Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management

Water Management and Climate Change Adaptation

2 Water extraction and purification

Peter Krebs

UNEP Course CIPSEM Dresden, September 2014

 Peter Krebs
Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management

2 Water extraction and purification

2.1 Concept, overview

2.2 Raw water composition
2.3 Water extraction
2.4 Gas exchange
2.5 Removal of particles
2.6 Removal of particles and colloids
2.7 Chemical stabilisation
2.8 Disinfection and network protection

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 2
 Peter Krebs
Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management

2 Water extraction and purification

2.1 Concept, overview

2.2 Raw water composition
2.3 Water extraction
2.4 Gas exchange
2.5 Removal of particles
2.6 Removal of particles and colloids
2.7 Chemical stabilisation
2.8 Disinfection and network protection

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 3
 Task of water supply

 „Sufficient Drinking Water of good Quality at any Time “

sufficient how much, how long during dry periods ?

good quality hygiene, to be drunk, for toilet flushing, how long ?

any time extreme drought, contaminated water spring

 Political decision making

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 4
 Drinking water quality

„Drinking water should be appetizing and tempting,

colourless, clear, cold, odourless, and perfectly fresh with
regard to taste.“

DIN 2000

 Implementation via guidelines, threshold values

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 5
 Structure of a water supply system
Tight
Protection construction
zone
Spring Purification Storage Pressure
intake

Water distribution
Industry

Lake, dam
Settlemen
t

Water protection
Saftey
barriers

Protection
zone
Ground water
UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 6
 Regional water supply systems in Germany

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 7
 System dependent water consumption

Type of water supply Typical Range

consumption l/(Ca·d)
l/(Ca·d)
Communal water point
distance > 1000 m 7 5 – 10
distance 250 – 1000 m 12 10 – 15

Village well
distance < 250 m 20 15 – 25

Communal standpipe
distance < 250 m 30 20 – 50

Yard connection 40 20 – 80

House connection
single tap 50 30 – 60
multiple tap 150 70 – 250

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 8
 Water consumption l/(Person day)
Ba
de
n-
W
ür
tte

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
m
be
rg

116
Ba

UNEP – Water and Climate

ye
rn
133

Be
r li
Br
an n
112

de
nb
ur
g
98

Br
em
en
H
127

am
M bu
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kl rg
en
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133

bu es
rg se
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or n
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123

m
N m
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N d er n
100

or sa
dr ch
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in n
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128

es
R tfa
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la
135

nd
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2 Water extraction and purification

fa
lz
118

Sa
ar
la
nd
116

Sa
Sa ch
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se n
85

Sc n-
hl An
es ha
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90

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133

ür
in
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Drinking water consumption in Germany

90

ts
ch
la
nd
122

© PK, 2014 – page 9

 Drinking water consumption of private households

28% WC
34% bathing/shower
6% 4% 2%2%
28% 12% washing cloths
6%
6% personal hygiene
6%
6% wash dishes
6% cleaning
4% watering
12%
2% cooking/drinking
34% 2% cleaning cars

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 10
 Parameters to characterise consumption (i)

Qd average daily consumption over a year

Qh average hours consumption at average day

Qd,max maximum daily consumption of a year

Qh,max maximum hours consumption at maximums day

fd Peak days factor

fh Peak hours factor

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 11
 Parameters to characterise consumption (ii)

Parameter Decisive for

Maximum daily water need Purification,
Qd,max = fd ∙ Qd reservoir

Average hourly need at average day

Qh = Qd / 24

Maximum hours need at maximum day Distribution

Qh,max = fh ∙ Qd / 24 system

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 12
 Drinking water prices for centralised systems

2,50
Drinking water price EUR/(person day)

2,18

2,00
1,76
1,65 1,63

1,50
1,26
1,16
1,00
1,00 0,94
0,81
0,76 0,75
0,68 0,67
0,52
0,50

0,00
m

A
lia

ca
d

da
k

en
ce
in

ly
nd
ar

ai
an
an

US
iu
ita

Ita
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ri
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na
ed
Sp
nm

la
lg

Af
nl
m

st
Br

Fr

Ca
Sw
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Be

Fi
er

Au

h
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at

th

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Ne
re

So
G

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 13
 Drinking water price EUR/m 3
Ba
de
n-
W
ür
tte

0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
m
be
rg

1,81
Ba
y

UNEP – Water and Climate

er
n

1,27
Be
Br r lin
an
de
2,29

nb
ur
g
1,51

Br
em
en
H
1,98

am
M bu
ec
kl rg
en
H
1,52

bu es
rg s
-V en
or
po
1,93

m
N m
ie er
N de n
or rs
1,55

dr ac
he h se
in n
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1,19

es
R tfa
he le
in n
la
nd
1,59

2 Water extraction and purification

-P
fa
lz
Sa
1,55

ar
la
nd
1,8

Sa
Sa c hs
ch en
se
Sc n
1,93

hl -A
Drinking water prices in Germany

es nh
w a lt
ig
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1,57

ol
st
ei
Th n
1,3

ü rin
ge
D n
eu
ts
2,04

c hl
an
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1,6

© PK, 2014 – page 14

 Peter Krebs
Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management

2 Water extraction and purification

2.1 Concept, overview

2.2 Raw water composition
2.3 Water extraction
2.4 Gas exchange
2.5 Removal of particles
2.6 Removal of particles and colloids
2.7 Chemical stabilisation
2.8 Disinfection and network protection

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 15
 Characteristics of groundwater

 Typical ranges:

pH-value: 5 – 6,5
Ferric (Fe): 1 –10 mg/l
Manganese (Mn): 0,2 – 1 mg/l
Oxygen (O2): < 1 mg/l

 Additional anthropogenic loads:

Agriculture: Nitrate (NO3-), pesticides

Industry (Air and Organic compounds, ammonia, acid rain

wastewater):  dissolution of metals (e.g. aluminium)

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 16
 Ground and spring water

Hard-
pH O2 Fe Mn KB 8,2 KS 4,3
ness
Geology Location
mg/l mg/l mg/l mol/m3 °dH mol/m3

Crystalline Gotteszell 6,0 10,8 – – 0,3 0,6 0,1

Sandstone Heldmann-berg 7,3 0,5 0,3 0,04 1,2 18,9 6,3

5,7...7 15…2 0,1…0, 6,0...12 0,15...

Tettau n.n. 1,0... 2,5
,1 5 8 ,1 1,25

Spremberg 5,3 0,02 7,5 0,15 1,6 5,1 0,14

Pleistozene
Engelsdorf 2
7,2 1,0 7,6 0,54 0,88 42,9 4,48
(Leipzig)

Lommatzsch 7,2 < 0,5 7,5 0,5 1,61 36,6 8,21

Gravel Munich 7,2 10,5 0,01 – 0,43 14,3 4,4

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 17
 Water of a dam

Parameter Unit Wahnbach Klingenberg Muldenberg

(Siegelsknippen) (Coschütz) (Muldenberg)
Temperature °C 3,8…6,7 4,0…14,5 0,7…12,8
pH-value – 6,8...7,1 6,6...7,7 4,3...4,9
Oxygen mg/l 5,9...11,1 7,8...12,3 5,8...12,9
DOC mg/l 0,48...1,27 2,2...2,6 2,0
SAC 436 nm m-1 0,06...0,08 0,14...0,46 < 0,1...0,4
Turbidity TE/F 0,48...1,27 0,3...1,8 0,43...2,5
AOX mg/l < 0,01 < 0,01...0,018 < 0,0015
KS 4,3 mol/m³ 0,43...0,50 0,15...0,4 0,01...0,03
Hardness mol/m³ 0,7...0,8 0,5...0,7 0,17...0,19
Aluminium mg/l 0,02...0,27 < 0,02...0,16 0,62...0,96
Nitrate mg/l 16...17 12...19 2,0...3,6
Ferric, total mg/l < 0,01...0,03 < 0,05...0,12 < 0,17...0,60
Manganese mg/l 0,01...0,19 0,024...0,14 0,48...0,59
Arsenic µg/l < 0,5 1,0...2,9 < 1,0
Colonies no. at 20 °C ml-1 22...1490 0... > 1000 0...528
Coliformes 1/100 ml 0...12 0 0
UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 18
 River water

Parameter Unit Elbe Donau at Leipheim

(Hosterwitz) Mean 2001
Temperature °C 0,6…22,5 10,4
pH-value – 7,3...8,6 8,12
Oxygen mg/l 4,4...11,8 10,51
DOC mg/l 4,6...6,6 2,85
SAC 436 nm m-1 0,65...1,9 n.b.
Turbidity TE/F 34...140 8,48
AOX mg/l 0,022...0,199 0,012
KS 4,3 mol/m³ 1,2...2,15 4,27
Hardness mol/m³ 1,4...2,1 2,5
Aluminium mg/l 0,025...0,82 0,04
Nitrate mg/l 16...30 13,7
Ferric mg/l 0,25...4,4 0,02
Manganese mg/l < 0,02...0,51 < 0,0050
Arsenic µg/l 2,5...3,3 0,00014
Colonies no. at 20 °C ml-1 1000... > 168 000 5651
Coliforms 1/100 ml > 2400 13393
UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 19
 Lake water

Parameter Unit Lake of Constance (60 m depth)

Mean 2000
Temperature °C 5,1
pH-value – 8,05
Oxygen mg/l 10,6
DOC mg/l 1,3
SAC 254 nm m-1 3,1
SAC 436 nm m-1 Not detectable
Turbidity FNU 0,51
AOX mg/l 0,006
KS 4,3 mol/m³ 2,52
KB 8,2 mol/m³ 0,03
Hardness °dH 8,97
Aluminium mg/l 0,0085
Nitrate mg/l 4,5
Ferric mg/l 0,010
Manganese mg/l 0,0009
Arsenic mg/l 0,0013
UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 20
 River bank filtrate

Parameter River water Bank filtrate

Coliforms < 29.000 < 640 (per 100 ml)

E. Coli < 2.000 <4 (pro 100 ml)

Temperature 3,5 – 23,4 9,7 – 16,5 (°C)

O2 10,1 5,2 (g/m3)

CO2 2,3 6,5 (g/m3)

NH4+-N < 0,055 < 0,016 (g/m3)

Biomass <7 < 0,02 (g/m3)

typical values from Zurich

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 21
 Peter Krebs
Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management

2 Water extraction and purification

2.1 Concept, overview

2.2 Raw water composition
2.3 Water extraction
2.4 Gas exchange
2.5 Removal of particles
2.6 Removal of particles and colloids
2.7 Chemical stabilisation
2.8 Disinfection and network protection

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 22
 Characteristics of groundwater

• Often good quality and relatively simple purification

• Aquifer is a large storage unit and levels out variations in

extraction

• Supporting filter layers against wash-out of sand from

neighbouring ground

• The smaller the well‘s diameter, the more serious is the danger
silting up

• Maintenance against clogging

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 23
 Water extraction: filter well

Rain
QW

Undisturbed GW-
level

concentric
flow

Impervious
ground

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 24
 Filter pipe with supporting layers

Natural
ground

Supporting sand- and Steel filter pipe

gravel layers

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 25
 Horizontal filter well

QW

Undisturbed GW-table

Horizontal intake

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 26
 Spring water extraction

Infiltration
Collection shaft

Spring water
abstraction

Overflow
Aquifer

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 27
 Spring water intake

„Buchbrunnenquelle“ (Foto von Steinmetz, M.)

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 28
 Dam with multiple intake

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 29
 Lake water intake

Raw water
pumping station
Intake with
Fish screen
30 - 60 m deep
10 m above ground

Sediments,
Partly loose

Rock

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 30
 Peter Krebs
Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management

2 Water extraction and purification

2.1 Concept, overview

2.2 Raw water composition
2.3 Water extraction
2.4 Gas exchange
2.5 Removal of particles
2.6 Removal of particles and colloids
2.7 Chemical stabilisation
2.8 Disinfection and network protection

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 31
 Goals of gas transfer

• Export of CO2, for de-acidification

• Export (purging) of volatile substances, such as H2S, CH4

• Stripping of volatile organic compounds

• Import of oxygen for oxidation of dissolved compounds

(e.g. ferric substances, manganese, ammonia) and to improve
taste and development of protection layers

• Introduction of ozone

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 32
 Transfer process description

HENRY-DALTON law cS =  · cG

cS Gas saturation concentration in water

cG Gas concentration in air
 Solubility coefficient = f (t, pG)

Import flux Export flux

Fin  DcS  c  Fex  DcS  c 
cS  c cS  c
UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 33
 Aeration with free surface

(® Aquadosil)
UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 34
 Peter Krebs
Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management

2 Water extraction and purification

2.1 Concept, overview

2.2 Raw water composition
2.3 Water extraction
2.4 Gas exchange
2.5 Removal of particles
2.6 Removal of particles and colloids
2.7 Chemical stabilisation
2.8 Disinfection and network protection

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 35
 Two major steps of water purification

Turbid raw Pre-treated Drinking

water water water

Removal of Enhanced treatment, stabilisation,

particles disinfection

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 36
 Removal of coarse particles

Rack
only with surface waters
wide and narrow slots

Micro sieves
Steel or textile
grid size < 0,1 mm,
continuous back rinsing

 Raw water
 Clear water tank
 Effluent
 Micro sieve
 Rotating cylinder
 Rinsing
 Driver, controlled
UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 37
 Micro sieve

Source: Bodenseewasserversorgung
UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 38
 Processes to remove particles

1000
Particle concentration (gTSS/m3)

Rack

Sedimentation

10 Flocculation
Sieves

Filtration

0.1
10-5 10-3 10-1 10
Particle size (mm)
Viruses Bacteria Algae

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 39
 Flocculation

Mixing Flocculation Separation

De-stabilisation, Aggregation and Sedimentation, flotation,
generation of micro-flocs generation of macro-flocs filtration

Enhanced treatment
ev. flocculation aid

Filtration
Flocculant
Sludge Treatment

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 40
 Sedimentation

Sedimentation Length LS
Q Q

Length of tank

 Inlet region  Effluent region

 Sediments  Sedimentation region

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 41
 Fast filtration

· often layered (two or more layers)

top: coarse, light material (e.g. pumice stone 1,4 – 2,5 mm)
bottom: fine, heavy material (e.g. sand, 0,71 – 1,25 mm)

· hydraulic load 4 – 30 m/h

· Pressure head 2 – 5 m

· Quick increase of resistance an pressure head decrease;

clogging of fine material is faster,

· Back rinsing with water, air, and water/air

· Pressure filtration for smaller filter areas

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 42
 Open fast filter

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 43
 Filtration effect and resistance

Threshold values pcr (hF,cr)

Filter resistance p (hF in m)

Filtrate concentration c


in TE/F or mg/l

critical filtrate conc. ccr

t1 Filter operation time t t2

 Filtrate concentration
 Filter resistance

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 44
 Back rinsing

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 45
 Slow filtration (i)

 Removal of particles
microbial load
bio-degradable substances

• Sieve effect
• Adsorptive effect over entire filter depth
• „Mud cover“, a few cm, biologically active
Organic compounds are degraded
Ammonia is nitrified
• Prerequisite O2-concentration is sufficient
small TSS-concentration
• Surface overflow rate 0,1 – 0,2 m/h, pressure head ca. 1 m
• 3 – 24 months removal of „mud cover“
• large area necessary

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 46
 Slow filtration (ii)

Mud layer,
Filtration bio-active !
Raw water
Sand filter,
  0.6 mm, H > 0.5 m

Sand filter, layered with

increasing diameter
towards bottom

Drainage
bottom

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 47
 Peter Krebs
Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management

2 Water extraction and purification

2.1 Concept, overview

2.2 Raw water composition
2.3 Water extraction
2.4 Gas exchange
2.5 Removal of particles
2.6 Removal of particles and colloids
2.7 Chemical stabilisation
2.8 Disinfection and network protection

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 48
 Removal of Ferric and Manganese

Contact with O2

Fe2+ Fe3+

High Low solubility

solubility

Rusty precipitation
 Filtration

Manganese
Similar to ferric substances, Oxidation through micro-organisms or
catalytic reaction

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 49
 Activated carbon adsorption

 Removal of dissolved organic compounds

microscopic pores through glowing of coal at 650°C, as a

significant part is oxidised and volatilised as CO2

huge internal surface: 1000 – 2000 (m2/g active carbon)

active carbon is sensitive on mechanical stress

rinsing as seldom as possible via pre-treatment and separation

of particles before the activated carbon process

Micro-organisms on the surface  bio-degradation of organic

compounds

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 50
 Peter Krebs
Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management

2 Water extraction and purification

2.1 Concept, overview

2.2 Raw water composition
2.3 Water extraction
2.4 Gas exchange
2.5 Removal of particles
2.6 Removal of particles and colloids
2.7 Chemical stabilisation
2.8 Disinfection and network protection

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 51
 De-acidification

Drinking water treatment

Neutralisation

CO2 CaCO3

Acid Lime, calcium carbonate

Aggressive, corrosive Precipitation, encrusting

 Aeration  Precipitation
 Filtration through lime  Reduction of solubility
 Adding hydroxides, soda  Ion exchange

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 52
UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 53
 Lime – carbonic – acid system

KS4,3 KB8,2

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 54
 Peter Krebs
Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management

2 Water extraction and purification

2.1 Concept, overview

2.2 Raw water composition
2.3 Water extraction
2.4 Gas exchange
2.5 Removal of particles
2.6 Removal of particles and colloids
2.7 Chemical stabilisation
2.8 Disinfection and network protection

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 55
 Disinfection

 Inactivation of pathogenic germs

Chemical O3 fast decay, no by-products, Oxidation

oxidation
Cl2 cheap, Network safety, reactive
ClO2 Network protection, local production

 possibly production of by-products

UV-radiation In 1 cm layer, for some seconds

No by-products
No network protection
Only for small plants, expensive

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 56
 Effect of disinfection means

Oxidation Disinfection long term effect

Chlorine Satisfactory good good

Chlorine dioxide Bad satisfactory satisfactory

Ozone Good good negative

UV-Radiation Bad satisfactory negative

UNEP – Water and Climate 2 Water extraction and purification © PK, 2014 – page 57