i

SOCI
OLOGYPROJ
ECT
(
INDI
ANSOCI
ETYANDSTRUCTURE)
ON

RESERVATI
ON:
WHYI
TSHOULDBEGI
VEN
SUBMI
TTEDTO:

Dr
.AyanHazr
a
Fac
ult
y,Soc
iol
ogy

SUBMI
TTEDBY:

Abhi
navSur
oll
i
a

Rol
lno.07

SECTI
ONC

SEMESTERI
I
I,B.
A.LLB(
HONS.
)

SUBMI
TTEDON:

Oc
tober1
0,201
4

HI
DAYATULLAHNATI
ONALLAW UNI
VERSI
TY

Upar
war
aPost
,Abhanpur
,NewRai
pur–493661(
C.G.
)
 i
i

DECLARATI
ON
I
,Abhi navSur ol
l
ia,ofSemesterI
II
,Secti
onC,decl
arethatthi
sprojectsubmi
tt
edto
H.N.L.U.
,Raipurisanor i
gi
nalworkdonebymeundert heableguidanc
eofDr.Ayan
Hazra,Fac ul
tyofSoc iol
ogy.Thewor kisabonaf i
dec r
eati
ondonebyme.Due
referencesinter
msoff ootnot
eshavebeendul
ygi
venwherevernec
essary.

Abhi
navSur
oll
i
a

Rol
lNo.07

Sec
tionC,
Semest
erI
I
I
 i
i
i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
If
eelhi
ghl
yel
atedt
owor
kont
hepr
ojec
t“Reser
vat
ion:WhyI
tShoul
dBeGi
ven”
.The
pr
act
ical
real
i
sat
ionoft
hepr
ojec
thasobl
i
gat
edt
heassi
stanc
eofmanyper
sons.Fi
rst
ly
Iexpr
essmydeepestgr
ati
tudet
owar
dsDr
.AyanHazr
a,Fac
ult
yofSoc
iol
ogy,t
o
pr
ovi
demewi
tht
heoppor
tuni
tyt
o wor
kont
hispr
ojec
t.Hi
sabl
egui
danc
eand
super
visi
onwer
eofext
remehel
pinunder
standi
ngandc
arr
yingoutt
henuanc
esoft
his
pr
ojec
t.

I
woul
dal
sol
i
ket
othankTheUni
ver
sit
yandt
heVi
ceChanc
ell
orf
orpr
ovi
di
ngext
ensi
ve
dat
abase r
esour
ces i
nthe l
i
brar
y and f
ort
he i
nter
netf
aci
l
it
ies pr
ovi
ded by t
he
Uni
ver
sit
y.

Somepr
int
inger
ror
smi
ghthavec
repti
nwhi
char
edeepl
yregr
ett
ed.I
woul
dbegr
atef
ul
t
orec
eivec
omment
sandsuggest
ionst
ofur
theri
mpr
ovet
hispr
ojec
t.

Abhi
navSur
oll
i
a

Rol
lNo.07

Sec
tionC,
Semest
erI
I
I
 i
v

TABLEOFCONTENT:

 Dec
lar
ati
on i
i

 Ac
knowl
edgement
s i
i
i

 Li
stofAbbr
evi
ati
ons v

 I
ntr
oduc
tion vi

 Obj
ect
ives vi
i
i

 Resear
chMet
hodol
ogy i
x

 Composi
ti
onofReser
ved 1

 Needf
orReser
vat
ion 3

 Con
clusi
on 1
0

 Ref
erenc
es 1
2
 v

LI
STOFABBREVI
ATI
ONS:
1
.& And

2.% PerCent

3.Ar
t. Ar
ti
cl
e

4.OBC Ot
herBac
kwar
dCl
asses

5.P. Page

6.SC Sc
hedul
eCast
e

7.ST Sc
hedul
eTr
ibes

8.Vol
. Vol
ume
 vi

LI
STOFTABLES:
1
. Popul
ati
onofSCi
nIndi
a 2

2.Popul
ati
onofSTi
nIndi
a 2

3.Pr
esentPer
cent
agesofReser
vat
ionf
ort
heSCs,

t
heSTs,
andt
heOBCsi
nGover
nmentSer
vic
es 5

4.Wel
far
eindi
cat
orsi
nIndi
abyc
ast
eandet
hni
cgr
oup 9
 vi
i

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:
Hi
ndusoc
iet
yisdi
vi
dedi
ntof
ourvar
na,
orc
lasses
,ac
onvent
ionwhi
chhadi
tsor
igi
nsi
n
t
heRi
gVeda,
thef
ir
standmosti
mpor
tantsetofhymnsi
nHi
ndusc
ript
urewhi
chdat
es
1
bac
kto1
500-
1000B.
C. Att
het
opoft
hehi
erar
chyar
etheBr
ahmi
ns,orpr
iest
s,
f
oll
owed by t
he Kshat
ri
yas,orwar
ri
ors.The Vai
syas,t
he f
armer
s and ar
ti
sans,
c
onst
it
utet
het
hir
dcl
ass.Att
hebot
tom ar
etheShudr
as,t
hec
lassr
esponsi
bl
efor
ser
vingt
het
hreehi
ghergr
oups.Fi
nal
l
y,t
heUnt
ouc
habl
esf
all
compl
etel
yout
sideoft
his
syst
em.I
tisf
ort
hisr
easont
hatt
heunt
ouc
habl
eshaveal
sobeent
ermedavar
na(
“no
c
lass”
).

J
ati
,orc
ast
e,i
sasec
ondf
act
orspec
ifyi
ngr
anki
ntheHi
ndusoc
ialhi
erar
chy.J
ati
sar
e
r
oughl
ydet
ermi
nedbyoc
cupat
ion.Of
tenr
egi
on-
spec
ifi
c,t
heyar
emor
epr
eci
set
hant
he
sweepi
ngvar
nasyst
em whi
chi
scommonac
rossI
ndi
aandc
anbedi
vi
dedf
urt
heri
nto
subc
ast
esandsub-
subc
ast
es.Thi
sisal
sot
hec
aseamongunt
ouc
habl
es.Andr
eBet
eil
l
e
def
inesc
ast
eas“
asmal
landnamedgr
oupofper
sonsc
har
act
eri
zedbyendogamy,
her
edi
tar
ymember
shi
p,andaspec
ifi
cst
yleofl
i
fewhi
chsomet
imesi
ncl
udest
hepur
sui
t
byt
radi
ti
onofapar
ti
cul
aroc
cupat
ionandi
susual
l
yassoc
iat
edwi
thamor
eorl
ess
2
di
sti
nctr
it
ual
stat
usi
nahi
erar
chi
cal
syst
em.
”

J
ati
sint
he t
hree hi
ghest var
nas i
nthe hi
erar
chy—Br
ahmi
ns,Kshat
ri
yas,and
Vai
syas—ar
econsi
der
ed“
twi
ce-
bor
n”ac
cor
dingt
oHi
ndusc
ript
ure,meani
ngt
heyar
e
al
l
owedt
opar
ti
ci
pat
einHi
nduc
eremoni
esandar
econsi
der
edmor
e“pur
e”t
hant
he
Sudr
asand“
pol
l
uti
ng”unt
ouc
habl
es.Thi
sconc
eptofpol
l
uti
onver
suspur
it
ygover
ns
t
hei
nter
act
ionbet
weenmember
sofdi
ffer
entc
ast
es.Thet
ouc
hofanunt
ouc
habl
eis
c
onsi
der
eddef
il
ingt
oanupper
-cast
eHi
ndu.I
nsout
her
nIndi
a,wher
ecast
epr
ejudi
cehas
beenhi
stor
ical
l
y mostsever
e,event
he si
ghtofanunt
ouc
habl
e wasc
onsi
der
ed
pol
l
uti
ng.Unt
ouc
habl
esusual
l
yhan
dled“
impur
e”t
askssuc
haswor
kinvol
vi
nghuman
wast
e and dead ani
mal
s.As a r
esul
t,unt
ilr
efor
ms began i
nthe 1
9thc
ent
ury,
unt
ouc
habl
eswer
ebar
redf
roment
eri
ngt
empl
es,
drawi
ngwat
erf
romupper
-cast
ewel
l
s,
andal
lsoc
iali
nter
act
ionwi
thupper
-cast
eHi
ndus(
inc
ludi
ngdi
ni
ngi
nthesamer
oom)
.

1
Full
erC.J.
,TheCamphorFlame:Popul
arHi
nduismandSociet
yinI
ndi
a,Pr
incet
onUni
versi
tyPress1992
p.1
2
2
Beteill
eAndre,Cast
e,Cl
assandPower:ChangingPat
ter
nsofStr
ati
fi
cati
oninaTanj
oreVil
lage,Oxfor
d
Universi
tyPress,1
996p.46.
 vi
i
i

Thesesoc
ialr
uleswer
est
ri
ctl
yimposedandvi
ol
ator
swer
esever
elypuni
shed;some
wer
eevenki
l
led.

Despi
tec
onst
it
uti
onalpr
ohi
bi
ti
onsandl
aws,mos
trec
ent
lyt
heSc
hedul
edCast
esand
Sc
hedul
edTr
ibes(
Prevent
ionofAt
roc
iti
es)Ac
tof1
989,
viol
enc
eandi
njust
icesagai
nst
unt
ouc
habl
esc
ont
inuet
oday,par
ti
cul
arl
yinr
uralar
easofI
ndi
a. Ac
count
sofc
ast
e-
dr
iven abuses c
ont
inual
l
y appeari
n West
ern medi
a and sur
ely af
fec
tfor
eigner
s’
per
cept
ion
sofI
ndi
a.Amer
icanec
onomi
stThomasSowel
ldr
ewona1
978c
asei
nwhi
ch
anunt
ouc
habl
egi
rlhadherear
scutof
ffordr
awi
ngwat
erf
rom anupper
-cast
ewel
li
n
3
oneofhi
sbooks.Mor
erec
entexampl
esi
ncl
udeDal
i
tst
udent
satagover
nmentsc
hool
i
nRaj
ast
hanwhower
epuni
shedf
oraski
ngt
odr
inkwat
erf
romapi
tcherusedbyhi
gher
c
ast
est
udent
sandaDal
i
tinPunj
abwhowasmur
der
edby“
aff
luentRaj
putHi
ndu
4
yout
hs”af
terhi
sdogr
ani
ntoaHi
ndut
empl
e.

Ther
efor
e,t
heneedt
opr
otec
tthevul
ner
abl
esec
tioni
nthesoc
iet
yisevi
dentf
rom
abovement
ionedi
nst
anc
eswhi
char
ever
yfewandl
i
ttl
einnat
ureasc
ompar
edt
othe
at
roc
iti
esf
acedbyt
hesesoc
all
edl
owerc
ast
es.Oneoft
hewayt
oer
adi
cat
ethi
sevi
lof
c
ast
esyst
em f
rom t
heI
ndi
anSoc
iet
ydevel
opedbyf
oundi
ngf
ather
sofourI
ndi
an
Const
it
uti
onwas“
Reser
vat
ion
”.Fornear
lysi
xtyyear
s,I
ndi
a,t
hroughapol
i
cyc
all
ed
“
reser
vat
ions,
”hasat
tempt
edt
oputanendt
oit
sanc
ientc
ast
esyst
embyusi
ngquot
as
andot
herbenef
it
stoensur
ethathi
stor
ical
l
ydi
sadvant
agedgr
oupshavepol
i
ti
cal
voi
ce,
ac
cesst
o educ
ati
on,and oppor
tuni
ti
esf
orst
ate empl
oyment
.The l
egaldoc
tri
ne
devel
opedal
ongsi
det
hispol
i
cyt
rac
est
henat
ional
memor
yoft
hec
ast
esyst
emandi
ts
c
onsequenc
es,
andr
efl
ect
sanunder
standi
ngt
hatt
hec
ast
esyst
emhasl
eftaper
vasi
ve
mar
konnear
lyever
yaspec
tofI
ndi
ansoc
iet
y.

Thust
hispr
ojec
trepor
tsuppor
tst
hepr
esentr
eser
vat
ionpol
i
cyi
gnor
ingf
ewf
lawsi
n
t
hepr
esentpol
i
cy.Ther
epor
tal
soc
ondemnst
heI
ndi
anPol
i
ti
csf
orusi
ng“
reser
vat
ions”
asaweapont
ogat
hervot
es.

3
Sowel
lThomas, Pr
eferent
ialPoli
ci
es:AnInt
ernat
ional
Per spect
ive,NewYork:
Wil
li
amMor r
owand
Company,I
nc.,
1990p.92.
4
BBCNews, 25September2000andSi nghManpreet“Justic
eDelayedforDal
i
ts,
Chri
sti
ani
tyToday,
Vol
.44,I
ssue13,November1 3,2000,p.
34.
 i
x

OBJ
ECTI
VES:
Theobj
ect
ivesoft
hispr
ojec
tar
e:

1
. Tost
udyandbr
ingf
orwar
dtheneedofReser
vat
ionsi
nIndi
anSoc
iet
y.

2.Tosi
mul
taneousl
yst
udyt
hepr
obl
emsoft
hebac
kwar
dcl
assesofI
ndi
anSoc
iet
y.
 x

RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY:
Thi
sResear
chPr
ojec
tisdesc
ript
ive,anal
yti
calandnor
mat
ivei
nnat
ure.Ac
cumul
ati
on
oft
hei
nfor
mat
ionont
het
opi
cinc
ludeswi
deusesec
ondar
ysour
cesl
i
kebooks,e-
ar
ti
cl
eset
c.Themat
terf
rom t
hesesour
ceshavebeenc
ompi
l
edandanal
ysedt
o
under
stan
dthec
onc
ept
.

Websi
tes,
dic
tionar
iesandar
ti
cl
eshaveal
sobeenr
efer
red.

Thest
ruc
tur
eoft
hepr
ojec
t,asi
nst
ruc
tedbyt
heFac
ult
yofSoc
iol
ogyhasbeen
adher
edt
oandsamehasbeenhel
pful
ingi
vi
ngt
hepr
ojec
taf
inef
ini
shof
f.
xi
 1

COMPOSI
TIONOFRESERVED:
TheI
ndi
ansoc
iet
yisc
har
act
eri
zedbyahi
ghdegr
eeofst
ruc
tur
ali
nequal
i
tybasedon
t
het
enet
soft
hec
ast
esyst
em.Thec
ast
esyst
em i
sbasedont
hepr
inc
ipl
esofpur
it
y
and pol
l
uti
on,whi
chi
nvol
ve t
he di
vi
si
on ofpeopl
eint
ocast
es wi
th unequaland
hi
erar
chalassi
gnmentofec
onomi
candc
ivi
lri
ght
sasc
ribedbybi
rt
h.Soc
ialexc
lusi
on
amongt
hec
ast
esi
sensur
edt
hrought
hepr
act
icesofendogamyandsoc
ial
separ
ati
on.
Exc
lusi
oni
s,t
hus
,int
ernal
tot
hesyst
em,
andanec
essar
yout
comeofi
tsbasi
cfeat
ures.

Though,
ever
ycast
ehassuf
fer
edf
romt
heunequal
andhi
erar
chal
assi
gnmentofr
ight
s
t
osomeext
ent
,butt
heer
stwhi
l
eunt
ouc
habl
ecast
esl
ocat
edatt
hebot
tom oft
he
c
ast
ehi
erar
chysuf
fer
edt
hemostast
heywer
ehi
stor
ical
l
ydeni
edt
her
ight
sto
pr
oper
ty,busi
ness (
exc
eptt
o oc
cupat
ions c
onsi
der
ed as i
mpur
e and pol
l
uti
ng)
,
educ
ati
on,
civi
l
,cul
tur
al,
andr
eli
gi
ousr
ight
s.

Besi
des,t
heSc
hedul
edCast
es(
SCs)al
sosuf
fer
edf
rom t
hedel
eter
iousef
fec
tsof
r
esi
dent
ial
segr
egat
ionan
dsoc
ial
isol
ati
on.TheSCsar
eoneoft
hemostoppr
essedand
bac
kwar
dcommuni
ti
esi
ntheI
ndi
ansoc
iet
y,andsuf
fert
hest
igmaofunt
ouc
habi
l
it
yand
di
scr
imi
nat
oryf
ormsofsoc
ialexc
lusi
oneveni
nthec
ont
empor
aryt
imes.Theywer
e
r
efer
redt
oas‘
BrokenMen
’and‘
Prot
est
antHi
ndus’byAmbedkar
,and‘
Har
ij
ans’or
c
hil
drenofGodbyGandhi
.TheSc
hedul
edTr
ibes(
STs)ont
heot
herhand,c
ompr
iseof
soc
ialgr
oups,t
henat
ureofwhosemar
ginal
i
zat
ionanddepr
ivat
ioni
spr
imar
il
yduet
o
geogr
aphi
cal
andspat
ial
isol
ati
on.

Besi
des,t
her
ear
eot
herer
stwhi
l
eunt
ouc
habl
eswhohavec
onver
tedt
oot
herr
eli
gi
ons,
pr
imar
il
ytoSi
khi
sm,Buddhi
sm,andChr
ist
iani
ty.Theyac
countf
orabout4per
centof
t
hepopul
ati
onandsuf
ferf
rom c
ast
e-baseddi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
nsomespher
es,i
fnotal
l
.
Twooft
hem,t
heSi
khsandt
heBuddhi
sts
,inf
act
,ar
eal
readyapar
toft
heposi
ti
ve
di
scr
imi
nat
ion (
reser
vat
ion
)pol
i
cy oft
he Gover
nment
.The pet
it
ions oft
he Dal
i
t
Chr
ist
iansar
elyi
ngwi
tht
heGover
nmentandt
heCour
tsf
ort
hec
onsi
der
ati
onof
i
ncl
usi
oni
ntot
hel
i
stoft
hoseel
i
gibl
eundert
her
eser
vat
ionpol
i
cyi
nthepubl
i
cdomai
n.

COMPOSI
TIONOFSCHEDULEDCASTEPOPULATI
ON
Ac
cor
dingt
othe201
1Census,
theSCpopul
ati
oni
nIndi
ast
oodat201
,635,
700per
sons,
 2

5
whi
chc
onst
it
uted1
6.8per
centoft
het
otal
popul
ati
on.

6
Tabl
e1:
Popul
ati
onofSCi
nIndi
a.(
inmi
l
li
on)

COMPOSI
TIONOFSCHEDULEDTRI
BEPOPULATI
ON
I
tpegspopul
ati
onofSc
hedul
edTr
ibesat8.
6perc
ent
,toget
herf
ormi
ngaquar
teroft
he
t
otalpopul
ati
on.I
ntheper
iod2001
-11
,theSCsgr
ewby20.
8perc
entandSTsby23.
7
perc
ent
.Thedat
ashowst
het
otal
popul
ati
onhaswi
tnessedadec
adal
inc
reaseof1
7.7
perc
entt
otouc
h1.
21bi
l
li
on.

7
Tabl
e2:
Popul
ati
onofSTi
nIndi
a.(
inmi
l
li
on)

Thehi
ghestSCpopul
ati
on,31
.9perc
entoft
hest
ate'
stot
alnumber
,isi
nPunj
ab.
Lakshadweephast
hehi
ghestpr
opor
ti
onofSTsat94.
8perc
ent
.The201
1census
r
ecor
dedn
ear
ly20.
14c
ror
epeopl
ebel
ongi
ngt
ovar
ioussc
hedul
edc
ast
esi
nthec
ount
ry.
Aspert
he2001c
ensus
,thenumberwas1
6.66c
ror
e.TheDal
i
tpopul
ati
onshoweda
dec
adalgr
owt
hof20.
8%,wher
easI
ndi
a'
spopul
ati
ongr
ew 1
7.7% dur
ingt
hesame
per
iod.
 

5
CensusofI ndia2011
,Ministr
yofHomeAf fai
rs,
GovernmentofIndi
a,
http:/
/c ensusindi
a.
gov.i
n/(S(1
uk2t1i
ei
5kzqu55ogh3wkbz))
/Census_Dat
a_2001
/I
ndi
a_at
_Gl
anc
e/scst
.aspx
6
CensusofI ndia2011
,
http:/
/idsn.org/fi
l
eadmin/user_f
older
/pdf
/New_ fi
l
es/
Indi
a/2013/I
NDIA_
CENSUS_ABSTRACT-
2011
-
Data_on_ SC-STs.pdf
7
Ibid.
 3

NEEDFORRESERVATI
ON:
Reser
vat
ionsal
onear
enotenought
omai
nst
reamt
heSCsandt
heSTst
othel
evel
sof
t
heot
hersec
tionsoft
hesoc
iet
y.Thesyst
em ofr
eser
vat
ionsmeantt
oupl
i
ftt
he
weakersec
tions,hasi
nfac
t,suc
ceededi
nthec
reat
ionofc
reamyl
ayer
swi
thi
nthe
mar
ginal
i
zedsoc
ial
groupst
otheext
entt
hatt
heper
col
ati
onoft
hebenef
it
shavebeen
mar
ginal
anddi
ffer
ent
ial
l
yac
cessed.Thevi
si
onofAmbedkar
,Phul
e,Per
iyar
,andSahuj
i
Mahar
aj,
asi
ni
ti
al
lyenvi
si
onedundert
heaegi
soft
her
eser
vat
ionpol
i
cyandr
efor
msi
n
t
hest
ruc
tur
eofgover
nanc
ewast
ocompl
etel
ynegat
ethedel
eter
iousi
mpac
tsofc
ast
e
-
baseddi
scr
imi
nat
ionandexc
lusi
on.Thei
deawast
ocr
eat
efi
ssur
esi
nthehegemoni
c
hol
doft
hei
mmut
abl
est
atusoft
hehi
gherc
ast
esoverpubl
i
cser
vic
es.Ther
efor
e,t
he
hi
stor
ici
tyofr
eser
vat
ionsi
ncl
udedf
ir
stl
y,t
heamel
i
orat
ioni
nther
elat
iveposi
ti
onoft
he
l
owerc
ast
es,andt
wo,r
est
ruc
tur
ingoft
hei
nst
it
uti
onal
i
zedsoc
ialr
elat
ionshi
psi
nthe
I
ndi
ansoc
iet
yondemoc
rat
icl
i
nes.

Thus,
theI
ndi
anGover
nment
’sappr
oac
htowar
dst
hesesoc
ial
groupshasbeenpr
imar
il
y
shapedbyt
hepr
ovi
si
onsi
ntheConst
it
uti
on,whi
chguar
ant
eeequal
i
tybef
oret
hel
aw,
and empower
sthe St
atet
o make spec
ialpr
ovi
si
ons f
ort
he pr
omot
ion oft
he
educ
ati
onal
,soc
ial
,pol
i
ti
calandec
onomi
cint
erest
soft
heSCs/
STs,andt
ofur
ther
,
pr
otec
tthemf
romanyf
ormofdi
scr
imi
nat
ionandexc
lusi
on.

TheGover
nmenthasusedat
wo-
fol
dst
rat
egyf
ort
heempower
mentoft
heSC/
STs,
whi
chi
ncl
udesf
ir
stl
y,t
hepr
ovi
si
onofl
egalsaf
eguar
dsagai
nstdi
scr
imi
nat
ionand
sec
ondl
y,pr
o-ac
tivemeasur
esi
nthef
ormoft
her
eser
vat
ionpol
i
cyf
ort
hepubl
i
csec
tor
andst
ate-
suppor
tedsec
tor
s.Reser
vat
ionsf
ort
heSC/
STsi
ntheGover
nmentser
vic
es,
educ
ati
onali
nst
it
uti
ons,andpol
i
ti
calbodi
esl
i
ket
heCent
ralandt
hest
atel
egi
sl
atur
es
al
sof
all
underpr
o-ac
tivemeasur
es.Thesemeasur
eshavebeeni
ncor
por
atedt
oensur
e
t
hepr
opor
ti
onal
par
ti
ci
pat
ionoft
heSC/
STsi
nthepubl
i
cdomai
n–democ
rat
icdec
isi
on-
maki
ngbodi
es.I
tisequal
l
yimpor
tantt
ounder
standt
hatt
her
eser
vat
ionpol
i
cyi
s
c
onf
inedt
otheSt
ate-
runandsuppor
tedsec
tor
s.Thepr
ivat
esec
tor
,wher
ein,
mor
ethan
90per
centoft
heSC/
ST wor
ker
sar
eengagedi
sexc
ludedandt
her
efor
e,r
emai
ns
out
sidet
hepur
viewoft
her
eser
vat
ionpol
i
cyandopent
opossi
bl
edi
scr
imi
nat
ion.

Thepol
i
cyofpr
ivat
isat
ionhasf
urt
herr
educ
edt
hesc
opeofempl
oymentavai
l
abl
eint
he
publ
i
cdomai
n,si
ncet
hepubl
i
csec
tori
sini
tsel
fbei
ngdi
si
nvest
ed.Though,suc
hpol
i
cy
 4

i
nter
vent
ionshavegener
alout
comesf
ort
heent
ir
epopul
ati
on;t
hepopul
ati
onsamong
t
hemar
ginal
i
zedsoc
ialgr
oupsr
emai
nthemostaf
fec
ted.A si
gni
fi
cantf
acti
sthat
ac
cor
ding t
otheI
ndust
ri
alAc
t,1
984,1
8 sec
tor
swer
ereser
vedaspubl
i
csec
tor
ent
erpr
ises.Overt
heyear
sandundert
hegar
bofl
i
ber
ali
zat
ion,
manyamongt
hesehave
beendi
si
nvest
edandpr
esent
ly,on
lyhal
fadozenr
emai
nint
hepubl
i
csec
tor
.Thi
shas
obvi
ousi
mpl
i
cat
ionsf
ort
heempl
oymentoppor
tuni
ti
esavai
l
abl
etot
heDal
i
tsandt
he
8
t
ri
bal
s.

CONSTI
TUTI
ONALPROVI
SI
ON:
Spec
ifi
cpr
ovi
si
onsf
ort
her
eser
vat
ioni
nser
vic
es,i
nfavouroft
hemember
soft
he
SC/
STshavebeenmadei
ntheConst
it
uti
onofI
ndi
a.Theyar
easf
oll
ows
:Ar
ti
cl
e15(
4)
and1
6(4)oft
heConst
it
uti
onen
abl
edbot
hthest
ateandCent
ralGover
nment
sto
r
eser
veseat
sinpubl
i
cser
vic
esf
ort
hemember
soft
heSCandST,
ther
eby,
enshr
ini
ng
equal
i
tyofoppor
tuni
tyi
nmat
ter
sofpubl
i
cempl
oyment
.

Ar
ti
cl
e15(
4)st
atest
hat
:

“
Not
hingi
nthi
sAr
ti
cl
eshal
lpr
eventt
heSt
atef
rom maki
nganypr
ovi
si
onf
ort
he
r
eser
vat
ionofappoi
ntment
sorpost
sinf
avourofanybac
kwar
dcl
assorc
iti
zens,
whi
ch,
i
ntheopi
ni
onoft
heSt
ate,i
snotadequat
elyr
epr
esent
edi
ntheser
vic
esundert
he
St
ate.
”

Ar
ti
cl
e16(
4A)st
atest
hat
:

“
Not
hing i
nthi
s ar
ti
cl
e shal
lpr
eventt
he St
atef
rom maki
ng any pr
ovi
si
ons f
or
r
eser
vat
ioni
nthemat
terofpr
omot
iont
oanyc
lassorc
lassesofpost
sint
heser
vic
es
undert
heSt
atei
nfavourofSCsandSTswhi
chi
ntheopi
ni
onoft
heSt
atear
enot
adequat
elyr
epr
esent
edundert
heSt
ate”
(Const
it
uti
onal
77t
hAmendment
,-Ac
t,1
995)
.

Ar
ti
cl
e16(
4B)st
atest
hat
:

“
Not
hingi
nthi
sar
ti
cl
eshal
lpr
eventt
heSt
atef
romc
onsi
der
inganyunf
il
ledvac
anc
iesof
ayearwhi
char
ereser
vedf
orbei
ngf
il
ledupi
nthatyeari
nac
cor
danc
ewi
thany
pr
ovi
si
onf
orr
eser
vat
ionmadeunderc
lause(
4)orc
lause(
4A)asasepar
atec
lassof

8
Loui
s,Pr
akash,
Aff
ir
mat
iveAc
tioni
nPr
ivat
eSec
tor
,Ec
onomi
candPol
i
ti
cal
Weekl
y,August1
4,2004,
p.
3691.
 5

vac
anc
iest
obef
il
l
edupi
nanysuc
ceedi
ngyearoryear
sandsuc
hcl
assofvac
anc
ies
shal
lnotbec
onsi
der
edt
oget
herwi
tht
hevac
anc
iesoft
heyeari
nwhi
cht
heyar
ebei
ng
f
il
ledupf
ordet
ermi
ni
ngt
hec
eil
i
ngoff
ift
yper
centr
eser
vat
ionont
otalnumberof
vac
anc
iesoft
hatyear
”(Const
it
uti
onal
81stAmendment
,-Ac
t,2000)
.

Ar
ti
cl
e46st
atest
hat
:

“
TheSt
ateshal
lpr
omot
ewi
thspec
ialc
aret
heeduc
ati
onalandec
onomi
cint
erest
sof
t
heweakersec
tionsoft
hepeopl
eand,
inpar
ti
cul
ar,
oft
heSCandST,
andshal
lpr
otec
t
t
hemf
romsoc
ial
inj
ust
iceandal
lfor
msofexpl
oi
tat
ion.
”

TheConst
it
uti
onpr
ohi
bi
tsdi
scr
imi
nat
ion(
Art
icl
e15)ofanyc
iti
zenongr
oundsof
r
eli
gi
on,r
ace,c
ast
e,et
c.;unt
ouc
habi
l
it
y(Ar
ti
cl
e17)
;andf
orc
edl
abour(
Art
icl
e23)
.It
pr
ovi
desf
orspec
ifi
crepr
esent
ati
ont
hroughr
eser
vat
ionofseat
sfort
heSCsandt
he
STsi
nthePar
li
ament(
Art
icl
e330)andi
ntheSt
ateLegi
sl
ati
veAssembl
i
es(
Art
icl
e332)
,
aswel
las,i
nGover
nmentandpubl
i
csec
torj
obs,i
nbot
hthef
eder
alandst
ate
Gover
nment
s (
Art
icl
es 1
6(4)
, 330(
4) and 335)
.
 6

Tabl
e3:Pr
esentPer
cent
agesofReser
vat
ionf
ort
heSCs,t
heSTs,andt
heOBCsi
n
9
Gover
nmentSer
vic
es.

Reser
vat
ionsf
ort
heSCs
,theSTs,
andt
heOBCsar
eavai
l
abl
eforal
lgr
oupsofpost
sin
t
heCent
ralser
vic
es,PSUs,publ
i
csec
tornat
ional
i
zedbanks,andt
hepubl
i
csec
tor
i
nsur
anc
ecompani
esi
nthec
aseofdi
rec
trec
rui
tmentonanal
lIndi
abasi
sbyopen
c
ompet
it
ionat1
5,7.
5,and27per
cent
agepoi
ntsf
ort
heSCs,t
heSTs,andt
heOBCs
r
espec
tivel
y. Fur
ther
,in c
ase r
ecr
uit
ment i
s not by open c
ompet
it
ion, t
he
appl
i
cabl
e/st
ipul
atedquot
asf
orr
eser
vat
ionst
andat1
6.66per
centf
ort
heSCs,7.
5
per
centf
ort
heSTs,
and25.
84per
centf
ort
heOBCsi
nthator
der
.

Themai
nobj
ect
iveofpr
ovi
di
ngr
eser
vat
ionsf
ort
heSCsandt
heSTsi
nGover
nment
ser
vic
eswas,notonl
y,t
opr
ovi
deempl
oymentt
osomeper
sonsbel
ongi
ngt
othe
mar
ginal
i
zedc
ommuni
ti
es,
andt
her
eby,
inc
reaset
hei
rrepr
esent
ati
oni
ntheser
vic
es,
but
al
so,
toi
mpr
ovet
hei
rrel
ati
vest
atusi
ncr
it
ical
humandevel
opmenti
ndi
cat
ors.

I
MPACTOFRESERVATI
ON:
Theanal
ysi
ssuf
fic
ient
lyest
abl
i
shest
hatt
her
ehasbeenar
emar
kabl
einc
reasei
nthe
number
sofSC/ST Gover
nmentempl
oyeesovert
heyear
s.I
n1960,t
heabsol
ute
number
soft
heSCGover
nmentempl
oyeesst
oodat228t
housand,whi
chi
ncr
easedt
o
590t
housandsi
n1990,andf
urt
hert
o540t
housandi
n2003.Theper
cent
ageshar
eof
t
heSCempl
oyeest
othet
otal
Gover
nmentempl
oyeeswas1
2.24per
centi
n1960,
whi
ch
i
ncr
easedt
oabout1
7per
centi
n2003;f
air
lyc
loset
othei
rper
cent
ageshar
eint
he
popul
ati
on.I
nthec
aseoft
heSTs,t
hei
rabsol
utenumber
sinc
reasedf
rom37t
housand
i
n1960t
o21
1thousandi
n2003wi
thac
orr
espondi
ngi
ncr
easei
nthei
rper
cent
ageshar
e
f
rom2per
centi
n1960t
o6.
46per
centi
n2003.

Si
mil
arl
y,t
heabsol
utenumber
soft
heSCempl
oyeesi
nthePSUsi
ncr
easedf
rom 40
t
housandi
n1971t
o236t
housandi
n2004andf
rom1
2thousandt
o11
4thousandf
ort
he
STs.Theabsol
utenumber
soft
heSCempl
oyeesi
nnat
ional
i
sedbanksi
ncr
easedf
rom
55t
housandi
n1978(
10per
cent
)to1
43t
housan
din2004(
17.
6per
cent
)andf
rom 8
t
housand(
1.
56per
cent
)to43t
housand(
5.72per
cent
)fort
heSTs.Thedat
ament
ioned
abovedoesn
oti
ncl
udeGover
nmen
tspher
esl
i
keeduc
ati
onandi
tishopedt
hatwi
tht
he
i
ncl
usi
on of t
hese sec
tor
s,t
he absol
ute number
s of SC/
ST empl
oyees under
9
SukhdeoThor
atReser
, vat
ionPol
i
ciesi
nIndi
a—Di
mensi
onsandI
ssues,
p.1
1.
 7

r
eser
vat
ionwi
l
lfur
theri
ncr
ease.

Though,t
hedat
acl
ear
lyel
uci
dat
esamar
kedi
mpr
ovementi
ntheabsol
utenumber
sof
t
heSCsandt
heSCsi
nGover
nmentempl
oyment
,however
,ther
ear
econsi
der
abl
e
var
iat
ionsamongdi
ffer
entGr
oupsofj
obs
.Gen
eral
l
y,r
eser
vat
ionsar
ecl
oset
othe
st
ipul
atedquot
asi
nGr
oupCandGr
oupDj
obs
,butwer
elessi
nthec
aseofGr
oupAand
Gr
oupBc
ategor
iesofj
obs.

Ther
eser
vat
ionsyst
emhasr
ecei
vedami
xedr
esponsesi
ncei
tcamei
ntobei
ng.I
thas
al
l
owedf
ordec
reasi
ngt
hegapbet
weent
heupperandl
owerc
ast
esbyal
l
owi
ngt
he
l
att
ert
oenj
oyt
hef
urt
heri
ncr
easedoppor
tuni
ti
esast
hef
ormeri
njobs,
educ
ati
onand
gover
nanc
ebyal
l
ott
ings
eat
sexc
lusi
vel
yfort
hem.Meanwhi
l
eithasbeenc
rit
ici
zedf
or
di
scour
agi
ngamer
it
-basedsyst
em andenc
our
agi
ngvot
ebankpol
i
ti
cs.Over60year
s
havepassedbutst
il
lof
fic
ial
l
yther
e'si
sn'
tasi
ngl
ecommuni
tyt
hathasc
rossedt
he
bar
ri
ersofbac
kwar
dnessdespi
tet
hehel
pofal
ltheai
dpol
i
cies.Soei
theri
t'
snotbei
ng
doner
ightorpeopl
ehavesi
mpl
ygotusedt
othebenef
it
stheyar
erec
eivi
ngandar
e
maki
ngi
ndi
scr
imi
nat
euseofbei
ngi
nthebac
kwar
dcl
ass.

POI
NTSI
NFAVOUROFRESERVATI
ON:
Pr
eval
entc
ast
eism:

Thoughmostofusc
hosenott
oac
cepti
t,c
ast
eism i
nthemoder
ndayI
ndi
aexi
sts.
Maybei
t'
snotasbl
atantandi
nthef
acel
i
kei
twas2000year
sago,
buti
tst
il
lmat
ter
s.
The"
bac
kwar
d”c
ommun
iti
esar
est
il
ll
ookeddownupon.Andwhi
l
epeopl
einur
banI
ndi
a
t
alkabouti
tinwhi
sper
s,r
ural
Indi
ast
il
lopenl
yseesi
tsshar
eofdi
scr
imi
nat
ion.Upunt
il
t
hepoi
ntwher
eal
lcast
esar
enotgi
vensi
mil
arsoc
ialst
andi
ngi
nsoc
iet
y,t
hese
r
eser
vat
ionpol
i
ciesf
ort
hei
rupl
i
ftmentwi
l
lbeessent
ial
.Themeni
alj
obsar
est
il
lseen
asar
easofwor
kofl
owerc
lasssoc
iet
yandPr
eval
entar
rangemar
ri
agesyst
emofI
ndi
a
st
il
lver
ymuc
hpr
omot
esc
ast
eism.Ti
l
lwec
ansoc
ial
l
yac
ceptl
owerc
ast
esasour
equal
s,wec
annotdeman
dtot
akeawayt
hei
rri
ght
s.Onl
ywheni
tcomest
oeduc
ati
on
andempl
oymentwedemandequal
i
tybutt
il
ldat
epeopl
est
il
lhaver
eser
vat
ionsi
n
shar
ingt
hes
amepubl
i
cspac
ewi
thaper
sonf
roml
owerc
ast
e.Thehar
shr
eal
i
tyi
sthat
t
hedi
str
ibut
ionoft
ypesofj
obsamongt
hedi
ffer
entc
lassesi
smar
ginal
i
zedt
owar
ds
t
hebac
kwar
dcl
ass.Mostoft
hebac
kwar
dcl
assi
sempl
oyedi
njobst
hatr
equi
re
physi
cal
ski
l
lsunl
i
ket
heel
i
tewhoar
eposi
ti
onedi
njobsor
ient
edt
owar
dsment
alski
l
ls.
 8

Unt
ilunl
esst
hisdi
spar
it
yisdeal
twi
th,
thei
deaofequal
i
tywoul
dremai
ninac
cessi
bl
e.

Needofasoc
ial
change:

Ant
i-r
eser
vat
ioni
stswi
l
lsay,
if60year
swi
thr
eser
vat
ionpol
i
ciesi
snotenought
ohel
p
t
hebac
kwar
dcl
assest
heni
t'
snotpossi
bl
eeveni
fthesepol
i
ciesst
ayf
orever
.Buti
n
r
eal
i
tyr
oughl
ytwo ort
hree gener
ati
ons oft
hese bac
kwar
dcl
asses have r
eal
l
y
exper
ienc
edt
hebenef
it
soft
her
eser
vat
ionpol
i
ciesasopposedt
othebenef
it
sthatt
he
upperc
ast
esoc
iet
ieshaveenj
oyedf
orhundr
edgener
ati
ons.Asoc
ialr
evol
uti
ont
akes
t
ime.Ther
ear
est
il
lanel
der
lypopul
ati
onoft
hebac
kwar
dcl
asst
hatl
i
veswi
thst
igmaof
bei
ngf
rom t
hel
owerc
ast
es.Andunl
essoppor
tuni
ti
esi
nfor
m ofr
eser
vat
ioni
n
ac
ademi
cinst
it
uti
onsandempl
oymentsec
tor
sar
epr
ovi
dedt
othem,t
hepr
esentand
t
hec
omi
nggener
ati
onsc
anneverr
eal
l
ycomeoutoft
hel
owerc
ast
eshel
l
.Unl
essgi
ven
i
ncent
ivesi
nthesemanner
s,t
heywi
l
lnotc
hooset
olookateduc
ati
onasanec
essi
tyi
n
l
i
fe.Andt
henhowc
anwedr
eamofI
ndi
abei
ngagl
obal
superpoweri
fvastmaj
ori
tyof
i
tspopul
ati
onst
il
ll
ivesi
nthei
rsmal
lcomf
ortbubbl
eandi
snotgi
venoppor
tuni
ti
est
o
expandt
hei
rhor
izons.

Ec
onomi
cbac
kwar
dness:

I
t'
str
uet
hatpover
tyknowsnoc
lass.Buteveni
nthec
urr
entc
ondi
ti
ons,
pover
tyi
smor
e
pr
eval
enti
nthebac
kwar
dcl
asses.Theoppor
tuni
ti
esi
nfr
ontofanor
malmi
ddl
ecl
ass
per
sonf
rom anupperc
ast
efarout
numbert
heonesf
oraper
sonf
rom l
owerc
lass.
Moneyst
il
lpl
aysaf
armor
eimpor
tantr
olei
nthei
rli
ves.Ther
eser
vat
ionpr
ovi
dedt
o
t
hem gi
vest
hem anoppor
tuni
tyt
ohopet
hatt
hec
omi
nggener
ati
onswi
l
lnothavet
o
f
acet
headver
sit
iest
heydi
dandwi
l
lbeabl
etof
ocusonf
ulf
il
li
ngt
hei
rpot
ent
ial
.Al
so
t
heshac
klesofpover
tyar
eunbr
eakabl
eint
her
igi
dcast
esyst
em.Foreg:I
fther
eisa
SCwhoi
spoorandt
her
eisaBr
ahmi
nwhoi
spoor
,theSCwi
l
lfi
ndi
tmor
edi
ffi
cul
tto
f
indaj
obi
nthesoc
iet
y.Thedi
scr
imi
nat
ionandhi
sexc
lusi
onf
romt
hesoc
iet
ywi
l
lfor
ce
hi
mtost
aypover
tyst
ri
cken.

Ac
cesst
ojust
ice

Anot
heri
ssuer
elat
est
otheac
cessofSCsandSTst
othei
nst
it
uti
onsofj
ust
icei
n
seeki
ng pr
otec
tion agai
nstdi
scr
imi
nat
ion
.St
udi
es i
ndi
cat
ethatSCs and STs ar
e
gener
all
yfac
edwi
thi
nsur
mount
abl
eobst
acl
esi
nthei
ref
for
tst
oseekj
ust
icei
nthe
 9

eventofdi
scr
imi
nat
ion.Theof
fic
ialst
ati
sti
csandpr
imar
ysur
veydat
abr
ingoutt
his
c
har
act
erofj
ust
icei
nst
it
uti
ons.Thedat
aonCi
vi
lRi
ght
scases,f
orexampl
e,shows
t
hatonl
y1.
6%oft
het
otalc
asesr
egi
ster
edi
n1991wer
econvi
cted,andt
hatt
hishad
f
all
ent
o0.
9%i
n2000.Ast
udyi
nAndhr
aPr
adeshoft
her
easonsf
orl
ow c
onvi
cti
on
obser
vednegl
i
genc
eandc
oll
usi
onatt
hest
ageofr
egi
str
ati
on,c
har
gesheet
ingand
i
nvest
igat
ion,i
n seeki
ng j
ust
ice bef
oret
he l
aw i
nthe c
our
t,and al
so i
n gi
vi
ng
10
c
ompensat
ion.

Ther
efor
e,i
tisevi
dentt
hataf
ter64year
sofourConst
it
uti
ont
her
eisst
il
laneedf
or
ef
fec
tiver
eser
vat
ionspol
i
cyi
nIndi
a.

Tabl
e4:
Wel
far
eindi
cat
orsi
nIndi
abyc
ast
eandet
hni
cgr 200011
oup,

Thetabl
eshowsthatevenaf
ter53year
sofindependenc
ether
eisawi
degapbet
ween
thewelf
arei
ndi
cat
orsofSCs,STsandNonSC-STs.

Theref
ore,
indeedther
eisst
il
laneedforr
eser
vat
iont
obr
idget
hisgapandt
ake
for
wardournationasaonebi
gfamil
y.

1
0
Agr
awal
andGonsal
ves2005,
Dal
i
tHumanRi
ghtMoni
tor2003.
1
1
Nat
ional
Sampl
eSurveyOrgani
zati
on,
Delhi
;I
nter
nat
ionalPopul
ati
onResear
chI
nst
it
ute,
Mumbai
;
Commissi
onf
orSchedul
edCasteandTri
bes,Del
hi
;Thorat(2005)
.
 1
0

CONCLUSI
ON:

Despi
tet
her
het
ori
conempower
mentoft
heSCsandt
heSTsandt
heexi
stenc
eof
ext
ensi
vel
awsandpr
ovi
si
ons
,notmuc
hhasbeenac
hievedi
nac
tualt
erms.Whathas
beent
hei
mpac
tofr
eser
vat
ionpol
i
cies
?Whi
l
eaf
ewc
ont
inuet
oquest
iont
heneedf
or
r
eser
vat
ions,
itshoul
dbeunder
stood(
asi
ssuf
fic
ient
lyest
abl
i
shedbyt
heanal
ysi
s)t
hat
t
hepol
i
cyhasneverbeenf
ull
yimpl
ement
edf
romt
het
imeofi
tsc
onc
ept
ion.Thec
ent
ral
quest
ioni
snotwhet
herr
eser
vat
ionsshoul
dcont
inueornot
,butwhet
herr
eser
vat
ions
al
onewi
l
lcont
ri
but
etot
heempower
mentofSCs/
STs?Ther
eisnodoubtt
hatt
he
r
eser
vat
ion pol
i
cy has c
ont
ri
but
ed i
mmensel
ytowar
ds t
he r
epr
esent
ati
on oft
he
mar
ginal
i
zedsoc
ialgr
oupsi
npubl
i
csec
torempl
oyment
.Conc
omi
tant
ly,muc
hneedst
o
bedonet
ofai
rl
yrepr
esentt
hemar
ginal
i
zedsoc
ialc
ommuni
ti
es–t
hei
rrepr
esent
ati
on
espec
ial
l
yint
hehi
gherec
hel
onsofj
obsseemst
obel
ower
.Al
though,atover
all
level
s,
t
her
ehasbeenani
mpr
ovementi
nther
epr
esent
ati
onoft
heSCsandt
heSTsi
nthe
publ
i
csec
tor
,ther
ewasst
il
lagapofmor
ethan3per
centgapi
nGr
oupAj
obsandof
3.
18per
centi
nGr
oupBj
obsi
n2003.Ther
efor
e,t
her
epr
esent
ati
onoft
hemar
ginal
i
zed
soc
ial
communi
ti
esasst
ipul
atedbyt
heGover
nmentshoul
dber
eal
i
zed.

Al
so,
thehi
ghr
epr
esent
ati
onoft
heSCsandt
heSTsi
nGr
oupCandespec
ial
l
yinGr
oup
Dc
ategor
yofj
obssuggest
sthatnot
ionsofunt
ouc
habi
l
it
yseem t
oper
vadeevent
he
spher
esofGover
nmentempl
oyment
.Ithasbeenwel
ldoc
ument
edt
hatc
ert
ainmeni
al
pr
ofessi
onsl
i
kesweepi
ngandsc
avengi
ngar
etr
adi
ti
onal
l
ynott
akenupbyt
heNon
SC/
STsduet
othenot
ionoft
hem bei
ngpol
l
utedandunc
lean.Thi
sseemst
obe
evi
dent
lysoi
nthel
owerr
ungsofGover
nmentempl
oyment
.

Al
so,
ther
epr
esent
ati
onoft
heSCsandt
heSTsr
emai
natl
evel
smuc
hbel
owt
hosef
or
t
heNonSC/
STsi
nal
lcat
egor
iesofj
obsandf
oral
lsec
tor
sundert
heGover
nment
.
Ther
efor
e,i
tis desi
rabl
ethatt
he r
eser
vat
ion pol
i
cyi
n publ
i
c sec
torj
obs be
i
mpl
ement
edi
nit
sent
ir
etysoast
oreal
i
set
hesoc
ial
just
iceandegal
i
tar
ianai
msoft
he
Gover
nment
.

Overt
imet
her
ehasbeenac
onsi
der
abl
einc
reasei
ntheshar
eofSCsandSTsi
n
gover
nmentempl
oymentandeduc
ati
onali
nst
it
uti
ons.Reser
vat
ionsi
nthel
egi
sl
atur
e
haveal
sopr
ovi
dedaspac
eforSCsandSTsi
ntheexec
uti
veandt
hedec
isi
on-
maki
ng
pr
ocess.Thef
ormalr
eser
vat
ionpol
i
cyi
nthegover
nmentsec
torandt
hei
nfor
mal
 1
1

af
fir
mat
iveac
tionpol
i
cyi
nthepr
ivat
esec
torhaveal
soc
ont
ri
but
edt
oani
mpr
ovement
i
nthehumandevel
opmentofSCsandSTs.However
,ther
ateofi
mpr
ovementhasbeen
r
athersl
ow,
anddi
spar
it
iesi
nhumandevel
opmentat
tai
nmentbet
weenSCsandSTson
t
heonehand,
andnon-
SCsandnon-
STsont
heot
her
,cont
inueevent
oday.

Dur
ingt
hec
our
seoft
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
ndi
a’
sreser
vat
ionpol
i
cy,somepr
obl
ems
have bec
ome appar
ent
.Fi
rst
,it
s suc
cess has been uneven ac
ross sec
tor
s and
depar
tment
s.Gener
all
y speaki
ng,par
ti
ci
pat
ion ofSCs and STs i
scl
ose t
othei
r
popul
ati
onshar
esi
nlowerc
ategor
iesofj
obs
,butmuc
hlowert
hant
hei
rshar
esi
nhi
gh-
gr
adeposi
ti
ons.Duet
oindi
rec
tresi
stanc
e,t
heext
ensi
onandspr
eadofr
eser
vat
ion
pol
i
cyt
osever
algover
nmentsec
tor
shasal
sobeensl
ow.Anot
heri
ssuei
sthedemand
by SCs and STs t
o ext
end f
ormalaf
fir
mat
ive ac
tion pol
i
cyt
o pr
ivat
e sec
tor
empl
oymentand pr
ivat
e educ
ati
onali
nst
it
uti
ons.Thi
sisc
urr
ent
ly underac
tive
c
onsi
der
ati
onbyt
hegover
nment
.

Fi
nal
l
y,t
he f
actt
hatdi
spar
it
ies i
n at
tai
nmentper
sistt
othi
s day i
ndi
cat
es t
hat
addr
essi
ngsoc
ialexc
lus
ioni
sof
tenaf
armor
edi
ffi
cul
tchal
l
enget
hanant
i-
pover
ty
pol
i
cy.Soc
ialandc
ult
uralsour
cesofexc
lusi
on,i
ncl
udi
ngl
ow sel
f-
est
eem,st
igma,
di
scr
imi
nat
ionanddeni
alofc
iti
zenshi
p,ar
eroot
edi
nthesoc
ialst
ruc
tur
eandt
he
i
nst
it
uti
onsofc
ast
eandunt
ouc
habi
l
it
y.I
nthi
scont
ext
,thei
ncl
usi
onofexc
ludedgr
oups
bec
omesasomewhatdi
ffer
entgoalt
hant
hei
ncl
usi
onofmat
eri
al
lydepr
ivedpeopl
e.
Evenwhenbr
oadl
ydef
ined,
pover
tyi
sst
il
ll
argel
yaquest
ionofac
cesst
oresour
cesand
ser
vic
es.Byc
ont
rast
,exc
lusi
onofgr
oups
,orofi
ndi
vi
dual
swi
thi
ngr
oups,
isf
oremosta
den
ialofequaloppor
tuni
ty,r
espec
t,andt
her
ightt
odevel
opment
,whi
chaf
fec
tseven
t
her
elat
ivel
ybet
ter
-of
fmember
sofexc
ludedgr
oups.
 1
2

REFERENCES:

 Rao,
Shi
vaB.
,TheFr
ami
ngofI
ndi
a’
sConst
it
uti
on,
Vol
umeI
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 Sukhadeo Thor
atand Chi
tt
aranj
an Senapat
i,Reser
vat
ion Pol
i
cyi
nIndi
a-
Di
mensi
onsandI
ssues,
htt
p:/
/www.
dal
i
tst
udi
es.
org.
i
n/downl
oad/
wp/
0602.
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 Loui akash,Af
s,Pr fir
mat
iveAc
tioni
nPr
ivat
eSec
tor
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onomi
candPol
i
ti
cal
Weekl
y,August1
4,2004.

 AnnualRepor
t,Mi
ni
str
y of Per
sonnel
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i
c Gr
ievanc
es and Pensi
ons,
Gover
nmentofI
ndi
a,NewDel
hi
,2002-
2003.

ht
tp:
//per
smi
n.
gov.
i
n/Annual
Repor
t/AR2002_
2003(
Eng)
.pdf
.

 Ki
rpal
,V.
andGupt
a, Equal
M.‘ i
tyt
hroughReser
vat
ions’
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i
cat
ions,
Jai
pur
,
1
999.

 J
udi
thHeyerandNi
raj
aGopalJ ,TheChal
ayal l
engeofPosi
ti
veDi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
n
I
ndi
a,c
risewor
kingpaperNo.55Febr
uar
y2009,

ht
tp:
//r
4d.
dfi
d.
gov.
uk/
pdf
/out
put
s/i
nequal
i
ty/
wpr
55.
pdf

 Maj
umdar ,Capabi
,M. l
it
yfai
l
ureandgr
oupdi
spar
it
ies:someevi
denc
efr
om I
ndi
a
f
ort
he1
980s,
Jour
nal
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opmentSt
udi
es,
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