Pushover Analysis Using ETABS and SAP2000 PDF

Pushover Analysis
Using ETABS and SAP2000
June 18-19, Manila, Philippines

For
Association of Structural Engineers Philippines
By
Naveed Anwar
Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software
Asian Institute of Technology
In Association with
Computers and Structures Inc., Berkeley, California, USA
Pushover Analysis
Using ETABS (and SAP2000)
June 22-23, CEBU, Philippines
By
Naveed Anwar
Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software
Asian Institute of Technology
In Association with
Computers and Structures Inc., Berkeley, California, USA
Acknowledgements
• Some of the material presented in these
notes is based on following sources:
– Class notes by Prof. Worsak Kanok-Nukulchai
– Seminar notes from Computers and Structures
Incorporated, USA
– Notes from various workshops conducted by
Pushover Analysis, ACECOMS, AIT
Naveed Anwar
– SAP2000 User and Technical Manuals
– ETABS User and Technical Manuals
– ATC40, Applied Technology Council, USA
– FEMA-273, Federal Emergency Management
Agency, USA
Objectives
• Introduce the basic Modeling and Analysis
Concepts
• To provide an understanding of Static
Nonlinear Pushover Analysis for Seismic
Performance
• To demonstrate the application of Pushover

Analysis for buildings using ETABS and
SAP2000 and to provide a comparison
The Questions
• Why use Pushover Analysis
• What is Pushover Analysis
• How to carryout Pushover Analysis
• What to do before Pushover Analysis

• What to do after Pushover Analysis

Modeling and Analysis

Summary
• The Purpose of Analysis
• The Significance of Modeling
• Analysis Types
• Linearity and Non-Linearity
• Static and Dynamic Analysis
Structural System – Analysis Model
STRUCTURE
EXCITATION RESPONSES
Loads Displacements
Vibrations Strains
Settlements Stress
Thermal Changes pv Stress Resultants
Structural
Model
Analysis of Structures
 xx  yy  zz
   pvx  0
x y z
pv
Real Structure is governed by
“Partial Differential Equations” of
various order
Direct solution is only possible for:
• Simple geometry
• Simple Boundary
• Simple Loading.
The Need for Modeling
A - Real Structure cannot be Analyzed:
It can only be “Load Tested” to determine
response
B - We can only analyze a “Model” of the
Structure
C - We therefore need tools to Model the

Structure and to Analyze the Model
Finite Element Method: The Analysis Tool
• Finite Element Analysis (FEA)

– “A discretized solution to a continuum
problem using FEM”
• Finite Element Method (FEM)

– “A numerical procedure for solving
(partial) differential equations

associated with field problems, with
an accuracy acceptable to
engineers”
Continuum to Discrete Model
pv
3D-CONTINUM CONTINUOUS MODEL DISCRETE MODEL

MODEL OF STRUCTURE OF STRUCTURE
(Governed by partial (Governed by either (Governed by algebraic
differential equations) partial or total differential equations)
equations)
From Classical to FEM Solution
Classical Assumptions FEM
Equilibrium
Actual Structure Structural Model
 xx  yy  zz

x y z
  pvx  0
Stress-Strain Law
Kr  R
Compatibility “Algebraic
“Partial
Equations”
Differential _ _ _
Equations”  t
 dV   p u dV   p u ds
v
t
v
t
s
K = Stiffness
r = Response
(Principle of Virtual Work) R = Loads
Simplified Structural System
Loads (F) Deformations (D)
Fv
D K
F
F=KD
The Analysis System
STRUCTURE
EXCITATION RESPONSES
pv
• Static • Elastic • Linear

• Dynamic • Inelastic • Nonlinear
Eight types of equilibrium equations are possible!

The Equilibrium Equations
1. Linear-Static Elastic
Ku  F
2. Linear-Dynamic Elastic
Mu(t )  Cu(t )  Ku(t )  F (t )
3. Nonlinear - Static Elastic OR Inelastic

Ku  FNL  F
4. Nonlinear-Dynamic Elastic OR
Inelastic
Mu(t )  Cu(t )  Ku(t )  F (t ) NL  F (t )
Basic Analysis Types
Excitation Structure Response Basic Analysis Type
Static Elastic Linear Linear-Elastic-Static Analysis
Static Elastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Elastic-Static Analysis
Static Inelastic Linear Linear-Inelastic-Static Analysis
Static Inelastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Inelastic-Static Analysis

Dynamic Elastic Linear Linear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Elastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Inelastic Linear Linear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Inelastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis

Some More Solution Types
• Non-linear Analysis
– P-Delta Analysis
– Buckling Analysis
– Static Pushover Analysis
– Fast Non-Linear Analysis (FNA)
– Large Displacement Analysis
• Dynamic Analysis
– Free Vibration and Modal Analysis
– Response Spectrum Analysis
– Steady State Dynamic Analysis
Analysis Type
The type of Analysis to be carried out depends
on the Structural System
– The Type of Excitation (Loads)

– The Type Structure (Material and
Geometry)
– The Type Response
Static Vs Dynamic
• Static Excitation
– When the Excitation (Load) does not vary rapidly with
Time
– When the Load can be assumed to be applied
“Slowly”
• Dynamic Excitation
– When the Excitation varies rapidly with Time

– When the “Inertial Force” becomes significant
• Most Real Excitation are Dynamic but are

considered“Quasi Static”
• Most Dynamic Excitation can be converted to
“Equivalent Static Loads”
Elastic Vs Inelastic
• Elastic Material
– Follows the same path during loading and unloading
and returns to initial state of deformation, stress,
strain etc. after removal of load/ excitation
• Inelastic Material
– Does not follow the same path during loading and
unloading and may not returns to initial state of

deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of load/
excitation
• Most materials exhibit both, elastic and inelastic

behavior depending upon level of loading.
Linear Vs Nonlinear
• Linearity
– The response is directly proportional to excitation
– (Deflection doubles if load is doubled)
• Non-Linearity
– The response is not directly proportional to
excitation
– (deflection may become 4 times if load is doubled)
• Non-linear response may be produced by:
– Geometric Effects (Geometric non-linearity)
– Material Effects (Material non-linearity)
– Both
Elasticity and Linearity
Action
Action
Linear-Elastic Linear-Inelastic
Deformation Deformation
Action
Action
Nonlinear-Elastic Nonlinear-Inelastic
Deformation Deformation
Linear and Nonlinear
Linear, Static and Dynamic
Ku  F
F (t )  Cu (t )  Ku(t )  F (t )
Mu
Ku = F
FNL Ku - FNL = F Nonlinear, Static and Dynamic
Ku  FNL  F
u Mu(t )  Cu(t )  Ku(t )  F (t ) NL  F (t )
Non Linear Equilibrium
Basic Concepts for Analysis
• DOF (Degree of Freedom)
• Stiffness
• Static Analysis Process
• Dynamic Analysis Procedures
The Seven Degrees of Freedom
• The General Beam
ry
Element may have
uy
7 degrees of
y
freedom
• The seventh
degree is Warping u x rx
• Warping is out-of x
z
plane distortion of uz Each section on a beam
the beam cross- rz member can have seven
Degrees Of Freedom
section wz (DOF) with respect to its
local axis.
§ uz The
 AxialComplete DOF
deformation  Axial Picture
strain  Axial stress
§ ux  Shear deformation  Shear strain  Shear stress
§ uy  Shear deformation  Shear strain  Shear stress
§ rz  Torsion  Shear strain  Shear stress
§ r y  Curvature  Axial strain  Axial stress
§ rx  Curvature  Axial strain  Axial stress
§ wz Warping  Axial strain  Axial stress
What is Stiffness ?
• In structural terms, stiffness
For Linear Response
may be defined as
“Resistance to Deformation” uF
• So for each type of
deformation, there is a Ku  F
corresponding stiffness
F
• Stiffness can be considered K
or evaluated at various levels u
• Stiffness is also the
“constant” in the Action-
Deformation Relationship
The Structure Stiffness
Material Stiffness
Cross-section Geometry
Section Stiffness
Member Geometry
Member Stiffness
Structure Geometry
Structure Stiffness
The Matrices in FEM
Global Nodal Deformations

T-Matrix
Global-Local Cords.
Element Nodal Deformations
N-Matrix
Shape Functions
Deformation in Element Space

B-Matrix
Strain-Deforrmation
Strain In Element Space
D-Matrix
Stress-Strain
Stress in Element Space
Linear-Static Analysis Process
• Generate Stiffness Matrix for each Element
• Form Global Stiffness Matrix
• Form Load Vector
• Modify for boundary conditions
• Solve for unknown Displacements
• Compute element actions/ stresses from end

displacements
Methods of Dynamic Analysis
• For Both Linear and Non-Linear Systems
– Step-by-Step Integration
– Use of Mode Superposition with Eigen or Load-
Dependent Ritz Vector for Fast Nonlinear Analysis
(FNA)
• For Linear Systems Only
– Transformation of frequency domain and FFT

Method
– Response Spectrum Method – CQC - SRSS
Step by Step Solution Method
• Form Effective Stiffness Matrix
• Solve Set of Dynamic Equilibrium Equations
for Displacement at Each Time Step
• For Non-Linear Problems Calculate Member
Forces for Each Time Step and Iterate for
Equilibrium – Brute Force Method

Mode Superposition Method
• Generate Orthogonal Dependent Vectors and
Frequencies
• Form Uncoupled Modal Equations and Solve
Using Exact Method for Each Time Increment
• Recover Nodal Displacement as a Function
of Time
• Calculate Member Forces as a Function of

Time
Load Dependent Ritz Vector
• Approximately Three Times Faster than the
Calculation of Exact Eigen Vectors
• Results in Improved Accuracy using a
Smaller Number of LDR Vector
• Computer Storage Requirements are
Reduced
• Can be Used for Non-Linear analysis to
Capture Local Static Response
Fast Non-Linear Analysis
• Evaluate LDR Vectors with Non-Linear Elements
Removed and Dummy Elements Added for Stability
• Solve All Modal Equations with Non-Linear Forces
on the Right Hand Side
• Use Exact Integration within Each Time Step
• Force and Energy Equilibrium are Satisfied at Each
Time Step by Iteration

• The FNA Method is Designed for Static and Dynamic
Analysis of Non-Linear Structures with a Limited
Number of Pre-Defined Non-Linear Elements
Pushover Analysis
• One Dimensional Static Loads
• No Energy Dissipation
• Inertia Forces Not Considered
• Defined One Failure Mode
• Higher Mode Effects Neglected
The Modal Analysis

The Modal Analysis
• The modal analysis determines the inherent natural
frequencies of vibration
• Each natural frequency is related to a time period
and a mode shape
• Time Period is the time it takes to complete one
cycle of vibration
• The Mode Shape is normalized deformation pattern

• The number of Modes is typically equal to the
number of Degrees of Freedom
• The Time Period and Mode Shapes are inherent
properties of the structure and do not depend on the
applied loads
Free Vibration Analysis
• Definition
– Natural vibration of a structure released from initial condition and
subjected to no external load or damping
• Main governing equation -Eigenvalue Problem
   
M  u   c u   K  ut  Pt
 t  t
• Solution gives
– Natural Frequencies
– Associated mode shapes
– An insight into the dynamic behavior and response of the structure
The Modal Analysis
• The Modal Analysis should be run before
applying loads any other analysis to check
the model and to understand the response of
the structure
• Modal analysis is precursor to most types of
analysis including Response Spectrum, Time

History, Push-over analysis etc.
• Modal analysis is a useful tool even if full
Dynamic Analysis is not performed
• Modal analysis easy to run and is a fun to
watch the animations
Application of Modal Analysis
• The Time Period and Mode Shapes, together
with animation immediately exhibit the
strengths and weaknesses of the structure
• Modal analysis can be used to check the
accuracy of the structural model
– The Time Period should be within reasonable

range, (Ex: 0.1 x number of stories seconds)
– The disconnected members are identified
– Local modes are identified that may need
suppression
Application of Modal Analysis
• The symmetry of the structure can be
determined
– For doubly symmetrical buildings, generally the
first two modes are translational and third mode
is rotational
– If first mode is rotational, the structural is un-
symmetrical
• The resonance with the applied loads or
excitation can be avoided
– The natural frequency of the structure should not
be close to excitation frequency
Eccentric and Concentric Response
Unsymmetrical Mass
and Stiffness
Symmetrical Mass and

Stiffness
Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3

Modes and Pushover
• Generally the deformation pattern
corresponding to the First Mode is used as
the basis for analysis
• This is acceptable for structures with time
period less than or equal to 1 second
• For more flexible structures, higher mode

contribution may become significant
Special Analysis Problems

Base Isolation
Isolators
Building Impact
Building Impact
Analysis
Dampers
Friction device
Concentrated damper
Nonlinear element
Gaps and Joints
Gap Element
Bridge Deck
ABUTMENT
Tension only element

Hinges
PLASTIC HINGES
2 Rotational DOF
Degrading Stiffness?
Dampers
Mechanical Damper
F= f(u,v,umax)
F= ku
F= CvN
Mathematical Model
Linear Viscous Damping
• Does not Exist in Normal Structures and
Foundations
• 5 or 10 Percent modal Damping Values are
Often Used to Justify Energy Dissipation Due
to Non-Linear Effects
• If Energy Dissipation Devices are Used Then

1 Percent Modal Damping should be Used for
the Elastic Part of the Structure
Uplift
FRAME WITH UPLIFTING ALLOWED
Uplifting
Allowed
Structural Modeling
Structure Types
• Cable Structures
• Cable Nets
• Cable Stayed
• Bar Structures
• 2D/3D Trusses
• 2D/3D Frames, Grids
• Surface Structures
• Plate, Shell
• In-Plane, Plane Stress
• Solid Structures
Global Modeling of Structural Geometry
(a) Real Structure

(b) Solid Model (c) 3D Plate-Frame (d) 3D Fram e
(f) Grid-Plate
(e) 2D Fram e
Fig. 1 Various Ways to Model a Real Struture

Some Sample Finite Elements
Truss and Beam Elements (1D,2D,3D)

Plane Stress, Plane Strain, Axisymmetric, Plate and Shell Elements (2D,3D)
Brick Elements
Model Creation Tools
• Defining Individual Nodes and Elements
• Using Graphical Modeling Tools
• Using Numerical Generation
• Using Mathematical Generation
• Using Copy and Replication
• Using Subdivision and Meshing

• Using Geometric Extrusions
• Using Parametric Structures
•
Graphic Object Modeling
• Use basic Geometric Entities to create FE
Models
• Simple Graphic Objects
– Point Object Represents Node
– Line Object Represents 1D Elements
– Area Object Represents 2D Elements

– Brick Object Represents 3D Elements
• Graphic Objects can be used to represent
geometry, boundary and loads
• SAP2000, ETABS and SAFE use the concept
of Graphic Objects
Modeling Objects and Finite Elements
• Structural Members are representation of
actual structural components
• Finite Elements are discretized
representation of Structural Members
• The concept of Graphic Objects can be used
to represent both, the Structural Members as
well as Finite Elements

• In ETABS, the Graphic Objects representing
the Structural Members are automatically
divided into Finite Elements for analysis and
then back to structural members for result
interpretation
Design Methods and Concepts

The Response and Design
Applied Loads Material Response
From Strains to Response

From Loads to Stresses
Building Analysis Section Response
Member Actions Member Response

Cross-section Actions Building Response
Material Stress/Strain Load Capacity

Three Design Approaches
• Working Stress Design
– Stress is primary concern and objective
• Ultimate Strength Design
– Strain is primary concern
• Performance Based Design
– Deformation is primary concern

From Serviceability to Performance
Allowable material, control on Serviceability

deformation limits for design loads Design
Material failure criteria, section capacity

Strength Design
for factored loads
Ductility considerations, deformation

capacity, load capacity at large Performance
deformations. Extraordinary load Design
considerations
• Satisfying one design level does not ensure
that other design levels will be satisfied
– Serviceability design only ensures that
deflections and vibrations etc. for service loads
are within limits but says nothing about strength
– Strength design ensures that a certain factor of
safety against overload is available within a

member or a cross-section but says nothing
about what happens if load exceeds design level
– Performance design ensures that structure as a
whole reaches a specified demand level.
Performance design can include, both service and
strength design levels
• The entire response of structure or a
member can be determined, in an
integrated manner from the Action-
Deformation Curve
A – Serviceability P D
C
B – Cracking Limit
C – Strength Limit
B
D – Failure Limit
Load
P
Δ
A
Deformation D
Cross-section Reponses
• Stresses
– Tension
– Compression
– Shear > Tension-Compression
• Strains
– Normal strain
– Shear Strain
• Deformations
– Rotation
– Shortening
– Shearing
– Twisting
Determining Cross-section Response
Material Stress-Strain Curves
Cross-section Dimensions
Given Moment Direction Capacity

Interaction Surface
Given P value
Performance
Given Moments Given Axial Load
Strength
Moment-Curvature Curves
P-M Curve M-M Curve
•Moment for Given Curvature
•Curvature for Given Moment
•Yield Moment •Moment for Given Load •Mx for Given My
•Stiffness •Load for Given Moment •My for Given Mx
•Ductility •Capacity Ratio •Capacity Ratio
Capacity
P Interaction Surface
My Mx
P-M and M-M Interaction Curves

The Moment Curvature Curve

Cross-section Stresses
Original Cross-sections
Plain concrete shape Reinforced concrete section Compact Hot-rolled steel shape
Composite section Reinforced concrete,

Compact Built-up steel
composite section
section
Sections After Strengthening

Strength and Performance
• In Strength Design, every member and every
cross-section must satisfy strength equation
• Even if all members and sections are
designed for strength, the structure may not
perform well in case of overload
• In Performance Based Design, only a few

members on the critical load path need to
perform well for the structure to perform well
• Therefore for strengthening of structures, we
may only need to strengthen members or
section in the critical load path
Members on Critical Load Path
• In Performance Based Design, only a few
members on the critical load path need to
perform well for the structure to perform well
• Therefore for strengthening of structures, we

may only need to strengthen members or

section in the critical load path
What Effects Serviceability?
• Anything that reduces cracking
– The presence of appropriate amount of
reinforcement at appropriate locations
• Anything that increases stiffness
– Reasonable sizes and proportions of member
cross-sections
• Anything that reduces Creep/ Shrinkage
– Presence of compressive reinforcement
• Anything that improves Durability
– High strength concrete
– Proper cver and protection of rebars
What Effects Strength?
• The basic Material Strength
– Concrete crushing strength
– Reinforcement yield strength
• The Cross-section Dimensions
• The amount of Rebars
• The framing conditions

What Effects Performance?
• Performance is generally of concern for
lateral loads such as earthquake and wind
• The main factor that effects performance is
the Ductility of the members on the critical
load path
• In frame structures, the design of the joints

between columns and beams is critical
• The performance of shear walls if great
importance for lateral load demands
Ductility – Definition and Usage
• Ductility can be
Load
defined as the “ratio
of deformation and a Yield/ Design
Strength
given stage to the
maximum Dy Du
deformation
capacity”
Deformation
• Normally ductility is Ductility = Dy / Du
measured from the
deformation at design
strength to the
maximum
deformation at failure
What Effects Ductility!
• The most important factor effecting ductility
of reinforced concrete cross-section is the
confinement of concrete
– Amount of confinement steel
– Shape of confinement steel
• Other factors include:

– Presence of Axial Load
– Stress-strain curve of rebars
– Amount of rebars in tension
– Amount of rebars in compression
– The shape of cross-section
Action – Deformation Curves
• Relationship between action and
corresponding deformation
• These relationships can be obtained at
several levels
– The Structural Level: Load - Deflection
– The Member Level: Moment - Rotation

– The Cross-section Level: Moment - Curvature
– The Material Level : Stress-Strain
• The Action-Deformation curves show the
entire response of the structure, member,
cross-section or material
How to Get Action-Deformation Curves
• By actual measurements
– Apply load, measure deflection
– Apply load, measure stress and strain
• By computations
– Use material models, cross-section dimensions to
get Moment-Curvature Curves
• By combination of measurement and

computations
– Calibrate computation models with actual
measurements
– Some parameters obtained by measurement and
some by computations
The Moment Curvature Curve

The Moment-Curvature Curve
• Probably the most important action-deformation
curve for beams, columns, shear walls and
consequently for building structures
• Significant information can be obtained from
Moment Curvature Curve to compute:
– Yield Point
– Failure Point
– Ductility
– Stiffness
– Crack Width
– Rotation
– Deflection
– Strain
What is Curvature
e
• In geometry, it is rate
C
of change of rotation
• In structural behavior,
Curvature is related to
Moment Curvature = e / C (radian / unit length)
• For a cross-section
undergoing flexural
deformation, it can
computed as the ratio
of the strain to the
depth of neutral axis
How to Read M-Phi Curve

Outputs from M-Phi Curve
2 -Failure Point
1 -Yield Point
y
3 - Ductility 
u
4 - Stiffness of the Section at given M and Phi
M

EI
M
EI 

5 - Slope of the section at given Moment
b
M
   dx
a
EI
6 - Deflection of the section at given Moment
M 
b
D    x dx
a
EI 
7 - Strain at given Moment
c = distance from the NA to

  c the point where strain is
required
8 - Crack Width at given crack spacing
Specified Crack Spacing = X
W  s X NA 
W  yX
y Rebar Centroid
s
W
9 - Crack Spacing at given crack width
W
X
s
W
X
y
Outputs from M-Phi Curve - Summary
Plot M-Phi Curve
M 
b
M D  
EI  Determine curvature x dx
 at known moment a
EI 
Determine Flexural
Determine Deflection
Stiffness (EI)
b
 
M
dx   c
a
EI
Determine Slope Determine Strain
W
X 
s
W  s X
Determine Crack
Spacing/Width
Outputs from M-Phi Curve - Example
For M=600 Phi = 0.00006
From M-Phi Diagram P=160 K
L/2
24 in
M 36 in
EI 
 15 ft
EI=600x12/0.00006
EI=1.2E8 k-in^2
Slope at Mid Span

M=600 k-ft
b
M
  dx
EI
=600x7.5x144/1.2E8
a
=0.0054 rad
Deflection at Mid Span
M 
b
D    x dx
a
EI 
=600x7.5x144x15x12/(6x1.2E8)
=0.162 in Specified Crack Spacing = X
Strain in Steel

  c
NA
y Rebar Centroid
M = 600 k-ft, y=16

s W
=0.00006x16
=0.00096
Crack Width
Assuming crack spacing of 18 in Specified Crack Spacing = X
W  s X
NA 
=0.00096 x 18 y Rebar Centroid
=0.01728 in
s W
Crack Spacing
Assuming crack width of 0.02 in
W
X
s
=0.02/0.00096
=20.8 in
M-Phi Curve and Ductility
• Effect of Axial Load
• Effect of Compression Steel
• Effect of Confinement Model
• Effect of Confinement Shape
Axial Load and Ductility
12#8 bars
Compression Steel and Ductility
a) b) c) d)
2#8 bars 4#8 bars 8#8 bars
8#8
8#8bars
bars 8#8 bars 8#8 bars
8#8 bars
Confinement Model and Ductility
Effect of Concrete Confinement Model on Ductility of Cross-Section
350
300
250
Moment (kip-ft)
200
Whitney Rectangle
150 Mander Circular Confined

Mander Pipe Filled
100
50
0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
Curvature (rad/in)
a) b) c)
8#8 bars 8#8 bars 8#8 bars

Whitney Rectangle Whitney Rectangle (outside) Whitney Rectangle (outside)
(both) Mander Circular Confined (inside) Mander Pipe Filled (inside)
Confinement Steel and Ductility
Effect of Confinement Steel Spacing on Ductility
160
140
Moment (kip-ft) 120
100
Spacing = 3in
80
Spacing = 6 in
60
Spacing = 12 in
40
20
0
-0.0005 0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015 0.0020 0.0025
-20
Curvature (in/rad)
a)
8#6 bars
Mander’s Rectangular
Confined
Confinement Shape and Ductility
a) b) a)
8#6 bars 8#6 bars

8#6 bars
Mander’s Rectangular Mander’s Circular
Whitney Rectangle
Confined Confined
Pushover Analysis
Introducing
The Pushover Analysis
• An alternate method of analysis for carrying
out the Performance Based Design
• Pushover analysis is carried out after the
Linear Analysis has been done and
Serviceability and Strength design has been
completed
• Pushover analysis is most suitable for
determining the performance, specially for
lateral loads such as Earthquake or even
wind
Why Pushover Analysis
• Buildings do not respond as linearly elastic
systems during strong ground shaking
• Improve Understanding of Building Behavior
– More accurate prediction of global displacement
– More realistic prediction of earthquake demand
on individual components and elements
– More reliable identification of “bad actors”

• Reduce Impact and Cost of Seismic Retrofit
– Less conservative acceptance criteria
– Less extensive construction
• Advance the State of the Practice
Performance Based Design - Basics
• Design is based not on Ultimate Strength but
rather on Expected Performance
– Basic Ultimate Strength does not tell us what will
be performance of the structure at Ultimate
Capacity
• Performance Based Design Levels

– Fully Operational
– Operational
– Life Safe
– Near Collapse
– Collapse
Pushover Spectrum
Pushover Demand Curves

Earthquake Push on Building

The Pushover Curve

Pushover Capacity Curves

Demand Vs Capacity
Non-linearity in Pushover
• Material nonlinearity at discrete, user-defined hinges
in frame/line elements.
1. Material nonlinearity in the link elements.
• Gap (compression only), hook (tension only), uniaxial
plasticity base isolators (biaxial plasticity and biaxial
friction/pendulum)..
2. Geometric nonlinearity in all elements.

• Only P-delta effects
• P-delta effects plus large displacements
3. Staged (sequential) construction.
• Members can be added or removed in a sequence of stages
during each analysis case.
Important Considerations
• Nonlinear analysis takes time and patience
• Each nonlinear problem is different
• Start simple and build up gradually.
• Run linear static loads and modal analysis
first
• Add hinges gradually beginning with the

areas where you expect the most non-
linearity.
• Perform initial analyses without geometric
non-linearity. Add P-delta effects, and large
deformations, much later.
Important Considerations
• Mathematically, static nonlinear analysis
does not always guarantee a unique solution.
• Small changes in properties or loading can
cause large changes in nonlinear response.
• It is Important to consider many different
loading cases, and sensitivity studies on the

effect of varying the properties of the
structure
• Nonlinear analysis takes time and patience.
Don’t Rush it or Push to Hard
Procedure for Pushover Analysis
• Create a model just like for any other
analysis.
• Define the static load cases, if any, needed
for use in the static nonlinear analysis
(Define > Static Load Cases).
• Define any other static and dynamic analysis

cases that may be needed for steel or
concrete design of frame elements.
• Define hinge properties, if any (Define >
Frame Nonlinear Hinge Properties).
• Assign hinge properties, if any, to frame/line
elements (Assign > Frame/Line > Frame
Nonlinear Hinges).
• Define nonlinear link properties, if any

(Define > Link Properties).
• Assign link properties, if any, to frame/line
elements (Assign > Frame/Line > Link
Properties).
• Run the basic linear and dynamic analyses
(Analyze > Run).
• Perform concrete design/steel design so that

reinforcing steel/ section is determined for
concrete/steel hinge if properties are based
on default values to be computed by the
program.
• For staged construction, define groups that
represent the various completed stages of
construction.
• Define the static nonlinear load cases (Define
> Static Nonlinear/Pushover Cases).
• Run the static nonlinear analysis (Analyze >

Run Static Nonlinear Analysis).
• Review the static nonlinear results (Display >
Show Static Pushover Curve), (Display >
Show Deformed Shape), (Display > Show
Member Forces/Stress Diagram), and (File >
Print Tables > Analysis Output).
• Perform any design checks that utilize static

nonlinear cases.
• Revise the model as necessary and repeat.
Summary
• We have to think in terms of
“Displacements” and not in terms of loads,
stresses or strains
• The main idea is to compare expected
displacements or required displacements
with the ability of the structure to reach

those displacements without failing
OR
indicating that it will not reach those
displacements
Performance Based Design
and
Pushover Analysis
Technical Background
By:
Iqbal Suharwardy, PhD, S.E
Director Development
Computers and Structures Inc., Berkeley, USA

Performance Check for Structures
• Purpose
– How will a structure perform when subjected to a
given level of earthquake?
• Definition of Structural Performance

• Definition of Earthquake Level
• Determination of performance level

Performance Check for Structures
• Process
– Guidelines for Seismic Rehabilitation of
Buildings:
• ATC-40
• ATC-33 (FEMA 273 and 274)
– SEAOC Vision 2000 Framework

Types of Performance Checks
• Linear Static Analysis
• Linear Dynamic Analysis
• Non Linear Static Analysis
(Pushover Analysis)
• Non Linear Dynamic Analysis
Performance Check Using Pushover
Expected Performance Point for

given Earthquake
Force Measure
Performance Limits
(IO, LS, CP)
Deformation Measure
Steps in Performance Check
• Construct Pushover Curve
• Select Earthquake Level to check
• Select Performance Level to check
• Select acceptance criteria for each
Performance Level
• Verify Acceptance
– ATC-40 Method
– ATC-33 Method
Constructing Pushover Curve
• Define Structural Model
– Elements
– Strength-Deformation properties
• Define Loads
– Gravity
– Lateral Load Patterns

• Select Control Displacements or Drifts
• Perform Pushover Analysis
Pushover Modeling (Elements)
• Types
– Truss – Yielding and Buckling
– 3D Beam – Major direction Flexural and Shear
Hinging
– 3D Column – P-M-M Interaction and shear Hinging
– Panel Zone – Shear Yielding
– In-Fill Panel – Shear Failure

– Shear Wall – P-M-Shear Interaction!
– Spring – for foundation modeling
Pushover Modeling (Properties)
Force - Deformation Relationship
C
Force
B
D E
A
Deformation
Pushover Modeling (Beam Element)
Three Dimensional Beam Element

Span Loads Shear Hinge
Flexible connection
Plastic Hinge Rigid Zone

Pushover Modeling (Column Element)
Three Dimensional Column Element
Shear Hinge

Pushover Modeling
• Types of Deformation Properties
– Axial
– Moment only
– P-M : Uniaxial P-M Interaction
– P-M-M : Biaxial P-M Interaction
– Shear
Pushover Modeling (Loads)
• Start with Gravity Loads
– Dead Load
– Some Portion of Live Load
• Select Lateral Load Patterns

–
Uniform
– Code Static Lateral Load Distribution
– First Mode
– Combination of Modes
Pushover Analysis (Control)
• Force Controlled Analysis
• Deformation Controlled Analysis
– Roof Displacement
– Generalized Displacement Definitions
• Story Drift
• Limit of Analysis
– Instability – Loss of Gravity Load Carry Capacity

– Excessive Distortions
Pushover Analysis (Solution Schemes)
• Event by Event Strategies
– Manual
• Newton-Raphson Type Strategies
– Constant Stiffness iteration
– Tangent Stiffness iteration
• Problem of Degradation of Strength

• Ritz Method (Reduced Space) Strategies
Use of Pushover Curve (ATC-40)
• Construct Capacity Spectrum
• Estimation of Equivalent Damping
• Determine Demand Spectrum
• Determine Performance Point
Acceleration
Capacity Spectrum
Spectral
Spectral Displacement
Response Spectrum (5% Damping)
2.5CA
Acceleration
Cv/T
Spectral
Time Period
Reduced Spectrum (Equivalent Damping)
2.5CA/Bs
Acceleration
Spectral
Cv /(T BL)
Time Period
Acceleration Performance Point

Spectral
Spectral Displacement
Expected Performance Point for

given Earthquake
Force Measure
Performance Limits
(IO, LS, CP)
Deformation Measure
Use of Pushover Curve (FEMA-273)
• Displacement Coefficient Method
• Estimate Target Displacement
• Estimation of Target Displacement
– Estimate effective elastic stiffness , Ke
– Estimate post yield stiffness, Ks

– Estimate effective fundamental period, Te
– Calculate target roof displacement
Use of Pushover Curve (FEMA-273)
• Estimation of Target Displacement
– Co, Relates spectral to roof displacement
– C1, Modifier for inelastic displacement
– C2, Modifier for hysteresis loop shape
– C3, Modifier for second order effects
SAP2000/ETABS Pushover Options
• Full 3D implementation
• Single Model for
– Linear Static Analysis
– Linear Response Spectrum Analysis
– Linear Time History Analysis
– Non Linear Time History Analysis

– Non Linear Static Pushover Analysis
– Steel and Concrete Design
• Generally Follows ATC-40 and FEMA-273
• Available Pushover Element Types
– Truss – Yielding and Buckling
– 3D Beam – Major direction Flexural and Shear Hinging
– 3D Column – P-M-M Interaction and shear Hinging
– Shell, Solids, etc (Considered Linear)
– Panel Zone – (later)

– Shear Wall – (Later)
– Non-Linear Spring – (Later)
Force - Deformation Relationship
C
Force
B
D E
A
Deformation
Three Dimensional Beam Element

Span Loads Shear Hinge
Flexible connection

• Strength – Deformation and P-M-M curves
can be calculated by program for:
– Steel beams (FEMA-273)
– Steel columns (FEMA-273)
– Shear Hinges in EBF Links (FEMA-273)
– Concrete Beams (ATC-40)

– Concrete Columns (ATC-40)
– Shear hinge in Coupling Beams (ATC-40)
• Gravity Load Analysis
– Nodal Loads
– Element Loads
– Load Controlled Analysis
• Pushover Analysis
– Starts from Gravity loads

– Nodal Load Patterns (User, Modal, Mass)
– Multi-Step Displacement or Drift Controlled
• Available Results for each step of Loading
– Base Shear
– Element Forces
– Section Forces
– Joint Displacement
– Drifts
– Element hinge Deformations
– Limit Points reached
• Pushover Curve Post-Processing (ACT-40)
– Conversion to Capacity Spectrum
– Calculation of Effective Period (per step)
– Calculation of Effective Damping (per step)
– Calculation of Demand Spectrum (per step)
– Location of Performance Point

– Limit Points (acceptable criteria) reached
• Visual Display for Each Step
– Deformed Shape
– Member Force Diagrams
– Hinge Locations and Stages
• Graphs
– Base Shear VS Roof Displacement
– Capacity Curves
– Demand Curves
– Demand Spectra at different Damping
– Effective Period Lines
Examples
Example 1
P=100 Kip
Gravity Load
m=3.6
Lateral Push to
0.5ft Disp
W36x120
10 ft
Default M3
Pushover Hinge
Base Shear Vs Displacement

Capacity Spectrum
Example 2
P=Unit Load
Desired Behavior
Axial Force, P
2100
(Kips)
1700
24"x24" Conc Col
1000
12 ft
0.1 0.6 0.8

User P Hinge
Measured Axial Displacement at Joint 2
(in)
Find Column E
• Determine Column E to
give Appropriate Initial
Stiffness: Desired Behavior
PL
Column E
Axial Force, P
2100
AD
(Kips)
1700
1000
= (1700 *12*12)/(24*24*0.1)
= 4250 Ksi 0.1 0.6 0.8

(in)
Find Column Deflection
• Determine Elastic Column
Lengthening when loading
from 1700 to 2100 K: Desired Behavior
PL
Column D
Axial Force, P
2100
AE
(Kips)
1700
1000
= [(2100-1700) *12*12)]/(24*24*4250)
= 0.0235 in 0.1 0.6 0.8

(in)
• Determine Elastic Column
Lengthening when loading
from 2100 to 1000 K: Desired Behavior
PL
Column D 
Axial Force, P
2100
AE
(Kips)
1700
1000
= [(2100-1000) *12*12)]/(24*24*4250)
= 0.0647 in 0.1 0.6 0.8

(in)
• Determine Elastic
Column Lengthening
when loading from 1000 Desired Behavior
to 0 K:
Axial Force, P
2100
PL
D
(Kips)
Column 1700
AE 1000
= 1000 *12*12)/(24*24*4250) 0.1 0.6 0.8
= 0.0588 in Measured Axial Displacement at Joint 2

(in)
Find Hinge Properties
Hinge Properties Desired Behavior
C
2100
Axial Force, P
2100
1700
B
(Kips)
D E 1700
1000
1000
A
0.1 0.6 0.8
0.8
0.7412
0.4765
0.5412
0.0

(in)
B = 0.1 - 0.1 = 0
C = 0.6 - 0.1 - 0.0235 = 0.4765
D = 0.6 - 0.1 - 0.0235 + 0.0647 = 0.5412
E = 0.8 - 0.1 - 0.0235 + 0.0647 = 0.7412
Hinge Properties
Pushover Curve
Push
W14x90 0.8 kip/ft
W1
2x
19
W8 0
x1
0
W24x55
1.2 kip/ft
Example 3
W8
x1
W1 0
2x
19
0
W14x90
0.8 kip/ft
Example 3
M3 M3 M3 V M3 M3 M3
PMM PMM
MR MR
P P
Legend
P = Axial Hinge
MR = Moment Release
M3 = Moment Hinge PMM
PMM
V2 = Shear Hinge MR
MR
PMM = PMM Hinge
With W12x190 Brace

With W8x10 Brace

Conversion to
ADRS Spectra ATC-40
Response Spectrum Conversion
• Acceleration-Displacement Response
Spectra (ADRS)
• Every Point on a Response Spectrum curve
has a unique
– Spectral Acceleration, Sa
– Spectral Velocity, Sv
– Spectral Displacement, Sd
– Time, T
Response Spectrum Conversion
• For Each value or Sai and Ti determine the
value of Sdi using the equation
2
Ti
S di  S ai g
4 2
• Spectral Acceleration and Displacement at

period Ti are given by
2 S di 
Ti
S ai g  Sv Sv
Ti 2
Capacity Spectrum Conversion
• Capacity Spectrum from Capacity or
Pushover Curve
• Point by Point conversion to first mode
spectral coordinates
• Vi and D roof on capacity curves are converted
to corresponding Sai and Sdi on capacity

spectrum using:
Vi D roof
S ai  S di 
W
1 PF  
1 1, roof 
Moment Hinge Properties
Using M-Fi Curve
Procedure
• Plot M-Fi curve for cross-section
• Estimate EI value from M-Fi Curve using the
following equation
M

EI
M
EI 

• Calculate Rotations from Curvature using:
b
M
   dx
a
EI
Example
• Reinforced Concrete
Beam-Column Cross- 24"
Section
• 24”x24”
• Reinforced with 12 #9
bars
24"
• Length is 12 ft
370
0.00028
Example
Example
M
EI 

• So EI = 370/0.00028 = 1321428.6
b
M M
   dx   Ip
EI EI
• So  = 0.00336 rad
a
• Find  for other Moment Values and input in

Hinge Property
Considerations
• Keep moment Constant over hinge length
when integrating or integrate over the whole
member length with actual moment diagram
• Only one value of EI at Yield is sufficient

• Ip = h/2
Comparisons of
SAP2000 and ETABS
SAP2000 vs ETABS
• SAP2000 • ETABS
– General Purpose FEA – Specialized FEA Software
Software for Building analysis and
design
– Classic Finite Element – Fully Object based Modeling
Software and Design
– Steel, and Concrete Frame – Steel, concrete, composite

Element Design Frame Element design
– Supports Shear wall design
– Shear Wall Design Not

Supported
– Fewer Automated Meshing – Full and practical auto
Options meshing options
– Does not Support – Supports Composite Design
Composite Design
SAP2000 vs ETABS
– General output related to – Floor wise representation of
nodes and elements is results such as story drift,
reported floor mass participation,
story shear, etc.
– General Report (text files)

– Professional Report
– Relatively less ability to

– Powerful load cases, handle load combinations
combinations, envelopes,
multiple case, etc. – Only Nonlinear links and
– Cables, Dampers, and NL Hinges
Links and Hinges
SAP2000 vs ETABS
– Supports Solid Elements – Does not support solid
elements
– Relatively low versatility
for defining and editing – Powerful grid system
grid systems definition and editing
ETABS Pushover
ETABS Pushover
ETABS Pushover
SAP2000 Pushover
SAP2000 Pushover
SAP2000 Pushover
SAP2000 Pushover
SAP2000 Pushover
1
ETABS Pushover
Use Load Patterns
Steps to compute the
Displacement 4
(Displacement not Consider P-Delta
Monitored) effects and Large
Divide the Specified Displacements due to
Displacement into 1 gravity loads caused
Steps and apply loads by each step of lateral
to attain that loading
displacement
Monitor which DOF at
what level/story
Save Positive Results
only
5
2 4 For Construction
2 Sequence analysis.
After a member fails
3 5 Specify which
redistribute loads Pushover case to be
locally around failed applied to which stage
members or reanalyze of construction or
structure using a new strengthening.
stiffness matrix
3
Which Pattern Loads
to apply and what is
the scaling factor for
each loading case
included in the load
factor
SAP Pushover
4
Load Application
Use full load
application without
monitoring the
displacement or use
the displacement
control. Also specify
the DOF to be
Monitored and the
Joint at which the DOF
is to be monitored
Results Saved
Save Results at only

final stage of Loading
or after each step.
Specify Max and Min
number of steps
1 Staged Construction
2 3
Weather to start from For Construction
When the load type in Specify if Loads or
unstressed condition Sequence analysis.
3 is set to Loads this Accelerations needs to
or if more than one Specify which
becomes irrelevant be applied and what is
Pushover cases are Pushover case to be
and if the Load Type in the scale factor for
defined then may be applied to which stage
3 is set to Acceleration each load case
start the later pushover of construction or
then to find modal
case from the final strengthening
masses, select the
state of the pervious Nonlinear Parameters
analysis case from
case Those explained in 2
which the modal
and 4 on previous slide
masses may be
SAP/ETABS Pushover Output
2
3
1 4
5
5
If there is additional viscous
1 3
2 damping provided in the
V=Base Shear Demand Curves structure, perhaps by viscous
D=Displacement plotted for these dampers that are not
Sa=Spectral Damping Ratios specifically included in the
Acceleration 4 model
Sd=Spectral Disp Grey Lines are the The Structural Behavior Types
Teff=Effective Constant Period Lines A, B and C default to the
Fundamental Period drawing for period values defined for those
Beff=Effective Viscous specified here structural behavior types in
Damping
Section 8.2.2.1.1 of ATC-40 .
The User Defined Kappa

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Pushover Analysis

Using ETABS and SAP2000

June 18-19, Manila, Philippines

June 22-23, CEBU, Philippines

• To demonstrate the application of Pushover

• What to do before Pushover Analysis

• What to do after Pushover Analysis

Modeling and Analysis

Thermal Changes pv Stress Resultants

C - We therefore need tools to Model the

• Finite Element Analysis (FEA)

• Finite Element Method (FEM)

(partial) differential equations

3D-CONTINUM CONTINUOUS MODEL DISCRETE MODEL

Loads (F) Deformations (D)

• Static • Elastic • Linear

Eight types of equilibrium equations are possible!

3. Nonlinear - Static Elastic OR Inelastic

Static Elastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Elastic-Static Analysis

Static Inelastic Linear Linear-Inelastic-Static Analysis

Static Inelastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Inelastic-Static Analysis

Dynamic Elastic Linear Linear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis

Dynamic Elastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis

Dynamic Inelastic Linear Linear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis

Dynamic Inelastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis

– Large Displacement Analysis

– The Type of Excitation (Loads)

– When the Excitation varies rapidly with Time

• Most Real Excitation are Dynamic but are

unloading and may not returns to initial state of

• Most materials exhibit both, elastic and inelastic

Linear, Static and Dynamic

FNL Ku - FNL = F Nonlinear, Static and Dynamic

Global Nodal Deformations

Deformation in Element Space

• Compute element actions/ stresses from end

– Transformation of frequency domain and FFT

Equilibrium – Brute Force Method

• Calculate Member Forces as a Function of

Time Step by Iteration

The Modal Analysis

• The Mode Shape is normalized deformation pattern

analysis including Response Spectrum, Time

– The Time Period should be within reasonable

Symmetrical Mass and

Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3

• For more flexible structures, higher mode

Special Analysis Problems

Tension only element

• If Energy Dissipation Devices are Used Then

(a) Real Structure

(b) Solid Model (c) 3D Plate-Frame (d) 3D Fram e

Fig. 1 Various Ways to Model a Real Struture

Truss and Beam Elements (1D,2D,3D)

• Using Subdivision and Meshing

– Area Object Represents 2D Elements

well as Finite Elements

Design Methods and Concepts

Applied Loads Material Response

From Strains to Response

Building Analysis Section Response

Member Actions Member Response

Cross-section Actions Building Response