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Arc 208 Ass 4
Arc 208 Ass 4
The essence of water cannot be overemphasized in the life of mankind. It serves multipurpose
and diverse functions in human life, therefore it is important that it is pure and potable. In order
to appreciate this most important process of water purification, the visit to the CLEANSE water
factory was made, the process of water manufacture process starts from the harnessing of the
The borehole’s pipe runs water by a pipe to the raw water store. The water is then passed
to the sand filter when the water pass through filtration by sand. The filtered water runs through
another pipe to the carbon filter. The pumping machine then runs the carbon filtered water to
the treatment water. Carbon filtering is a method of filtering that uses a bed of activated
contaminants the maximum possible exposure to the active sites within the filter media. One
pound (454 g) of activated carbon contains a surface area of approximately 100 acres (~40
Hectares). Activated carbon works via a process called adsorption, whereby pollutant
molecules in the fluid to be treated are trapped inside the pore structure of the carbon substrate.
Carbon filtering is commonly used for water purification, in air purifiers and industrial gas
processing, for example the removal of siloxanes and hydrogen sulfide from biogas. It is also
used in a number of other applications, including respirator masks, the purification of sugarcane
and in the recovery of precious metals, especially gold. It is also used in cigarette filters. Active
charcoal carbon filters are most effective at removing chlorine, sediment, volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), taste and odor from water. They are not effective at removing minerals,
The particle size will be used as part of the filter description. The efficacy of a carbon filter is
also based upon the flow rate regulation. When the water is allowed to flow through the filter
at a slower rate, the contaminants are exposed to the filter media for a longer amount of time.
The treated water is pumped into the production room. The water passes through the candle
filter to the ultraviolet light where the final pure water is achieved and the water is passed to
the automated machine that produces the sealed water where it is packaged.
In order to conform with NAFDAC (National Agency for Food, Drug Administration
and Control) rules, certain measures are implemented such as the use of bore hole water in
preference to tap water as instructed by NAFDAC. Also building enclosure such as a fence is
installed.
The buildings surroundings must be clean and free from hindering particles and
dismemebered window frame is not allowed. PVC ( poly vinyl chloride) ceiling is to be used
instead of asbestos. Also a minimum of 5- rooms is required in the building. The rooms are
;production room, cloak room, finished production room, office and raw material room. A tiled
floorfinish is also to be used as instructed by NAFDAC. All these measures were implemented
1 There should be adequate personnel to perform and supervise the production and Yes
2 The entire factory premises should be fenced to demarcate it from all other Yes
buildings
3 Personnel should be adequately clad in overall, hand gloves, nose/mouth masks, Yes
Floor should be made of easily cleaned and disinfected non shedding durable
4 The factory must not be sited (located) near a cemetery, abattoir, quarry, sewage Yes
establishment
6 Floor should be covered with easy to clean durable materials in production room Yes
8 An Ultraviolet sterilizing lamp should be provided and bulb changed when spent. Yes
9 The source of water could either be from a borehole of minimum depths of 100ft or Yes
150ft
not allowed.
12 Taps should be made of stainless steel or PVC mounted on a stainless steel sink No
13 Any building used in the manufacture, processing and packaging of potable water No
14 The building for the production of potable water should be purpose built or suitably No
packaging material store, production room and finished product store and Office
15 Windows should and be screened with insect-proof nets and be constructed in such No
Cleanse water factory satisfied 9 out of 16 guidelines leading them to a 56.25% conformation.
REPORT FOR VISIT TO ELION WATER FACTORY, MORO, OSUN STATE.
The water is pumped into the storage tank elevated by situating it on a slab. Through
series of well-arranged pipes, the water flows to the sand filter from which it flows to the carbon
filter. The water is then passed through the candle filter to the sealing machine. Ceramic candle
filters are simple devices made out of clay and used to filter drinking water in order to removes
turbidity, suspended materials and pathogens. Removal takes place by physical process such
as mechanical trapping and adsorption on the ceramic candles, which have micro-scale pores.
Water is poured into the upper of two container and flows through a candle situated in the
bottom. Once the water has passed through the candle, it is collected in the lower container.
This system both treats the water and provides safe storage until it is used. The filters are easy
to assemble and no energy is required. Maintenance includes frequent scrubbing with a brush
and proper care during transport and its use. They can be constructed with locally available
The use of ceramic material for the filtration of drinking water is one of the oldest drinking
water treatments. Nowadays, the ceramic candle filters and the colloidal silver filter (see also
the colloidal silver filter factsheet) are the most widely used. The devices consist of two
compartments, which allow simultaneous treatment and save storage of the drinking water.
Candle filters are used in various countries and produced by a range of manufacturers around
the globe.
Ceramic candle filters basically consist of an upper and a lower container, one or more ceramic
candles in between, a tap and a lid. Usually the containers have a diameter of about 30 by 25
cm depth for a treatment capacity of about 8 L and a flow rate of 1-2 L per hour per candle.
The ceramic candles are screwed into the base of the upper container. To the lower container
is attached a tap that allow to withdraw safe water without risking recontamination. A lid is
Candles can have very slow flow rates, so it is common to use two or more candles in one filter.
The candles are made up of clay and the container can be made from plastic, aluminium,
copper, steel or clay material. Though clay containers keep water cold and tasty, due to its
Water is poured into the upper container and flows through the candle and collects in lower
container. Turbidity, suspended materials and pathogens are removed from water through
mechanical trapping and adsorption in micro-scale pores of ceramic candles. Colloidal silver
Water should be poured slowly into the container, not above the candle as regular water
pressure may damage fragile candle. Candle needs to be replaced if any cracks are found:
cracks will reduce the effectiveness since water can pass through that crack without being
Candle needs regular cleaning, particularly when the flow rate slows down. The candle is
cleaned by (slightly) scrubbing the candle surface with a soft scrubber brush or cloth to remove
any accumulated dirt. Only clean water (no soap, chlorine or other chemicals!!!) should be used
for cleaning. The candle should not be touched with dirty hands, and not placed on a dirty
surface during cleaning. Storage containers, tap and lid should be cleaned on a regular basis
are met –Source of supply is groundwater .Bacteria is documented to be coming from the
Advantages
–No chemicals
–Low maintenance –
Disadvantages
–Will only be effective if the bacteria source is entering the water system prior to the UV unit
–Pretreatment may be necessary for raw water with moderate to high mineral content
–May require units to be installed in parallel if water system cannot be shut down to allow for
UV maintenance or replacement
1 There should be adequate personnel to perform and supervise the production and Yes
buildings
3 Personnel should be adequately clad in overall, hand gloves, nose/mouth masks, Yes
Floor should be made of easily cleaned and disinfected non shedding durable
4 The factory must not be sited (located) near a cemetery, abattoir, quarry, sewage Yes
establishment
6 Floor should be covered with easy to clean durable materials in production room No
8 An Ultraviolet sterilizing lamp should be provided and bulb changed when spent. Yes
9 The source of water could either be from a borehole of minimum depths of 100ft or Yes
150ft
11 All pipes should be made of stainless steel or PVC. Use of galvanised iron pipes is No
notallowed.
12 Taps should be made of stainless steel or PVC mounted on a stainless steel sink No
13 Any building used in the manufacture, processing and packaging of potable water No
14 The building for the production of potable water should be purpose built or suitably No
packaging material store, production room and finished product store and Office
15 Windows should and be screened with insect-proof nets and be constructed in such Yes
GENERAL
These guidelines are for the general public, corporate organizations and individuals that wish
These guidelines prescribe the minimum GMP requirements for personnel, materials, machine
distributed in Nigeria unless it has been registered in accordance with the provisions of Act
a) Responsibility
b) Authority
c) Qualification of Personnel
There should be adequate personnel to perform and supervise the production and packaging
of potable water. Production of potable water must be under the supervision of a production
manager who must possess a minimum of ordinary National Diploma in a science based
In house and In process Quality Control of functions can be carried out by the production
Personnel should be adequately clad in overall, hand gloves, nose/mouth masks, headgears
The entire factory premises should be fenced to demarcate it from all other buildings
(residential or commercial).
The factory must not be sited (located) near a cemetery, abattoir, quarry, sewage treatment
plant, sawmill, oil depot (Petroleum and Vegetable) or anysuch establishment that could be a
building should be designed to allow for free flow of personnel and materials to prevent cross
contamination. The building for the production of potable water should be purpose built or
suitably adapted to comprise a minimum of five rooms designated as the cloak room,
packaging material store, production room and finished product store and Office
CLOAK ROOM:
a. Floor should be made of easily cleaned and disinfected non shedding durable material and
b. Walls should be made of easily cleaned and disinfected non shedding durable material and
c. Windows should and be screened with insect-proof nets and be constructed in such a way
a. Floor should be made of easily cleaned and disinfected non shedding durable material and
b. Walls should be made of easily cleaned and disinfected non shedding durable materialand
should have smooth surface.
c. Windows if present should be screened with insect-proof nets and be constructed in such a
f. An Ultraviolet sterilizing lamp should be provided and bulb changed when spent.
PRODUCTION ROOM:
c. Walls should be made of easily cleaned and disinfected non shedding durable materialand
d. Windows should be screened with insect-proof nets and be constructedin such a way as not
to trap dust.
a. Floor should be made of easily cleaned and disinfected non shedding durablematerial and
b. Walls should be made of easily cleaned and disinfected non shedding durable material and
c. Windows should be screened with insect-proof nets and be constructedin such a way as not
to trap dust.
The source of water could either be from a borehole of minimum depths of 100ft or 150ft
depending on topography of the location. Water could also be found through public mains
provided by the local water cooperation. Use of dug out well is not allowed. Water source
should be at least 30-50m away from the nearest septic tank which may or may not be
All tanks should be made of PVC or stainless steel. Underground reservoir (where available)
PIPES
All pipes should be made of stainless steel or PVC. Use of galvanised iron pipes is not
allowed.
TAPS
Taps should be made of stainless steel or PVC mounted on a stainless steel sink.
The form filling and sealing machine (where available) should be designed to minimize man-
material contact, safe to use, easy to clean and environmentally friendly. The equipment may
RAW WATER TANK (should be PVC or stainless steel, chlorination to be done here)
BOREHOLE
(100-150ft)minimum
INDUSTRIAL MODULES (should consist of graded sand bed filter and activated carbon)
UV STERILISER
Adequate, clean washing and toilet facilities should be provided for personnel Washing
facilities should be equipped with soap or detergent, air driers or single-service towels. This
should be walled and floored with easily cleaned and disinfected non shedding durable
Toilets should be away from the production or storage areas and should be easily accessible
to production area.
Sewage, refuse and other wastes within the premises should be disposed of in a safe and
sanitary manner.
SANITATION
Any building used in the manufacture, processing and packaging of potable water should be
cleaning must be in place. The SOP should describe in sufficient details, the cleaning schedules
as well as equipment and materials to be used in cleaning the buildings and facilities. The
building should be regularly fumigated with approved fumigants in accordance with the food