Science Abrham Fantu 4106-08

ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE II BY ABRHAM FANTU
PROJECT-SLIDE ON WATER
UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURAL
SCIENCE II
COURSE ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE
SUBMITED TO MEHESH KUMAR
PREPARED BY ABRHAM FANTU

ID 4106/08
GONDAR,EHIOPIA
UOG-IOT APRIL 20-2018
CONTENTS Importance of water
Importance of water IMPORTANCE OF WATER

Water is one of the most essential items needed by man, plants
SOURCES & SYSTEMS OF WATER
& animals for their survival. Without water, there can be no life.
Man and animals not only consume water, but they also consume
DAMS RIVER INTAKES &GROUND WATER
Vegetation for their food. Vegetation, in turn, cannot grow without
water. Growth of vegetation also depends upon bacterial action,
WATER DEMAND & QUANTITY
While bacteria need water in order to thrive.. Water maintains an
ecological balance a balance in relationship between living things and
WATER CYCLE & MEASUREMENT OF environment in Which they live.
RAINFALL
WATER QUALITY & HARDNESS
TREATMENT FILTRATION DISINFECTION
PUMPING,CONVEYANCE & DISTRIBUTION
GONDAR,EHIOPIA
CONTENTS SOURCES OF WATER
Importance of water
sources of water
1.Rain Water: when evaporated water cools and coalesces in the atmosphere, it falls
back to earth in the form of rain. Rain water can found from roof dweling or pre-
SOURCES & SYSTEMS OF WATER pared catchemnt.
2.Surface Water: lakes, rivers, ponds and streams are supplied by rainfall and ice
DAMS RIVER INTAKES &GROUND WATER melt.can be found in many diffrent version like from rivers by continous draft,con-
tinous draft from streams or lakes,from river diversion works,water resrvier stor-
age,and from direct intecs from natural lakes.
3.Ground Water: Ground water
WATER CYCLE & MEASUREMENT OF seeps into the earth through
RAINFALL porous soil & fractures in surface
rocks.It then collects into
WATER QUALITY & HARDNESS underground reservoirs
or aquifers.
TREATMENT FILTRATION DISINFECTION 4. Water Reclamation: is the
process of converting waste
water into water that can be
reused for other purposes.
GODAR,EHIOPIA
UOG-IOT GONDAR,EHIOPIA
APRIL 20-2018
SYSTEMS OF WATER
IMPORTANCE OF WATER
Include the units with the step
SOURCES & SYSTEMS OF WATER started with collection Works
which water is collected from
sourcessurface water or ground
DAMS RIVER INTAKES & GROUND WATER
the second step is transmition
Works which is water conveyed
through out the city where the
WATER CYCLE & MEASUREMENT OF collection seems to be far away.
RAINFALL the third step is purufucation
Works which water must over go
throughwater to free from any
bacteria,hygenicaly safe,and
TREATMENT FILTRATION DISINFECTION attractive. the last step is distribution Works which
the purified water is distributed in to houses.
GONDAR,EHIOPIA
Importance of water A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or underground
streams.
SOURCES & SYSTEMS OF WATER Intake Structures
Intake structures are used for collecting water from the surface sources such
DAMS RIVER INTAKES &GROUND WATER as river, lake, and reservoir and conveying it further to the water treatment
plant.
WATER DEMAND & QUANTITY Types of Intake Structures:
Submerged Intake Structures:
WATER CYCLE & MEASUREMENT OF
RAINFALL It is the one which is constructed entirely under water.
Exposed Intake Structures:
WATER QUALITY & HARDNESS It is in the form of a well or tower constructed near the bank of a river, or in
some cases even away from the river banks.
Wet Intake Structures:
1) It is a type of intake tower in which the water level is practically the same
PUMPING,CONVEYANCE & DISTRIBUTION as the level of the sources of supply.
Dry Intake Structures:
1) In case of dry intake there is no water in the water tower.
GONDAR,EHIOPIA
CONTENTS dams river intakes & ground water
Importance of water River Intake Structures:

1) It is a type of intake which may either located sufficiently inside the river
SOURCES & SYSTEMS OF WATER so that demands
of water are met with in all the seasons of the year,
DAMS RIVER INTAKES &GROUND WATER 2) Sometimes, an approach channel is constructed and water is led to the
intake tower.
3) If the water level in the river is low, a weir may be constructed across it to
raise the water level and divert it to the intake tower.
WATER CYCLE & MEASUREMENT OF Reservoir Intake Structures:
RAINFALL
1) When the flow in the river is not guaranteed throughout the year, a dam
is constructed across it to store water in the reservoir so formed.
2) These are similar to river intake, except that these are located near the
upstream face of the dam where maximum depth of water is available.
Groundwater is water that is located below the earth's surface. Over time,
water from rain and rivers migrates through the ground and is stored in
porous soils and rocks. The study of groundwater is known as hydrogeology
GONDAR,EHIOPIA
CONTENTS WATER DEMAND & QUANTITY
Importance of water
Water demand is defined as the volume of water required by users to satisfy
their needs.
SOURCES & SYSTEMS OF WATER Demand is the theoretical while consumption is actual
Design of a water supply scheme requires knowledge of water demand and
its timely variations.
Various components of a water demand are residential, commercial, indus-
trial, public water uses, fire demand and unaccounted for system losses.
quantity of water amount of consumption its affected by:
WATER CYCLE & MEASUREMENT OF Quality of water.
RAINFALL Treatment works. sizes and number of
treatment units
WATER QUALITY & HARDNESS Pumping units for treated water.
Storage.
TREATMENT FILTRATION DISINFECTION Distribution system.
Economy and reliability.
GONDAR,EHIOPIA

CONTENTS RAINFALL
Water cycle, also called hydrologic cycle, cycle that involves the continuous circulation
Importance of water
of water in the Earth-atmosphere system. Of the many processes involved in the water
cycle, the most important are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation,
and runoff. Although the total amount of water within the cycle remains essentially
constant, its distribution among the various processes is continually changing.
DAMS RIVER INTAKES &GROUND WATER evaporation one of the major processes in the cycle, is the transfer
from the surface of the Earth to the atmosphere. By evaporation,
water in the liquid state is transferred to the gaseous, or vapour,
WATER DEMAND & QUANTITY state. This transfer occurs when some molecules in a water mass
have attained sufficient kinetic energy to eject themselves from
the water surface. The main factors affecting evaporation are
temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation.
RAINFALL
The direct measurement of evaporation, though desirable,
is difficult and possible only at point locations.
WATER QUALITY & HARDNESS The principal source of water vapour is the oceans, but
evaporation also occurs in soils, snow, and ice. Evaporation
from snow and ice, the direct conversion from solid to vapour, is known as sublimation. Transpiration is
TREATMENT FILTRATION DISINFECTION the evaporation of water through minute pores, or stomata, in the leaves of plants. For practical purposes,
transpiration and the evaporation from all water, soils, snow, ice, vegetation, and other surfaces
lumped together and called evapotranspiration, or total evaporation.
GONDAR,EHIOPIA
CONTENTS WATER QUALITY & HARDNESS
Importance of water Hardness is determined by the level of naturally occurring calcium and
magnesium compounds in your water. High content classifies your water
SOURCES & SYSTEMS OF WATER as hard, and low traces of the compounds make your water soft.
Concentration as CaCO3 Indication
0 to 60 mg/L Soft water
60 to 120 mg/L Moderately hard water
120 to 180 mg/L Hard water
>180 mg/L Very hard water
RAINFALL
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological
WATER QUALITY & HARDNESS characteristics of water.It is a measure of the condition of water relative
to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human
need or purpose.
GONDAR,EHIOPIA
CONTENTS TREATMENT FILTRATION DISINFECTION
Importance of water

RAINFALL
GONDAR,EHIOPIA
CONTENTS PUMPING,CONVEYANCE & DISTRIBUTION
Importance of water
pumping
pumping is required to lift the water from a river and its usefull because of
SOURCES & SYSTEMS OF WATER To lift the raw water,Lift the treated water to reservior,To deliver to consumer,
To boost line pressure, typeof pumps,Following is some of the pumps under
both categories .
Dynamic,Centrifugal pumps ,Vertical centrifugal ,pumps Horizontal, centrifugal
pumps Submersible pump ,Fire hydrant systems ,Positive Displacement ,
Diaphragm pumps Gear pumps ,Peristaltic Pump,s Lobe pumps ,Piston Pump
WATER CYCLE & MEASUREMENT OF Conveyance
RAINFALL There are two stages in the transportation of water:
Conveyance of water from the source to the treatment plant.
WATER QUALITY & HARDNESS Conveyance of treated water from treatment plant to the distribution system.
In the first stage water is transported by gravity or by pumping or by the
TREATMENT FILTRATION DISINFECTION combined action of both, depending upon the relative elevations of the
treatment plant and the source of supply.
PUMPING,CONVEYANCE & DISTRIBUTION In the second stage water transmission may be either by pumping into an
overhead tank and then supplying by gravity or by pumping directly into
the water-main for distribution.
GONDAR,EHIOPIA
CONTENTS PUMPING,CONVEYANCE & DISTRIBUTION
Importance of water
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS GRID IRON SYSTEM
A. Branching pattern with dead end. It is suitable for cities
SOURCES & SYSTEMS OF WATER B. Grid pattern with rectangular
C. Grid pattern with loop. layouts, where the
A. Branching Pattern with Dead End water mains and
DEAD END SYSTEM branches are laid in
It is suitable for old towns and rectangles.
cities having no different pattern of RING SYSTEM
roads. The supply main is laid all along
the peripheral roads and sub
RAINFALL RADIAL SYSTEM
mains branch out from the mains.
The area is divided into
This system also follows the grid
WATER QUALITY & HARDNESS different zones.
iron system with the flow pattern
The water is pumped into similar in character to that of
TREATMENT FILTRATION DISINFECTION the distribution reservoir dead end system.
kept in the middle of each
GONDAR,EHIOPIA

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ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE II BY ABRHAM FANTU

SUBMITED TO MEHESH KUMAR

PREPARED BY ABRHAM FANTU

CONTENTS Importance of water

Importance of water IMPORTANCE OF WATER

WATER QUALITY & HARDNESS

TREATMENT FILTRATION DISINFECTION

PUMPING,CONVEYANCE & DISTRIBUTION

CONTENTS SOURCES OF WATER

DAMS RIVER INTAKES &GROUND WATER

CONTENTS dams river intakes & ground water

Importance of water River Intake Structures:

CONTENTS WATER DEMAND & QUANTITY

WATER CYCLE & MEASUREMENT OF

CONTENTS WATER QUALITY & HARDNESS

PUMPING,CONVEYANCE & DISTRIBUTION

CONTENTS TREATMENT FILTRATION DISINFECTION

SOURCES & SYSTEMS OF WATER

DAMS RIVER INTAKES &GROUND WATER

WATER DEMAND & QUANTITY

WATER CYCLE & MEASUREMENT OF

WATER QUALITY & HARDNESS

TREATMENT FILTRATION DISINFECTION

PUMPING,CONVEYANCE & DISTRIBUTION

CONTENTS PUMPING,CONVEYANCE & DISTRIBUTION

CONTENTS PUMPING,CONVEYANCE & DISTRIBUTION

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