mes jT|&s <T. eT< eT~
dTeT >sT eTT<s+ esL y[fl ] e#sT. sC s b nqT>
+~ |]d n *d, HqT $TTs* *d $& +q dT|
yfiflqT. |]d $weT+>H +~. ds , @+#k+ nqT, n+eT ys
d+ m<TsT#X+. @ Ts *jTb, =~sE\T bj,
$& m Hs+&? n =&T bH n&>qT. +{ rdT=#eT+&
|s y <T nH&T. $& \Te&+ # n<T+ <! MTsT u>
#dTHsT nHqT |X+ dd . $& mesqTHsT yT&yT ! ` eT~
dTeT>sT <! nH&T =&T qe.
nsTT<fifl + HqT k m{ qT+ \TH H s +& +{
|s wH L& ]+~. eTfl eT< k my+ ~. s +&TksT ds sTT&
y&H >Z < T . eT&k] eTfl eT+<T essT e b$T &s T . H
Vd #s& + w+ < jTq \TdT. eT< d$jTsY &jT ]j
|T eT]+ sd+ bjqT. nsTTH, H y*q, H |& Vs+
#dT |]$T+> +, e*q$ >T (y& b\, {, m
|+ jT{ s # ned|&TTH, z|>Z <>TZTHqT. sfifl |
y{yfi H <>T Z #| &T +~ *dT+ < *dH, H u< HqT
|&TTHqT.
e #TT|\ ueq sD+ #dyfifl +s rdT=
\ysTCeTTq |< #|&T#jT&+, >T+& sTyT y{sT q&|
Xu\T #d + f n+<s+ u] +#&+ <? { e#Y > *H nss
<{ bjT\T |* *+# +~ q H <>T eZ \ *> +~
me< nqT H u< HqT |&T THqT. jd|& T TH H |qT\T
#dT e&+ eq&+<T . e +{ <>sZ |< # +&\ d+sY +~.
<\ , $\, yk\ s 303
 <| H s yTwH q&| q c| +~. n& nedsy T q |&T
yfi H qT. @ u] j qqT |T u~+#&+ <T . Vd +fy
sY jT{ u] j k +& s n<\ yq n{ |{H H| H
@s&, & |s TT\sY, *esY |s TT\sY @s&TH HsTT. eT\eT\
$dsq dV +> Xs+ <* \ dV jT+ s +& s eT+#
{| & d q T #d, < sY e+{$ |{, med| < y& eTfl H| H
edT+ < &s T #TH s ned |&T +{sT. eT\eT\ <s+
e< ]fwH @s&, +{ nsTT, kbyTd H e+{ nsTT+{yT +{ y&
qjT+ #dT e#T. ` |+&T Vsd #jT +&.
HqT k m+ re+> u<|&TTH. |dT+ HqT mTe+{
s+<y < eT+~s+q dVjT+> #e T\ eT< =T+&,
e +{H +& u<|&TTH, d#> HqT ` H |qT\T HqT
#dT +. Xs+ > XeT |&T TH, eqd+ > & <T qT _.|.
+{ H +~. => e# eT+<T\T y&TTHqT &s T d+qT>.
b, VA$Tj| y&s<? n =+<s, jTTs<+ eT+
eT+<T\THsTT, |\ #s+ y& #Xs? n =+<s d\V*d
+{sT. me] @ eT+<Tq d+|Ps $Xd+ <T . $we b
e&T, e&T b eTs kMTJ n u \ T |jT +qT s>T\
L& d\V*d +{sT +<T $TT\T.
+ \q ] H b sTTH, k < + ,Z u<
qT+ jT|& qq qeT+ H+~. yfi jd+ u] +# , >T+&
bsTTH n+q n<w+ @eTT+T+~? s+< y< eT+~s+
dVjT+> sV d+> #e T\ eT< }d& +&, H |]d
q\T>T] *dT d#> Hqq | +~!
(ys, Xys+ 30`4`2011, |qsT<D : dy< | u$T, pH
2011, jT+, p ` d|+ sY 2011)
n] #j<$ s 304
National Seminar on Dissent, Protest and
Literature in Honour of Kamala Surayya
Contemporary Indian Scene - Telugu Experience
Protest is instinctive for all human beings. Even a small baby pro-
tests through a gesture - by frowning or closing her lips tightly if she
does not like the medicine or even milk. As one grows up, this instinct
becomes strong and powerful and dissent is expressed by each per-
son in different ways to achieve the desired result.
The need to protest or express dissent starts at home as a reaction
to the control exercised by the parents or other elder people. As one
steps out of the house, the control over the person is exercised by
those involved in organizing or running the school, office or any social
body. There is a proverb in Telugu-"Inta gelichi raccha gelavali" - i.e.,
one should win over the house hold people before trying to win over
outsiders. The word 'winning' implies a battle of some sort. The whole
life seems like a series of battles, small or big. That is why we have
so many tensions. The family or society seems to be a constant battle-
field. Exercising one's will over that of the others at home or outside
becomes natural. Age difference, social, financial and administrative
status are the crucial factors which affect one's will to exercise con-
trol or the desire to protest or express dissent.
Let me start with my personal experience in this matter before I
narrate the Telugu literary experience in general.
In my childhood, I used to express my dissent on the treatment
given to me by my parents on different occasions by avoiding meals.
<\ , $\, yk\ s 305
If one or both of my parents strongly scolded me for anything, I used
to refuse to take food. Arguing my case was not easy, as I would be
scolded more. In fact, I realized that silence was the most powerful
form of protest. It can prick the conscience of the domineering per-
son some times. I did not know in my childhood that this refusal to
take food was used by Gandhiji as a non-violent political weapon
against the British rulers. Anyway, It was my own brain wave.
I found a novel method of dissent when I started doing my M.A.
at Nizam College, Hyderabad. I was away from my parents and was
staying with my elder brother who had progressive views. He used to
encourage freedom of expression.
My sister-in-law Rukmini Gopal's story-writing inspired me and
indirectly instigated me to express my dissent regarding several things
which I did not like in our family. I wrote my first short story in 1952.
It was entitled 'Anubandham' and it was published in the Nizam Col-
lege magazine 'Vidharthi'. The story was about the dictatorial attitude
of my father even in selecting clothes for the women and children in
the house. They had no choice even with regard to the colour or
design. The heroine of the story, the second daughter in the family,
did not like the way her mother and sister succumbed to male domi-
nation even in the matter of selection of their dresses. She wondered
why they could not protest even in such a small personal matter. But
after she herself got married, she tried to please her husband in the
case of music, against her will, and she realized that she would get
pleasure by pleasing her husband, and understood why her mother
and sister did not protest against the will of their respective husbands.
My father read the story later and naturally appreciated the "fine
sentiment" expressed by me in the end of the story. He didn't com-
ment on the criticism on male domination expressed by me in the
earlier part of the story. But, it had a slow impact on him.
I then realized the importance of literature as a form of dissent
and protest. I adopted lighter vein in writing some of my stories and
my protests were like sugar-quoted pills which could be easily swal-
lowed by readers, especially men.
Another important instance brought about some change in my
father's outlook and behaviour through my literary effort. Again dur-
n] #j<$ s 306
ing my post-graduation I abridged and adapted Rudolf Besier's play
'The Barretts of Wimpole Street, into Telugu. That play was about
Robert Browning and Elizateth Barrett Browning. It was prescribed
as non-detailed text in my graduation. I found resemblance between
the senior Barrett and my father, almost similar in their dictatorial
attitude. The title of my play was 'Pempakam' i.e. upbringing in the
family. Those days I used to participate in the radio plays and talks.
My play was accepted for broadcast. When I wrote to my father
about it, he asked me to send the script of the Telugu play, as he had
no radio in the house at Rajahmundry. I got used to the radio in my
brother's house at Hyderabad. I sent the script to my father hesi-
tantly. I was a bit afraid about his reaction. After reading the play, he
wrote to me a touching letter saying "Don't ever misunderstand me. I
have nothing but love for my children". Actually he had immense love
for us, but he never used to express the same either in words or
actions. He was always serious and appeared as though he did all the
things on duty. Later on his attitude and behaviour changed slowly
due to Jiddu Krishnamuri's philosophy
Well, coming to my marriage, it was another type of subtle dicta-
torship in the name of love. My protests were taken as childish ges-
tures because my husband was a decade older than me, and sup-
posed to be more experienced and knowledgeable than me. My dress
and food were according to his taste only. But, as he was a poet, a
journalist and a humanist, he encouraged me to pursue creative writ-
ing and translations. He got my adapted stories published in book
form. He even made me editor of two issues of modern poetry in
Telugu and editor of one anthology of translations of modern Telugu
poetry into English. But I was not happy with his patronage. I wanted
to pursue short story writing which was dearer to my heart. Luckily
he did not object except in the case of one short story.
Actually my husband never used to read my stories before I sent
them to various journals for publication. He used to say, he was not
interested in reading Telugu prose. But it was not true, I knew. Any
way, I used to tell the theme of my story or the idea behind my story
each time. He used to say a few encouraging remarks when ever he
felt like it. Only once he said 'Chi!' expressing strong disapproval. It
<\ , $\, yk\ s 307
was about my continuous disappointment at not conceiving a child,
especially in a particular month. The story was called 'Gaddunela' (a
difficult month). I did not take his dissent seriously. I sent it to a weekly
for its special issue on women.
That is not the first time that women's problems-whether they
deal with monthly periods, conception or labour pains or any family
problem affecting women, are looked down as indecent, heinous or
outrageous. Feminist movement started in Telugu literature to protest
against male domination and to uphold the rights of women in the age
old patriarchal society. Feminists went ahead of Chalam in upholding
the cause of women. Chalam's emphasis was on freedom of love for
women. His writings were considered immoral and harmful to fami-
lies. Feminists on the other hand advocated women's rights as human
rights. The feminist poetry of women writers in Telugu during 1980's
was branded as 'Blue Poetry' and the feminist writers as "women
who crossed the moral boundaries". The critics were not just the
ordinary readers, but some well-known progressive poets of the time
As a dissent against the male criticism, a group of feminist writers
joined together and published an anthology of feminist poetry entitled
'Neelimeghalu' (Blue Clouds). This group later started the organiza-
tion called Asmita Resource centre for Women which is very well-
established now under the leadership of Mrs. Vasanta Kannabiran
and Volga.
There was one significant historical event connected with dissent
and protest regarding a Telugu literary work of a woman writer. It
was the classic poem called 'Radhika Santvanam' by Muddupalani of
the Eighteenth Century. In 1910, Bangalore Nagaratnamma reprinted
this classic as it was not only a great poem written by a woman, but
that woman belonged to her community. Muddupalani was a dancer
in the court of Pratapa Simha. As Nagaratnamma found the original
work to be poorly printed, she got it re-printed. "Nagaratnamma her-
self was a patron of arts, a learned woman, a musician and a distin-
guished courtesan."
On reading the reprint, Kandukuri Veeresalingam, father of social
reform movement in Andhra and a well-known literary figure, de-
nounced the classic poem saying that "This Muddupalani is an adul-
teress" and "Many parts of the book are such that they should never
n] #j<$ s 308
be heard by a woman, let alone emerge from a woman's mouth." He
added saying "She shamelessly fills her poems with crude descrip-
tions of sex", and "She is born into a community of prostitutes and
does not have the modesty natural to women". He viewed it as "per-
nicious".
Nagaratnamma, it seems, "retorted equally sharply" to
Veeresalingam's dissent as follows : "He can denounce a poet be-
cause, she is a prostitute and he claims that she shamelessly fills her
poems with crude descriptions of sex. But if that is so, it should be
just as wrong for men who are considered respectable to write in that
manner. But several great man have written even more crudely about
sex", she retorted. However, as the government translator of that
time considered some parts of the book were objectionable, the Brit-
ish Government banned the sales of the book. Several petitions were
dismissed. It was only after the nationalist leader Tanguturi Prakasam
became the Chief Minister, the ban orders were withdrawn. Permis-
sion was also granted to Nagaratnamma to publish a new edition in
1952 along with her introduction. All this information was once more
brought to light by K. Lalitha one of the editors of 'Women writing in
India' (1993).
After Gidugu Rama Murthy Started the 'Colloquial language move-
ment', Madras University appointed a Telugu Composition Sub-Com-
mittee in 1914 in order to resolve the controversy regarding the spo-
ken Telugu language advocated for prose writing. Out of the six mem-
bers constituting the committee, all of them well-known pundits and
scholars, only Gurazada Appa Rao expressed his dissent with the
majority view which preferred bookish language. Gurazada submit-
ted 'The Minute of Dissent to the Report of the Telugu Composition
Sub-Committee'.
His dissent note was almost like a thesis. It created a sensation
and gave support to the majority of people among the modern gen-
eration in following the colloquial Telugu, especially prose, in educa-
tional, literary and journalistic fields. This minute of dissent originally
written in English was later translated into Telugu by Dr. Poranki
Dakshina Murthy and later by Visalandhra Publishers. Gurazada's
dissent note was an example par excellence, not only for its high
<\ , $\, yk\ s 309
standard of presentation, but for its content which is modernization of
Telugu language, especially for prose.
Tripuraneni Ramaswamy Choudhary was the first person to start
the Rationalist movement in Andhra through his poems during the
early 20th Century. He wrote severely criticizing the epic poems-
Ramayana, Mahabharata and Bhagavata. His point of contention was
that Aryans tried to control Dravidians and that they imposed their
religion including the caste system on Dravidians. As against
Viswanatha Satyanarayana's poetic work relating to an episode in
Bhagavata depicting the death punishment given to an atheist called
Vena Raja, Ramaswamy Choudhary, expressing his dissent, wrote a
poetic work entitled 'Khooni'!.
Let me now turn to another type of protest in Telugu literature.
While modern poetry in Telugu started as "Bhavakavitvam" in the
beginning of the 20th Century under the influence of Western roman-
tic poets, protest-poetry started with Srirangam Srinivasa Rao, popu-
larly known as Sri Sri. He changed both the content and form of
poetry by revolting against all the social traditions and political condi-
tions, as well as the traditional metrical norms. He was the forerun-
ner of revolutionary poetry in Telugu. He advocated social revolution
and a new world, through his collection of poems called
'Mahaprasthanam' (1940). As narrated by Prof. E. Nageswara Rao
in his monograph on Abburi Ramakrishna Rau (under the series 'Mak-
ers of Indian Literature') although it was Abburi who persuaded Sri
Sri to read the Communist Manifesto and other Marxist literature (Sri
Sri himself acknowledged the fact several times), Abburi himself later
pointed out in 1954 in his poem 'Kavita' that "this revolt was a mis-
take" and he should take the 'return path" and advocate the same.
But, the revolutionary path taken by Sri Sri already established him as
the 'Yuga Karta' (the maker of the era) in modern Telugu poetry.
During the 1960's as an off-shoot of the general Leftist move-
ment, six young Telugu poets started writing modern poetry severely
protesting against the fastly deteriorating any degenerating socio-po-
litical environment in the country. True social revolution could be
brought about only through such vehement protest in poetic form,
they seemed to think. These poets called themselves 'Digambara
Kavulu' (Naked Poets).
n] #j<$ s 310
The language used in their poetry was sometimes vulgar and out-
rageous. During the three years this movement was active, it created
a terrific sensation in literary circles. Although they could not bring
about a clean socio-political environment as desired by them, they
were successful in breaking the stillness and monotony in the prevail-
ing literary form and content. Among those six poets, while Cherabanda
Raju expired in the initial period, and Jwalamukhi expired recently,
Nagnamuni and Nikhileswar are still active in the literary field. While
Mahaswapna faded out, Bhairavaiah is not so active. On the whole,
their poetry of protest left a mark in the Telugu literary history.
But sometime later, protesting against the deep involvement of
politics in poetry, some poets calling themselves 'Nirasana Kavulu"
(Dissent Poets) started writing Poetry without political overtones. Dr.
Gopalakrishna Abburi was one of them. However, they had not much
following in that movement.
On the other hand, more social and political awareness started
reflecting in poetry and other forms of literature of feminists and Dalits.
As mentioned earlier, the feminist poetry faced more criticism from
the fellow writers than from the readers. For example, the well-known
progressive writer Rachakonda Viswanatha Sastry made a shocking
statement when he was asked to express his views on feminist litera-
ture. He said outright that "Shrews are better than feminists" (Stree
Vadula Kanna gayyalulu nayam). There was a furor and severe pro-
test from the feminist writers like Volga. 'Ravi Sastry' as he was
popularly called, was in our house when he made that statement in an
interview done by a lady journalist. I asked him later when my hus-
band was present who was his childhood friend, why he made such a
sweeping statement. Ravi Sastry just smiled innocently and disclosed
that he never read their writings, but he remembered a well-known
elderly feminist activist at that movement when the interviewer asked
him to comment.
As for the Dalits, a few months back, an young lady called Mary
Kumari Madiga wrote an article on the Puranic character Arundhati
who is still considered to be a great pativrata and a prominent star in
the sky. The newly married couple are directed by the purohit to see
the star Arundhati soon after the marriage to seek her blessings. (Of
course, I could not see that star, nor my husband.) The author of that
<\ , $\, yk\ s 311
article wrote with a protest tone that Arundhati suffered injustice even
at the hands of Gods. This article was published in the 'Streevada
Patrika Bhumika'. I was intrigued by her statement and out of curios-
ity, I referred to a book containing information on all the Puranic char-
acters. The title of that reference work is "Poorva Gathalahari'. There
was no mention of any injustice done to her by anyone. One the other
hand, Rishi Vasista married her seeing her talent although she be-
longed to a 'Mala' community considered as untouchable, and she
was blessed by the Devatas. When I wrote a letter to the Editor
quoting this information, Mary Kumari Madiga and Professor Endluri
Sudhakar of P.S. Telugu University protested saying that Arundhati
was not a 'Mala' but a 'Madiga' still lower in status and the humilitation
she suffered was not mentioned in that reference book because the
compiler of that book was a Brahmin. I should have consulted the
Madiga community people to learn about the real story, she advised.
I then politely admitted my ignorance, and added, "Fortunately no
Gods are Brahmins, and if there are any, they are not worshipped and
they have no temples.
I would like to go back a little in time. A different type of protest
found its expression on the eve of the new millennium. As observed
by Prof. Velcheru Narayana Rao in his anthology 'Twentieth Century
Telugu Poetry'. "An event marking the close of the century and the
millennium celebrated in Hyderabad on 2nd January 2000 perhaps
demonstrates this feature more powerfully than any theoretical state-
ment about it can. On that day a group about 150 poets gathered to
read their poetry all day long, from dawn to dusk, while a group of
about 25 poets demonstrated against the readings, because for them
the celebration represented the dominant power structure in society".
Prof. Narayana Rao concluded saying, "Every social/political move-
ment, aspiration, or criticism has expressed itself in literature before it
succeeded as a social reality. Poetry provided the public voice, and
literature was the arena of contestation." This statement can be de-
batable.
It is generally observed that sexually provocative writings become
instantly popular, but some tradition-loving people, however modern
they seem to be, protest against such writings. Even the most re-
spected writer like Gunturu Seshendra Sarma who was honoured
n] #j<$ s 312
with the Sahitya Akademi's Fellowship, had to face public protest
earlier, when his novel 'Kamotsav' started appearing in a well-known
Telugu weekly Andhrajyothi. Several readers raised protests and one
of them filed a suit against the editor for publishing such a serial. The
serial was stopped in the middle.
Much earlier, 'Ranganayakamma, the staunch Leftist woman writer
in Telugu wrote 'Ramayana Visha Vriksham' in prose, in protest against
Viswanatha Satyanarayana's great poem 'Ramayana Kalpa Vriksham'
for which he later got the 'Jnanpeeth Award'. Ranganayakamma's
work was criticized by many readers and writers at that time, includ-
ing the Leftist writer Kodavatiganti Kutumba Rao. According to
Kutumba Rao, trying to rewrite an epic according to modern condi-
tions and from the practical point of view is a waste, as an epic is an
epic. As a part of the protest against Ranganayakamma's work, Dr.
Lata wrote another book 'Ramayana Visha Vrikesha Khandana.'
Similarly, one Mr. D.R. Indra's serial on Ramayana started com-
ing in the same weekly a few years back under the editorship of
another well-known writer. In that serial, Sita's portrayal and the
description of her interaction with Ravana shocked the traditional
minded readers. Some of them protested violently and forced the
editor to stop the serial immediately.
Another instance of protest against any critical writing related to
Ramayana, is the prose work 'Sita Josyam' writtent by the well-known
journalist and creative writer Narla Venkateswara Rao. While the
Award for that year was announced by the Sahitya Akademi to Narla's
book, simultaneously Dr. D.S. Rao wrote in the Akamemi's journal
'Indian Literature' criticising the book in his article. Narla complained
against the writer to the authorities in the Sahitya Akademi and to
some authorities in the Government. As no direct action was taken in
the matter, Narla refused to accept the award.
This protest seems to be a two sided coin. Sex and violence de-
picted in literature-both lead to protests from the public as well as
from the government.
In the case of 'Radhika Santvanam' the then British Government
banned the sales of the book on the basis of its sexual content. In the
case of Vasireddy Sita Devi's novel 'Marichika', the Government of
Andhra Pradesh banned it during the Chief Ministership of N.T. Rama
<\ , $\, yk\ s 313
Rao, saying that it was pro-naxalite movement. In both the cases, the
bans were lifted later.
Unfortunately, I have to mention the latest protest going on in
Andhra Pradesh against the Award declared for the Telugu novel,
'Draupadi', this year by the Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi. Both male
and female writers, including well-known scholars and academicians
protested that the novel 'Draupadi' written by Dr. Yaralagadda Lakshmi
Prasad was vulgar and that it did not deserve the award from the
National Academy of Letters. While some women writers sent a
dissent note to the Akademi initially, several writers expressed their
dissent through the news papers and the electronic media. As the
uu #|+#y?
novel is about the great Puranic woman character, it has raised pro-
tests from the organizations associated with religion. However, some
progressive writers and the leading feminist writer Volga argued in
dMT
favour of the author justifying his right to do creative writing in his
own way. But the case had been referred to the Human Rights Com- d \ q+ .X. eT<* dT<<$ d+dsDs+ yT us #s m+...
mission of Andhra Pradesh.
One thing seems to be clear on surveying the protest movements eT]>sT |#T ]+q >+<+ . dT<<$ |d< s#s TT *+<\ dsd r<$
in Telugu literature. The centuries-old trend which is still continuing, >] s+&e es. HqT C+ J m+.@. (b*{ dH)
that woman had been both a play-thing and a weapon in the hands of #<T eTq|&T qT H pjTsY.
men in social relations as well as in literature. She is looked upon as
an instrument as well as a target. That is why, there are dissents and d+\q+ dT<<$ J$+ +&> |#TsD H#Tbe&+
protests relating to women and by women in Telugu literature from <Ts< w+ . d+\q+ eTT~ s#q \, neTT~ s#q \ \>*d
time to time.
HsTT. =+{ s#H \+ *jT<T. , eTT~yT q y{ |s+
(Paper presented at the seminar conducted by Sahitya Akademi, 1970 qT+ 2009 esL sdq <\, yk\ HsTT. n+f,
New Delhi, and hosted by Thunchan Memorial Trust, Tirur from 3rd eTsD+ #+<T d+es+ + esL sdH +~. nHs>+
to 5th February 2010)
(Jayanthi, October-December 2011)
+{| TH + L&. \T>Tq, +^w q L& yk\T sd+~...
eTV fiX\ b*{ dH ss>Y ]fs j T < |#jT &+
e\, d\ deTd\ >T]+N, k+|T, sjT |]dT\ >T]+N
$Xw D +>, #H+> yk\T sd+~ ` qM, |<M .
d+\q+ 13 <\, 15 yk\ (11 \T>Tq, 4
+^w q) HsTT. y$ < |P]yT q $wj \qT rdT= d s y T q
<\T sd+~ dT<<$. d+\q+ o] q yTT<{ < #d, n u
n] #j<$ s 314 <\ , $\, yk\ s 315
<\, d+|<jTuy\ L&q <\, yk\ nH n_bjT+
\T>TT+~ =+<sT bs \, , nuT <jT sy T q #q\ L&qy
q <\ , yk\ # es . s +&T eT&T $\D yTq |eT<\ ,
eqe d++<\qT = D+ qT+ #|+q <\ L& HsTT.
uu #|+#y? nq < L&, jTTe s*dT> ||]
y[q |&T, n& yT m<Ts=q $ d+|T q e T |sTw +q
<. ds+> +~.
s#s TT eT+ n< jTq o*. \T>T |d \, +^w |d \,
|\ n #<e&+, #~$ deTq deTd\ >T]+ +#&+
n\yTq s#sTT n #|& D D+ |eT<q+ nH <
<s q+. |eT<q + n+f X + . \ |f <T'K+. s#s TT \T>T uw
L& $d |]Cq+ +~. X* <sfi+>q, #~$+#~ >q +~,
n& & >+~ |j >\T q|{. s keqq+ mTe+{
d+w |]d T u+T\ yesD+ mTe+{ u<\ T nqTu$ dTH s,
m+<T nHjT+> bD\T THs *| < D D + |eT<q +.
d\{ ~>{ nH | 2004 pH |#T ]yT + ~ <.
Hq #&* nH < <eT ss> q T+u L&
s+ #d <eT+ bZ+, k++ deTs+ bZq q
+& H{ H{ ed+ *jTsTk&T < HjT&T.
eqe |< u\T& nqTuy \ <s #|+q < ~ @H{
nqT+<y ? H HH nH < #HyT q <. qT # Cq
d+|qT&, *yqy& qq nV+s e<T\T, J$+
m<Ts q dTU\qT, <T'U\qT d+<s+> eeV]d #\< n,
J$+ k|\ + b+<& |]d T \ >Z T> eTd\Te&+ eTTK+
n >Vk&T <HjT&T e].
+<T 15 yk\q esTTq d+|T + d , yTq k++
sy*.... $Cq Xg+ ` < nH yk\T +|CksTT.
n] #j<$ s 316
dTK+> LsT +THsT. we T+ e< q+ |sTw\T e{
e{ <| b&e&eTT d\ |< deTd n+, d\ qT $< Hs eT,
k+|T sjT se\ bZqeT bV+, s+>eTT
~+|qysT |sTw. ~q y] dV <jT + <]+#&e TT y]
e+T <T... d<+\L, #sD\L \+>sT n+<eTT <T.
s+&+{ deTqjTeTT <s q\T * nsTTbTHsT n+T+~
s#sTT. eTq s yK] e<\T= j+> +
|#dqsTT, bX <X\e eTq+ L& XeT+T\eTsTT
qksTT #sT >\eTT n+T+~ s#s TT yTq k++ sy*
nH yd+. sjT, ], k+|T |s_e~ bT eqe\
< L& yT+f ||+ # =+ VeTT #L s>\ <q $E\
n_bj deT]++~ s#s TT $Cq Xg+ ` < nH yd+.
s, |CkeT |]b\q d++~+q $\Tyq yk\T +>+
sdq$ HsTT , n#T| \T +& +f eT]+ ue+&$.
yTT+ MT< eT+ <\ , yk\ sdq eT<* dT<<$ u $T
bs \ s| q y[ n]dTH qT.
(u $T, dy < | p 2011)
<\ , $\, yk\ s 317

k+<eT \+ d\ deTd\T,
kV+
<X k+<eT+ u>+>, +<< X + CrjT |q]d<X
1870\ s+uy T + < #| e#T. n+ eTT+<T <<| 50 @fifl +
u+> sCseTyVHsjYT k|+ q Vde+ |u e+ +<< X +
|q L& |& 1870 <X + +<< X + $$< b+ VdeC\T
y*XsTT. y{bf dH<sD <eT+> bs+uyT+~. d+|T
d+dsD eTTKu>+ dH<sD. d+|T d+dsD kV
k<q +> y&+ bs+_+#sT +<TL] MsX*+>+ |+T\T>sT.
kV ke |j q+ +&\, kV+ <s deC
d+dsD~X> |u $+ #j \, q+ CrjTuy\T yT\
<+#sT MsX*+>+>sT. <T kV y[q >TsC&L&
MsX*+>+ >] e\ =+es |u $T\jsT. bqT>+{, \eT],
#\+, lb< e+{ s#s TT\T L& d HuT <jT k<q d+ kVw
#XsT.
dH<sD |H~ d $< n, d\ $< nud+# neX+
b e&yT eT* deTd n MsX*+>+ >sT >T]+#sT. nsTT, |sTw\T
HsTH $< +&q, |sTw\T HsTH $<q+ +&q,
n] #j<$ s 318
|e<s\T u~+# $<H d\T +{|Tq +& #<Tey\
drVu< #XsT. $<+>H nHeT+~ $<e+T\ T+u
>VDT\, u*\ |sD\, s u s#q\ #<Tee&+
bs+_+#sT. y{ <s+>H =+<sT d\T s#q\T #jT&+ L&
bs+_+#sT.
sE |eTTK+> |+q deTd\T u\$yV+, HX\+,
yXe yTT<q $. HX\+|q X +&T\T eT LTfifl &Tq
e<T\ |[#jT&+, LTfifl ns $+Te\T ne&+,
$+Te\qT nfifl H |{fi fl H ud\T> #jT &+ ]>~. deTd*
|]w]+#& MsX*+>+>sT u\ $+Te\ |q]yVA<e
bs+_+#sT. d $< e+ = T+u\ |sDVk\
n< jTH |]$TyT + ~. u*\ +> $< H]+qysT # e.
k+<eT\+ s#sTTT\ s#H<sD eT&T <X\T>
#&e#T ` yTT<{~ u $ <X, s +&e~ ue$ <X, eT&e~
k+ bs kVr<X. $ +#T$T+#T eT|]DeT <X\T>H
|ksTT. fiflH +, +&T\, nq\, us\ dVs+ n+
+ |sD >+<\, y\ #<T eq d\ dH qysT
|sTw\qT nqT]d <e u e edTe > rdTHsT. y] |P\,
|qks\ | eTs s k+d y|e T b e&+e\ <e u ,
|u y] #q\T |]$TeTjsTT. ysT L& X+>su
|]$T+>H n_e]+#ysT ` eTT<T| fi ksTT b+&.
eTT<T| fi sdq s~ k+q+ MsX*+>+>] re $eTs >Ts q
e+. ~ed q e| |]w]+ |qsT~+q u+>TfiSsT
H>s eT>sT L& re $eTs m<Ts=HsT. eTT<T| fi yX f
n+{ | X+>s y sjT>*+<, n> u+>TfiSsT H>s eT
< |q'|#T ]++< +~+, e] _{wt |uT + # |d
w~+#T #XsT MsX*+>+>sT. H>s eT >sT dT|{, +>T]
|X+ |+T\T>] |]b\H \+ > *, w< =\+#T #XsT.
<\ , $\, yk\ s 319
 d+> m H, keq >VDT\T |sTw\ y<j >+> #s >D|Xd> sT. yT e\+ s#s TT>H , MsTs\T> +&\
+& d+ks|+> +& sdysT. n~ s#sTTT\T me] eT J$+ #]+ #bsT n |dT +#sjTq. yT qy+<
ysT $~+#Tq +. < ys= deTd>, y] s#H d# u+ >+> $ =* |PC]D nHsT }TL] \ qeT. d+|T d+dsD<eT+
nqT<T H&T ` ysT L& |sTc~| d+ks J]+#Tqys e, Crj<eT+ e q T+ duT\ bT |u$Ts,
qT. $XdT+<se T qq e edTe \qT rdT $ K+&\ T sd+~.
$<ud+ b sTTH, ]>=+& y+>e+ u\+H u e sZ q|& sejTD eTVus\ bT, MsX*+>+, \eT] e+{
nqTd]+ < +qqT n\es#Tq esTT. nH eT& d+|T d+ds\ s#q * L& #~$+~. yT T+;\T Vde\T.
d+|<j\qT yTT+&> sd ]++<yT. +{|q T * dV jT|&e T yTT<{ usus*<s MsX*+>+>] $+T XsD\jT+ |#XsT.
+& ], <es\qT | + |qT\ #jTqH~. yT nbs sy 1923 yfi q+< H nH Xe k|+ #sT. \$u< *
k+<s, < #d |[fl #dT H+<T mes eTT+<T s<T . b{ + # +& d $<$k\ d + bT| & s T . d V j T
e] jTq n+^]+#&T. jTq |fiflsTTq =~ ssD <e\q, |d>V +q bZHsT. nsds TT, 6 H\\T
eTs D + #& T . \| d + | < j e s d seTT+& q + C HsT. { +&j <eT+ 1942 eTfl nsdj sT. dssT
#sTT+#Tq+~ y+>e+. qT <y $yV+ #dT +<, q y< e + <=sq eTT, d\ #sk \, +>> seeTT, de TH $TwH , seTT
< y~+, |e\T L& |T q>\ eTTkT #dT H~. yTT<q e+> $\T yT sjT # H , eTH<s *jTCksTT.
yTqT y*yjT& |jT+ ]+~. yT eqyrX\T <osE usr<$ 1940 s+q +X e TT ` d <s +, <X de,
|<] +#~. y+>e+ jT> q d+|<jT+ es#q #d+ ~. jT> q K<s T <sD yTT<q deTq |> o\ n+X\qT |u~+# X + .
s#q |sTw\ L& q+ |u yTq< |X+d b+~+~. d\ T +{ LsT ># jT&+, >e&+ e+{ y{ e<>
MsX*+>+ e+{ $eTs\ eTqq\T b+~+~ yT $+. yT u> e +TD \| + #jT +&, q\T e&& + e+{ |j HyT q |qT\T #d
<w |T sdq mH |[flb\, C\b\, eT+>fiV sT \ k+<e <V<+ #j \ |u~++~.
d\ b#Ts b+<sTT. ] nq|Pse T >sT es dT>TDu~ nH $\D X
20e X+ bs+u+ <T bX $ |u e+ e\ \T>T s+#sT ` <Twq |sTw\ u< #d X+. d\ T\T #|
ue$ <sD yTT<+ ~. |sTw\ <sD nqT]d =+<sT esTTT\T e\T n~+ > HsT. |sTw\ L& T\T nedsy T n #T
L& |<s#q ue$<sD #XsT. #e* +>seT, desE X + s +&T |<\T $ `
s\eT (\+|sT k<$T) sTy kH| sTDeT yTT<q |#T| VgeTT
esTTT\T $eTs\ eTqq\T n+<T>\ ksTT s+#sT. $#\$& yjT TqT, $]$> dTe
ue$+ bf, k+ bs d], nuT<jT uy\ V#T> $<\T H]
$+ sdqy] eTT+<T> #| <q esTT |>& $XdT+<se T. es d >iT| edT< es.
<Xu, }VX, |<s#H |{eT eTVfi +&+ nsT<T nHsT sTdsTd&T#T, ~T#T
n] #j<$ s 320 <\ , $\, yk\ s 321
 >dsT#T>|+|, dT\ >q eX
eTd\T<Ts \bjTT<T
sds T \e <Tw| sTw\e >Tes.
>VDT\T s#q \T #j \+f m +<T* m<Ts=+ +&ys
\TdTe& <VsD ` &T>T \ +eT sdq |< +:
|\\ &H s| + #T~ , H$T dT? H
\TqT ~<T =+#TH= sTT+#T H=uH, H
qT\de T+~ jT] H|< # T = |< eTT
\> yjTTpT dT$T! #sT>TDs! l eTHVs!
<> <sb++ q us K< o]q sdq K
|< + ~.
<=|\|P& nqdjT<$ q $K+&\ e ]dH
e+ = <X\ qT e]d d+#+ +& b| e+{ |<\
q uy\qT y\& + +~. n|{ d\ T eT Xs <s \ >T]+N, eT
Jeq$<q+ >T]+N, eTT nqTd]+#e\dq |>esZ+ >T]+N
# q e+T\e&+, { d\ # q + *+#\H |q s#q \T #jT &+
|dT+~.
k+<eT+ u>+> | |#TsD |+E, e#q s#q
b#Ts+=+~. eTTK+> <s#q, yds#q d\qT me>
]+#sTT. d\ T L& |\ yk\T sjT&+, < q ykq
eT n_bj\qT dw+ #jT &+ bs+_+#sT. yTTd* +{ seujTeT
>sT 1902H V+<dT+<] nH |qT k|+ #sT.
u + &s T n# e+ 1902 sd q < q j < nH <
V +< d T +< ] n# sTT+~. > T s C & q eTT+< T >H d
# q e+Ts*>, us es<Z s s*> #|+q < ~. us ]u <\
e\ eqd+> \VqT& n$ ~>Csu+f, |s+> us
V#]+ dHsZ eT[fl+q >VD < ~. us |&esZ+ =+f
n d+d]+ T+u \uT>\>&+ d H{ deTd!
n] #j<$ s 322
d $< nH < L& yT n< d+es+ sXsT. >TsC& <q +
eT]+ <T +> +&+ e. jTq |sTw&T e&+ e ~<Tu T
< yTT<{ <T <> |]>Dq e +&e#T.
d\qT +{ +~+, y] sD *dTHeTH |sTw\e\<T,
sD #dT >*q|& d\ yTq sD +T+< q$Tq nuT <jT
eTVfi u+ &sT n#e+. d\ >=|<H #f+<TL, { d\ d]
*+#+<TL ||+# |d~ b+~q eTVfi\ J$ #] eT&T
d+|{\T> sjT& |PqT+<yT. <Ts<weX yTT<{ d+|{
ne>H eTsD+ +~. q|&T +{H +& nq>] k+> + $$<
uw\T HsT +~. qejTdTH <s T |\\ T |{ be&+, yT d
H<s D n+y T + ~. +<sT +<eq d deeTT nH d+d
k|+ +~. sy sh+ nH# nTe+{ d+d* k|+ , nH<\
XjT + *++~. <X+ $$< b+\ |s {+ j b+\
|d< eTVfi\ >T]+q de#s d]++~.
<] nq|Pse T yX T++ |{+ ~. * d+|T d+dsD<eT+
|#d~. nq|Pse T \T>T, +^w , d+d+ HsT +~. eT<dT
]q |<eT yX deyX+ bZ+~. yX\ |]dT* yTsT>T|s#\
sTH~. V+< d\ V\T, |s< |<, d $<, CrjT yTT<q
$wj \| re+> +, |Hk\ <sq, s#q \ <sq q
n_bj* e+ #d~. yT s+q CH+ nH < eT&$ Xk\q,
VH kMTJ\q esd sdq~. n#e+> nq|Pse T L&
$Es\T. us d]~<> \ $ , Bs |<] +q us b +#sT
<s eT < .
sy , qT|] es\ eT e+{ s#s TTT\T < s#q u> [+|
#dT HsT. y] <\ T k<sD+> dTBs+ > q|{ #~$+#$>
+{sTT. d\qT me> u~+# es+ e+{ deT* ke
deTd* rdT HXeTeTT yTT<q <* #H+> d
|sTw\qT C>+ #d $<+ > sXsT. es\ eT >sT HXeTeTT <
sdsDjTyTq <.
<\ , $\, yk\ s 323
 qT|] es\eT>sT <, qe\, H{, K, |<+, yd+ e+{ >TeT&<\ <TsZujTeT >sT u*> q|{qT+N d $<y|
|jT \{q s#q \T #XsT. sE sjT # q + q nsT<q w #XsT. k+bs+, eTTK+> | d>V+ |eTTK
s#s TT. qeus Vd+ nH zT|sD m\ deTjT+ sXsT. b eV+#sT. <\ , yk\ sXsT. yT |X|+ nH
UkV d+q |<e T eTVfi es\ eT>sT. yT Xs< K \T <jTyTq < yd+~. T< < HsTT |X|+ * us
#s q eTTK $wj \T ` <Xu , d+|T d+dsD, Hq V\ fifl MT< |& $ T+#eT y&T +T+~ n qy+<k V M<T \T
bs+, d $<, Xs< #+ , $&\ #+ , VQus+, yXe >+<+ >+< s \ T sXsT. B{ <TsZujTeT>sT mTe+{ eqd
VwsD, eT&u yTT<q$. yTT<{ +<\, nqdjT |\ d qT+ eT+> m+es m~>s yT J$ #] *dqys+<]
K\T sjT&+ bs+_+, sy >V\ <syV+> sd, d\ dwe TeT+~. +<e TVfi nH | 1940 k|+ d\ $<,
$Cq$k <V<+ #XsT. u| d Vw D eT+&* 1931 <> neX\qT $d +> *+#&+ n+<] *dq<.
k|+ s +&T <Xu\ bT q&bsT. > X+ s+u <X m deTd\T q|{, mTe+{ deTd\T
e>+{ nq|Ps<$ *< + &T\ bV+ \ $<ud+ q|{ =+<sT d\ sTTH dH+>q, ke+>q m~ d
#d+ ~. sT y eT<dT yT{ bd+ ~. |<s T T++ |{+ ~.
C $k &&sT . |\ sjT&yT +& djT+> |\qT
s#H yd+>+ <s ] |]d yTsT>T|sT #Ty\qTq k_eq
k|+#&+ ` |sTw\ bV b<\HHds `, $w |u
s#s TT, n|{ es deTd my+ ~. e>+{ u|&T *< + &T*
q|s# + >TsT+ #Te\dq ydy \T. qy+< kV M<T \T >+< s \ T
m~]+ yTq&q nq|Ps<$ $yV+ #dT H&T. nsTT, q
$<ud+ d+ |fiflsTTq eT&TH\\ nyT] yfifl&T . nq|Ps <$ sT>+{ dseTjT >s, |\\ eTi y+ VqTeT+se>s
q us n_e~ ++ <T . yT <w k+bs+ y| eT[fl+~. yU+#sT ` >V\ k|+ q s < eTT&+ q |sTw$
us sdq s \ n L& k+ bs d] *++~. esT\ d+K +f us eTT&+ q esTTr k<eTDT\ d+K
<Xu |u~d sdq s \T n$. dV jT ssD <eT+ L& # e. nsTTq|{ =+<sT # s#q\T k+q ysTHsT.
bZ+~ yT. yTTe TTMT< s +&T |\T #d yfifl $Cqy| # s> *qT
#+ Xs<<$ q $<e+Ts\T. d\ T T+u nqTu$ +# >#se TeT+~. yK H{ s#s TTT\T k~+q |> ddT+ ~.
ndeq\ >T]+N nHj\ >T]+N dsfi y T q X* dT+> s+ > n+<T. y] dH bT eT #q\qT e ] +#&+
<\ T sXsT. <s+ m+> |]+<+f, <e\|* wXd>] nqT]d |s&\T
*+<\ dsd r<$ 1936 C+ |]b\q \+ V <su<T sdq #+ dsd eT <VsD> #| e#T. yT wX d> ]
+< jTTereT+&* k|+q y] sT. eTVfi C> d+ nqT]d.
w#X sT. <\ , qe\\, H{\ e+{ |jT \ $]$> s#q \T #T |H
#XsT. s &j |d+ >\ <s, <\ , yk\ <s *+<\ dsd r<$, | beTTH
jT|>& de] sE eTTK+> \+>D eTVfi* C>+ eT{ eTH
#XsT. eTs &>
n] #j<$ s 324 <\ , $\, yk\ s 325
 J$+T +
<T'K+T+&H?
<e! HdTeT+ *jTH ! ` n sdq $ qy+< kV
M<T \T >+<+ <V]+#&+ #| <q $wjT +. nsTTq|{ H{
s#s TTT\ se\dq+ >T]+| s<T . y] bV+ ysT s#q \T
#d #jT&yT >=| d+> nqT +{sT kV #]sT\,
d+\qs\. @yTH, H{ s#sTTT\, d+|Td+ds\ ydq
|> |<+ |q d\ T H{ eTT+<T k>TTHsT. H{ deTd\T =
deTdbsTTq, |]dT\T yTsT>q | |+H, = deTd\T
eT*yTq$ n> =qk>TTHsTT. |>, = $d sb
d+]+#T $deTeTHsTT. H&T L& |uT+ ks
se |<m Tq q&|e \d se&+, eTTK+> u*\ #<T eH
neX\T \_+#b e&+, d\ | n#s\T |]b+&+, es
deTd y]\\T yd+&+, d\T d+b<q|sT\eTH d |sTw
ndeq+ >Z b e&+, d\ d# \_+#&+ e m H, +{
jT{ # |s>&+, d\T u<eVdTq =B |sTw\T u<qT
| +#Te& |jT +#&+ , d\ zT V H dT V\ esL @sT #XsT. yTT<{ deyX+ &. n+|Xj
+& #jT& |jT+#&+ #dH H+. H&T |sT>TTq
||+ NsD e\ eTsk] d] #T CrjT |q]d <e
|qsT<]+ d\T eT deTd* |]w]+#TH~X> kV dq
#jT e\d +~. |sTw\T bV+H bV+#b sTTH, d\ T eT
V\ k<q d+ bs+ k+#e\d +~.
($jTq>s y`2003 d+<s+> @sT #dq kV d<dT
(6`10`03) deT]+q |d+ > yd+.)
(d y< | u$T, >dT 2011)
n] #j<$ s 326
eTfl e }]!
HqT |{ |]q }sT seT+&. e }] eTfl juH\T>T
d+es\ sT y yfifl eTV<eX+ *+~ eT< H.
+< kV n&MT sM+<H< {>sY 150e jT+ d+<s + >
<Xy |+ > sT|Tq y\ u>+>, kV n&MT <D usX K
(u+>TfiSsT), b{ lseTT\T \T>T $X$<\jT+ dV s+ seT+&
ueTsT b+>D+ eT&T sE\ d<d T \T 2011 >dT 6 qT+ 8
T qMH |
|d+ >+ ` sY.mdt dT<s q+ kV w >T]+ @sf+ ~. kjT+\+
< d+< &. q+<seT+>] seT+ @sfH , $& sq
#| &+, es+> qT+ +<T u>eT\ +< |*|+ y] #
#e< se |<]+|CXsT. s+&esEq <jT+ nd
seT+ nsTT<T>TsT s#s TTT\ # ` HqT, &.._.\ , . es\ ,
$. |eT, | VeT\ ` < |sq + #sTT+#sT. eTs&T eT&esE
kjT+\+ &.jTT.m. qsd+V+>] | |d+>+ ` jTq
$eTss+>+ #dq kV w >T]+ @sT #XsT. deyX+
X s|TTH<Xs>sT L& bZHsT.
d<d T \ sVD &. MTq#, #s m+&] dT<s>Y sT #XsT.
nd d<d T bs+_d , #s dT<sY qqT seT+& y] &|& T #T
<\ , $\, yk\ s 327
nq&+ H q+< *++~. K] sEq qq, &. MTq#q
X\Ty\ d ]+#sT. s +&esE eT<V+ U deTjT+ n+<s+
*d &j T +, <e fiX s+ #d e#+. eT&esE <jT + U deTjT+
HqT, ._. \ *d eTfl MsX*+>+ >] \T q d+<T yfifl+.
< MsX*+>+ >] M~ nHysT. yTT<{s E deyX\T nsTTbj
VA ] yfifl |&T yqT s&T MT< |, Hq, n+|Xj T qMH
us nqdjT, ._. \ *d MsX*+>+>] M~ yfifl+.
MsX*+>+>] +{ eTjTyT> #d jTq d++~+q |\,
b{\ yTT<q y{ |<] dTH sT. seT+& e]bsTTqT n|+H,
e fifl (jTeqT\T eT<T\ ysT) jT<<+ >H q+<T d+w+
*+~. e fifl, MsX*+>+>] +{ mq |< nsT>T\T
+&$. ju @fifl qT+N s&T eTfl eTfl yd + &&+ e\ nsT>T\T mT
]bsTT s&T deq+ nsTTbjsTT ` n+. n+ eTT+<TsE
n+<s+ *d <yTs sese>] sY >\ L& #X+. yTeT+<s+
d #dq ds VA q&#< s+ +~ n~. yTT+ MT< seT+&
|q'<s q+ H n|Ps nqTue +.
(d y< | u$T, nsT 2011)
n] #j<$ s 328
d\T ` deTd\T
d\T deTd* m+<Ts=+Tq d+> H{~ <T. nH~ qT+N
d\ T deTd\ e\jT+ H Hsq& nH bsD, #]
s#q\T k+ #TsTT. <T \+ L& d\T deTd\ *
neTq|&T MsX*+>+ e+{ =+<sT d+|T d+ds\ T eTT+<T= d\ qT
<]+#& |jT+#sT. sy <TsZusTT e+{ <s ds\T q
d\ T # q e+T eTVfi\ |s_e~ d+ $$< s\ se\qT
#|{ sT . \+>D b++ *+<\ dsd r<$, jT|>& de]
yTT<q # q e+Tq d\ T 75 @fifl + { d\ qT # q e+T*
#jT &, y] d+|T {+ #jT & |PqT +< jTTereT+&*
k|q s|\ q #XsT. +< jTTer eT+&* |&T b{q yT p;
sT|e&+ \T>T d\ T n+<s >s |&e \dq d+<s + .
nsTT, d\ =+ #q+ \>&+ yTT< X+ neTH
de+ d\ |]d deTd\eTjT+> +{+~. u\ $yV\,
es{ \, n#s\, VQus+, ] k++ b e&+,
us\T >TuTH, |sd\ | yyVTH u]+#e\d se&+,
|sTw\ n+&q|&, |sTw\T u<sVTq|& T+ u<
yjTe\dse&+, | d]> e_#s+, ybsy\ be\T>
ese\d se&+, u\+H ]\e&+, |<yfifl e L*
<\ , $\, yk\ s 329
|#jT e\d se&+, V\, >s + H V\ yTT<q deTd\T
H{ qT+ H{ esL nH b+, nH esZ =qk>TH
HsTT. &H deTd> e]+~.
d\ T m<Ts=+Tq deTd\ #es eT\ sD\T de+
ds | & bsTTq |sTc~| +, n++ |sT>TTq <q +. @ eT+
#dH, |sTc~| yT #eTD ne+~. n q, n#{
+~ { n~ dVyT nqT n+<s qeT&+ sT>T+~. d\T
L& |sTw\ MT< <s|& d+|<j\q #s\q qeTT, y{
b{dTHsT. d s+ qT+ eTs s d+|<j\q
#s\q n+~d+ {sT. n+<T eTT+<T> d\ T # q e+T\y*q
neds+ +~.
|Ps+ d\ $<q|&T +&T\T eT |\\ #<Te $wj\,
s u< \ |{+ #THysT. |&T #<T e <>\T #dT q d\ #q|s#&+ d+, d\ dVjT|&+ d+, d\ d+ d\T q&|
|\\ #<Te u<, CsT |qT\ u< yTT<q$ |sT>TTHsTT
e+{+{ u< bT. d\ T eT keTs + |+#T+Tq =B y]|
n<q| u<\T |&TTHsTT. |&T $.sY.mdt.\T rdTH |sTw\T
meeTHsT! d\ T ] k++ d+, e $d+ d+
<> #], y{ e] esL sTbTHsT. |sTw\ m|&
|&T ]fsYyT+{ +T+~. d\ e+{+{ # qT+ m|{
]fs yY T +{ +&<T . fi fl my d\ Xs+ >q, eqd+ >q
deTd\T |]bTHsTT. |sTw\T #eT+~ y\ d>s T ,
ks ^ s>\T b&T#dT ++f |* + nqTu$ +#~ d . eekjT
s+>+ yD |+\ |u+ |&q s T \T n|\ }_ LsTbsTT,
|+\ neT qwb sTT V\T #dT ++f, e] T+
u< eV+#e\d edTq ~ d . |sTw\T =+<sT rey< <e
bZ+, eT \V sT+ bdT\ <&T VeTe+f,
T+ bwD us+ d\ |H |&T +~. +] d\ sD b e&+
n] #j<$ s 330
eTsy| . <X\ eT< jTT<\T keqyTb jsTT. nHe T+~ |sTw\T
jTT< bZqe\d ek+~ <Xs D |sT. =+<sT $+>T\esT,
=+<sT bD\T sT. e] u<\ T zsTHB, u< \T u] +#B
d . u\+ qT+ e<| + esL d\ T deTd* m<Tse\d ek+~.
deTd\T n++ |sT>TTHsTT. k++> m+ |s>$T+H,
d\ = deTd\T m<TseTHjT > s> & + <T .
M+{ rs&+ |uT + e\ k< + <T. m #{\T H,
neT\T #jT &+ $|\ + neH +~. n+<T d#+ < d+d\ de\T
nedse TesTT. d\ qT C>+ #jT &, d\ dV jT dV s\T
n+~+# & nH $< \T> w # j T e\d +T+~. | u T
s\jq, b]X$T s+>+q, eTVfi d+|\T @s& d\
V\ d+ |j H se\T sV+#&+ sT>T+~. d\ qT
|\T HsTT. + mH |qT\T #jT e\d +~.
+< jTTer eT+&* eT]+ + eTs 75 d+es\ bT d\
d+ e , d\ |s_e~ w #dT + < dTH qT. +esL k~+q
n_e~ V<jT |Ps n_q+<q\T!
(+< jTTe eT+&*, V <su< b{q + p; d*uwH , nsY
2010 ` d|+ sY 2011 kesY)
<\ , $\, yk\ s 331

eTHuy\ D!
e\+b{ qe\\T : dMT
e\+b{ y+ dTjT eTsDq+s+ e\+b{ kVr $TT\T
L]q qe\\ d+\q+ ~. e\+b{ sdq$ eT&T qe\. +<
<q dT qe\ 1962 +< |u ys| sV+q qe\\ b{ ~rjT
VQeT b+~ d]jT> e+~. <s rs\T qe\ 1965 =dsE
dTuse |#T ]+q~. eTeT\T ` eT+#T s\ T qe\ 1976 s T
s#s TT\ dV s |#T sD d+|T + |#T ]++~.
e\+b{ y+ dTjT < s#s TT> bs+uy T , qe s#s TT>
e], e] $eTs&> ds | & sT . \T>T ke $eTs\ beD
s#q\T #XsT. n$ <\+, qe \+, $eTs \+. jTq
+> kV L& $d +> n< jTq+ #XsT. < |u e+ jTq
qe\\| b <T . d+|<jT<y T q #q\ qT+ e]dT #H
<sD e]q yq + eT&T qe\ |dT + ~. n{q |eT<
e\T> H, eT&e qe\ e]dT <sD dw+ > |dT + ~.
yTT<{ qe\ H q s+&T qe\qT e sVD b
D |]D eT]+> |dT + ~. | esq qT, b\ eTHuy\
DqT e\+b{ <<+ eq esT X* dw+ > |dT + ~.
+<T mH <VsD\THsTT.
n] #j<$ s 332
+<< q dT qe\ $XH<j
T q +& sYf| t n djT+>
#| HsT e\+b{. $XH<j T =&T e| +& q
=&T &T. jTqq CsTTr =&T <T. #<TeMT< X< <T.
q&e& eT+~<T. +& <>sZ &T rdT <T]j>+ #d + {&T.
us b j LTsT Xs< bT nq>]+{ +Tq se T q LT]
nq =&T $yV+ #d q +{ dTds k q+ \_dT + < X.
q =&T |esq w| & $XH<j T yTq&* q *d
eekjT+ |#dTq |X+ nH eT+ jTTe& #j\
].
qe\ uqTeT]. ks~ nH eTs <] b\THsTT. ks~ $,
<s y~, |<]| c\T m<Ts=qy&T. e] qT |#d +|
jTe LT] ` n+<$Vq+> H, $+>TsH, V<jT+
eT+< $yV+ #dT deT+T&e&T. uqTeT], +~s
|$T+#T+{sT. >eT sj $XH<j T | ] nsTTq >H<+
LTsT +~s. +& w+ bsTTH uqTeT] *d +{+
y[b sTT sT| |[fl #dT +T+~.
+<T q\T>TsT jTTe\T $_q J$ <<\T qyfifl. Mfifl
J$\T *d +<< q dT m sb+<j +q qe\ ~.
+ d# d * e< dw+ #ksT s#s TT ` e|, $eT\
b eq esT #|+#&+ <s.
s +&e qe\ <s r\T $$< u~, y<\.... &q
s#q n s#s TT djT+> #| HsT. eTq du b|~> @s&q
# $\Te\T H&T ]+> e]bTHsTT n+ q d+|T sDqT
sTT+# e de+ d+|TsD |&T, n$, sT>TuT
b\&TTH&T nH n_bj e+ #XsT eTT+<Te. need
>MTD yesD L& m |u $+ #d+ < dw+ #dq qe\ ~.
+<T \ b ke $\Te\ $sT<+> |e]+qT
<\ , $\, yk\ s 333
#|+#sT s#s TT. n+<T b dV +> < sE =+<sT qe\ u k$T =&T J>& LT] |$T+#&+ , $yV+
$TT\T n_bjT&sT . b +#&+ s#q sTT| \dt V b{+#L &< *jTC| & sdqT |dT + ~. Te+{ e\
s#q \ |u e+ qT jTq e* { n|dT + ~. n> eTT+| {e\ # de\T eH, qe\ dyX\, d+uwD\
$wjT + L& ^ d+|<j <w |T qT |dT + ~. #~$+#$> HsTT. sjT\deT s T e+&*+ sdq qe\
qe\ $yVT&q jTs+ + d++< $\Te\T b{+# e. ~. sy \+ e\+b{ y+dTjT sdq qe \+ >+<
\ n yyV+ |&q jTTe. >MTD sj \ nqjT <w |T u$ |]X<\T e\+b{ sdq eT&T qe\
d+ q |] n u$+ |rs+ rsTe& \ | +> |]o*+ |]X<H yk\T |#T ]d M{ ke, kV
neek&T. \ eTq'd$T+ bsTT e] u$ < V |j H\T eT]+> d~k sTT.
#dT +T+~. jTs+ L& ] ydT = #b&T. d |sTw d++<
>, sj > neT esZ\qT nqTd]d { eTqTw\ | (+<u$T..2011)
XT+ |+#T+f |* + m +T+< <w #|+#sT
s#s TT qe\.
d+|+ eT&e qe\ eTeT\T ` eT+#Ts\T 1976
|#T ]yT + ~. yTT+ qe\ e+ bs, dT<s\Y |eT<. dT<sY
k+ =&T nsTTH, }]|< ueT+<T nsTTq s+>s& q +<
|#d msjT LTsT bs k+ LT] @ +&
# d T + y T # < T e| X < eV k & T . bs , d T < s Y
|$T+#T+THs, |[fl #dT y\qT+THs \TdT re+>
nu +s+ #T&T. n+<T |eTT+~? nq us| #sTT #dT +{&T.
s+>s& jTTe&> q|&T |$T+q d >s + e+< *d
s+>s& +& msjT d |[ #d }fi+ |+|+#k&T. @<
}fi d |d$+# | #bsT. msjT eT |[ #dT
LT] H | s+>s& LTs #| q$T+ s+>s& b|+
+{&T. bsr, dT<sY n eTTfifl us, =&T #|H, yfifl
qeT&+<, Tb |\T V #dTu&T s+>s&. >T]
| T+~. deTj s+ |&&T. deTjT+ n+<s msjT
\Bd n&q|&T + #T&T`bs q seT |{q _& n,
d |{q~ <, s+>s& q Tb >T] |q+<T u<|&&T.

n] #j<$ s 334 <\ , $\, yk\ s 335


nqTuy\ H|<+...!
eTTeD+ qsd+Vse : dMT
d.|. uH n&MT \T>T C s\T o]q |#T]dTq $$<
s+>\ #+~q |eTTK e\ J$ #]\ kV s+> #+~q
|d< e eTTeD + qsd+ Vse >T]+q >+<+ ~.
kV |]X<q nqTueEsq &.._. \ djT+> |eTTK
s#s TT. eTTeD + qsd+ Vse >] J$+ >T]+N, s#q \ >T]+N
$XwD+> $e]+#sT >+<+. >+<+ d+|+> H,
deT>+> +~. eTTeD + qq+ yTT<\T=, jTq b+~q _sT<T\,
ds\, |sks\T esL nH $Xc\qT eZ] +, 20 n<j
$es+> *jTCXsT. nqT+<, C_\ s|+ #sT $es\T
=+{.
eTTeD + T+ H|< +, +&, \ |u y\, b<jTT&> sdq s < d+|{\ >T]+N = n<j $e]d, eTTeD +
jTq e +, kVr d$T <+ &Tq kVr eTsT\ |]#j \,
c| <ssT nqTuy\ yTT<q $es* sT n<j
n+~+#sT. sT y, $>, qT&>, H s#s TT>, s| kV
|j>o*>, u\+<T>, yds#sTT>, *+&j s&j $<
se\ sV&>, qe s#s TT>, Vd < s#s TT>, sT *
|u $+ #dq s#s TT>, eTTeD + >] VQeTTK | d s + >
n] #j<$ s 336
bs \ *jTCbsT >+< s#s TT. q n_eq Vd s#s TT
>T]+ yH >|t sjT&+ d+w+> #dqT #|HsT.
eTTDeD + e , kV r]+#& jTq kV+
bT, jTq kV+ >\y] n_bj\, nqTuy \, C| \
&&jT *jTCXsT. esa\ eX+s Xd, |y& Xw] se,
eT\eT& e<e sjTXs , =&e{>+ { T+se yTT<\T= +<>+ {
l+ Xs, yTT<* H>uwD Xs, Ts> CqsD, =\] fXs
se, &. |]eTfi kyTXsY yTT<q ys+<]y n_bj* d]+
bs \ n+~+#sT.
eTTeD + s#q = Vd d+uwD, jTq #dq esq
| *| y <VsD\T> #sT. b<jTT&T> jTq
m<Ts=q Vd ks y T q nqTuy * #ssT. eTTK+> \T>T u<q
m<Ts=q$. +^w u~+#|&T $<sT\ T dT\u+ > >TsT |T +{s
HH us ` HeTy#+, ysY us ` j$XwD+ n #|ysT
(n+f |sT usB, # usB nH <X+ Hy!)
eTTeD + us d] H ++ b dw+ #s #eT+~
\TdT. , $& yTT<{ us. $& bj s +&e $yV+ d+dsD
uy jTTe, <] +#& #dT HsT. (d+dsD $yVyT >,
< L& = |]$TT\T b{+qT \TdT+~). $wj\
sTe*> nH qe\q, q ejTdTH bsTTq |< LTsT sT*
>T]+ sT Ds |P]+> sdq qe\q qT $e]+#sT. jTq
sdq #] qe\\ >T]+N, H\ >T]+N, ++ >T]+ +&
eH jTq @ |d m+<T sXs | |d+q sdq
y* <V]+#sT.
yTT+ MT< b, = bs \+<s #~$ q+~+#< q |d + ~.
(+<u$T...2011)
<\ , $\, yk\ s 337
 +& *jT+& +{+ y[flbsTT |[fl #dT +T+~. m*uY #\ T
eeVs+ n kjT+ #dT+~. HqT m+.m #<TeTq|&T,
H d+| + > \T>T |+|+ |sT nqTdsD #XqT. <
udsu cse>sT *+&j s &j , V <su<T +<+ qT+ |ks+
#XsT. B s| H <>sZ ~|&T.
m+.m. |\ sTTbsTTq =~ H\\ H n] es<s CX sse
$yV+ nsTTq sT y H <T +>, \T>T kV >+<\
qqT |u$+ #dq |d\T |]#jT + @s&+~. H\ |{, <\ |{, me n_sT +&+ e\
#VAy H\q, db H <\ q (eTqyfifl db H J> n
#]ksT ) +>qTy<\T #~$ # w| & qT. ll, es<s CX sse\T
q|{ qT+ |{ esL #~$q ysTT |> |d e+< *d nqTdsD #dq d+|+> (# ssY) H #~y, HL
|> H u> qq |d \T q|{, qqT s#s TT>q, eTw>q #VAy H+ < nqTdsD #j \|++~. |b H
|u $+ #dq y{ yfifl MT< |e#T. C H $<]<X |<q+ |sT #XqT. < eT+ lydse yTT<q ysT m&
bs |d \ $T+ #~$q s |d \T # e. <T kV |<] +#sT. < | |&T H <>sZ <T . ey] dVA< (_s
>+<\T q|&T # e> #~yqT. seT+& MsX*+>+ ~jT d <sY y] |d T ) ]jTH nH n +{ n =&Td+ =q
V d\T, >esyT+{ sY J \ qT+ e e~q e*q qe\\T es b kdt nH d+\H #~y, H y{ nqTd]+ \T>T
|f< . qT H{ qe s#s TT\ qe\\T #~y~. #~$q sy sj\|++~. = <X\ Cq|< < * n+<T+ m+#T, nq>
H < #|eTH<. q C|X L& me. $<+> H < nq> nH |sT nqTdsD #dq <* k<H|Xq nH |#TsD
#| $<q+ <\ T sjT&+ n\yf+ ~. e e~q sTD>b HqT d+d 1955 |#T ]++~. sT y eT< eT+ |d + d+d <
_.m. #<T eTq sE\ qT+N <\ T sjT&+ yTT<\T|{+ ~. qT <\ T |qsT~++~. <s#q dbH <d+|{\T s+& qqT u>
sdTq rsT >eT+# HqT m+.m (b*{ dqT) C+ J |u $+ #XjT #b*. y{ @eT nH < eysT =+ nqTdsD
#<Te+&> <\T sjT&+ yTT<\T|{qT. MsX*+>+ Vd #d eT< e~XsT. HqT ys <* m+#THqT. d+|{$
#<T eT+&> sY. . HsjTDY sdq k$T n+& VC |+ & nH |d + n >=|< . nqTdsD u> nqTyq y{ m+#THqT. sY
HH&f s TT bs |d + > +&~. n~ qqT yTTyT T< ]+q >+<+ . |y T jH HHH eTH nH~ eT >=|< n|++~ H. <
sy J #s, us { |t $+b d{ nH H+ HH&f s TT n|] K nH |sT nqTdsD #d, eTs eT&T <\ bT
bs |d + > +&~. n~ qqT u> T +~. m*uY us { (esTT) <d+|+> yTT< 1955q, sy 1996q |#T]yT+~.
+& $*jTyT us { jT+ +&y&T. (e Hq>sT n> n|+# HqT k<sD+> q < skqT. db H |u e+ eT&T
ysT H q|&T). LT[fl<] @e+ d# +&~ <T. m*uY |<<\T (&$) sXqT. y{ |jD+ nH < H |]D
n] #j<$ s 338 <\ , $\, yk\ s 339
s#sTT> |sT |{+~. q& eVsYHVA jTe]{ dw+ #T+{y \TdT+ ~. n+<T , HqT eT&T d+|{ \T>T
HqT |#d+&>, usY{+& sd, JH b ksY s nqTy<+ #XqT. yTT<{ d+|{ & +&> 1980 b++
yTTs$j yTT<q y] s#q \T qqT u> T HsTT. < kV+ nqTe~+#qT ` e\+ H q#&+ e\. nqTe~d+ f C. . uy*
q, yds#qq, djT J$qTuy\qT sjT&+q lb< eT]+> ns+ #dT H neX+ *+~. 1982 yTeTT V <su<T
dTVDXd <\ , nqTuy \, C| \ qqT # |u $+ #XsTT. e ds | & , =~ d+es\ sT y l$]+ & @< d+<s +
yeV] X* d#> sjT&+ H es<Z s + njsTT =+ eq|&T l| *d e +{ e#sT. n+ eTT+<T sT C. .
es . qqT @< $<+ > |u $+ #dq m+<s s#s TT\, y\ >T]+ sdq |d <jT+ ys | HqT #dq dMTqT
HsT. m+eT+~ HqT yTq s#sTT\, y] s#q\ q|{, #dq+<Te\, l$]+ qqT C.. |d <HH nqTe~+#L&<
HqT me] nqT]+#+> |u $+ <T . H n_bj\T Hy, H n n&>sT. HqT yT+dt H *$+> yTT<{ d+|{ m|&
n_er sTH<. e Hq>sT eTT<* y+{#\+ seT+& ~eCq #XqT n #bqT. jTq d+> #H we T] b+&wH +&j
de+ eTTK duT \T> +&ysT. sy &T we T] n_e y] #bsT. yfifl y+H H bH #d, nqTy< |+|+#eTHsT.
njsT. qqT L& jTq >T]+ #<e eT bVd |d t n+& dt sy < |#T ]+#sT. sy , e Hq>sT m|& >+~+
|& y T nH >+< H $yVq+s+ |{q sE VA]+#sT. nqTy<+ #dq |dt n+& dt |&yT >+< .m|t., ]q MT<
n+<T s +&T n+X\| C. . uy\T qqT u> T HsTT. usY&y T yeV]+ e] ]sd |+|d < L& d# ~q
>T]+N, +]q+ >T]+N. |d \dt V eTT+<Te sX&T. n++q nH |sT |#T ]+#sT. eT+>, yT+dt H *$+>
|d+ C.. |d+>\ bT, |\ |X\ C.. de<H\T s+&e, eT&e d+|{* L& HqT nqTe~d, y{ .m|t..
L& HsTT. n|{ qT+ |{ esL HqT $dT>T|&+ , +]q+ |#T ]++~.
nH deTd\ e\ m|& u<| & < T . n+> ne>Vq #dT HqT. H J$+, H #q\ C.. e\ # |u$eTjjT, H
>+<+ q qqT eT]+ |u $+ #dq C. . >+<\T yT+dt nH +<T $TT\ Hq d++<\T eT]+ dV|P]eTjjT, H
*$+> nH eT&T d+|{\T. n$ $T*q C. . |d \> |d+ >\ eTqX+ <V<+ #XjT #| | <T.
d+\H\T e. C.. \TdTe& y[q eTq+{ e\T eT
($Td$T, nsT 2011)
deTd* #| |]cs ]q|{ d+<s, C. . d+~+q rsT
<> sXsT. |, |]ds\ esq\, yfifl d+uwD\, yfifl yK,
q d+<H n $es+>, d s + > sXsT. mesH e \TdT
y[flq sy y{ & H{ #dT q$ yUH\T. |d \T
#<T e+f eTq J$+ mH u, eqd, ke deTd\
de<H\T <=sTsTT. jT \TdTq eTq+{ yfifl deTd*
m+ kqTu ns+ #dT Hs, # deTd* eTq eTqyT m

n] #j<$ s 340 <\ , $\, yk\ s 341


<s kVd d<\
dMT
eTq sh sj q<q eTT<yd q leT {.mH. d<\ >T]+
leT >>T XeT\ sdq d<\ >] yTTyT T<{ J$ #] ` d<\ >]
K] <X yT +s #d yT #] <s+> #dT ,
HqT nq o] , |]X<H +> d<\ >] dV +<T e, d s|+#T, &|P{ dsY csTT #sTq d<\ J$++
$TT, deTq sjT HjT, <e\ bZq |eTTKT
+s #d yT J$ #] nHw d+d < s+ sjT>, V <su< <[, \+>D yTT<q <e\ HjTs*> q<q eTT< ydq
T dt ysT sDjTyTq eTTK+ |#T]+q n|Ps >+<+
~. |< q+> +s\ MT< <s|& q >+<+ {, +<T \
e qTks + > d < \ J$ +# & + =+ eTT+< T
yq\sTTq|{, | n<jT+ d s y T q $es\qT n+~++~.
yT mes+f uj
T + <T . djT+> HqT #kqT. n+<sT $Tds T
e# y\T. HqT yT yqTH e+&y. qT me dsY nq~ >,
\e+ e{&+~ > <T. d+Jes&, |.$. qsd+Vse,
Vq+<s& e{&H... yT m|& L& yfifl deq+>
e{&+ ~. @< y\ +f +~ >Z\H e yT +&. n+
sj T + yT e+&~ n d<\ >] >T]+ yT us {.m. HsjTD
>s nq e\qT { d<\ >] e + \TdT+ ~.
n] #j<$ s 342
HH nq&+H d<\ >] $Xd+ |dT eTeT+~.
d<\ q|&T wH eds Y #|~ ` s<T nH eqT eTq*dT
qT+ rdj n. mesT @| #d, mesT @ | MT< <d|&
| bMD #d~. @ |Hq eTq+ #dby*. yTeTT #jTeT
nH=<T... qq& H s< n mesq n+f nH=<T! < >&
s< #b<T. >eTTq ePse, #dT q ~ #&. n~ HsT y n
#|. HqT nH #d nq d<\>] <q n sys
nqTd]+#e\dq es<Z s d+.
+& eTqT u +& H J$+\ HHB #jT qT. q< |<<
eTqT u{*+<. ~ ~q#s > n\yfs TT+~ H. $<+ > e HsTTH
n #|~ n #| q $Xwy T d<\ >] $jTsV d+.
V+< de+ n&T >T \+{ n&T>Tq +& e~>
|\yTq, eTsT>T<=&T k|#d yTVsY e \+ |{, @{
m<T<T eT+esZ duT s*> eTTK+> <y<jTXK eT+> q
+>dt, \T>T<X+ e+{ n~s b sj \+> +,
\T>T eTVfi.
d<\ 1928 d+es+ &d+sY 25q |{+ ~. n>es d\ H
#<T e n+> |]d *< + &T\ b<\+ 1939 M]e+X+H
=*s+ > bsX \, b<$ T $< |y ++~. eTT+<T> us+
|yT bsX\q, | s>T\T dt Vdq #~$+~. +sY
MT&jT { d+ C+ J #], H\T>T H\\ bT #~$+~. sCsq T
m<Ts=H+<T yT m+ <s +> +&<+ f, C+ J eq|&
m|& <>Zs |T= +&~ n d<\ >] us >TsT
#dT HsT. n~ `m&TwH n yT |<q J e+#&T.
m&H &|\\ J +f n& #~$kq * bV++~.
<\ , $\, yk\ s 343
eT<dT HyT dt, $yTH J jT|.t @. (|d t sY sT) #]+~.
n+eTT+<T |<es> #<Te+&>H 1947 qT w|&q
{.$. HsjTD |[fl #dT+~. yfifl~ +sYdt esJ. yT~
e~> duUdt` b e. jTq~ #| \T f e. d &H
qs+ #XqT n #bsT d<\ >>T XeT\q +s.
d<\>sT sj e# L& yT n =f~. us @MT
#jTbjTy&T. H esJ |t # |TsyTq |t. |{
m<T<TTHqT.... n yT K]sE L& #| HsT. &. n+|XjT qMH n_q+<q\
eT<dT V <su<T eT< s>& + yT #<T e d]>Z k>< T .
n< deTjT+ &d t y\ +>dt b qT+ djT+> |\T|e+~...
m+<T+f d\T #<T e\ qT+# sj #TsT>Z +&< .
d]>Z <X+ + n+|Xj T qMH qe\\ |d dMT #jT &+
e |]#jT + dVyT + ~. eT&fifl + es+> ]q |d $wsD
yTT<{k ] bsy T +T m\ eTdt b e\ z&bsTTq|{
d+<s + > &. dTC<$>] *d es+> y[flq|&T qMH >]+{H
yT J$+ qq <X yTT<\sTT+~. sT y myT> > *+~.
e < + @sT #jT &+, y] T+ duT \ L& rjT
yT djT+ sj \T rdTe&+ yTT<\T |{+ ~. yT w+
@s&+~. eT< seT+& b{ lseTT\T \T>T $X$<\jT+
#dq eTs=| eekjT+. <s+ kVd+ e+f eT eTT
ueTsT b+>D+ +< kV n&MT sV+q d<dT
s+#T+{sT. + =+eT+~ sksT n+, k] |<|*
bZq& qMH L& | |d+ >+ #jT & e#sT. n|&T jTq
m m<Ts=+< #bsT d<\ . H{ sh| ds |* s<wH ,
bT eq d nqdjT>] dV+ eT]+ |]+~.
|< qeT+ eVsY HVA, sh+ Vq+<s & , d+Jes& ,
n+ eTT+<T 2004 n+|Xj T qMH +< kV n&MT nysT
#Hs& yTT<q y] m eeV]+#s d<\ J$ #] #~$
\_++~. \sK\T qe\. nysT >V eTsTd{ d+es+ nysT
\TdT+~.
nsTq y] m+| #d+<T @sT #d HjTs\ d+|T+
ss \ ~| \T, |H \T syT\TT+f bq, de+q
duT \T> #jT &+ qysTT. n+|Xj T qMH HjTs \ d+|T +
eTqT>& kd n&T >T \, >, +&sT , b+ n+X\| | #dT q |&T
duT &T> q|& 2005 H kV n&MT nysT \_+#&+ H
m<TsjT n&+ \qT, nqTuy \qT ns+ #dT y\+f d<\ J$
n<w+.
#<y *+< n >+< s#s TT >>T XeT\ nq~ ns +.
2005 \T>T n&MT |#T ]+q \T>T < X+ yTTyT T<{
~ n+<s #<y *q |d + .
|sT n+|Xj T qMH ` ns~ eT+ n+|Xj T +{|sT> nsTT+<
(dy < | u $T, qe+sY 2011) #eT+~ |X+ k+> n+ +{sT. qMH nH< \+ |sT.

n] #j<$ s 344 <\ , $\, yk\ s 345

sy n+|Xj T qMH> |d~ #+<&+ e\ |sT jT<<+ > yfi |\\ T |b me]HH |+#Ty* >, us V+d+#&+
rdTH+ ns~ eT+. ><, VQus+ HseT &sT # |T> #|+#&+ =>,
n+|Xj T qe\ jTTe s#s TT> \T>T kV+ q<q eTT< <s e++> +~ w < .
ydq qMH ll, TuT\ sT y # q de+ <q eT]+ < qqT eTs=+<T L& T+~. +<T +|&q
deTse ++> eTT+<T rdTyfisT . q qe\H +&, = < deTd X+ #] +~! djT+> H qyTq nTe+{ V+d
L& # q de+ <q |j +#sT. q yTT<{ < d+|{ >Ts , eqd y<q T, b<=& +{MT< sdH bdT
rs ], f \ e+{ <\ T <VsD\T. jTTe\ n+X q \T #bsTT+~. ~ HqT | eTT+<T ]q d+|T q. n<we X
uy\qT deTse ++> $w]+#&y T +&, de+ <TsTDZ \ H nTe+{ V+d m<Tse<T !
L&q, <Tss+Z |&q eqe d++<\ w #|+q s#s TT V<j d+~+|Cd , +|C d <\ T + HsTT w
n+|Xj T qMH. < d+|{. deTq deTd* rdT y$< |P]yTq H|<\,
w < d+|{ 2005`2007 eT<\+ |#T]yTq |~ H| D+ <\ , qe\\ sdq, sdTq n+|Xj T qMH d|
<\THsTT. y{ fq w nH < o]H d+|{ o]> e+ d+<s + > H V<jT |Ps n_q+<q\, odT\!
m+#THsT s#s TT. n+f n < s#s TT <w < eT]+ ( qMqT&T n+|XjT qMH <T <Xu\ kV w`d| |
beTTK+ +< nse TeT+~. d+, &d+sY 2011)
nH~> edTq eT& $Xk, < d++~+q T+
V+d +, < e> ksTTq, ke+>q w
#|+q < ~. < #<Te+f, =+ eT+~ |sTw\T m+
eTs+ >, m+ Ls+>, m+ <Tss+Z > +{s n Xsb+.
nTe+{ yfifl mTe+{ #&T n\y HH, mTe+{ #&|q\T
#dH y #| yfifl+&sT k<sD+> ` ~ |sTc~| de+
{. |sTc~| + q+#\+f |sTwH +&, d+|<j*
J]+#Tq d\ L& esTsy*. < < HjT&T #&y &
*dH, n | | +&, n , k< n bVd, n
us #T\q #d, V+d+#&+ , s d\ L& nHjT+ #jT &+
m nqs\T sT>Tj #|dT + B <. us> nTe+{ |sTw&
<kV+ nq&+ L& HjT+< *jTCTT+B <. us >=&\T>
eTT<y d eTT+<T us L & &s T # | #sTT+#Te&+ nedse T,

n] #j<$ s 346 <\ , $\, yk\ s 347


s +&T y| |<TqTq s#sTT
eTqdT|* (<d+|{)
Vd< s#sTT> & m&yT.... < d+|{ <s |sTb+~q
l ;eTsE y+seTD >+;s+> L& <\T sd bs\qT
T>\s = < d+|{ s|dT + ~. J$+ mTe+{ re
deTd\T m<Ts H , y{ e\ dV #+< +&, y{ d *>Z rdT,
$ye++> d, J$+#&+ dT\uk<+, dTK|<+ neT+<
dksT y+seTD d+|{ <\ <s.
< s#q \d+> bs+_+H, +<\T > eTT+<T <Tq
s#sTT y+seTD. <\T sjT&+ b&ejTdT bs+_+,
bs+u+H |]D |<]+#>*>sT ` < edTe\ m+|q,
<q+q. ={ |+>, ={ $|\+>, ={ <q+>
q&|d, ={ +>\T > |sT>d sXsT.
d+|{ 16 <\ THsTT. 2007 qT+ 2011 esL n|&| &T,
$$< |\ |#T ]+|&q$. eeVs+ sq, d+uwDq
eT+ \T>T uw ]bTq sE, \T>T qT&s\qT n\y>
y&T, \T>T d+d, \T>T uw n+< \u&TTHsT
y+seTD.
n] #j<$ s 348
nyT] \T>T yfifl =+<sT yw uw n& bX d+d
+|{+ #T m+{ y]b&\ T b+{s |&e T{ >* nH <
#|+#sT. n+<T. nTe+{ nyT] |[=&T <, eTq
d+|<j\qT b{+# & <T jTTeD #dT+{q #|,
|<y fifl, qyfifl qT$| *+# e{&T T+~ < HsTT. ~
d+|{ yTT<{ <.
+<T eTs < *$T ` #*$T. b++ |{ |]q q
H{ dVT\T =+<sT |<j , |< VA< ds | & , ksY VA
\TdTq|&T ]q d+|T q <s, dV+ *$T eTT\ |d
+&L &<q k<VsD+> s|+#sT < .
n+{<, u\dVT\ |qde>e +q eTs< d+
|t . +>\T |{ |]q yfifl +>\T MT<, +>\T #+~q eT
$TT\ MT< +& n_eH V< s + > +q < ~. d+
|t nH VA *dq dVT |eTTK s#s TT d+ +&+, djT+>
s#s TT y+seTD e T |sTw < #| &+ $Xw+ . n~ d+
|t eyT <T. e $TT\+<] z rjTyTq s|t n+{sT
y+seTD.
s # s TT q| { qT+N sj T b sTTH, ej T d T yfi fl
|eqTuy \qT ` |[fl eTT+<, |[flsTTq = njT nqTuy \q
b+< nqTu T\q d dV yTq d+uwD\ d s + > <\ T
sXsT. yC > z &^ fiX\ #+~q $<]qT\qT rdT dT
$Vsj y[flq |b yT&yT , eD nH nesTT sTV+>,
eTq+> +&+ >eT+ |eT eeVs+ |&y n n&T>TT+~.
nesTT eTTd ] > q deTd >T]+ #TT+~. sy |b
ds<>, q $<]qT\q+<] yfifl |eqTuy\T #|eT n&,
q J$+ #<T e+Tq sE ]q |eT eeVs+ >T]+
+su ] +> #TT+~. n+<T q\T>TsT e\ T. e] @+ ]+<
#b, $<]qT\qT < +, eTTK+> eD |s+ > <s + #T`MT
J$ + $\Ty q ~, n+< y T q ~ |eT |s T mes MT J$
<\ , $\, yk\ s 349
b&T#jT e+&`n <~dT + ~. eD $Xd+ \T>TT+~.
sE de #|dT q , de+ sT>TTq {HC |eT eeVs\
d+<s + , Te+{ < jTTer jTTe\ es<Z s +> +T+~.
+<T, |eT eeVs m<T{ e eTqdT ns+ #dT e&+,
q eTqdT esTe&+, <, n<T| |Te&+ m+ nedsy
dksT s#s TT + = |eT< .
] ksTT me se \T q|&T |\\ T |$T+#T |[fl
#dT +{eT+f, *< + &T\T m eT<q |& s`s+&Ts\ >T]+ #| q
< dXw+. ~ ss\ < nH ue+ dT]dT+~ < o].
<+| d++< L& <s eTqdT ne>Vq #dT n<T|
|T +f mTe+{ d ]DeT+ \T>TT+< #|+q < d+>eT+.
(s#s TT $TT&T d+ sdq +] Xs+ < d+<q> sdq <
~).
e<| + q *< + &T\ eTHuy* ns+ #dT be&+, yfifl
|\\T d]>Z #dTbe&+ |&T keqyTb+~. eTTK+>
nyT] ds | & q =+<sT |\\ |esq , =&T +& | m+ s s+>
+&>\ &, nTe+{ |]d +& m |e]+#e# #|+# < (n)
|d .....
nHeT+> #d< ndq <q>TD+ n #| < sT Ds+ . <=s
<>\ >T]+ dV#+<T sT<>+ u<| & +&, mTe+{
d nsTTH, mTe+{ eHH #|{ >sy \uTe#Tq
#| q < q\T>TsT.
J$+ T+ d++<, s eqe d++< d
+ eTT+<T Vd ks + > <\ T> sd, |&T y$ < |P]yT q
T+_, ke n+X* rdT d+<X+> <\T sjT&+
L& n+ deTsT\ s|+#Tq ;eTsE y+seTD >] H
n_q+<q\, Xu+\ !
n] #j<$ s 350
Xu #~+q $|e $
nuT <jT $ jTT>s nsTTq ll |u e+ $|e uy*
|+#Tq l . |u sY eT&T <Xu\ y T $|e >fi+ $|e\d+~.
$|e $> bs + eTT+<T m|& se* H, qT sdq =
$\ ll |X+ k, bV+ \_+H, |#T sD +>< T
|u s.Y nsTT, @H& bs+uy T q $|y <e \+ #\ < , H{
eTs |kq+ neds+ +< qeT&+ e\ Hfifl bs \ eTT+<T q
$ CsD |<] +, mseT+<s eTs+ < k~+
C b+<eT+TH&T $ |u s.Y
<<| e+< $\Tq d+|{ yTT<{ $ $> |u sY
$w]dT+~. q qq e rdT=, q eq
uw skq #T, qT\ q#H H=#TqT, qT\T
yT#TH m]|&qT n+ q d| y\&+#TH&T. |usY
d+d uw n<|&q|{, ll>, \> d+d
|< +<\ ue>+;s |<] +#< T . = $\ o]\ L, =
|+q +>|<\qT y&+ <sq ($|e {]T, ]
|{ ), n& & $$< e+&** y&+q q<q yeV] X*
(&d+sY 2011) |<]+#&T. = $* Cq|< X* sjT&+ (wJ$, s*q|e
<\ , $\, yk\ s 351
$\T), ={ > jT sjT&+ (*b, {b, >eTeTT) fi De! XsDe! n |+#T+{&T.
e+{ |j >\T #X&T. e\ se u<q #X&T. MH+$' nH $.
n_e L& = |\T |ksTT. nH $ ...> jTT<+ nH $,
qsd+ Vk$T n, ||T H # q eT] n n+{&T. HqT nH H jTT<+
$ $| n+|XjT| ;w |&THqT n+, ns+ n+{&T.
<V <V+ rs< T eT+ nH $,
eTHw nd rs< T eT+< y e +#<T
n d+<V eT+< $Ts+ q+#<T
#Tss\T eT+ < sTud+#<T n+{&T.
<e&T, |jTd, nuT<jT+ $| e Ms T \ J$\T n& e nd $ Td T H , s T ~X > H
$|e +, <[+, dy <+, ||+ NsD #&eT+{&T`n++ msqjT dsT&y| . jTTe* +>esY
+>H M{ #jT eT+{&T` o] sdq $.
s+>, sTN, ydH n$ |&T =+&<T
s|+ e+< < }dsy * > e]+~ n |u sY m|& sdq \q nH
H *jT<T $ H{ eT]+> e]dT + ~.
>TD eT+y&T nH $ <ssE| <s>V+ e+ #k&T.
nsTTH < +q $ <w |jTqy<+.
>TD n q d+<V, ysT< e+ #X&T. y<++ &< bdq |sT.
feTT nH $ eTsy|
C\ CH? kV y*jT
yTs dVo\ H? n |k&T. d+|T + uqT
nV+ nH $, sTq bsTD
HqT u>TZqeT+& dsTD n+{&T. + nH $, <X+ HsdTD
H #* || ss\ keq bs D n+{&T
$|e ^\T sj\ eq~ n+{&T. D nH $, keq bsD nH $.
|jTD...|eT |]yD q ^+ jTTes eTs =e s+Z

n] #j<$ s 352 <\ , $\, yk\ s 353

 =+#& n,
ud T\
T~ deTs
$eTT bs{
Jeq >eTH n |$ <sq+
H ^+ nH $ |{+#TqT>, |usY $\T bs
MsT\L, jTTe\L eT]+ $|e d]kjT, eTs |kq+ dMT
}V+q \ #sT +{jT dTH qT.
Hfifl> X+> +&, + <s +> $|e $ >fi
$|q l . |u sY H n_q+<q\T, Xu+\ !.
&T weT] dV+> yT*q e\ dTq+< |sH sT.
1947 eT<dT yTT<{k] weT] *dq|{ qT+ 1999
(&d+sY 2011) yT #bjT eTT+<T esL +q q J$ #] |d s |+
weT] yfi\T> n]+#sT. yT B < s|+
sj\qTHsT. n+<T , B #<T e+f eTq+ we T] d~
qT nqTu \T>TT+~. jTq u<q* $$< d+<s dTq+<
e>+> ne>Vq #dT, d+~+ $Xw+q rsT bs\
rjT+> n|dT+~. $& <]+q |$ bs\T L&
<]+#>\ T>TsT.
VjYT weT] n+&> *q yT +u*dt >+<
eTT+<Te sd+~. nqTy< s\T d. dTCeT] VjYT we T]
ed+q d s+&TksT d+<]+, n&Tq y] d+uw+
d]b +~ #|{ q nqTy<+ ~. +>+ dTq+< |sH >+<+
$e]+q nqTuy \, nqTu T\ <+ #+~ #dq nqTy<+
#es dV s#q n|dT + ~. X* dV + eTeT+>
|]qT \TdT+ ~. #<T e+f.
n+<s #<e <q >+<+ ~.
(kVr de+`kV |, qe] 2012)

n] #j<$ s 354 <\ , $\, yk\ s 355