PANTHEISM

- Contends that nothing can come from nothing , hence the theory that the world was created out
of nothing is a contradiction in thought and in terms.
- Grk . pan means “all” or “everything” and theos means “God”
- Argues that God created the world out of himself , the causeless first cause.
- “Everything is God and God is Everything.”

XENOPHANES
- He taught about a single universal substance that is changeless and eternal.
- Universal Substance is the totality of all things , the whole universe , the whole nature , which Is
immutable in itself but whose parts within are constantly changing. This totality is what others
called “God” .

PLOTINUS
- professed that there exist the supreme being which is the first principle and the fountain head of
all things.
- Supreme Being - means one or unity.
- The return of man to his Divine source is made possible through thought,contemplation and
intuition.
- Contemplation – the soul will have a complete control over matter.
- Unpurified and Sensual souls will be subjected to new rebirths until they shall have accomplish
their purification so as to become worthy of having diret vision of the one.

ERIGINA
- He taught that God created the world out of himself.
- Before creation , God had the complete pattern of the world out of his mind.
- The universe is thus an expression of the thought of God and therefore cannot exist apart from
him.
- God permeates and contains all things ; he is substantially joined to the world and its prime
mover.

SPINOZA
- He taught that there is only one substance , one basic stuff which constitutes the universe.
- Substance is infinite, self-caused, self-existent , and determined and it is called “God” .
- Everything in the universe is God ; the star tree ,man , animal , water , wind,stone, - each of
which is part of God.
- All body in the universe and all thoughts or ideas grouped together form a totality which is God
or substance.
- Individual existence is not the final form of existence, but only a passage from the one and back
to it again.

MARXISM

- KARL MARX
- He believes in the eternity of matter.
- Matter was the first thing in existence.
 - Matter is endowed with self-motion or inherent motion and no motion ; it is self moving.
- Illusion is a motionless matter
- Force is a motion that is transferred from one body to another, it is active .
- Matter and motion have existed from eternity , not created.
- Man began to distinguish himself from the apes when he started to produce the means of his
subsistence.
- Human thought is the highest form of the evolution of matter
- The question of whether man and nature have been created by God has no meaning for
Marxists.
- Man becomes man through labor . Ang tao ay nagiging tao sa pamamagitan ng paggawa.
- Work therefore is the heart of history. Ang paggawa ay siyang puso ng kasaysayan.
- The ultimate meaning of life, or the finality of human existence, is not found in the principles of
religion.
- Religion is the opium of the people.
- Religion is the iron chain which are tightly tied to man.
- Ultimate meaning of life is attainable only in classless society.

PESSIMISM

- ARTHUR SCHOPENAUER
- Pessimism is a philosophical doctrine which states that this world is the worst possible one.
- The world is the living hell inhabited by devils and lost souls who are no less than men
themselves. Ang daigdig ay isang impyerno.
- Life is infested with all forms of evil and suffering.
- Life must be kind of some kind of mistake and that it is a sin to be born.
- There is no ultimate solution to suffering but there is partial or temporary solution ;
o Namely : music , art , compassion and altruism.
- Suicide is not solution for suffering, it will only aggravate it. Hindi kalutasan ang
pagpapakamatay, bagkus ay pinalulubha lamang nito.
- Man should never expect a God to come his rescue, for the presence of evil and human suffering
in the world contradicts the existence of God. Ang pag-iral ng kasamaan at kahirapan at salungat
sa pagkariyan ng isang Diyos
- The world is not the worst possible one.
- Evil is a part of the grand design intended by creator.
- There must be a sufficient reason why something exists rather than nothing.
- The critics bet on God’s existence